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DOES FLAT FOOT AFFECT BALANCE OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS?
No full textRavnoteža je jedna od najvažnijih sposobnosti za izvođene velikog broja elemenata u gimnastici, a posebno važnu ulogu ima kod učenja osnovnih elemenata kod mlađih uzrasta i početnika. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utječe li spušteno stopalo na ravnotežu osnovnoškolske djece koja treniraju gimnastiku. Ispitanicima su prvo izmjerene osnovne antropološke mjere, tjelesna masa i tjelesna visina. Dominantna noga definirana je kao noga na kojoj ispitanik preferira izvesti gimnastičku vagu. Stupanj spuštenosti stopala dobiven je pomoću elektroničkog uređaja za snimanje otisaka stopala, plantograma. Na temelju plantograma određen je Clarkov kut koji daje uvid u stupanj spuštenosti stopala. Testovi ravnoteže koji su korišteni u istraživanu su Y test dinamičke ravnoteže i pomična platforma u anteriorno posteriornoj ravnini. Utvrđena je čvrsta povezanost između stupnja spuštenosti stopala i rezultata u Y testu na dominantnoj nozi. Također, utvrđena je srednja razina povezanosti stupnja spuštenosti stopala i rezultata u varijablama EA na nedominantnoj nozi i AP-L na nedominantnoj nozi. Zaključno postoji određena povezanost između stupnja spuštenosti stopala mladih gimnastičarki, ali se ona prezentira na različite načine kod dominantne i nedominantne noge.Balance is one of the most important skills for performing a large number of elements in gymnastics, and it plays an especially important role in learning the basic elements for younger ages and beginners. The aim of this research was to determine whether the lowered foot affects the balance of elementary school children who train in gymnastics. The subjects were first measured for basic anthropological measurements, body mass and body height. The dominant leg is defined as the leg on which the subject prefers to perform the gymnastic balance. The degree of foot drop was determined using an electronic device for recording footprints, the plantogram. Based on the plantogram, Clark's angle was determined, which gives insight into the degree of foot drop. The balance tests used in the research are the Y test of dynamic balance and a movable platform in the anterior-posterior plane. A strong correlation between the degree of flat feet and the results in the Y balance test on the dominant leg has been established. Additionally, a moderate level of correlation between the degree of flat feet and the results in the variables EA on the non-dominant leg and AP-L on the non-dominant leg has been identified. In conclusion, there is a certain degree of association between the degree of flat feet in young gymnasts, but it manifests differently in the dominant and non-dominant legs
Comparative analysis of the study programs of the Faculty of Kinesiology in Zagreb (Croatia) and Barcelona (Spain)
No full textOvaj diplomski rad se bavi komparativnom analizom studijskih programa Kineziološkog fakulteta u Zagrebu i INEFC-a, odnosno Nacionalnog instituta za tjelesni odgoj Katalonije. Prikazan je nastavni plan i program oba studija s pozornošću na ciljeve predmeta, ishode učenja na razini programa kojima predmet pridonosi i očekivane ishode učenja na razini predmeta te usporedba spomenutih varijabli gdje se kroz opis ukazuje na jednakosti,podudarnosti i razlike. Nastavni plan i program prikazan kroz tablicu nam daje uvid u svaki kolegij posebno razvrstan po semestru održavanja te njegove pojedinosti i karakteristike. Glavna svrha studija je obrazovanje mladih ljudi i priprema za tržište rada buduće stručnjake u području kineziologije te omogućivanje stjecanja i razvijanja kompetencija potrebnih za rad u određenom području kineziologije. Također, nakon prikaza studijskih programa napravljena je komparativna analiza studija prema kriterijima koji uključuju podudarnosti određenih predmeta po semestrima odnosno kolegije na određenom stupnju obrazovanja, trajanje studiranja, razredbeni postupak za upis na fakultet, zvanje i pripadajući dokumenti i kompetencije koje student stječe nakon završenog fakulteta. Uvidom u sličnosti i razlike može se doći do razmišljanja