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THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF DUAL CAREERS OF ATHLETES
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog rada je analizirati način na koji sveučilišta djeluju na dualnu karijeru studenta sportaša. Prikazat će se i detaljnije analizirati specifični programi koje imaju sveučilišta u Hrvatskoj, te ih usporediti i sa programima dualne karijere prisutnim u drugim zemljama. Premda postoji nekoliko dokumenata i radi se na praktičnom rješavanju problematike kako i na koji način omogućiti studentima kategoriziranim sportašima uspješno svladavanje studentskih obveza i paralelnog rada na sportskoj karijeri, ipak u praksi u Republici Hrvatskoj takvi studenti nailaze na određene probleme. Navedeno u najvećoj mjeri zbog činjenice kako je pitanje reguliranja statusa studenata kategoriziranih sportaša u ingerenciji pojedinih sveučilišta ili pak njihovih sastavnica te nema jednoobraznog pristupa.The main goal of this paper is to analyze the way in which universities act on the dual career of student-athletes. Specific programs offered by universities in Croatia will be presented and analyzed in more detail, and they will be compared with dual career programs in other countries. Although there are several documents and work is being done on the practical solution to the problem of how and in what way to enable students categorized as athletes to successfully overcome student obligations and parallel work on a sports career, in practice in the Republic of Croatia such students encounter certain problems. This is largely due to the fact that the issue of regulating the stature of students categorized as athletes is under the authority of individual universities or their components, and there is no uniform approach
KINESITHERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION JUMPER'S KNEE OF VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
No full textKoljeno je najveći zglob mišićno-koštanog sustava, najkompliciranije je građe i najčešće se ozljeđuje. Kad je riječ o ozljedama koljenskog zgloba, treba razlikovati akutne- trenutačno nastale ozljede, i kronično nastale ozljede- tzv. sindrome prenaprezanja, kronična oštećenja tetiva, hrskavica i sluznih vreća koje okružuju zglob. Skakačko koljeno (jumper’s knee) sindrom je prenaprezanja karakteriziran patološkim promjenama u distalnom dijelu ekstenzornog sustava koljena, tj. u tetivi m. quadriceps femoris i patelarnoj svezi (ligamentum patellae). Odbojka je sport u kojem dominiraju skokovi i doskoci te tvrda podloga s kojom se susreću igrači dvoranske odbojke. S obzirom na to, kod odbojkaša se sindrom skakačkog koljena javlja zbog unutarnjih i vanjskih faktora. Skakačko koljeno predstavlja 28 % svih sportskih ozljeda u odbojci, dok 40 % vrhunskih odbojkaša ima tegobe zbog sindroma bar jedanput u svojoj sportskoj karijeri. Kao najefikasnija metoda rehabilitacije pokazala se metoda ekscentričnih kontrakcija kako bi se ojačao ekstenzorni sustav koljena te je u ovom radu predstavljen program vježbi sastavljen od vježbi jačanja i istezanja mišića.The knee is the largest joint of the musculoskeletal system, it has the most complicated structure and is most often injured. When it comes to injuries of the knee joint, one should distinguish between acute injuries - immediate injuries, and chronic injuries - the so-called. overexertion syndromes, chronic damage to tendons, cartilage and synovial bursas surrounding the joint. Jumper's knee is an overuse syndrome characterized by pathological changes in the distal part of the extensor system of the knee, i.e. in the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament (ligamentum patellae). Volleyball is a sport dominated by jumps and landings and the hard surface for indoor volleyball. Considering this, jumping knee syndrome occurs in volleyball players due to internal and external factors. Jumper's knee represents 28% of all sports injuries in volleyball, while 40% of top volleyball players suffer from the syndrome at least once in their sports career. The method of eccentric contractions to strengthen the extensor system of the knee was shown to be the most effective method of rehabilitation, and this thesis presents an exercise program consisting of muscle strengthening and stretching exercises
ACUTE EFFECTS OF FOAM ROLLING ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE OF ADOLESCENT HANDBALL PLAYERS
