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DIFFERENCES AND RELATIONS OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND MUSCLE ENDURANCE IN BOYS AND GIRLS
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike u morfološkim karakteristikama i motoričkom testu mišićne izdržljivosti ruku „izdržaj u zgibu“ između dječaka i djevojčica u natjecateljskoj gimnastici te postoje li povezanosti između morfoloških karakteristika i motoričkog testa „izdržaj u zgibu“. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 10 djevojčica i 9 dječaka prosječne dobi 6,63 ± 0,37 godina. Svi ispitanici spadaju u natjecateljsku skupinu mlađih kadetkinja i mlađih kadeta, no u različitim kategorijama, te im se stoga razlikuje broj i trajanje treninga na tjednoj bazi. Za utvrđivanje razlika u morfološkim karakteristikama i razlike u testu „izdržaj u zgibu“ između dječaka i djevojčica koristio se Studentov T-test za nezavisne uzorke. Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da ne postoji razlika u morfološkim karakteristikama, no uzimajući u obzir prosječne vrijednosti dječaci su viši, teži i imaju djelomično veći opseg nadlaktice, dok su se rezultati dužine nogu pokazali izraženijima kod djevojčica. Rezultati povezanosti morfoloških karakteristika i testa „izdržaj u zgibu“ izračunati su putem Pearsonovog koeficijenta korelacije. Korelacija se pokazala izrazito niskom između tjelesne težine (AVTT) i „izdržaja u zgibu“ (MIV) te između opsega nadlaktice u ekstenziji i fleksiji i „izdržaja u zgibu“ (MIV), no s obzirom da je korelacija neznatna, ne može se potvrditi da je statistički značajna.The aim of this research was to examine the differences in morphological characteristics and the motor test of muscular endurance of the arm “pull-up endurance” between boys and girls in competitive gymnastics and whether there are connections between morphological characteristics and the motor test “pull-up endurance”. In the research participated 10 girls and 9 boys with an average age of 6.63 ± 0.37 years. All participants belong to the competition group of junior cadets, but in different categories, and therefore the number and duration of training on a weekly basis differs. Student's T-test for independent samples was used to determine differences in morphological characteristics and difference in test „pull up endurance“ between boys and girls. The obtained results showed that there is no difference in morphological characteristics, but taking into account the average values, boys are taller, heavier and have a partially larger upper arm latitude, while the leg length results are more in favor of girls. The results of the connection between the morphological characteristics and the “pull-up endurance” test were calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The correlation between body weight and „pull-up endurance“ and between the latitude of the upper arm in extension and flexion „pull-up endurance“ was shown to be extremely low, but since the correlation is that low, it cannot be confirmed that it is statistically significant
DIFFERENCES IN 2- AND 3-METRE SHOOTING ACCURACY, DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL ABILITIES AND COORDINATION AFTER A 12-WEEK TRAINING PROGRAM IN PEOPLE WITH DOWN SYNDROME
No full textDownov sindrom je genetski poremećaj koji uključuje različite kombinacije urođenih mana, uključujući određeni stupanj mentalnog poremećaja. To je najčešći kromosomski poremećaj kod ljudi, a javlja se oko 1 u 700 novorođenčadi. Downov sindrom nastaje zbog nepravilnosti u kromosomima koje se obično razviju prije oplodnje ili u vrlo rijetkim slučajevima nakon oplodnje. Najčešći simptomi Downovog sindroma su pretilost, demencija, labavost zglobova i povećani rizik oboljenja od srčanožilnih bolesti koje su i uzrok kraćeg životnog vijeka osoba s Downovim sindromom. Upravo se tjelesna aktivnost preporuča se osobama s Downovim sindromom prvenstveno iz razloga što imaju povećani rizik od srčanožilnih bolesti i sklone su pretilosti. Dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti za osobe s Downovim sindromom glavni su pokretač sve češćih istraživanja na temu povezanosti provedbe tjelesne aktivnosti i razvoj funkcionalnih i motoričkih sposobnosti. Uzevši u obzir navedene činjenice ovaj rad za glavni cilj imao je utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u inicijalnim i finalnim rezultatima testova za procjenu motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti kod osoba s Downovim sindromom nakon provedbe 12-tjednog programa košarkaškog treninga. Uzorak ispitanika za provedbu istraživanja činilo je ukupno 9 ispitanika (N=9; 5 M i 4 Ž, dob=26,33±2,24 godina, visina=155,27±12,31 cm, masa=73,51±15,44 kg, %masti=23,70±8,71, BMI=30,77±7,69) koji su bili izloženi košarkaškom treningu u periodu od 12 tjedana. T-testom za zavisne uzorke utvrđeni su rezultati koji pokazuju da postoji statistički značajna razlika u aritmetičkim sredinama rezultata između inicijalnog i finalnog testiranja u beep testu (BEEP-1 i BEEP-2), inicijalnog i finalnog testa vođenje lopte u minuti (VLM-1 i VLM-2), inicijalnog i finalnog testa šut s tri metra udaljenosti (S3M-1 i S3M-2). Zaključeno je da je 12-tjedni program košarkaškog treninga uz kružni način rada s poligonskom postavom pogodan za razvoj aerobnih sposobnosti, koordinacije i preciznosti kod osoba s Downovim sindromom.Down syndrome is a genetic disorder involving various combinations of birth defects, including some degree of mental retardation. It is the most common chromosomal disorder in humans, occurring in about 1 in 700 newborns. Down syndrome is caused by abnormalities in chromosomes that usually develop before fertilization or in very rare cases after