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The effects of latin american and ballroom social dances program on risk factors for cardiovascular diseases
No full textS obzirom na prethodno utvrđene pozitivne učinke plesa na pojedine čimbenike rizika razvoja kardiovaskularnih bolesti, cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinak programa standardnih i latinskoameričkih društvenih plesova na ukupno smanjenje više kardiovaskularnih čimbenika rizika u prethodno sedentarnih osoba odrasle dobi. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 100 ispitanika, podijeljenih u eksperimentalnu (N=50) i kontrolnu (N=50) skupinu. Ispitanici oba spola, starosti od 35 do 70 godina, uključeni su prema kriteriju sedentarnosti koja je definirana provođenjem umjerene tjelesne aktivnosti manje od 30 minuta barem tri puta tjedno. Mjerenje rizičnih čimbenika za kardiovaskularne bolesti (anamnestičkih podataka prikupljenih upitnikom, vrijednostikrvnog tlaka, antropometrijskih mjera i krvnih pretraga) provodilo se u obje skupine na početku istraživanja i nakon dva mjeseca. Inicijalna i završna mjerenja kod eksperimentalne skupine provodio je jedan istraživač u plesnim centrima u kojima su ispitanici plesali, dok su se mjerenja kontrolne skupine provodila u ambulantama pod nadzorom liječnika. Eksperimentalna skupina sudjelovala je u dvomjesečnom programu početnog tečaja latinskoameričkih i standardnih društvenih plesova (Cha Cha Cha, Samba, Rumba, Jive, Bečki valcer, Engleski valcer, Tango i Foxtrot), koji se provodio dva puta tjedno u trajanju od 90 minuta. Ispitanici u kontrolnoj skupini zadržali su svoje uobičajene navike. Slučajnim odabirom u obje skupine određeno je 20 % ispitanika kod kojih su mjerenja dodatno ponovljena dva mjeseca nakon završetka istraživanja. Podatci dobiveni mjerenjem statistički su obrađeni u programu SPSS. U istraživanju su postavljene sljedeće hipoteze. Kardiovaskularni rizični čimbenici značajno su se smanjili u istraživanoj skupini nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa. Kardiovaskularni rizični čimbenici značajnije su se smanjili kod žena nego kod muškaraca u istraživanoj skupini nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa. Kardiovaskularni rizični čimbenici značajno su manji u istraživanoj skupini u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa. Kardiovaskularni čimbenici rizika značajno su manji u istraživanoj skupini u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu 2 mjeseca nakon završetka programa treninga plesa Istraživanjem je potvrđena hipoteza da su se kardiovaskularni rizični čimbenici značajno smanjili u istraživanoj skupini nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa u vrijednostima glukoze (p=0,017), kolesterola (p=0,024), a povećali u vrijednostima indeksa tjelesne mase (p=0,035). Hipoteza da su se kardiovaskularni rizični čimbenici značajnije smanjili kod žena nego kod muškaraca u istraživanoj skupini nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa nije potvrđena (p>0,05) za sve varijable. Hipoteza o značajnom smanjenju kardiovaskularnih rizičnih čimbenika u istraživanoj skupini nakon dva mjeseca treninga plesa djelomično je potvrđena jer su smanjenja utvrđena u vrijednostima ukupnog kolesterola (p=0,000) i glukoze (p=0,000). Rezultati binarne logističke regresije pokazali su da kontrolna skupina ima 2,76 puta veću vjerojatnost povećanja indeksa tjelesne mase, OR=2,76, (95 %, 1,19-6,42, p=0,019), 6,29 puta veću vjerojatnost povećanja kolesterola, OR=6,29, (95 %, 2,58-15,36, p0,05 za sve
varijable). Istraživanjem su potvrđeni pozitivni učinci početnog programa latinskoameričkih i standardnih društvenih plesova na pojedine rizične čimbenike za nastanak kardiovaskularnih bolesti kod prethodno sedentarnih odraslih osoba. Znanstveni doprinos istraživanja su nove spoznaje o utjecaju dvomjesečnog programa društvenog plesa na višestruke rizične čimbenike za kardiovaskularne bolesti s praćenjem naknadnog, dugoročnog učinka. Usporednim praćenjem velikog broja čimbenika na sedentarnoj populaciji koja je započela s plesnim programom dobivene su spoznaje o učinkovitosti ovih programa i njihovoj primjenjivosti u praktičnom, intervencijskom smislu.In our research, we determined how much programs of Standard and Latin American social dances can influence the reduction of certain cardiovascular risk factors in previously sedentary people. 100 respondents participated in the research, 50 respondents from the experimental group and 50 respondents from the control group. The subjects were of both genders, aged 35 to 70 years. All respondents answered 2 questions about the number of days per week they spend in vigorous physical activity and the daily duration of that activity. Both groups included in the study were included according to the sedentarity criteria,, which was defined by conducting less than 60 minutes three times a week of moderate physical activity. Measurements of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (anamnestic data-questionnaire, blood pressure values,
anthropometric measures and blood tests) were performed at the beginning of the study and after 2 months, in both groups. Initial and final measurements in the experimental group were performed by one researcher in dance centers where the subjects were dancing, while measurements in the control group were performed in clinics under the supervision of a