No full textRukomet je ekipna sportska igra koja se sastoji od velikog broja tehničko – taktičkih elemenata. S obzirom na konstantnu promjenu pravila zadnjih godina s ciljem ubrzavanja igre mijenjaju se i fizički zahtjevi za rukometaše. Jedna od često korištenih kretnih struktura u samoj igri je i skok bio vertikalan ili horizontalan. Upravo zbog velikog broja skokova treneri moraju biti sposobni u pripremnom dijelu treninga pripremiti lokomotorni sustav sportaša na sva opterećenja tijekom utakmice. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi postoji li statistički značajan utjecaj zagrijavanja pjenastim valjkom na izvedbu eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti kod rukometaša adolescenata. Istraživanje je provedeno u Zagrebu na 20 mlađih kadeta muškog rukometnog kluba Sesvete prosječne dobi 14,30 ± 0,47 godina, visine 179,70 ± 7,52 centimetara i težine 67,20 ± 10,47 kilograma. Istraživanje se provodilo u tri faze. U prvoj fazi istraživanja ispitanici su inicijalno testirani u svih 5 varijabli za procjenu skočnosti, druga faza sastojala se od valjanja regije trupa i donjih ekstremiteta dok su u trećoj fazi ponovno testirani u svim varijablama, s naglaskom da treća faza nije trajala duže od 20 minuta nakon završetka druge faze. Druga i treća faza provodile se su kombinirano 24 sata nakon prve faze. Za procjenu vertikalne skočnosti korišten je test skok u vis s mjesta, za procjenu horizontale skočnosti korišteni su testovi: skok u dalj s mjesta, skok s noge na nogu, pravolinijski troskok s noge na nogu i skok s noge na nogu s promjenom smjera. Statističkom obradom podataka utvrđeno je kako samomasaža pjenastim valjkom statistički negativno (< 0,03) djeluje na vertikalnu skočnost kod rukometaša adolescenata dok je njezin učinak na horizontalnu skočnost u svim testovima pozitivan no nije statistički značajan.Handball is a team sport which has a lot tehnical tactical elements. Taking in the consideration that the rules are constantly changing, which has a goal to speed up the game, physical needs of players are also changing. One of the most used structures in the handball game is vertical or horizontal jump. Because of the very high number of jumps, coaches must be able to prepare athletes for physical strain. The goal of this research is to determine if there is a signicicant statistical variable warming up with the foam roller on explosive vertical ability of young handball players. Research was conducted in Zagreb, on 20 young handball players from MHC Sesvete aged 14,30 ±, 0,49 years, height 179,70 ± 7,52 cm, weight 67,20 ±10,47 kg. Experiment was conducted in three phases. In the first phase players were tested in all five variables for determining average jumping ability, second phase included foam rolling core and lower body parts, while in the third phase , all players were again tested with all variables, it was importat that third phase must finished no loger than 20 minutes after second phase. Second and third phase were conducted 24 hours after first phase. For determination average vertical jumping ability was used Sargent jump. For testing the horizontal jump used were tested: long distance standing jump, single leg hop test, triple hop test and crossover triple hop test (last three tests were measured with both feet). Using statistical processing of the data, it was determinated that foam rolling has a significant negative effect on vertical jumping ability (p < 0,03), while its effect on horizontal jumping ability is positive in all tests but not significant
SPORT AS A REFLECTION OF CROATIAN SOCIETY IN THE 1990S
No full textU Hrvatskoj je krajem osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća nakon višegodišnje šutnje i nepravde komunističke vlasti prema hrvatskom narodu započeo proces rađanja demokratskog i nacionalnog pokreta. Pokret je nastajao u kontekstu sloma europskoga komunizma, raspadanja SFR Jugoslavije i prijeteće velikosrpske opasnosti. Pojavom navijačke supkulture i prvih navijačkih skupina osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća te društveno-političkom situacijom u kojoj nastaju, navijači se okreću nacionalizmu. Oni postaju nosioci demokratskih promjena i najglasnija oporba komunističkoj vlasti. Na tribinama se javno govori o prešućenim i zabranjenim temama, a stadioni postaju mjesta nasilja i izražavanja političkih stavova. Sukobi između hrvatskih i srpskih navijača s tribina prelaze u Domovinski rat gdje prve postrojbe dragovoljaca čine upravo članovi navijačkih skupina BBB-a, Torcide, Armade i ostalih. Franjo Tuđman postaje prvi hrvatski predsjednik i prepoznaje sport kao politički instrument kojim se koristi za promociju novonastale hrvatske države, homogenizaciju nacije i konstruiranje hrvatskog nacionalnog identiteta. U ratnim i poslijeratnim godinama sport i hrvatski sportaši, svojim uspjesima i ponašanjem postaju najbolji promotori Republike Hrvatske.In Croatia, at the end of the eighties of the 20th century, after many years of silence and injustice of the communist government towards the Croatian people, the process of birth of a democratic and national movement began. The movement was created in the context of the collapse of European communism, the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the imminent danger of Greater Serbia. With the emergence of the fan subculture and the first fan groups in the eighties of the 20th century and the socio-political situation in which they were created, fans turned to nationalism. They become the bearers of democratic changes and the loudest opposition to the communist government. In the stands, hushed up and forbidden topics are discussed publicly, and stadiums become places of violence and expression of political views. Clashes between Croatian and Serbian fans from the stands turn into the Homeland War, where the first volunteer units are made up of members of the fan groups BBB, Torcida, Armada and others. Franjo Tuđman becomes the first Croatian president and recognizes sport as a political instrument used to promote the newly formed Croatian state, homogenize the nation and construct the Croatian national identity. In the war and post-war years, sports and Croatian athletes, with their successes and behavior, became the best promoters of Republic of Croatia