o potencijalnim promjenama i prilagodbama na oba studija vezanih za poboljšanje i kvalitetu nastave koji dovode do efikasnog obrazovanja budućih kineziologa.This final thesis deals with a comparative analysis of the study programs of the Faculty of Kinesiology in Zagreb and INEFC, that is, the National Institute for Physical Education of Catalonia. The curriculum of both studies is presented with attention to the objectives of the course, learning outcomes at the level of the program to which the course contributes and expected learning outcomes at the level of the course, as well as a comparison of the mentioned variables where similarities, similarities and differences are indicated through the description. The curriculum shown in the table gives us an insight into each course separately classified by semester, as well as its details and characteristics. The main purpose of the studies is the education of young people and the preparation for the labor market of future specialists in the field of kinesiology and enabling the acquisition and development of the competencies necessary for work in a certain field of kinesiology. Also, after the presentation of the study programs, a comparative analysis of studies was made according to criteria that include the matching of certain subjects by semesters, i.e. courses at a certain level of education, duration of studies, class procedure for admission to the faculty, title and associated documents and competencies that the student acquires after graduating from the faculty. By looking at the similarities and differences, one can come to thinking about potential changes and adjustments in both studies related to the improvement and quality of teaching that lead to the efficient education of future kinesiologists
SYSTEM AND FINANCING OF SPORTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF TABLE TENNIS
No full textSport je danas iznimno važna aktivnost koja povezuje cijelo društvo. Za ljude diljem svijeta sport može biti način života, statusni simbol, a može predstavljati i nadu u bolje sutra. U Republici Hrvatskoj u Zakonu o sportu kojim je uređeno područje sporta on je definiran kao djelatnost od posebnog interesa koja svim građanima koji se s njim žele baviti treba biti dostupna pod jednakim uvjetima. Stolni tenis je olimpijski sport , a tradicija igre u Republici Hrvatskoj duža je od sto godina. Prvu medalju za hrvatski stolni tenis osvojio je daleke 1939. godine Žarko Dolinar na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Kairu, a olimpijsku Zoran Primorac 1988. godine na Olimpijskim igrama u Seulu. Nakon osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske 1991. godine osnovan je Hrvatski stolnoteniski savez koji je godinu dana po osnivanju primljen u Svjetsku stolnotenisku federaciju. Razvoj svake grane sporta pa tako i stolnog tenisa ovisi o dostupnim financijskim sredstvima. Stolni tenis se financira iz raznih izvora: članarina, iz gospodarske djelatnosti, donacija iz državnog proračuna i proračuna jedinica lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave, prihoda ostvarenih od trgovačkih društva i drugih pravnih osoba, inozemnih vlada i međunarodnih organizacija i drugih izvora. U radu je dan prikaz ustroja sporta u Republici Hrvatskoj i Europskoj uniji, opisan je model financiranja sporta, izdvajanja za sport iz državnog proračuna u periodu 2008-2021. godine i način financiranje Hrvatskog stolnoteniskog saveza. Prihodi Hrvatskog stolnoteniskog saveza analizirani su i uspoređen prihodima Stolnoteniskih saveza Europskih zemalja.Nowadays, sport is an extremely important activity that connects the whole society. For people around the world, sport can be a way of life, a status symbol, and it can also represent hope for a better tomorrow. Sports Act of Republic of Croatia regulates the area of sports, it is defined as an activity of special interest that should be available for all citizens who want to engage in it under equal conditions. Table tennis is an Olympic sport, and the tradition of the game in the Republic of Croatia is longer than a hundred years. The first medal for Croatian table tennis was won by Žarko Dolinar in 1939. at the World Championship