physician. Subjects in the control group maintained their usual habits. The control group did not perform physical activity, so we measured the risk factors in this group at the beginning of the study and after 2 months of the study. By random selection in both groups, we determined 20% of subjects in whom we repeated the measurements 2 months after the end of the study. The data obtained by measurement were statistically processedin the SPSS program. In the research, we submited the following hypotheses. Cardiovascular risk factors significantly decreased in the research group after two months of dance training. Cardiovascular risk factors decreased more significantly in women than in meni in the study
group after two months of dance training. Cardiovascular risk factors are significantly lower in the research group compared to the control group after two months of dance training. Cardiovascular risk factors are significantly lower in the research group compared to the control group 2 months after the end of the dance training program. The research confirmed the hypothesis that cardiovascular risk factors significantly decreased in the research group after two months of dance training in the values of glucose (p=0.017), cholesterol (p=0.024), and increased in the values of the body mass index (p=0.035). The hypothesis that cardiovascular risk factors decreased more significantly in women than in men in the research group after two months of dance training was not confirmed (p>0.05) for all variables. The hypothesis of a significant reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in the research group after two months of dance training was partially confirmed, as reductions were found in the values of the following factors: total cholesterol (p=0.000) and blood sugar (p=0.000). Binary logistic regression results showed that the control group had a 2.76 times higher probability of increasing body mass index, OR=2.76, (95 %, 1.19-6.42, p=0.019), a 6.29 times higher probability increase in cholesterol, OR=6.29, (95 %, 2.58-15.36, p0.05) for all variables. We have shown the positive effects of the initial program of Latin American and Ballroom social dances on certain risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases in previously sedentary adults. The scientific contribution of research is a new knowledge about the impact of two-month program of social dancing on multiple risk factors for cardiovascular diseases with the followup of the long-term effect. By comparative monitoring of a large number of factors on a sedentary population that started with a dance program, we gained knowledge about the effectiveness of these programs and their applicability in a practical, interventional sense
The importance of deceleration in football
No full textDeceleracija predstavlja ključnu komponentu u sportovima s nasumičnim promjenama smjera i dinamičkim kretanjima, a osobito je važna u nogometu. Nogometaši često trebaju naglo usporiti ili se zaustaviti tijekom driblinga, sprintova, ulaska u duele ili promjene smjera, što zahtijeva visoku razinu kontrole tijela i preciznosti u izvedbi. Horizontalna deceleracija je složen proces koji uključuje koordinaciju i neuromuskularnu kontrolu, s posebnim naglaskom na aktivaciju mišića ekstenzora gležnja, koljena i kuka. Razvijanje ovih vještina putem ciljano strukturiranih treninga može značajno poboljšati sportske performanse, omogućujući bržu reakciju na zahtjeve igre.
Osim što poboljšava izvedbu, pravilno treniranje deceleracije igra ključnu ulogu u prevenciji ozljeda, posebno onih koje se odnose na prednji križni ligament (ACL), koji je često opterećen tijekom naglih usporavanja. Efikasno treniranje deceleracije smanjuje stres na zglobove i mišiće, čime se smanjuje rizik od ozljeda i omogućuje brži oporavak između utakmica. U nogometu, sposobnost brzog usporavanja često utječe na ishod ključnih situacija na terenu. Igrači koji posjeduju bolje razvijenu sposobnost deceleracije mogu bolje promijeniti smjer, izbjegavati protivnike i optimizirati svoje obrambene i napadačke akcije.
Vježbe koje se fokusiraju na ekscentrično opterećenje i brzu ekscentričnu aktivaciju ključne su za poboljšanje performansi u deceleraciji. Ove vježbe pomažu u apsorpciji sila prilikom naglog zaustavljanja, čime se smanjuje rizik od ozljeda i poboljšava oporavak. Kako bi se maksimizirao potencijal deceleracijskog treninga, potrebno je dodatno istraživanje specifičnih protokola treninga koji optimiziraju ovu sposobnost kod nogometaša, uključujući intenzitet, volumen i periodizaciju. Integracija ovih vježbi u treninge, uz korištenje novih tehnologija kao što su otporni uređaji i elastične trake, može unaprijediti performanse i smanjiti rizik od ozljeda, osiguravajući dugovječnost sportaša na visokoj razini.Deceleration is a crucial component in sports involving frequent changes of direction and dynamic movement, particularly in football. Footballers often need to suddenly slow down or stop during dribbling, sprinting, engaging in duels, or changing direction, which requires a high level of body control and precision in execution. Horizontal deceleration is a complex process involving coordination and neuromuscular control, with a specific emphasis on the activation of the ankle, knee, and hip extensor muscles. Developing these skills through targeted, structured training can significantly enhance athletic performance by enabling quicker responses to game demands.