The 1st International Scientific Conference the Role of Sport in Society Women, Sport, and Social Change: book of abstracts
No full textAs it has its own forms of organisation and its own culture, sport has a powerful influence on the lives of many members of society. Regular participation in physical activity and sport is key to the health, well-being, and optimal development of children and adolescents (WHO, 2020). Sport is a complex social practice, and as such, cannot be reduced to the broad belief that it is an exclusively or exceedingly positive social phenomenon (Elias and Dunning, 1986). For example, men in sport are still hold higher positions of power and influence than women. The majority of sports worldwide are defined as primarily male activities, which results in half of the world population being excluded or discouraged from participating in many sports (Coakley & Pike, 2009). Therefore, in the study of sports in the social sciences and humanities, gender relations impose themselves as a key research topic. Gender inequality has its roots in pre-modern societies. Among numerous other elements, gender relations are one of those that disprove the myth that sport has an exclusively positive impact on individuals, groups, and society. In most modern societies, sport is still exceptionally patriarchal in nature, and as such, is directed towards maintaining existing gender inequalities. Research shows that the negative impact of gender roles and stereotypes on the participation of girls and women in sport and physical activities leads to gender inequality and discrimination (Bartoluci and Baršic, 2020; Greblo Jurakic et al., 2021) in the Croatian context. Girls are less likely to engage in sporting activities and more frequently give up on sport, especially during adolescence (Pedišic et al., 2023). Changes in this context of social relations are take place slowly. The history of women in sport for most of the twentieth century consisted of individual and collective efforts to overcome exclusion and discrimination and to persistently seek spaces where women could take part in sport. Until the 1960s, the myth that aggressive, vigorous sports would harm the female body and its reproductive role were broadly accepted (Coakley, 2020). Opportunities to participate in certain sports have increased significantly in societies where women's rights are respected, but access to sports venues is difficult to ensure in cases where male participants are already competing for access to sports venues and social resources. Although steps have been taken towards gender equality, modern sport is still burdened with numerous problems and inequalities. Additionally, numerous new issues and public debates have arisen regarding the position and rights of LGBTIQ people in sport. We dare to claim that most societies do not have enough scientific conferences that bring together researchers and scientists who study the topics of gender and sport. We thus advocate a multidisciplinary approach to this topic and a pluralism of theoretical paradigms and perspectives. This conference intends to approach sport in a way that enables the inclusion of researchers of various methodological and theoretical backgrounds and ensure dialogue between various actors in order to provide insight into the possibility of implementing scientific discoveries in social practices tied to gender relations in sport. In this way, we wish to promote diversity and equality, within the framework of which sports and competition can serve to facilitate cooperation between various actors on the local, national, and international level. This international conference is our collective attempt to contribute to existing scientific knowledge on the topic of sport and gender in sociology, kinesiology, history, psychology, political science, ethnology, philosophy, and other related fields. We are convinced that this is just the beginning of our long journey together, because it is our goal to make this conference a regular one with longitudinal character, bringing together scientists who study various dimensions of sport in social life, with a focus on social change. Sport can serve as a mirror for society, as well as a resource for social change with the goal of attaining gender equality
STRES FRACTURE OF THE RIB IN ROWING
No full textStres fraktura rebra (SFR) je u veslanju ozljeda koja se među veslačima i veslačicama događa prilično često. Takva vrsta tjelesne povrede trenutno udaljava sportaša od svih planiranih trenažnih i natjecateljskih aktivnosti te zahtjeva preciznu i pravovremenu dijagnozu kao i učinkovit plan što skorijeg oporavka.