in Cairo, and the Olympic medal by Zoran Primorac in 1988. at the Olympic Games in Seoul. After the independence of the Republic of Croatia in 1991., the Croatian Table Tennis Association was founded, which was admitted to the World Table Tennis Federation one year after its establishment. The development of every branch of sport, including table tennis, depends on available financial resources. Table tennis is financed from various sources: membership fees, economic activity, donations from the state budget, budgets of local and regional self-government units, income from companies and other legal entities, foreign governments, International organizations and other sources. The graduation thesis presents the organization of sports in the Republic of Croatia and the European Union, describes the model of sports financing, allocations for sports from the state budget in the period from 2008.-2021. and the methods of financing the Croatian Table Tennis Association. The income of the Croatian Table Tennis Association was analyzed and compared with the income of the Table Tennis Associations of European countries
INFLUENCE OF INDIVIDUAL TRIATHLON SEGMENTS ON PLACEMENT IN TRIATHLON RACES AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN THE PERIOD FROM 2000 TO 2021
No full textOvaj diplomski rad istraţuje utjecaj pojedinih segmenata triatlona na plasman u triatlonskim utrkama na Olimpijskim igrama od 2000. do 2021. godine. Triatlon je sve popularniji sport koji se sastoji od plivanja, biciklizma i trčanja. Olimpijske igre predstavljaju vrhunac triatlonskog natjecanja u kojemu najbolji sportaši iz cijelog svijeta pokazuju svoje vještine i izdrţljivost. Cilj je ovog istraţivanja analizirati utjecaj svakog segmenta triatlona na konačan plasman sportaša na Olimpijskim igrama. Kroz analizu rezultata natjecanja od 2000. do 2021. godine istraţila se povezanost izmeĎu vremena ostvarenog u svakom segmentu i konačnog plasmana. Metodologija istraţivanja uključuje prikupljanje podataka o vremenima sportaša u svakom segmentu triatlona s Olimpijskih igara tijekom navedena razdoblja. Podaci su analizirani statističkim metodama kako bi se utvrdila povezanost izmeĎu rezultata u pojedinim segmentima i konačnog plasmana. Rezultati istraţivanja prikazani su u obliku tablica i slika na temelju statističkih analiza. Regresijskom analizom utvrĎen je najveći utjecaj trkačkoga segmenta na rezultat u muškaraca i u ţena, dok je razlika u rezultatu izmeĎu muških i ţenskih utrka na temelju analize varijance (ANOVA) pokazala statistički značajnu razliku u svim segmentima osim prve tranzicije. TakoĎer se raspravljalo o mogućim faktorima koji mogu utjecati na rezultate triatlona na Olimpijskim igrama, kao što su uvjeti trase, meteorološki uvjeti i kondicija sportaša. Konačno, u zaključku su sumirani glavni nalazi istraţivanja koji ukazuju na najveću povezanost trkačkog segmenta utrke na finalni plasman. Ovaj diplomski rad pruţit će uvid u specifične aspekte triatlona kao olimpijske discipline te pomoći trenerima i sportašima u boljem razumijevanju ključnih segmenata triatlona i njihova utjecaja na natjecateljski uspjeh.This master's thesis explores the influence of individual segments of the triathlon on athletes' placements in triathlon races at the Olympic Games from 2000 to 2021. Triathlon is becoming an increasingly popular sport, consisting of swimming, cycling, and running. The Olympic Games represent the pinnacle of triathlon competition, where the best athletes from around the world showcase their skills and endurance. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of each triathlon segment on the athletes' final placements at the Olympic Games. Through an analysis of competition results from 2000 to 2021, the correlation between the times achieved in each segment and the final placements was investigated. The research methodology involved collecting data on athletes' times in each triathlon segment at the Olympic Games during the specified period. The data were analyzed using statistical methods to determine the relationship between results in individual segments and the final placements. The research results are presented in the form of tables based on