In addition to improving performance, proper deceleration training plays a key role in injury prevention, especially concerning the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), which is often stressed during abrupt decelerations. Effective deceleration training reduces stress on joints and muscles, thereby lowering the risk of injury and facilitating faster recovery between matches. In football, the ability to decelerate quickly often impacts the outcome of critical on-field situations. Players with a well-developed deceleration capability can better change direction, evade opponents, and optimize their defensive and offensive actions.
Exercises focusing on eccentric loading and rapid eccentric activation are crucial for enhancing deceleration performance. These exercises help in absorbing forces during sudden stops, reducing injury risk and improving recovery. To maximize the potential of deceleration training, further research is needed on specific training protocols that optimize this ability in footballers, including intensity, volume, and periodization. Integrating these exercises into training, along with using new technologies such as resistance devices and elastic bands, can enhance performance and reduce injury risk, ensuring athletes’ longevity at a high level
Relationship between lower extremity strength, local endurance and dynamic knee valgus angle in elite female handball players
No full textNajozbiljnije ozljede u rukometu su ozljede koljena, posebno ozljeda prednjeg križnog ligamenta (PKL). Žene su pod većim rizikom od muškaraca za ozljedu PKL-a, a učestalost ozljede najviša je kod vrhunskih sportašica. Neuromišićni faktori koji bi mogli biti odgovorni za povećani rizik od ozljede PKL-a kod sportašica kao i njihova moguća interakcija još uvijek nisu dovoljno istraženi. Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost eksplozivne jakosti, lokalne izdržljivosti, odnosa jakosti mišića te maksimalne jakosti mišića ekstenzora i fleksora koljena s dinamičkim valgus kutom koljena prilikom funkcionalnih testova skoka kod vrhunskih rukometašica. Drugi cilj je utvrditi postoje li razlike u dobivenim rezultatima s obzirom na dominantnost noge po kriteriju jakosti i preciznosti te po kriteriju odrazne noge. Uzorak ispitanica sačinjavalo je 30 vrhunskih sportašica, rukometašica reprezentativnog ranga (dob x̅ = 25.40 ± 3.55; visina tijela x̅ = 176.86 ± 5.73; težina tijela x̅ = 71.57 ± 7.76). Uvjet sudjelovanja u istraživanju bio je da sportašice nisu imale ozljedu ili sindrom prenaprezanja donjih ekstremiteta najmanje 8 mjeseci prije mjerenja, te da u trenutku mjerenja nisu osjećale bol u donjim ekstremitetima. Podatci o mišićnoj jakosti ekstenzora i fleksora koljena prikupljani su s pomoću izokinetičkog sustava Biodex System 3 (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, N.Y., USA), dok su kinematički i kinetički podatci iz funkcionalnih testova skoka prikupljani s pomoću sustava kojeg je sačinjavalo 8 kamera s frekvencijom snimanja od 200 Hz (BTS Smart-d, BTS Bioengineering, Padova, Italy), te dvije platforme sila dimenzija 600 mm x 400 mm (Type 9286 A, Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). Izokinetički test je izvođen na 3 kutne brzine u koncentrično/koncentričnom modalitetu rada - 5 ponavljanja na 60°/sek, 10 ponavljanja na 180°/sek i 15 ponavljanja na 300°/sek. Protokol funkcionalnog mjerenja skoka proveden je u biomehaničkom laboratoriju, a provedena je kinematsko-kinetička analiza dvije vrste vertikalnog skoka - skoka s pripremom i skoka s povišenja. Dominantnost noge određivana je prema kriterijima preciznosti, jakosti te po kriteriju odrazne noge.
Za sve varijable izračunati su centralni i disperzivni parametri. Normalitet distribucije varijabli testiran je Shapiro – Wilkovim testom. Za varijable koje su se koristile u testovima razlike, uz testiranje normalnosti distribucije, Levenovim testom izračunata je i homogenost varijance, a sve radi odabira parametrijske ili neparametrijske statističke metode. Povezanost između praćenih varijabli izražena je Spearmanovim koeficijentima korelacije. Jednosmjernom analizom varijance
utvrđene su razlike između aritmetičkih sredina 3 grupe (s obzirom na kriterij dominantnosti noge: kriterij jakosti, odrazne noge ili preciznosti) u pokazateljima maksimalne i eksplozivne jakosti, odnosa jakosti, lokalne izdržljivosti mišića nogu te dinamičkog valgus kuta koljena. Doprinos pojedinih varijabli objašnjenju nastanka dinamičkog valgus kuta koljena dominantne noge ispitao se serijom jednostavnih i složenih linearnih regresijskih analiza. Pri tome je kriterijska varijabla bio dinamički valgus kut koljena u fazi doskoka, dok su prediktorske varijable bili pokazatelji maksimalne i eksplozivne jakosti, odnosa jakosti mišića prednje i stražnje strane natkoljenice te lokalne izdržljivosti mišića nogu. Razina statističke značajnosti bila je postavljena na p<0,05.
Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na statistički značajnu negativnu povezanost (p0.05) vršne vrijednosti snage prilikom doskoka dobivene funkcionalnim testom skoka s pripremom s dinamičkim valgus kutom koljena dobivenim funkcionalnim testom skoka s pripremom kod kriterija odabira dominantnosti noge po preciznosti.
S druge strane, rezultati analize razlika u praćenim varijablama ukazuju da ne postoji razlika u dobivenim rezultatima s obzirom na korišteni kriterij dominantnosti noge.
Zaključno, rezultati ukazuju na povezanost eksplozivne i maksimalne jakosti nogu s dinamičkim valgus kutom koljena, te da bilateralni skokovi i izolirani izokinetički test mišića ekstenzora i fleksora koljena nije idealan za detekciju dominantnosti ekstremiteta, odnosno mogućeg utjecaja dominantnosti na izvedbu. Dodatno učinjenom regresijskom analizom ustanovljena je potencijalna prediktivna vrijednost eksplozivne jakosti mišića ekstenzora koljena na dinamički valgus kut koljena. Osim navedenog, na temelju rezultata predložene su i modifikacije u formiranju preventivnih programa kao i izrade protokola mjerenja u svrhu prevencije i rehabilitacije ozlijede PKL-aThe most serious injuries in handball are knee injuries, especially anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. The dynamic nature of this sport, characterized by movements like accelerations, decelerations, sprints, changes of direction, jumps, throws, pushes, and pulls, performed at maximum speed and often in conditions of instability classifies handball as a sport with an increased risk of injury compared to other team and individual sports. Women are 4-6 times at higher risk than men for ACL injury, and the frequency of injury is highest in elite athletes. The nature of ACL injury is multifactorial, but literature evidence indicates that impaired biomechanics and neuromuscular control of the lower extremities and trunk are the main factors of a higher injury rate in female athletes. Neuromuscular factors that could be responsible for the increased risk of ACL injury in female athletes, as well as their possible interaction, have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The first aim of this research was to determine the relationship between explosive strength, local muscle endurance, H/Q ratio, and maximal strength of the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee with the dynamic valgus angle of the knee during functional jump tests in elite handball players. The second aim was to determine whether there are differences in the obtained results regarding leg dominance according to the criterion of strength, precision, and takeoff leg. The sample consisted of 30 elite female handball players, members of national teams (age x̅ = 25.40 ± 3.55; body height x̅= 176.86 ± 5.73; body weight x̅ = 71.57 ± 7.76). The inclusion criteria for participation in the research were that the athletes did not have another injury or overuse syndrome of the lower extremities at least 8 months before the measurement, with no lower extremities pain experience at the time of the measurement. Data on muscle strength of knee extensors and flexors were collected using the isokinetic system Biodex System 3 (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, N.Y., USA), while kinematic and kinetic data from functional jump tests were collected using a system consisting of 8 cameras with a recording frequency of 200 Hz (BTS Smart-d, BTS Bioengineering, Padova, Italy), and two force platforms (Type 9286A, Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland). The isokinetic test was performed at 3 angular velocities in concentric/concentric mode - 5 repetitions at 60°/sec, 10 repetitions at 180°/sec and 15 repetitions at 300°/sec. The functional jump measurement protocol was performed in the biomechanical laboratory, and the kinematic-kinetic analysis of two types of vertical jump,
countermovement jump and drop jump was analyzed. Each athlete performed 3 successful attempts at countermovement jump and drop jump. Leg dominance was determined according to the criteria of precision, strength, and takeoff leg. For the criterion of precision, the test was to determine the leg with which a person kicks the ball, while for the strength criterion the measured maximum moment of the knee extensor muscles was measured at angular speed of 60 st./sec. expressed in newton meters (Nm). Single leg countermovement jump height was used as the criterion for selecting the take-off leg. Central and dispersive parameters were calculated for all variables. The normality of the distribution of variables was tested with the Shapiro-Wilk test. For the variables used in the difference tests, in addition to testing the normality of the distribution, the homogeneity of the variance was calculated using Levene's test, all for the purpose of choosing a parametric or non-parametric statistical method. The relationship between monitored variables was expressed by Spearman's correlation coefficients. One-way analysis of variance revealed differences between the means of the 3 groups (with respect to leg dominance criteria: precision, strength or take-off leg criteria) as indicators of explosive and maximum strength, H/Q ratio, local leg muscle endurance and dynamic knee valgus angle. The contribution of individual variables to the explanation of the dynamic knee valgus angle of the dominant leg was examined by a series of simple and complex linear regression analyses. Here, the criterion variable was the dynamic valgus angle of the knee in the landing phase, while the predictor variables were indicators of explosive and maximum strength, H/Q ratio and the local muscle endurance. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The results of the research indicated a statistically significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between the variable of explosive strength Time to peak torque and of the maximum dynamic valgus angle of the knee in drop jump in all 3 criteria of leg dominance. A significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found between explosive strength variables - flight time measured during countermovement jump and the maximum dynamic knee valgus angle during the countermovement jump in the dominance selection criteria by precision, and between take-off velocity variable that was measured during countermovement jump and the maximum dynamic knee valgus angle during the countermovement jump in the dominance selection criteria by precision. Furthermore, a statistically significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) was found