fertilization. The most common symptoms of Down syndrome are obesity, dementia, loose joints and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, which are also the cause of the shorter life expectancy of people with Down syndrome. Physical activity is recommended for people with Down syndrome primarily because they have an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and are prone to obesity. The benefits of physical activity for people with Down syndrome are the main driver of increasingly frequent research on the connection between physical activity and the development of functional and motor abilities. Taking into account the mentioned facts, the main goal of this paper was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the initial and final results of tests for the assessment of motor and functional abilities in people with Down syndrome after the implementation of a 12-week basketball training program. The sample of respondents for the implementation of the research consisted of a total of 9 respondents (N=9; 5 M and 4 F, age=26.33±2.24 years, height=155.27±12.31 cm, weight=73.51±15 .44, %fat=23.70±8.71, BMI=30.77±7.69) who were exposed to basketball training for a period of 12 weeks. The t-test for dependent samples determined the results that show that there is a statistically significant difference in the arithmetic means of the results between the initial and final testing in the beep test (BEEP-1 and BEEP-2), the initial and final test of ball handling per minute (VLM-1 and VLM-2), of the initial and final shot test from a distance of three meters (S3M-1 and S3M-2). It was concluded that a 12-week program of basketball training in a circular way with a polygon setup is suitable for the development of aerobic abilities, coordination and precision in people with Down syndrome
LIMITATIONS DURING COVID 19 PANDEMICS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY OF THE ELDERLY
No full textKada se virus COVID - 19 pojavio na svjetskoj sceni malo tko je znao koliko će i na koji način promijeniti način života u naredne tri godine. U pokušajima obuzdavanja virusa, stanovništvo se susrelo s brojnim ograničenjima koja su utjecala na sposobnost sudjelovanja u tjelesnoj aktivnosti. Sportski objekti su se zatvarali, a grupe za vježbanje raspadale. Sve to je pridonijelo povećanju sedentarnog načina života. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi koliko je pandemija utjecala na tjelesnu aktivnost jedne od najrizičnijih skupina; na osobe u domovima za starije. Ova društvena skupina je posebice osjetljiva i u „normalnim“ okolnostima, a pandemija i strah od zaraze pridonijeli su njenoj naglašenoj izolaciji. Socijalna izolacija, ograničena interakcija s obitelji i prijateljima, briga oko zaraze i povećan strah su negativno djelovali na provedbu tjelesne aktivnosti jer se smanjila motivacija i mogućnost za izvršenjem iste kao posljedica prethodno nabrojanih faktora. Uzorak ispitanika sastojao se od ukupno 404 osobe starije životne dobi. Ispitanici su bili osobe smještene u domovima za starije u Republici Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini, a podaci su se skupljali uz pomoć upitnika. Prosječna dob ispitanika u Republici Hrvatskoj bila je 80,1 ± 8,7, a u Bosni i Hercegovini 80,6 ± 9,1 godina. Bilo je znatno više ispitanica (71,32%) nego ispitanika (28,68%). Analizirane su antropometrijske karakteristike koje opisuju veličinu tijela i stanje uhranjenosti, odnos ispitanika prema COVID – 19 pandemiji te podaci o provedbi tjelovježbe prije i tijekom pandemije primjenom modificiranog upitnika (Bailey i sur., 2021). Rezultati su pokazali da su ograničenja tijekom pandemije značajno utjecala na smanjenje sudionika redovite provedbe tjelesne aktivnosti osoba u domovima za starije. Statistička značajnost se dokazala u zavisnosti provedbe tjelesne aktivnosti prije i tijekom pandemije u žena starije životne dobi. Također je dokazana statistička značajnost između oboljenja i države te zabrinutosti zbog COVID – a i države iz koje dolaze ispitanici. Kod usporedbe provedbe tjelesne aktivnosti prije pandemije i države ispitanika postojala je značajna razlika, kao i kod učestalosti provedbe prije i tijekom pandemije. U ispitanika iz Republike Hrvatske dokazana je statistička značajnost u provedbi tjelesne aktivnosti prije i tijekom pandemije.When the COVID-19 virus emerged on the global stage, no one knew how much and in what ways it would change the way of life in the following three years. In attempts to control the virus, the population faced numerous limitations that affected their ability to engage in physical activity. Sports facilities closed, exercise groups disbanded, and all of that contributed to an increase in sedentary lifestyle. The aim of this research was to determine the extent to which the pandemic affected physical activity of one of the most vulnerable groups: individuals in nursing homes. This social group is particularly susceptible even under "normal" circumstances, and the pandemic and fear of infection contributed to it's emphasized isolation. Social isolation, limited interaction with family and friends, concerns about infection, and increased fear all negatively affected the implementation of physical activity, as motivation and ability to engage in such activities decreased due to the aforementioned factors. The sample consisted of 404 older adults residing in nursing homes in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and data were collected using a questionnaire. The average age of respondents in Croatia was 80.1 ± 8.7 years, and in Bosnia and Herzegovina, it was 80.6 ± 9.1 years. There were significantly more female participants than male participants. Analyzed components were