statistical analyses. Regression analysis identified the greatest impact of the running segment on results for both men and women, while the analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed statistically significant differences in results between men and women in all segments except the first transition. The discussion focused on interpreting the results and drawing conclusions from the research. Possible factors that could influence triathlon results at the Olympic Games, such as course conditions, weather conditions, and athletes' conditioning, were also discussed. Finally, the conclusion summarized the main findings of the research, highlighting the significant influence of the running segment on the final placement. This master's thesis provides insight into the specific aspects of triathlon as an Olympic discipline and assists coaches and athletes in better understanding the key segments of triathlon and their impact on competitive success
VALIDATION OF A TEST FOR EVALUATING SPECIFIC TRUNK STRENGTH IN TENNIS
No full textJakosna izdržljivost trupa u tenisu predstavlja značajan faktor, kako na profesionalnoj razini, tako i na amaterskoj i rekreativnoj razini. S obzirom na zahtjeve ovoga sporta, njegovu kompleksnost i zahtjevne kretne strukture, ozljede trupa jedne su od najčešćih ozljeda. U procjeni tjelesnog fitnesa tenisača rijetko se koriste standardizirani testovi za procjenu specifične mišićne izdržljivosti. Cilj je ovog istraživanja kreirati novi test za procjenu specifične jakosne izdržljivosti trupa i utvrditi njegove metrijske karakteristike. Istraživanje je provedeno u teniskoj akademiji Ivana Ljubičića u Velom Lošinju. Uzorak ispitanika čine 12 tenisača prosječne starosne dobi 16,75 7,33 godina, tjelesne visine 176,43 16,59 cm i tjelesne mase 64,99 20,35 kg. Svi su ispitanici testirani dvama testovima – jednim standardnim testom za procjenu jakosne izdržljivosti trupa (podizanje trupa iz ležanja u 60 sekundi ) i jednom novim testom za procjenu specifične jakosne izdržljivosti trupa (rotacije trupa s medicinskom loptom od 1 kg u 30 sekundi). Rezultati ovoga istraživanja ukazuju na nižu razinu pouzdanosti novokonstruiranog testa, no isti test ima visoku razinu homogenosti, valjanosti i osjetljivosti. Predlaže se daljnje razvijanje ovoga testa na homogenijim uzorcima ispitanika, no već i rezultati ove studije ukazuju na mogućnost korištenja ovoga testa za utvrđivanje specifične jakosne izdržljivosti trupa što u konačnici može pomoći u planiranju i programiranju trenažnog procesa.Trunk muscular endurance in tennis represents a significant factor, both at the professional and amateur levels. Considering the demands of this sport, its complexity, and demanding movement patterns, trunk injuries are among the most common injuries. Standardized tests for assessing specific muscular endurance are rarely used in assessing the physical fitness of tennis players. The aim of this research is to create a new test for assessing specific trunk muscular endurance and determine its metric characteristics. The study was conducted at the Ivan Ljubičić Tennis Academy in Veli Lošinj. The sample consisted of 12 tennis players with an average age of 16.75 ± 7.33 years, a height of 176.43 ± 16.59 cm, and a weight of 64.99 ± 20.35 kg. All participants were tested with two tests: one standard test for assessing trunk muscular endurance (sit-ups in 60 seconds) and one new test for assessing specific trunk muscular endurance (trunk rotations with a 1 kg medicine ball in 30 seconds). The results of this study indicate a lower level of reliability of the newly constructed test, but the same test has a high level of homogeneity, validity, and sensitivity. Further development of this test on more homogeneous samples of participants is suggested, but even the results of this study suggest the possibility of using this test to determine specific trunk muscular endurance, which ultimately can aid in planning and programming the training process
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS AND INCIDENCE OF INJURIES IN PROFESSIONAL BALLET DANCERS