between the Peak torque value of knee flexors obtained during isokinetic testing at an angular speed of 60°/sec and the maximum dynamic valgus angle of the knee during drop jump in the selection criteria of take-off leg. Also, it was determined that there is a statistically significant negative correlation (p 0.05) of the Peak power value during the take-off phase of countermovement jump with the maximum dynamic valgus angle of the knee during countermovement jump in the selection criterion of leg dominance by precision. The results indicate that there is no difference in the obtained results regarding the criterion for selecting the dominant leg. An additional regression analysis confirmed the potential predictive value of the explosive strength of the knee extensor muscles on the dynamic knee valgus angle. This research has contributed to a better understanding of the complex nature of ACL injury. From the practical point, the development of maximal strength of the knee flexor muscles, reactivity of the knee extensor and flexor muscles with an emphasis on fast contractions may contribute to improving movement control. Also, the development of explosive strength through plyometric content can contribute to better neuromuscular control of the lower extremities, and consequently to a lower rate of ACL injuries. The results also indicate the importance of the knee flexor muscles as dynamic joint stabilizers, and the role of knee extensors in controlling knee movements in the frontal plane during dynamic activities. Ultimately, the results indicate the connection of explosive and maximal leg strength with the dynamic knee valgus angle, and that bilateral jumps and isolated isokinetic tests of knee extensor and flexor muscles are not ideal for detecting limb dominance, i.e. the possible influence of dominance on performance. An explanation of lateral dominance may be that this phenomenon is potentially related to mechanisms involving complex processes in the central nervous system. In addition to the above, based on the results, modifications were proposed in the creation of preventive programs as well as the development of measurement protocols for the purpose of ACL prevention and rehabilitation
Comparison of the attack structures of the North American (NHL) and Russian (KHL) ice hockey leagues in playoff matches
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razlike u strukturi napada između Sjevoernoameričke hokejaške lige (NHL) i Kontinentalne hokejaške lige (KHL). Preduvjet za ostvarivanje cilja bio je precizno definiranje struktura napada hokeja na ledu odnosno njihovih početaka, napadačkih akcija i kraja, s brojem odavanja i trajanjem akcije. Za potrebe istraživanja analizirano je po 20 nasumično odabranih utakmica doigravanja obiju liga u sezoni 2017/18. Iz njih je generirano 16786 entiteta napada, od čega je iz ruske lige 7793 (NKHL= 7793), a iz sjevernoameričke lige 8993 (NNHL=8993) entiteta napada.
Hi-kvadrat (χ2) testom dobiveno je postojanje statistički značajne razlike između NHL-a i KHL-a u kvalitativnim varijablama; Početak napada (χ2=99,3582, df=13, p=0,00000), u varijablama Kontrolirani izlaz iz trećine, Pregrupiranje, Oduzeta pločica, Izlasci pod pritiskom zaokretom iza vrata i dodavanje gore i Obrambeni odbijanac; Napadačka akcija (χ2=101,0846, df=26, p=0,0000) u varijablama Upucavanje pločice u protivničku zonu, Ispucavanje pločice iz obrambene zone, Dodavanje od iza vrata, Izravni napad s jednakim brojem igrača i viškom igrača te udarci s ograde; Završetak napada (χ2=16,2091, df=7, p=,023274) u varijablama Predana pločica, Oduzeta pločica i Blokirani udarci. Također, t-testom je utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između NHL-a i KHL-a u varijablama trajanje napada (t=13,3816, p=0,0000) i broju dodavanja po napadu (t=8,0807, F=1,41 p=0,0000).
Sekundarno, dobivena je razlika između pobjedničkih i poraženih ekipa i to u početku napada u varijabli Oduzeta pločica u obrambenoj zoni (t = 2,171, p=0,034). Kod napadačkih akcija pobjedničke i poražene ekipe razlikuju se u varijabli Ispucavanje pločice iz obrambene zone (t=3,442, p = 0,001), Upucavanje pločice u protivničku trećinu (t= -2,456, p=0.017) te Izravnim napadom s viškom igrača (U= 349,00, Z=2,501, p=0,012), dok se kod završne akcije razlikuju samo u varijabli Postignuti pogodak (U=241,50, Z=3,879, p=0,000). Također, pobjedničke i poražene ekipe razlikuju se u trajanju napada (t=2,490, p=0,012) gdje napadi traju duže i imaju više dodavanja (t = 3,189, p=0,001). Regresijskom analizom ustanovljena je povezanost varijabli napada s konačnim rezultatom pozitivno u varijablama Postignuti pogodak,
Izbacivanje pločice iz obrambene zone i Dodavanje prema dolje u odgođenom napadu te negativno Udarac s ograde, Pripucavanje i Upucavanje pločice u protivničku zonu.The main objective of this research is to determine differences in phase of attack beetween National Hockey League (NHL) and Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The precondition for achieving the goal was to precisely define the structure of the ice hockey attack, i.e. its beginnings, attacking action and end of the attack, with the number of shots and the duration of the action. For the purposes of the research, 20 randomly selected playoff games of both leagues in the 2017/18 season were reviewed. From them, 16786 attack entities were generated, of which 7793 (NKHL= 7793) were from the Russian league, and 8993 (NNHL=8993) attack entities from the North American league.