anthropometric characteristics that describe body size and nourishment condition, attitudes of the respondents to COVID – 19 pandemic and data about implementation of physical activity before and during pandemics using modified questionnaire (Bailey and ass., 2021). The results showed that the limitations during the pandemic had significant impact on reduction of participants in the implementation of physical activity among individuals in nursing homes. Statistically significant finding was the relationship between the implementation of physical activity before and during the pandemic in older women group. Also, there was statistically significant result in infected respondents and concern about the virus with respondents' country. Significant impact was shown between implementation of physical activity before the pandemic and the respondents' country as well as in frequency of physical activity before and during the pandemic. Implementation of physical activity before and during the pandemic was significant among Croatian respondents
INTERESTS AND IMPEDIMENTS OF MIDDLE SCHOOL CHILDREN TO ROWING IN VUKOVAR
No full textIstraživanje je provedeno na osnovnoškolskoj djeci grada Vukovara s ciljem dobivanja povratne informacije o interesu i barijerama djece za bavljenje veslanjem, te iste iskoristiti za poboljšanje strategije kojom će djelatnici klubova privlačiti djecu u sport. Sveukupno 103 ispitanika u dobi od 9 do 15 godina odgovorila su na 33 pitanja podijeljena u 6 kategorija. Rezultati pokazuju da su djeca većinski slabo tjelesno aktivna, da znaju da postoji veslački klub u Vukovaru, te više vole polistrukturalne acikličke sportove. Zaključno, razlog smanjene zainteresiranosti za veslanje proizlazi upravo iz strukture samoga sporta, te čak 46,1% ispitanika smatra veslanje dosadnim. Djelatnici kluba trebali bi kroz kvalitetnu prezentaciju pokušati promijeniti razmišljanja djece o veslanju kao sportu, i pokazati kako veslanje kao sport nudi puno više od samog treninga i natjecanja. U prezentaciji prikazati druženje prije, poslije i za vrijeme treninga. Na društvenim mrežama promovirati druženja i putovanja (regate), približiti vodu kao medij, te pojasniti na koji način se brinu za sigurnost svojih veslača.The research was conducted among middle school children in the city of Vukovar with the aim of obtaining feedback on children's interest and impediments to rowing, and to use the same to improve the strategy by which club employees will attract children to the sport. A total of 103 examinees aged 9 to 15 answered 33 questions divided into 6 categories. The results show that the majority of children are not very physically active, they know that there is a rowing club in Vukovar, and that they prefer polystructural acyclic sports. In conclusion, the reason for the reduced interest in rowing comes precisely from the structure of the sport itself, and as many as 46.1% of respondents consider rowing to be boring. Through a quality presentation, club employees should try to change children's opinion about rowing as a sport, and show that rowing as a sport offers much more than just training and competition. In the presentation, show socializing before, after and during training. Promote gatherings and trips (regattas) on social networks, bring water closer as a medium, and explain how they take care of the safety of their rowers
Comparasion of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding at the recreational and competitive level
No full textAlpsko skijanje i daskanje na snijegu su popularni zimski sportovi koji privlače sve veći broj entuzijasta. S porastom broja članova ovih sportova, povećava se i rizik od ozljeda. Početnici u ovim sportovima često su skloniji ozljedama zbog nedostatka iskustva i vještina u upravljanju opremom i tehnikama. Iako se oba sporta odvijaju na snijegu, razlikuju se po opremi i tehnikama kretanja, što može rezultirati različitim vrstama ozljeda. U alpskom skijanju, skijaš se kreće frontalno, dok je kod daskanja na snijegu smjer kretanja bočan, a pogled je usmjeren preko ramena. Ovo značajno utječe na raspored opterećenja na tijelu te može rezultirati specifičnim ozljedama. U alpskom skijanju, najčešće ozljede su ozljede donjih ekstremiteta, a u daskanju na snijegu, ozljede gornjih ekstremiteta.
Cilj ovog rada je usporediti vrste ozljeda u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu kroz pregled dostupne literature i analizu prethodnih istraživanja. Osim toga, rad se fokusira na mehanizme nastanka ozljeda kako bi se razumjelo zašto dolazi do specifičnih ozljeda u svakom sportu. Kroz ovu usporedbu, cilj je pružiti smjernice i preporuke za prevenciju ozljeda kako bi se smanjio rizik od ozljeđivanja tijekom prakticiranja ovih popularnih zimskih sportova. Očuvanje fizičkog zdravlja sportaša ključno je za održavanje popularnosti i sigurnosti u alpskom skijanju i daskanju na snijegu.Alpine skiing and snowboarding are popular winter sports that attract an increasing number of enthusiasts. With the growing membershim in these sports, te risk of injuries also increase. Beginners in these sports are often more prone to injuries due to lack of experience and skills in handling equipment and techniques. Although both sports take place on snow, they differ in equipment and movement techniques, which can result in different types of injuries. In alpine skiing, the skier moves forward, while in snowboarding, the direction of movement is sideways, and the gaze is directed over the shoulder. This sifnificantly affects the distribution of stress on the body and can lead to specific injuries. In alpine skiing, the most common injuries are lower limb injuries, while in snowboarding, upper limb injuries are more common.