No full textUvod: Plesači klasičnoga baleta mogu se smatrati sportašima obzirom na visoke fizičke zahtjeve prilikom izvođenja aktivnosti, a koji se najviše odražavaju na mišićno-koštani sustav. Balet zahtijeva visoku razinu tehničkih vještina radi čega su plesači izloženi izuzetno velikom volumenu treninga, ali i nastupa. Posljedično tome prisutna je velika pojavnost ozljeda. U dosadašnjoj znanstvenoj literaturi opisani su brojni čimbenici koji se povezuju s rizikom od nastanka ozljeda u profesionalnih plesača. Smatra se da je taj rizik multifaktorski, te da nastanku ozljeda pridonosi kombinacija i interakcija intrinzičnih (specifičnih za pojedinog plesača) i ekstrinzičnih (okolišnih) čimbenika, a koji se mogu ili ne mogu mijenjati. S obzirom da je, sukladno značajnim fizičkim opterećenjima, visoka razina tjelesnih sposobnosti preduvjet za bavljenje ovom profesijom, u kontekstu rizičnih čimbenika za nastanak ozljeda istražuju se i sastavnice tjelesnog fitnesa. Istraživanja o ozljedama plesača klasičnog baleta započela su tek
unatrag nekoliko desetljeća. Međutim, prije nego li je osnovana International association for dance medicine and science (IADMS), nisu postojali standardizirani pristupi u istraživanju ozljeda u plesača. Dakle, stopu incidencije ozljeda za plesače klasičnog baleta bilo je teško ustanoviti bez jedinstvenih standarda za mjerenje ili definiranje ozljeda, te standardne
metodologije za bilježenje izloženosti radnom opterećenju, tj. stvarnom broju sati provedenih u plesnim aktivnostima. Dosadašnja istraživanja koja su se bavila povezanošću tjelesnog fitnesa s pojavnošću ozljeda uzimala su u obzir relativno manji broj ispitanika, plesače amatere, plesače različitih plesnih stilova ili studente baleta, dok je manji broj ispitivanja proveden na
profesionalnim plesačima klasičnog baleta i s longitudinalnim praćenjem. Također, uglavnom je istraživana razina tjelesnih sposobnosti na samom početku plesne sezone. Glavni cilj ove disertacije je stoga bio utvrditi povezanost sastavnica zdravstvenog fitnesa (sastav tijela, fleksibilnost, mišićni fitnes i aerobni fitnes) u fazi očekivane najveće pripremljenosti s pojavnošću ozljeda plesača u jednoj godini. Ispitanici i metode: Istraživanje je uključilo prigodan uzorak ispitanika profesionalnih plesača klasičnog baleta, članove ansambla Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta (HNK) u Zagrebu (N=40). Od ukupnog broja ispitanika 26 je bilo ženskoga spola (dob (aritmetička sredina ± SD) 32,2±7,9 godina, tjelesna visina 166,1±4,3 cm, tjelesna masa 52,6±5,4 kg), a 14 muškoga spola (29,7±7,4 godina, 177,9±4,8 cm, 69,5±7,0 kg) dobi u rasponu od 21 do 45 godina. Testirane su sastavnice zdravstvenog fitnesa: sastav tijela, aerobni fitnes, fleksibilnost, mišićni fitnes. Za određivanje sastava tijela (postotka masnog tkiva) koristila se metoda mjerenja sedam kožnih nabora. Za procjenu aerobnog tj. kardiorespiracijskog fitnesa korišten je Åstrand-Ryhming test submaksimalnog opterećenja na biciklergometru. Za određivanje fleksibilnosti goniometrom je
mjeren opseg pokreta u zglobu kuka te gornjem gležanjskom zglobu. Mišićni fitnes je procijenjen provođenjem testa upora na podlakticama (izdržljivost mišića trupa), sklekova (jakost i izdržljivost mišića gornjeg dijela tijela), testa skoka u vis na platformi (eksplozivna snaga mišića donjih ekstremiteta), testa ponavljanih skokova na platformi (izdržljivost donjih ekstremiteta). Pratio se izostanak iz profesionalnih aktivnosti, jer je to bio kriterij definiranja ozljede te vrsta i težina ozljede. Navedene varijable procjenjivane su u jednogodišnjem periodu te je utvrđena povezanost stope incidencije ozljeda sa sastavnicama zdravstvenog fitnesa procijenjenog u razdoblju očekivane najveće pripremljenosti, definiranom kao razdoblje sredine sezone kada je opterećenje predstavama najveće, što ujedno podrazumijeva najzahtjevniji broj proba i vježbi. Statistička obrada podataka uključila je deskriptivnu analizu svih mjerenih varijabli, normalnost distribucije varijabli testirana je Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevim testom, za povezanost između sastavnica zdravstvenog fitnesa i broja ozljeda korištena je multipla regresijska analiza, a za utvrđivanje razlika u razini sastavnica zdravstvenog fitnesa između skupina ispitanika (kategoriziranih prema težini ozljede i prema položaju u ansamblu) te razlika u stopi incidencije ozljeda prema spolu i položaju u ansamblu korišten je Studentov t-test. Statistička značajnost testirana je uz pogrešku od 0,05. Rezultati: Stopa incidencije ozljeda za ansambl u promatranom jednogodišnjem razdoblju iznosila je 0,71 na 1000 plesača-izloženosti (95%-tni interval pouzdanosti 0,46-1,06). Regresijskom analizom utvrđena je značajna povezanost indeksa tjelesne mase, opsega vanjske rotacije natkoljenice u lijevom kuku, prosječne snage odraza u ponavljanim skokovima u 45 s te broja sklekova s pojavnošću ozljeda kod ispitanika, pri čemu prediktorski model objašnjava 57% varijance pojavnosti ozljeda (p<0,001). Ispitanici koji su u periodu praćenja zadobili lake ozljede imali su statistički značajno veći opseg dorzalne fleksije oba stopala u odnosu na ispitanike koji su zadobili teže ozljede (17,4° naprema 12,9° za desno stopalo (p=0,019), odnosno 16,4° naprema 12,8° za lijevo stopalo (p=0,020)). Razlika u stopi incidencije ozljeda
između skupina ispitanika prema spolu (0,60 na 1000 plesačica-izloženosti naprema 0,94 na 1000 plesača-izloženosti) i prema položaju u ansamblu (0,86 na 1000 solista-izloženosti naprema 0,60 na 1000 članova ansambla-izloženosti) nije bila statistički značajna (p=0,266 i p=0,367, redom). U procjeni razine sastavnica zdravstvenog fitnesa, solisti su u odnosu na ostale članove ansambla imali značajno bolji rezultat samo u testu upora na podlakticama (46,8 naprema 36,0 s (p=0,042) i u skoku uvis s mjesta (46,9 naprema 40,5 cm (p=0,040)).mZaključak: Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da su sastavnice zdravstvenoga fitnesa (sastav tijela, fleksibilnost i mišićni fitnes) u razdoblju najveće pripremljenosti povezane s pojavnošću ozljeda plesača i plesačica klasičnoga baleta. Od ispitivanih sastavnica zdravstvenoga fitnesa, jedino se fleksibilnost u skočnom zglobu značajno razlikovala između skupina ispitanika kategoriziranih prema težini ozljede. Solisti su imali značajno bolju mišićnu izdržljivost
gornjeg dijela tijela i eksplozivnu snagu donjih esktremiteta u odnosu na ostale članove ansambla. Stope incidencije ozljeda između skupina ispitanika prema spolu te prema položaju unutar ansambla nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale. Na osnovi dobivenih rezultata, ovo istraživanje moglo bi poslužiti kao temelj za izradu smjernica programa kondicijske pripreme i
prevencije ozljeda u profesionalnih plesača klasičnoga baleta.Introduction: Classical ballet dancers can be considered athletes due to the high physical demands when performing dance activities, mostly reflected on the musculoskeletal system. Ballet requires a high level of technical skills, exposing dancers to an extremely high volume of training and performances. As a result, there is a high incidence of injuries. In the previous studies, numerous factors have been described that are associated with the risk of injury in professional dancers. It is considered that this risk is multifactorial, and that the combination and interaction of intrinsic (specific to the individual dancer) and extrinsic (environmental) factors, which may or may not be changed, contribute to the occurrence of injuries. Given that in accordance with significant physical loads, a high level of physical abilities is a prerequisite for practicing this profession, in the context of risk factors for the occurrence of injuries, components of physical fitness are also investigated. Research on the injuries of classical ballet dancers began only a few decades ago. However, before the International association for dance medicine and science (IADMS) was founded, there was no standardized approach to the research of injuries in dancers. Thus, the rate of injuries for classical ballet dancers was difficult to establish without uniform standards for measuring or defining injuries, and a standard methodology for recording exposure to workload, i.e., the actual number of hours spent in dance activities. Previous studies on relationship between physical fitness and the occurrence of