Chi-square test showed the existence of a statistically significant difference between NHL and KHL in qualitative variables: Attack start (χ2=99.3582, df=13, p=0.00000), in the variables Controlled exit from the defending zone, Regrouping, Takeaways, BreakoutsWheel and Quick Up and Defensive rebound; Attacking action (χ2=101.0846, df=26, p=0.0000) in the variables Dump puck, Passing from behind the net, Straight attack with Equal strength of players and an excess of players, and shots from fences; Attack completion (χ2=16.2091, df=7, p=0.023274) in the variables Giveaway, Takeaway and Blocked Shots. Also, the t-test revealed a statistically significant difference between NHL and KHL in the variables attack duration (t=13.3816, p=0.0000) and number of passes per attack (t=8.0807, F=1.41 p=0.0000).
Secondary, the difference between the winning and losing teams was obtained at the beginning of the attack in the variable Takeaway in Defensive Zone (t=2.171, p=0.034). In terms of attacking actions, the winning and defeated teams differ in the variable Defensive zone Dump (t=3.442, p = 0.001), Dump puck (t= -2.456, p=0.017) and Straight attack with odd players (U=349.00, Z=2.501, p=0.012), while in the final action they differ only in the Scored goal variable (U=241.50, Z=3.879, p = 0.000). Also, winning and losing teams differ in the duration of attacks (t=2.490, p= 0.012), where attacks last longer and have more passes (t = 3.189, p=0.001). Regression analysis established a positive connection between the attack variables
and the final result in the variable Goal, Defensive zone dump and Offensive zone Pass down low, and negatively Shoot from board, Rebound and Dump the puck
Acute Effects of Stretching, Cupping and Foam Rolling on Range of Motion and Subjective Sensation of Hamstring Muscle Tightness
No full textSport i rekreacija zahtijevaju tjelesnu spremnost. Veliki broj aktivnosti u kombinaciji sa slabom pripremom često dovodi do problema. Ozljeda mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice jedna je od češćih u sportu te često ima dug vremenski oporavak i visoki postotak recidiva. Neki od faktora rizika su smanjena fleksibilnost, smanjen opseg pokreta, napetost te bol. Danas se primjenjuju razne tehnike istezanja, miofascijalnog opuštanja i miofascijalne dekompresije kako bi ublažili, smanjili ili uklonili simptome ograničenog opsega pokreta, fleksibilnosti, napetosti i boli te tako akutno poboljšali sportsku aktivnost te smanjili mogućnost ozljeđivanja.
Cilj istraživanja je provjeriti postoji li statistički značajan utjecaj istezanja, cupping-a i rolanja na opseg pokreta i subjektivni osjećaj napetosti mišića stražnje strane natkoljenice te provjeriti postoji li povezanost između objektivno mjerenog testa aktivnog opsega pokreta i subjektivnog osjećaja fleksibilnosti i napetosti.
Istraživanje je provedeno na 16 studenata Kineziološkog fakulteta prosječne dobi 23,56±1,09 godina, tjelesne visine 177,81±6,56 cm i tjelesne mase 76,91±11,31 kg. Mjerenje je provedeno u 3 faze. Prvo je bilo inicijalno mjerenje opsega pokreta i upitnik percepcije funkcionalne sposobnosti, druga faze sadržavala je protokole istezanja, cupping-a i rolanja te je u trećoj fazi ponovljeno mjerenje. Protokol svake tehnike, statičkog istezanja, rolanja i cupping-a trajao je po 10 minuta. Za procjenu opsega pokreta korišten je test prednoženja iz ležanja, a za subjektivni osjećaj napetosti i fleksibilnosti upitnik o percepciji funkcionalne sposobnosti.
Analizom podataka utvrđeno je kako postoji statistički značajno poboljšanje u opsegu pokreta poslije protokola u svakoj od odabranih tehnika, istezanje (p=0,000), cupping (p=0,048) te rolanje (p=0,001). Istraživanje odabranih tehnika pokazuje statistički značajno poboljšanje u subjektivnom osjećaju fleksibilnosti nakon istezanja (p=0,000) i rolanja (p=0,011) te subjektivnog osjećaja napetosti nakon cupping-a (p=0,048)
The Perception of a Healthy Lifestyle and Fitness Under the Influence of Social Media: Motivation or Pressure?