The aim of this pape ris to compare the types of injuries in alpine skiing and snowboarding through a review of avaliable literature and analysis of previous studies. Furthermore, the study focuses on the mechanism of injury occurence to understand why specific injuries occur in each sport. Through this vomparasion, the goal is to provide guidelines and recommendations for injury prevention to reduce the risk of injuries during the practice of these popular winter sports. Preserving the physical health of athletes is crucial for maintaining the popularity and saftey of alpine skiing and snowboarding
The role of anthropometric characteristics in the senior boxing
No full textGlavni cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti povezanost između antropometrijskih karakteristika boksača i boksačke borbe. Nastojalo se analizirati kako visina, težina, raspon ruku i somatotip sportaša utječe na ukupnu izvedbu boksača u meču. U radu je prikazan presjek dosadašnjih istraživanja o ulozi antropometrijskih karakteristika u boksu, a zaključci ukazuju na značajan utjecaj morfoloških obilježja na tehničko taktička znanja i strategiju borbe. Najveću važnost u boksu imaju latentni faktori antropometrijskih karakteristika: longitudinalnost, transverzalnost i voluminoznost. Boks kao jedan od najkompleksnijih sportova, zahtijeva od sportaša visoku razinu struktura kretanja i situacijsku prilagodbu, odnosno razvoj svih motoričkih sposobnosti. Prilikom planiranja i programiranja trenažnog procesa, treneri bi posebnu pažnju trebali posvetiti antropometrijskim karakteristikama koje su podložne promjenama (tjelesna masa, volumen tijela i potkožno masno tkivo), a u svrhu optimizacije sportske izvedbe i ostvarenja vrhunskih sportskih postignuća.The main goal of this study was to investigate the correlation between the anthropometric characteristics of the boxer and the boxing bout. It was analysed how the height, weight, reach and somatotype of athletes influence the overall performance. The paper presents a cross-section of previous research on the role of anthropometric characteristics in boxing, and the conclusions indicate a significant influence of morphological characteristics on technical tactical knowledge and fighting strategy. Latent factors of anthropometric characteristics have the greatest importance in boxing: longitudinality, transversality and voluminousness. Boxing, as one of the most complex sports, requires athletes to have a high level of movement structures and situational adaptation as well as the development of all motor skills. When planning and programming the training process, coaches should pay special attention to anthropometric characteristics which can be changed (body mass, body volume and body fat), for the purpose of optimizing sports performance and achieving top acquirement
Efficiency of a game-based teaching method compared to a conventional tennis technique teaching method
No full textPrimarni cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi učinkovitost metode poučavanja teniske tehnike bazirane na igri u odnosu na konvencionalnu metodu. Učinkovitost metode testirala se kroz uspješnost savladavanja tehnike svih osnovnih teniskih udaraca koju su procjenjivali teniski stručnjaci s najvišim licencama Hrvatskog teniskog saveza s dugogodišnjim iskustvom rada u tenisu. Sekundarni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje primjenjivosti usvojene tehnike, odnosno definirati kojom se metodom bolje utječe na razvoj preciznosti izvođenja teniskih udaraca, što se provelo pomoću specifičnih teniskih testova preciznosti.
Uzorak ispitanika uključenih u analizu istraživanja činilo je osamdeset i devet studenata koji su pohađali izborni kolegij tenis na Kineziološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Oni su nasumično podijeljeni u dvije skupine. Svi ispitanici prije početka provedbe istraživanja dali su pisanu suglasnost za sudjelovanje u istraživanju. Da bi mogli sudjelovati u istraživanju, ispitanici su morali biti potpuni početnici, odnosno morali su zadovoljiti definirane kriterije: nisu prije smjeli sudjelovati u bilo kakvoj vrsti teniske poduke, nisu se smjeli rekreativno baviti tenisom ili aktivno sudjelovati u bilo kojoj vrsti trenažnog procesa u tenisu. Također, morali su aktivno sudjelovati u minimalno osamdeset posto predviđenog programa. Da bi se spriječio mogući utjecaj razvijenosti motoričkih sposobnosti te morfoloških karakteristika na rezultate istraživanja, prije početka provedbe programa provedeno je motoričko i morfološko testiranje ispitanika. Testiranje su proveli iskusni educirani ispitivači standardnim testovima dobrih metrijskih karakteristika visoke pouzdanosti, valjanosti, homogenosti i osjetljivosti. Testiranjem se utvrdilo da među skupinama ispitanika ne postoji statistički značajna razlika, što potvrđuje da su prema morfološkim karakteristikama te prema razvijenosti motoričkih sposobnosti skupine homogene. Kroz naredna četiri tjedna, educirani treneri su proveli dva različita programa prema detaljno definiranim uputama. Tijekom četiri tjedna provedeno je osam treninga u trajanju od devedeset minuta, po dva treninga tjedno. Dvije metode poduke izjednačene su prema vremenu koje se koristilo za svaki pojedini osnovni udarac teniske tehnike. U tjednu nakon završetka provedbe programa treneri s najvišim licencama Hrvatskog teniskog saveza proveli su ocjenjivanje izvedbe osnovnih teniskih udaraca prema detaljnim uputama. Teniska tehnika procjenjivala se kroz četiri segmenta udarca: Ravnoteža - koja obuhvaća namještanje na izbačenu tenisku lopticu i zauzimanje pravilne ravnotežne pozicije za odigravanje udarca; Ritam - koji obuhvaća korištenje prijenosa težine tijekom udarca i upotrebu kinetičkog lanca; Pravovremenost i kontakt s lopticom - koji se odnosi na pravovremeni i pravilan kontakt reketa s lopticom; Pravilnost