Stoga je potrebno razumjeti kretnju i biomehaniku veslanja, etiologiju i čimbenike rizika, moguće mehanizme ozljeđivanja, metode oporavka te učinkovitost moguće strategije prevencije SFR-a, što je ujedno i cilj ovog rada.Stress fracture of the rib (SFR) is a rowing injury that occurs quite often among male and female rowers. This type of bodily injury currently distances the athlete from all planned training and competition activities and requires an accurate and timely diagnosis as well as an effective plan for recovery as soon as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the movement and biomechanics of rowing, etiology and risk factors, possible mechanisms of injury, methods of recovery and the effectiveness of a possible strategy for the prevention of SFR, which is also the aim of this paper
Socio-demographic differences in motivation of recreational sport students in running school
No full textUvod. Bitan dio sadržaja ljudske kulture danas odnosi se na kvalitetno organizirano slobodno vrijeme, u kojem sportska rekreacija ima jedno od istaknutih mjesta. O tome svjedoči noviji društveni fenomen masovnog pokreta rekreativnog trčanja organiziranog kroz škole trčanja hrvatskih trkačkih klubova, sportskih udruga i društava za rekreaciju. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi motivacijsku strukturu rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja i ispitati razlike u intrinzičnoj motivaciji i ciljnoj orijentaciji polaznika s obzirom na njihova sociodemografska obilježja (spol, dob i razinu obrazovanja). Metode. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 819 sudionika – polaznika škola trčanja za rekreativce, koje djeluju u okviru hrvatskih trkačkih klubova, sportskih udruga i društava za sportsku rekreaciju u Zagrebu, Splitu, Rijeci, Osijeku, Zadru, Šibeniku, Puli i Čakovcu – od čega je bilo 384 muškaraca i 435 žena. U provedenom istraživanju korišteni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: hrvatska verzija Upitnika intrinzične motivacije (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IMI), hrvatska verzija Upitnika ciljne orijentacije u sportu (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, CTEOSQ) i hrvatska verzija Upitnika motivacije za vježbanje EMI-2 (Exercise Motivations Inventory). Rezultati. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je kod rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja općenito, snažno izražena intrinzična motivacija za vježbanjem, s tim da je najizraženija dimenzija interesa i uživanja u trčanju, a nešto slabije dimenzija kompetentnosti, zatim napora, te najslabije dimenzija pritiska. Također je utvrđeno da su rekreativni trkači više orijentirani na zadatak i učenje nego na ishod i rezultat, te da u školama trčanja najviše treniraju radi revitalizacije i zbog pozitivnog utjecaja na zdravlje, snage i izdržljivosti, uživanja i pokretljivosti, a najmanje radi društvenog priznanja i zbog zdravstvenih pritisaka. Rezultati s obzirom na spol pokazali su da je kod trkača u odnosu na trkačice znatno izraženiji intrinzični motiv kompetentnosti, ali i da osjećaju znatno veći pritisak za napretkom i postizanjem rezultata, a što se slaže sa sljedećim nalazom, koji pokazuje da je kod trkača znatno izraženija ciljna orijentacija na ishod i rezultat, dok je kod trkačica ista znatno izraženija na učenje i usavršavanje vještina. Za razliku od trkača, kod kojih su uvelike izraženi motivi društvenog priznanja i natjecanja, kod trkačica su više izraženi motivi održavanja težine, izbjegavanja bolesti, izgleda, upravljanja stresom, pozitivnog utjecaja na zdravlje, pripadnosti, zdravstvenih pritisaka i pokretljivosti. Rezultati s obzirom na dob pokazali su da postoje poprilične razlike u izraženosti intrinzičnih motiva ulaganja napora u aktivnost i vježbanja zbog osjećaja kompetentnosti. Tako je motiv ulaganja napora slabije izražen kod trkača starijih od 55 godina, u odnosu na one u dobi do 45 godina, dok je vježbanje zbog osjećaja kompetentnosti najizraženije kod mlađih od 35 godina, u odnosu na sve starije trkače. Kod trkača mlađih od 35 godina, u odnosu na sve starije, primjetno je izraženija ciljna orijentacija na ishod i rezultat. Ciljna orijentacija na učenje i usvajanje vještina znatno je izraženija kod osoba mlađih od 45 godina u odnosu na one starije od 55 godina. Kod osoba mlađih od 35 godina najizraženiji su motivi društvenog priznanja, povećanja snage i izdržljivosti, uživanja u vježbanju te natjecanja i izazova, dok trkači svrstani u dobne kategorije 35 – 34 godina i 45 – 55 godina uglavnom imaju podjednako izražene motive za treniranje kao i ostale dobne skupine, s tim da su kod njih, u odnosu na mlađe i starije od njih, izraženiji motivi treniranja zbog upravljanja stresom, održavanja težine i pokretljivosti. Kod trkača starijih od 55 godina najizraženiji motivi za treniranje su oni vezani za zdravlje (izbjegavanje bolesti i različiti zdravstveni pritisci). Rezultati