No full textU digitalnom dobu, društvene mreže postale su ključan čimbenik u oblikovanju percepcije zdravoga načina života i fitnesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti na koji način sadržaji na društvenim mrežama djeluju na korisnike – potiču li ih na pozitivne promjene i zdravije navike ili izazivaju osjećaj pritiska, nesigurnosti i uspoređivanja s nerealnim idealima. Analizom dostupne znanstvene literature, kao i aktualnih primjera digitalnih kampanja i influencera, pokazalo se da društvene mreže imaju dvojak utjecaj. Dok s jedne strane mogu djelovati motivirajuće, s druge mogu povećati rizik od pojave anksioznosti, narušenog samopouzdanja i poremećaja u ponašanju vezanih uz izgled i prehranu. Posebno su osjetljive skupine mladi korisnici, žene te osobe sklone perfekcionizmu i niskom samopouzdanju. Zaključno, društvene mreže mogu biti koristan alat za promociju zdravlja, ali samo ako se koriste svjesno i kritički, uz razvijenu medijsku pismenost i odgovoran pristup digitalnom sadržaju.In the digital age, social media has become a key factor in shaping the perception of a healthy lifestyle and fitness. The aim of this paper was to examine how social media content influences users – whether it encourages positive behavioral change and healthier habits or creates pressure, insecurity, and comparisons with unrealistic ideals. Through an analysis of relevant scientific literature and current examples of digital campaigns and influencers, it was found that social media has a dual impact. On the one hand, it can be motivational, but on the other, it increases the risk of anxiety, low self-esteem, and appearance- or food-related behavioral issues. Particularly vulnerable groups include young users, women, and individuals prone to perfectionism and low self-worth. In conclusion, social media can serve as a valuable tool for health promotion, but only when used consciously and critically, with developed media literacy and a responsible approach to digital content
ATTITUDES OF ATHLETES ON THE EFFECT OF MUSIC ON SPORTS PERFORMANCE
No full textGlazba ima snažan utjecaj na ljudsku psihu i tijelo te se sve češće koristi kao sredstvo za poboljšanje sportskih izvedbi. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati stavove atletičara o učinku glazbe na sportsku izvedbu, s naglaskom na njezinu primjenu tijekom treninga i natjecanja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 122 atletičara različitih dobnih skupina i razina natjecanja. Podaci su prikupljeni anketnim upitnikom koji je uključivao pitanja o osobnim navikama slušanja glazbe tijekom sportskih aktivnosti, preferencijama glazbenih žanrova te percipiranom učinku glazbe na motivaciju, koncentraciju i izvedbu.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da većina ispitanika smatra kako glazba pozitivno utječe na njihovu sportsku izvedbu, posebice u segmentima povećanja motivacije, smanjenja napetosti i lakšeg podnošenja napora. Također je utvrđeno da izbor glazbe ima individualan karakter te da je tempo i ritam glazbe često usklađen s vrstom sportske aktivnosti.
Zaključno, glazba se u kontekstu sporta pokazuje kao vrijedan alat koji može doprinijeti optimizaciji sportske izvedbe, osobito kada je korištenje glazbe usklađeno s osobnim potrebama i trenažnim ciljevima sportaša.Music has a strong impact on the human psyche and body and is increasingly used as a means to enhance sports performance. The aim of this thesis was to examine athletes attitudes regarding the effect of music on sports performance, with an emphasis on its use during training and competition. The study included 122 athletes of various age groups and competitive levels. Data were collected through a questionnaire that included questions about personal habits related to listening to music during sports activities, preferences for musical genres, and the perceived effects of music on motivation, concentration, and performance.
The results of the research show that most respondents believe that music has a positive effect on their sports performance, particularly in terms of increasing motivation, reducing tension, and making physical exertion more manageable. It was also found that music selection is highly individual and that the tempo and rhythm of the music are often aligned with the type of sports activity.