izvedbe - odnosi se na pravilno izvođenje pokreta, odnosno vođenje reketa kroz sve faze udarca. Također, provedena je i procjena preciznosti kod osnovnih elemenata teniske tehnike kroz dvanaest specifičnih testova. Rezultati su pokazali da je skupina poučavana metodom temeljenoj na igri postigla statistički značajno bolje rezultate kod tehničke izvedbe udaraca u segmentu „ravnoteža“ kod svih osnovnih teniskih udaraca osim kod forhend voleja te u segmentu „pravilnost izvedbe“ kod forhenda. U testovima preciznosti ista je skupina ostvarila statistički značajno bolji rezultat kod odigravanja forhend dijagonale. Kod ostalih testova također se uočavaju bolji rezultati kod skupine poučavane metodom temeljenoj na igri, ali bez utvrđene statističke značajnosti. Može se zaključiti da se metoda poučavanja temeljena na igri u ovom istraživanju pokazala kao jednako efikasna ili efikasnija metoda u procesu poučavanja odraslih početnika od konvencionalne i da je samim time opravdana upotreba ove metode u praksi. S obzirom na uzorak ispitanika i ograničenja istraživanja rezultati se ne mogu generalizirati te se preporučuju daljnja istraživanja efikasnosti metoda poučavanja u tenisu.The primary aim of this paper was to determine the efficiency of the game-based approach in teaching tennis technique with regard to conventional teaching methods. The efficiency of the approach was assessed by observing the performance of mastering the technique of all basic tennis strokes, which was evaluated by tennis experts with the highest-level licences of the Croatian Tennis Federation and with years of experience in working in tennis. The secondary aim of this study was to determine the applicability of the mastered technique, i.e. to define which approach has a better effect on the development of precision in performing tennis strokes, which was achieved by means of applying tennis-specific precision tests. The sample of respondents included in the research analysis consisted of 89 students who attended the Elective course Tennis at the Faculty of Kinesiology University of Zagreb. They were randomly divided into two groups. Prior to starting with research implementation, all of the respondents gave written consent for participating in the study. In order to be able to take part in the research, the respondents had to be complete beginners, i.e. they had to meet the defined criteria: they were not allowed to have previously participated in any type of tennis lessons, they were not allowed to play tennis recreationally or to actively participate in any type of tennis training process. They also had to actively take part in a minimum of 80% of the planned programme. In order to prevent the potential effect of the development level of motor abilities and morphological characteristics on research results, before starting with the implementation of the programme, the respondents completed a motor and morphological testing protocol. The testing was conducted by experienced and educated examiners, and by applying standard tests with good metric characteristics and high reliability, validity, homogeneity, and sensitivity. The testing determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups of respondents, which confirms that the groups are homogeneous in view of morphological characteristics and according to the level of development of motor abilities. Over the following four weeks, educated coaches implemented two different programmes according to defined detailed instructions. During these four weeks, eight training lessons, 90 minutes each, were conducted, two training lessons per week. Two teaching methods were equally applied according to the time used for each single basic stroke of tennis technique. In the week following the completion of the programme, tennis coaches with the highest-level licences of the Croatian Tennis Federation evaluated the performance of basic tennis strokes according to detailed instructions. Tennis technique was assessed through four phases of the stroke: Balance - which includes setting up for the thrown tennis ball and taking the correct balance position for performing the stroke; Rhythm - which involves using the weight transfer during the stroke and utilizing the kinetic chain; Timing and contact - which refers to the timely contact with the ball and the placement of the shot; Correctness of movements - which refers to the technically correct performance of the hand movement, i.e. of the stroke itself. In addition, an assessment of precision in basic elements of tennis technique was also carried out by means of applying twelve specific tests. The results showed that the group which was taught by using the game-based approach achieved statistically significant higher results in the technical performance of the strokes in the “balance” segment for all basic tennis strokes, except for the forehand volley, as well as in the “correctness of performance” for the forehand stroke. In precision tests, the same group also achieved a statistically significant higher result in the performance of the forehand diagonal stroke. In other tests, better results are likewise observed in the group taught according to the game-based approach, however, without determining a statistical significance. The conclusion can be made that in this research the game-based approach showed to be an equally or more efficient teaching method than as opposed to the conventional one in the process of teaching adult beginners, as well as that its use in practice is therefore justified. Upon considering the sample of respondents and the limitations of this research, the results cannot be generalized, and further studies of the efficiency of teaching methods in tennis are thus recommended
Differences in the types of injuries of competitors in artistic gymnastic