s obzirom na razinu obrazovanja pokazali su da je izraženost intrinzičnog motiva ulaganja napora najjača u trkača srednje stručne spreme; da su trkači svih razina obrazovanja podjednako ciljno orijentirani na postizanje rezultata i ishod, s time da im je svima podjednako visoko izražena orijentacija na učenje i usavršavanje vještina – kao dominantan kriterij za procjenu osobne uspješnosti u treniranju trčanja. Kod trkača s visokom stručnom spremom najizraženiji motivi za treniranje su: održavanje težine, revitalizacija, izgled, utjecaj na zdravlje, pokretljivost i zdravstveni pritisci; a kod onih sa srednjom stručnom spremom motivi su: društveno priznanje, snaga i izdržljivost te natjecanje. Kod trkača više stručne spreme podjednako su zastupljeni motivi kao i kod ostalih, osim motiva zdravstvenog pritiska, koji im je puno izraženiji nego trkačima srednje stručne spreme. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da s porastom razine obrazovanja znatno raste izraženost motiva izbjegavanja bolesti i upravljanja stresom. Zaključak. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata, može se reći da su sociodemografske razlike (spol, dob i razina obrazovanja) važni čimbenici koji utječu na motivaciju za vježbanje rekreativaca, polaznika škola trčanja. Znanje o motivacijskoj strukturi rekreativnih trkača s obzirom na ove varijable važno je za mogućnost primjene u praksi, tj. za kreiranje preporuka i sportsko rekreativnih programa, koji bi u konačnici mogli pomoći rekreativcima, polaznicima škola trčanja, da zadovolje svoje potrebe i ustraju u odabranoj tjelesnoj aktivnosti.Introduction. An important part of the content of human culture today relates to quality organized leisure time, in which sports recreation has one of the prominent places. This is evidenced by the recent social phenomenon of the recreational running mass movement organized by the running schools of Croatian running clubs, sports associations and recreational societies. The aim of the research was to determine the motivational structure of recreational runners, running schools’ students, and to examine the differences in intrinsic motivation and goal orientation of participants regarding their socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age and level of education). Methods. The research involved 819 participants, students at recreational running schools, which operate within Croatian running clubs, sports associations and societies for sports recreation in Zagreb, Split, Rijeka, Osijek, Zadar, Šibenik, Pula and Čakovec. 384 participants were males and 435 females. In the research the following measurement instruments were used: Croatian version of the intrinsic motivation questionnaire (Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, IMI), Croatian version of the goal orientation questionnaire in sport (Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire, CTEOSQ) and the Croatian version of the exercise motivation questionnaire EMI-2 (Exercise Motivations Inventory). Results. The obtained results showed that among recreational runners, students of running schools in general, there is a strongly expressed intrinsic motivation for exercise, with the most expressed dimension being interest and enjoyment in running, and somewhat weaker the dimension of competence, following effort, and the weakest dimension of pressure. Furthermore, the results showed that recreational runners are rather task and learning than outcome and result oriented, and that they train in running schools mostly for revitalization motives, positive impact on health, strength and endurance, enjoyment and mobility, and the least because of social recognition and health pressures. The results regarding gender showed that the intrinsic motive of competence is significantly more pronounced in male runners compared to female runners, but also that they feel significantly more pressured to progress and achieve results. This agrees with the finding that male runners have more prononunced ego goal orientation while the task goal orientation is significantly more pronounced among female runners. Unlike male runners who are significantly more motivated for social recognition and competition, female runners have significantly more motivation for weight maintenance, disease avoidance, appearance, stress management, positive impact on health, affiliation, health pressures and mobility. The results regarding age showed that there are significant differences in the expressiveness of intrinsic motives for investing effort in activity and exercise due to a sense of competence. Thus, the motive for investing effort is less expressed among runners over the age of 55, compared to those under the age of 45, while exercising due to a sense of competence is most expressed among those under the age of 35 compared to all older runners. For runners under the age of 35, the goal orientation towards the outcome and the result is