injuries were performed on relatively small number of subjects, amateur dancers, dancers of different dance styles or ballet students, while a smaller number of studies was conducted on professional classical ballet dancers and with longitudinal monitoring. Thus, the main goal of this dissertation was to determine the connection between the components of physical fitness (body composition, flexibility, muscle fitness and aerobic fitness) in the period of expected highest preparedness with the occurrence of injuries in professional ballet dancers in one year. Participants and methods: The research included a convenient sample of professional ballet dancers, members of the ensemble of the Croatian National Theater (CNT) in Zagreb (N=40). Out of the total number of respondents, 26 were females (age (arithmetic mean ± SD) 32.2±7.9 years, body height 166.1±4.3 cm, body weight 52.6±5.4 kg) and 14 were males (29.7±7.4 years, 177.9±4.8 cm, 69.5±7.0 kg), aged between 21 and 45 years. Components of physical fitness were tested: body composition, aerobic fitness, flexibility, muscle fitness. The seven-skinfold method was used to determine body composition (percentage of body fat). Åstrand-Ryhming cycle ergometer submaximal test was used to assess aerobic, i.e., cardiorespiratory, fitness. To determine flexibility, the range of motion in the hip joint and ankle joint was measured by goniometer. Muscular fitness was assessed by performing a forearm plank test (trunk muscle endurance), push-ups (upper body muscle strength and endurance), vertical jump test (lower extremity muscle explosive power), and repeated jump test (lower extremity endurance). Absence from professional activities (criterion for defining an injury) as well as the type and severity of the injury, were monitored. The aforementioned variables were evaluated over a one-year period, and a relationship was determined between injury incidence rate and the components of physical fitness assessed in the period of expected greatest preparedness, defined as the mid-season period in which the performance load is the highest, which also implies the most demanding number of rehearsals and classes. Statistical data analysis included a descriptive analysis of all measured variables, the normality of the distribution of variables was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, multiple regression was used to test the relationship between physical fitness components and the number of injuries, and Student t-test was used to determine differences in the level of physical fitness components between groups of participants (categorized according to the severity of injuries and according to the position in the ensemble) as well as the difference in the injury incidence rate according to gender and position in the ensemble. The level of statistical significance was set at 0.05. Results: The injury incidence rate for the ensemble in the monitored one-year period was 0.71 per 1000 dancers-exposure (95% confidence interval 0.46-1.06). Regression analysis showed a significant correlation between body mass index, range of external rotation of the thigh in the left hip, average take-off power in repeated jumps in 45 seconds and the number of push-ups with the occurrence of injuries in participants, with the predictor model explaining 57% of the variance of injury incidence (p<0.001). The participants who suffered minor injuries during the observed period had a statistically significantly larger range of dorsal flexion of both feet compared to participants who suffered more serious injuries (17.4° vs 12.9° for the right foot (p=0.019) and 16.4° vs 12.8° for the left foot (p=0.020)). The difference in the injury incidence rate between female and male participants (0.60 per 1000 female dancers-exposures vs. 0.94 per 1000 male dancers-exposures) and according to the position in the ensemble (0.86 per 1000 soloist dancers-exposure vs. 0.60 per 1000 members of the ensemble-exposure) was not statistically significant (p=0.266 and p=0.367, respectively). In assessment of the level of health-related fitness components, soloists had significantly better results compared to the members of corps-de-ballet only in plank test (46.8 vs 36.0 s (p=0.042) and in the vertical jump test (46.9 vs 40.5 cm (p=0.040)).