No full textOzljede su sastavni dio svakog sporta, a posebno sportske gimnastike zbog izvedbe atraktivnih i rizičnih elemenata. Istraživanja ozljeda u sportskoj gimnastici u svijetu vrlo su česta. Ozljede stopala i gležanja smatraju se najučestalijim ozljedama, a najčešća vrsta ozljede je istegnuće ligamenata i uganuće gležnja. Iako u području istraživanja ozljeda u svijetu postoje brojni istraživački radovi, u području sportske gimnastike u Republici Hrvatskoj još uvijek nema značajnijih istraživanja, a time ni podataka. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi razliku u vrstama ozljeda hrvatskih natjecatelja u sportskoj gimnastici. U ovome istraživanju uzorak ispitanika čini 52 gimnastičara/ki u dobi od 8 godina do 26 godina: od kojih je 38 ženskog i 14 muškog spola, različitih natjecateljskih kategorija. Za potrebe istraživanja sastavljen je upitnik koji se sastoji od 7 općenitih te 14 specifičnih pitanja vezanih za ozljede. Za utvrđivanje razlika u vrstama ozljeda korištena je ANOVA na razini pogreške statističkog zaključivanja p<0,05. Rezultati istraživanja utvrđuju da je 85% ispitanika u svojoj sportskoj karijeri bilo ozlijeđeno. Usporedbom prosječnog broja ozljeda između vrhunskog i rekreativnog programa, utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika između apsolutnog i obaveznog programa uz pogrešku p=0,00. U usporedbi prosječnog broja ozljeda između natjecateljskih kategorija, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA testom utvrđeno je da ne postoji statistički značajna razlika između muških natjecateljskih kategorija te ženskih natjecateljskih kategorija. Ozljede se najčešće događaju u području zgloba gležnja. Analizirajući vrstu ozljede, najčešće se događa istegnuće ligamenata. Kod 69,6% ispitanika ozljeda se dogodila tijekom treninga prilikom izvedbe vježbe na tlu, dok se manji broj ozljeda dogodio na ostalim spravama gimnastičkog višeboja. Najveći broj ozljeda, 83%, dogodio se tijekom treninga. Ispitanici su kao najčešći mogući uzrok nastanka ozljede naveli lošu tehničku pripremu te vlastitu neopreznost. Temeljem rezultata stavlja se naglasak na važnost primarne prevencije ozljeda, jačanje mišića stopala i pravilno usvajanje tehnike saskoka i doskoka kako bi se smanjila učestalost ozljede gležnja. Važno je poboljšati komunikaciju između trenera i gimnastičara/ki kako bi se spriječile veće ozljede. Daljnjim istraživanjem ozljeda utvrdit će se potencijalni mehanizmi nastanka ozljeda te mogućnost njihove prevencije.Injuries are an integral part of every sport, especially in artistic gymnastics, due to the performance of attractive and risky elements. Research on injuries in artistic gymnastics is very common in the world. Foot and ankle injuries are considered the most common injuries, and the most common type of injury is sprained ligaments and sprained ankle. Although there are numerous research papers in the field of injury research in the world, there is still no significant research, and therefore no data in the field of artistic gymnastics in the Republic of Croatia. The aim of this research is to determine the differences in the types of injuries of Croatian gymnasts. The sample of respondents consists of 52 gymnasts between the ages of 8 and 26: 38 are female and 14 are male, from different competition categories. For the purposes of the research, a questionnaire consisting of 7 general and 14 specific questions related to injuries was compiled. To determine the differences in the types of injuries, ANOVA was used at the p<0,05 statistical inference error level. The results of the research establish that 85% of respondents were injured in their sports career. By comparing the average number of injuries between the elite and recreational programs, a statistically significant difference was found between the absolute and mandatory programs with an error of p=0,00. In the comparison of the average number of injuries between gymnasts’ categories, the Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA test was found to be statistically non-significant between the male gymnasts’ categories and female gymnasts’ categories. Injuries most often occur in the area of the ankle joint. Analyzing the type of injury, ligaments sprains occur most often. In the case of 69,6% of respondents, the injury occurred during training on the floor exercise, while a smaller number of injuries occurred on other gymnastics apparatus. The largest number of injuries, 83%, occurred during training. The respondents cited poor technical preparation and their own carelessness as the most common possible cause of injury. Based on the results, emphasis is placed on the importance of primary prevention of injuries, strengthening of the foot muscles and proper adoption of dismounts and landing techniques to reduce the frequency of ankle joint injuries. It is important to improve communication between coaches and gymnasts to prevent major injuries. Further investigation of injuries will determine the potential mechanism of injury occurrence and the possibility of their prevention
GENDER EQUALITY IN SPORT - CHANGES TOWARDS EGALITARIANISM