In conclusion, music appears to be a valuable tool in the context of sports, one that can contribute to optimizing athletic performance, especially when music use is tailored to the athlete’s personal needs and training goals
Reach your full potential with sport psychology
No full textThe 4th International Sport Psychology Symposium focuses on harnessing sport psychology to help athletes and coaches achieve peak performance. Experts in the field will present cutting-edge research and practical techniques to optimize mental well-being, enhance performance, and foster resilience in competitive sports. Topics include mental conditioning, motivation, stress management, and the psychological impact of injuries. Attendees will gain valuable insights and tools to apply psychological principles effectively in training and competition, ultimately empowering athletes to reach their full potential. The symposium offers networking opportunities, workshops, and keynote sessions by renowned sport psychologists
Competencies in pedagogical relations
No full textKoje kvalitete trebaju proizići iz odgoja? Kako znamo da smo dobro odgojili dijete? Jedno je viđenje da odgoj treba promatrati kao nešto jednoznačno, čija bi pravila trebala vrijediti za sve jednako. S druge strane, odgoj u velikoj mjeri ovisi o našim potrebama i idealima te o vremenu u kojem živimo. U današnjici, zahtjevi koji se postavljaju pred roditelje i učitelje/nastavnike prilikom rada s djecom postaju sve raznovrsniji i zahtijevaju širok raspon vještina. Zbog svog značaja i dobrobiti za pojedinca, ali i za cijelo društvo, dijete i obitelj često su u središtu zanimanja i istraživanja znanstvenika različitih disciplina. Proučavanjem takve problematike bavio se i međunarodno priznat obiteljski terapeut i pisac, Jesper Juul. Cilj je ovoga rada na temelju pregleda pretežito Juulove literature pružiti uvid u aktualna znanja o kompetencijama roditelja i učitelja/nastavnika te ukazati na njihovu važnost, razvoj i očuvanje, iznoseći opise i viđenja autorove pedagogije, čija je glavna ideja stvoriti jakog pojedinca njegujući njegovu osobnost i karakter te poštujući njegove želje i potrebe za individualnošću.What qualities should arise from education? How do we know that we have raised a child well? One view is that education should be seen as something unequivocal, the rules of which should apply equally to everyone. On the other hand, education largely depends on our needs and ideals and on the time in which we live. Nowadays, the requests placed on parents and teachers when working with children are becoming more diverse and require a wide range of skills. Because of their importance and benefit for the individual, but also for the whole society, the child and the family are often at the center of interest and research of scientists of various disciplines. The internationally recognized family therapist and writer, Jesper Juul, also studied such issues. The aim of this thesis, predominantly based on a review of Juul's literature, is to provide an insight into current knowledge about the competences of parents and teachers and to point out their importance, development and preservation, presenting descriptions and views of the author's pedagogy, whose main idea is to create a strong individual by nurturing his personality and character and respecting his desires and needs for individuality
THE IMPACT OF PARENTAL AMBITIONS ON THE INVOLVEMENT OF SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES AND EARLY SPORT SPECIALIZATION
No full textDjetinjstvo predstavlja iznimno važnu i osjetljivu razvojnu fazu u životu pojedinca, tijekom koje se oblikuju temelji fizičkog, kognitivnog i emocionalnog zdravlja. Brojna istraživanja potvrđuju pozitivan utjecaj tjelesne aktivnosti, osobito sudjelovanja u sportu, na različite aspekte dječjeg razvoja. Sportske aktivnosti doprinose tjelesnom zdravlju djece, unapređujući njihove motoričke sposobnosti, fizičku kondiciju i opće zdravstveno stanje, istovremeno potičući kognitivne funkcije poput pažnje, pamćenja i izvršnih sposobnosti. Sudjelovanje u sportu također povoljno utječe na obrazovne ishode i obrasce ponašanja djece. U tom kontekstu, roditelji imaju ključnu ulogu u poticanju i usmjeravanju djece prema sportskim aktivnostima. Međutim, u suvremenom društvu sve je izraženiji trend uključivanja djece u organizirane sportove već u ranoj dobi, što može rezultirati preranom sportskom specijalizacijom i potencijalno negativno utjecati na njihov cjelokupni razvoj. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati na koji način roditeljska očekivanja, stavovi, sportsko iskustvo i ambicije utječu na uključivanje djece u sport te sklonost ranoj specijalizaciji u hrvatskom kontekstu. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 190 roditelja djece školske dobi iz Zagreba, putem online ankete. Primijenjen je strukturirani i prilagođeni upitnik koji je obuhvatio demografske podatke, podatke o sudjelovanju djece u sportskim aktivnostima, učestalosti i intenzitetu treniranja, roditeljskim motivima, razini uključenosti te sportskom iskustvu roditelja. Prikupljeni podaci obrađeni su primjenom deskriptivne i inferencijalne statistike u programu Statistica. Dobiveni nalazi pridonose dubljem razumijevanju odnosa između roditeljskog utjecaja i sportskog razvoja djece, s naglaskom na potencijalne rizike povezane s ranom sportskom specijalizacijom.Childhood represents an extremely important and sensitive developmental phase in an individual's life, during which the foundations of physical, cognitive, and emotional health are formed. Numerous studies confirm the positive impact of physical activity, especially participation in sports, on various aspects of child development. Sports activities contribute to children’s physical health by improving their motor skills, physical fitness, and overall health status, while simultaneously enhancing cognitive functions such as attention, memory, and executive functions. Participation in sports also positively influences educational outcomes and behavioral patterns in children. In this context, parents play a key role in encouraging and guiding children towards sports activities. However, in contemporary society, there is an increasing trend of enrolling children in organized sports at an early age, which may result in early sports specialization and potentially negatively affect their overall development. The aim of this study was to examine how parental expectations, attitudes, sports experience, and ambitions influence children’s involvement in sports and the tendency toward early specialization within the Croatian context. The study was conducted on a sample of 190 parents of school-aged children from Zagreb, using an online survey. A structured and adapted questionnaire was applied, which included demographic data, information on children’s participation in sports activities, frequency and intensity of training, parental motives, level of involvement, and parents’ own sports experience. The collected data were processed using descriptive and inferential statistics in the Statistica software. The obtained findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the relationship between parental influence and children’s sports development, with an emphasis on the potential risks associated with early sports specialization