significantly more pronounced in relation to all the older ones. The goal orientation to learning and acquiring skills is significantly more noticeable in persons younger than 45 years of age than in those older than 55 years. Among persons under the age of 35, the most expressed motives are those for social recognition, increased strength and endurance, enjoyment of exercise and competition and challenges, while runners classified in the age categories 35-34 and 45-55, mostly have the same motives for training as other age groups, with the fact that, compared to younger and older people, they have more pronounced motives for training due to stress management, weight maintenance and mobility. For runners over the age of 55, the most observable motives for training are those related to health due to avoiding illness and due to various health pressures. The results regarding the level of education showed that the expression of the intrinsic motive for investing effort is strongest among runners with secondary education; that runners of all levels of education are equally ego goal oriented, with an equally highly expressed orientation to learning and improving skills- which serves as dominant criterion for assessing personal success in running. For highly educated runners, the most pronounced motives for training are weight maintenance, revitalization, appearance, impact on health, mobility and health pressures, compared to high school graduates, whose motives are social recognition, strength and endurance, and competition. Among runners with a higher education, motives are equally represented as among others, except for the motive of health pressure, which is much more pronounced for them than among runners with a secondary education. The obtained results showed that with the increase in the level of education, the expression of motives for avoiding illness and managing stress increases significantly. Conclusion. Based on the obtained results, socio-demographic differences (gender, age and level of education) are important factors influencing the motivation for exercise of recreational runners, students of running schools. Knowledge of the recreational runners’ motivational structure regarding these variables is important for the possibility of application in practice, i.e., to create recommendations for sports and recreational programs, which could ultimately help recreational runners, participants of running schools, to meet their needs and persist in the selected physical activity
SYSTEMATIZATION OF MOTOR ABILITIES AS A PREDICTOR OF SUCCESS IN TEAM AND INDIVIDUAL SPORTS
No full textGlavni cilj ove meta-analize je bio sustavnim pregledom dosadašnjih istraživanja odrediti koje motoričke sposobnosti najviše djeluju na uspješnost u istraživanim sportovima (odbojka, košarka, nogomet, rukomet, hrvanje, judo, ples i tenis.). Drugi cilj je bio odrediti testove motoričkih sposobnosti koji su najpouzdaniji i najčešće korišteni za procjenu motoričkih sposobnost u svim uključenim radovima. Zadnji cilj bio je usporedbom dobivenih rezultata odrediti motoričke sposobnosti koje doprinose uspjehu u svim sportovima općenito uključenim u ovu meta-analizu. Uključeni su samo radovi u kojima se ispituju motoričke sposobnosti te imaju jasno i konkretno navedene testove za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti. Ispitanici pripadaju skupinama rekreativnih ili vrhunskih sportaša te treniranih ili rekreativno aktivnih mladih i zdravih studenata. Radovi su bili isključeni ako je broj ispitanika bio manji od 10 , ako se u njima nisu ispitivali elitni sportaši te ako je uzorak ispitanika bio mlađi od 18 godina (iznimka su radovi iz odbojke i košarke). Studije su morale biti objavljene na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku nakon 2012. godine. Ispitivanja su provedena na ukupnom broju od 92 651 ispitanika (odbojka 743, hrvanje 772, judo 140, nogomet 82 903, košarka 7712, rukomet 243, ples 78, tenis 60) čiji raspon dobi je od 12 do 35 godina. Kod procjene metodološke kvalitete studija uključenih u meta analizu korištena je MIXED METHOD ASSESSMENT TOOL (MMAT), verzija 2018. Ukupno je uključeno 37 radova. Utvrđeno je kako je eksplozivna snaga donjih ekstremiteta motorička sposobnost u kojoj se elitni sportaši najviše razlikuju od ne elitnih sportaša. Određen je najzastupljeniji i najpouzdaniji test za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti i to je skok u dalj s mjesta za procjenu eksplozivne snage tipa skočnosti. Ograničenja rada su bila: pristup podacima, nereprezentativan i neuravnotežen uzorak, ne mogućnost primjene kompletne statističke analize. Kako bi se mogla napraviti potpuna statistička analiza manjkao je potpuni pristupi bazama podataka od svakoga uključenoga rada.The main aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review previous research to determine which motor abilities have the greatest impact on success in the investigated sports (Volleyball, Basketball, Soccer, Handball, Wrestling, Judo, Dance, and Tennis). The second aim was to determine the most reliable and commonly used motor ability tests for assessing motor abilities in all included studies. The last aim was to compare the results obtained to determine the motor abilities that contribute to success in all sports generally included in this meta-analysis. Only studies that examine motor abilities and have clearly and specifically stated tests for assessing motor abilities were included. Participants belonged to groups of recreational or elite athletes, as well as trained or recreationally active young and healthy students. Studies were excluded if the number of participants was less than 10, if elite athletes were not tested, or if the sample was younger than 18 years old (with the exception of volleyball and basketball studies). The studies had to be published in Croatian and English after 2012. The investigations were carried out on a total of 92,651 participants (volleyball 743, wrestling 772, judo 140, soccer 82,903, basketball 7712, handball 243, dance 78, tennis 60), ranging in age from 12 to 35 years. The Mixed Method Assessment Tool (MMAT) version 2018 was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies included in the meta-analysis. It was found that explosive lower limb strength is the motor ability in which elite athletes differ the most from non-elite athletes. The most prevalent and reliable test for assessing motor abilities was determined to be the standing long jump for assessing explosive jump-type strength. The limitations of the work were: limited access to data, a non-representative and unbalanced sample, and the inability to conduct a complete statistical analysis. To conduct a complete statistical analysis, complete access to the databases of all those involved in the study was lacking
Deficit zeljeza u sportasica
No full textŽeljezo je kao element u tragovima neophodan za odvijanje raznih bioloških procesa. Ipak, deficit željeza jedan je od najčešćih nutritivnih nedostataka kako u općoj tako i u sportskoj populaciji. Sportašice, naročito one u sportovima izdržljivosti pod povećanim su rizikom od razvoja deficita željeza i daljnje progresije do sideropenične anemije. Prije prelaska na samu suštinu rada, objašnjena je uloga i metabolizam željeza u organizmu. Budući da je apsorpcija ključna za održavanje homeostaze željeza, navedene su karakteristike dvaju oblika prehrambenog željeza te čitav niz prehrambenih sastojaka koji imaju ulogu promotora ili pak inhibitora apsorpcije željeza. Također, opisana je stupnjevita progresija deficita željeza i laboratorijski pokazatelji potrebni za dijagnozu istog. Primarni cilj ovog rada je predstavljanje mehanizama koji utječu na status željeza u sportašica. Povećani gubitci željeza u sportaša uključenih u intenzivno vježbanje posljedica su gastrointestinalnog krvarenja, znojenja, hemolize i hematurije. Nadalje, sportašice imaju dodatni gubitak željeza menstrualnim krvarenjem koji može biti veći od prosječnog. Osim toga, u većine sportašica uočen je nedovoljan dnevni unos željeza. Pregledom novijih istraživanja, objašnjen je mehanizam kojim vježbanje kroz povećanje IL-6 dovodi do povećane sinteze hepcidina i posljedičnog promijenjenog metabolizma željeza u organizmu. Razmotren je utjecaj deficita željeza i sideropenične anemije na sportsku izvedbu. U posljednjem dijelu rada, opisani su mogući načini liječenja deficita željeza. Najraširenija metoda liječenja uključuje propisivanje peroralnih pripravaka željeza od strane liječnika koji određuje dozu i trajanje liječenja.Iron is a trace element which is required in many biological processes. Despite its important role, iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies in general population and in athletes. Female athletes, especially those practising endurance sports, are at an increased risk of developing iron deficiency and its further progression to iron deficiency anemia. Before the theme of this paper is examined, the role and the methabolism of iron in the body is explained. Since the efficacy of iron absorption is crucial in maintaining iron homeostasis, the characteristics of two forms of dietary iron and a whole series of food ingredients that act as promoters or inhibitors of the absorption are mentioned. Furthermore, the gradual progression of iron deficiency is mentioned in detail with laboratory indicators necessary for the diagnosis. The primary goal of this paper is to present the mechanisms that affect the iron status in female athletes. Increased iron losses in athletes involved in intense exercise are the result of gastrointestinal bleeding, sweating, hemolysis and hematuria. Moreover, menstrual bleeding presents additional iron loss which may be higher than average in female athletes. Insufficient daily intake of iron has also been observed in most female athletes. A review of recent studies explains the mechanism of exercise leading to an increase in IL-6 which as a consequence increases hepcidin synthesis and thus changes iron methabolism. Additionally, it is discussed how iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia affect athletic performace. Finally, in the last part of this paper, deficiency treatment procedures are described. The most widespread treatment method involves oral iron supplements prescribed by a doctor who determines the dose and the duration of treatment