No full textSport i fenomeni vezani za sport sociološki su važni jer su povezani s normama i vrijednostima šireg društva pa se na tom tragu postavlja pitanje uloge sporta kao sredstva stvaranja rodno ravnopravnijih tj. egalitarnijih društvenih odnosa. Koristeći kompleksnu mješovitu metodologiju istražilo se koje su i kakve reakcije studenata i studentica na iskustva bavljenja tipično muškim i tipično ženskim sportom te na koji način takva iskustva mijenjaju stavove o rodnoj ravnopravnosti u sportu i percepciju rodnih uloga. Podatci za kvalitativne dionice istraživanja prikupljeni su polustrukturiranim intervjuima s elementima dubinskog na uzorku dvadeset studenata/ica Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te etnografskom dionicom istraživanja tijekom koje je promatrana jedna grupa studenata na nastavi Ritmičke gimnastike, jedna grupa studenata na nastavi Nogometa, jedna grupa studentica na nastavi Ritmičke gimnastike i jedna grupa studentica na nastavi Nogometa. Tematskom analizom podataka izdvojeno je pet tema, a ključni nalazi ukazuju kako je većina sugovornika/ica svjesna rodne tipizacije sportova, utjecaja medija na popularizaciju sporta i marginalizaciju žena u sportu. Sugovornici/ce podržavaju majčinstvo profesionalnih sportašica i njihov povratak na sportske terene nakon poroda. O tome kakav je nastavni plan i program za studentice i studente Kineziološkog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu sugovornici/ce ne razmišljaju. Zadatke koje dobivaju tijekom studija ispunjavaju bez pogovora, ne analiziraju i ne propitkuju te su u svakom trenutku usmjereni na postizanje cilja – polaganje ispita. Studenti/ce na nastavu kolegija Nogomet i Ritmička gimnastika dolaze neopterećeni predrasudama o tome je li neki sport više „ženski“ ili „muški“, je li vježbanje na određenom kolegiju prikladno za njih ili nije, je li šut na gol odraz „muškosti“ i jesu li „graciozni“ pokreti dokaz „ženskosti“. U provedbi kvantitativnog dijela istraživanja koristila se metoda ankete te je u dvije točke mjerenja prikupljen 161 valjano ispunjen anketni upitnik. Rezultati kvantitativnih dionica istraživanja pokazuju da sudionici/ce ovog istraživanja, nakon sudjelovanja u tipično muškom i tipično ženskom sportu, pokazuju manje egalitarne stavove prema rodnoj ravnopravnosti sportu. Stavovi o rodnim ulogama na podskalama rodna radna egalitarnost i reproduktivna prava nisu se mijenjali dok su promjene u smjeru rodne neravnopravnosti detektirane na podskalama tradicionalizam i obrazovno-profesionalna egalitarnost. Studentice i u prvom i u drugom valu istraživanja pokazuju egalitarnije stavove od studenata kako prema rodnoj ravnopravnosti sportu tako i prema rodnim ulogama. Na skali rodne neravnopravnosti u sportu i na svim podskalama rodnih stavova nema statistički značajne razlike između sudionika koji su upisali/odslušali kolegij Nogomet i onih koji su upisali/odslušali kolegij Ritmička gimnastika. U radu su utvrđeni prediktori rodne ravnopravnosti u sportu i rodnih stavova. Jedini prediktor rodne ravnopravnosti u sportu pokazao se spol. Studentice iskazuju egalitarnije stavove o rodnoj ravnopravnosti u sportu. Prediktor rodnih stavova na svim podskalama je spol dok se religijsko uvjerenje i godina studija pokazuju kao prediktori reproduktivnih prava te veličina naselja u kojoj su sudionici proveli veći dio života kao prediktor tradicionalnih rodnih stavova.Sport and phenomena related to sport are sociologically important because they are connected to the norms and values of the wider society, so the question of the role of sport as a means of creating more gender-equal, i.e. more egalitarian social relations arises in this direction. Using a complex mixed methodology, the kind of reactions male and female students have to the experiences of playing typically male and typically female sports were investigated, and also how such experiences change attitudes about gender equality in sports and the perception of gender roles. Data for the qualitative parts of the research were collected through semi-structured interviews with in-depth elements on a sample of twenty students of the Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, and the ethnographic part of the research, during which one group of male students was observed in Rhythmic Gymnastics classes, one group of male students in Football classes, one group of female students in Rhythmic Gymnastics classes and one group of female students in Football classes. The thematic analysis of the data identified five topics: 1. Men's and women's sports, media, female athletes, 2. Curriculum of the Faculty of Kinesiology – everyone everything 3.Football classes 4. Rhythmic Gymnastics classes and 5. After taking the Football and Rhythmic Gymnastics courses. The interviewees are aware of the gender typification of sports, the influence of the media on the popularization of sports and the marginalization of women in sports. Particularly egalitarian views were expressed on the topic of motherhood and sports. The interviewees support the motherhood of professional athletes and their return to sports fields after childbirth. The interviewees do not think about what the curriculum is like for male and female students of the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Zagreb. They complete the tasks they receive during their studies without question, they do not analyze or question them, and they are always focused on achieving the goal - passing the exam. Students come to Football and Rhythmic Gymnastics classes unencumbered by prejudices about whether a sport is more "feminine" or "masculine", whether practicing within a certain course is suitable for them or not, whether shooting at a goal is a reflection of "masculinity" and whether "graceful" movements are a proof of "femininity". In the implementation of the quantitative part of the research, a survey method was used, an online survey technique using the Microsoft Forms tool, at two measurement points - at the beginning of the research and after fifteen weeks of the Football and Rhythmic Gymnastics courses attended by the participants. In total, 161 validly completed questionnaires were collected at both measurement points, which were used in further analyses. The results of the quantitative parts of the research show that after participating in typically male and typically female sports, participants show less egalitarian attitudes towards gender equality in sports and that female students in both the first and second waves of the research show more egalitarian attitudes towards gender equality in sports than male students. On the gender inequality scale in sports, there is no statistically significant difference between the participants who enrolled in/finished the Football course and those who enrolled in/finished the Rhythmic Gymnastics course. Attitudes towards gender roles on the subscales of gender work egalitarianism and reproductive rights did not change after participating in typically male and typically female sports in the total sample, while changes towards gender inequality were detected on the subscales of traditionalism and educational-professional egalitarianism. Female students expressed more egalitarian attitudes related to gender than male students in both the first and second waves of the study. No statistically significant differences were found between participants who enrolled in/finished the Football course and those who enrolled in/finished the Rhythmic Gymnastics course on the gender attitudes subscales. Predictors of gender equality in sport and gender attitudes were determined in the paper. Sex proved to be the only predictor of gender equality in sport, but also a predictor of gender attitudes on all subscales. This finding suggests that female students are more likely to express gender egalitarian attitudes than male students. Religious belief and year of study were shown to be predictors of reproductive rights; participants in higher years of study and those who are mostly non-religious express more egalitarian attitudes towards women's reproductive rights. The size of the settlement where the participants spent most of their lives proved to be a significant predictor of traditional gender attitudes, where participants from smaller settlements were more likely to express traditional gender attitudes
Relationship between determinants of work and physical education quality in primary education
No full textUvod: U ranijim se istraživanjima kao najčešći problemi vezani za tjelesno i zdravstveno odgojno – obrazovno područje u razrednoj nastavi ističu preopširan kurikulum, negativni stavovi učitelja razredne nastave prema nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture (TZK), loši materijalni uvjeti rada, nedovoljna podrška rukovodstva škole te niska razina kompetentnosti učitelja razredne nastave za provedbu nastave TZK. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi povezanost: (1) podržavajućih čimbenika, (2) percipirane kompetentnosti i (3) stavova učitelja razredne nastave prema nastavi TZK i kvalitete provedbe nastave TZK u primarnoj edukaciji. Metode: Istraživanje je provedeno na prigodnom uzorku od 1598 zaposlenih učitelja razredne nastave na području središnje regije Republike Hrvatske u školskoj godini 2009./2010. Za potrebe istraživanja korišten je novokonstruirani kompleksni upitnik koji je sadržavao pet dijelova. Za sve varijable izračunati su deskriptivni statistički pokazatelji, dok je povezanost između odrednica rada i percipirane kvalitete provedbe nastave TZK utvrđena serijom regresijskih analiza. Rezultati: Najveća povezanost s varijablama koje opisuju kvalitetu provedbe nastave TZK utvrđena je s percipiranom kompetentnošću učitelja, koja opisuje 33% ukupne kvalitete provedbe nastave TZK. Podržavajući čimbenici i stavovi učitelja prema nastavi TZK također su značajno i pozitivno povezani s ukupnom kvalitetom provedbe nastave TZK te je najčvršća povezanost utvrđena s varijablama zadovoljstvo poslom i stavovi učitelja prema korisnosti nastave TZK koje su značajno i pozitivno povezane sa svim varijablama koje opisuju kvalitetu provedbe nastave TZK. Zaključak: Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da bi za podizanje razine kvalitete provedbe nastave TZK u razrednoj nastavi najviše pažnje trebalo usmjeriti na podizanje razine kompetencija, zadovoljstva poslom i stavova prema korisnosti nastave TZK kod sadašnjih i budućih učitelja razredne nastave.Background: In previous research, the most common issues related to physical education in the primary classroom education are too extensive curriculum, negative attitudes of primary school teachers towards teaching physical education (PE), poor material working conditions, insufficient support from school management and low-level competencies of primary school teachers for the implementation of PE teaching. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between (1) perceived supportive factors, (2) perceived competence and (3) attitudes of classroom teachers towards teaching PE and the quality of PE in primary education. Methods: The research was conducted on a convenience sample of 1598 employed classroom teachers in the central region of the Republic of Croatia during the 2009/2010 academic year. For the purposes of the research, a newly constructed comprehensive questionnaire, comprising five sections, was utilized for the research. Descriptive statistical indicators were calculated for all variables, and the relations between work determinants and the perceived quality of the PE lessons implementation was ascertained through a series of regression analyses. Results: The highest correlation with the variables describing the quality of PE teaching was found with the perceived competence of classroom teachers, accounting for 33% of the total quality of PE teaching variance. Perceived supporting factors and teachers' attitudes towards PE teaching also showed significantly and positive correlation with the overall quality of PE teaching. The strongest relation was found with job satisfaction and teacher attitudes towards the usefulness of PE teaching, which were significantly and positively related to all variables describing the quality of PE implementation. Conclusion: The findings suggest that in order to enhance the quality of PE teaching in primary education, emphasis should be placed on improving competency level, job satisfaction, and attitudes towards the usefulness of PE teaching among current and future classroom teachers