Examining the correlation between explosive power throw hand grip and shoulder girdle flexibility with tennis serve speed
No full textServis u tenisu zahtijeva precizan prijenos energije kako bi se postigla maksimalna brzina udarca, a budući da je to jedini udarac koji igrač samostalno pokreće, ključno je analizirati karakteristike koje doprinose uspješnosti servisa. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi povezanost eksplozivne snage tipa bacanja, stiska šake i fleksibilnosti ramenog pojasa s brzinom servisa kod tenisačica te identificirati i oblikovati regresijski model koji učinkovito predviđa brzinu servisa na temelju povezanosti navedenih varijabli. Uzorak ispitanika u ovom istraživanju 20 je tenisača prosječne dobi 13,10 ± 0,74 godina, tjelesne visine 165,70 ± 4,90 cm i tjelesne mase 51,45 ± 5,84 kg. Za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti gornjih ekstremiteta tenisačica koristila su se četiri testa za procjenu eksplozivne snage tipa bacanja (bacanje medicinke naprijed preko glave, bacanje medicinke unatrag preko glave, bacanje medicinke u stilu bacanja kugle, bacanje medicinke iz sjedećeg položaja), jedan test za procjenu jakosti mišića šake i podlaktice (dinamometrija stiska šake), jedan test za procjenu fleksibilnost ruku i ramenog pojasa (iskret
palicom) te je provedena analiza povezanosti tih testova s brzinom servisa. Od svih analiziranih varijabli, bacanje medicinke naprijed preko glave - OMBT (r = 0,70), bacanje medicinke u stilu bacanja kugle - MBTSP (r = 0,75) i dinamometrija stiska šake - GS (r = 0,71) imali su izrazitu povezanost s brzinom servisa (p < 0.05). Rezultati višestruke regresijske analize ukazali su da kombinacija odabranih prediktora (MBTSP - bacanjem medicinke u stilu bacanja kugle, GS - dinamometrijom stiska šake i OMBT - bacanjem medicinke naprijed preko glave) objašnjava 75% varijance brzine servisa, pri čemu je MBTSP bila ključna varijabla prediktivnog modela i sama je objasnila 51% varijance brzine servisa. Postizanje veće brzine servisa ovisi o više čimbenika, pri čemu je posebno važna jakost, snaga i fleksibilnost gornjeg dijela tijela kod mladih igrača koji teže poboljšanju svojeg početnog udarca. Zaključak ovog istraživanja naglašava važnost razvoja motoričkih sposobnosti mladih tenisačica kako bi unaprijedile svoju tehniku servisa i postigle veću brzinu udarca.Tennis service requires precise transfer of energy to achieve maximum racket speed, and since it is the only stroke that a player initiates independently, it is crucial to analyze the characteristics that contribute to its success. The aim of this study is to determine the correlation between explosive power throw, hand grip strength and shoulder girdle flexibility with the serve speed in female tennis players, as well as to identify and construct a regression model that effectively predicts the serve speed based on the relationship among these variables. The sample of participants in this study consists of 20 tennis players with an average age of 13.10 ± 0.74 years, a height of 165.70 ± 4.90 cm, and a weight of 51.45 ± 5.84 kg. To evaluate the motor skills of the upper extremities in female tennis players, four tests aimed at measuring explosive throwing capabilities (forward overhead medicine ball throw, backward overhead medicine ball throw, medicine ball throw shot put, seated medicine ball throw), hand and forearm muscle strength (handgrip dynamometry), and flexibility of the hands and shoulder girdle (twit with the stick). Among all analyzed variables, the overhead medicine ball throw (OMBT) (r = 0.70), medicine ball throw shot put (MBTSP) (r = 0.75) and grip strength (GS) (r = 0.71) exhibited a significant correlation with serve speed (p < 0.05). The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that the combination of selected predictors (MBTSP - medicine ball throw shot put, GS - grip strength and OMBT - overhead medicine ball throw) accounted for 75% of the variance in serve speed, with MBTSP emerging as the key predictor, explaining 51% of the serve speed variance alone. Achieving a higher service speed depends on various factors, with particular emphasis on the strength, power, and flexibility of the upper body in young players who aim to improve their initial shot. The conclusion of this research underscores the significance of developing the motor skills of young female tennis players to enhance their serving technique and achieve greater shot speed