Conclusion: The results of this research indicate that the components of health-related fitness (body composition, flexibility and muscle fitness) in the period of expected highest preparedness are associated with the occurrence of injuries in dancers of classical ballet. Of the tested components of health-related fitness, only ankle flexibility significantly differed between groups of subjects categorized according to the severity of injuries. The soloists had significantly better muscular endurance of the upper body and explosive strength of the lower extremities compared to corps-de-ballet dancers. Injury incidence rates between groups of subjects by sex and position within the ensemble did not show statistically significant difference. Based on the obtained results, this research could serve as a basis for the development of guidelines for physical conditioning and injury prevention programs in professional classical ballet dancers
Kinesitherapy in secondary prevention of iliotibial band syndrome
No full textIliotibijalni sindrom je sve češća ozljeda prenaprezanja kako u sportu tako i u rekreaciji te je bitno spriječiti njegovu popularnost u populaciji. Manifestira se kao bol u lateralnom dijelu koljena, a bol se pojačava kada je koljeno u fleksiji od 30°, a mehanizam nastanka je i dalje diskutabilan te postoje dvije teorije o tome kako dolazi do upale i oštećenja tkiva koje uzrokuje bol. Iliotibijalni sindrom najprisutniji je u trčanju, ali i u onim sportovima gdje trčanje čini veliki dio obrazaca kretanja. Rehabilitacija iliotibijalnog sindroma dugotrajna je i vrlo često dovodi do recidiva. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je opisati trenutne znanstvene spoznaje o primjeni vježbanja u sekundarnoj prevenciji iliotibijalnog sindroma te kreirati znanstveno utemeljen program kineziterapije za sekundarnu prevenciju nastanka istog. Dosadašnja istraživanja govore da postoji puno rizičnih faktora za nastanak iliotibijalnog sindroma od kojih se najčešće spominje dinamički valgus koljena. Taj rizičan faktor povezan je sa nepravilnom biomehanikom trčanja ili nekim drugim obrascem kretanja koji izaziva bol te je zbog toga potrebno u rehabilitacijskom i programu sekundarne prevencije poboljšati tehniku izvođenja tih obrazaca. Starija istraživanja koja su bila vezana za kineziterapiju u rehabilitaciji, ali i prevenciji najčešće su obuhvaćali vježbe za jačanje abduktora kuka i istezanja mišića u blizini iliotibijalne sveze. Novije spoznaje ukazuju na to da sastavni dio programa sekundarne prevencije trebaju biti vježbe za jakost trupa, živčano-mišićni trening i pliometrijski trening. Također, bitno je da u programu sekundarne prevencije treninzi i vježbe budu optimalnog opterećenja za stanje osobe koja ga primjenjuje kako ne bi ponovno došlo do oštećenja tkiva.The iliotibial syndrome is becoming an increasingly common overuse injury in both sports and recreational activities, and it is important to prevent its popularity within the population. It manifests as pain on the lateral side of the knee, with the pain intensifying when the knee is flexed at 30°. The mechanism of its occurrence is still debatable, and there are two theories about how inflammation and tissue damage leading to pain occur. The iliotibial syndrome is most prevalent in running, as well as in sports where running constitutes a significant part of movement patterns. Rehabilitation of the iliotibial syndrome is lengthy and often leads to relapses. The objective of this thesis is to describe current scientific knowledge regarding the application of exercise in the prevention of the iliotibial syndrome and to create a scientifically grounded kinesitherapy program for its secondary prevention. Previous research indicates numerous risk factors for the development of iliotibial syndrome, with dynamic knee valgus being the most commonly mentioned factor. This risk factor is associated with improper running biomechanics or other movement patterns that trigger pain. Therefore, rehabilitation and secondary prevention programs should focus on improving the technique of executing these patterns. Previous studies related to kinesitherapy in rehabilitation and prevention often included exercises to strengthen hip abductors and stretch muscles near the iliotibial band. Recent findings suggest that an integral part of secondary prevention programs should include exercises for core strength, neuromuscular training, and plyometric training. Furthermore, it is essential that the training and exercises in the secondary prevention program be tailored to the individual's condition to avoid further tissue damage
Professional training of football coaches as a lifelong process
No full textStručno usavršavanje trenera nogometa je cjeloživotni proces koji obuhvaća različite aspekte trenerovog rada i nastoji osigurati da trener uvijek bude u toku s novim trendovima, metodama i tehnologijama u nogometu. Ovaj proces podrazumijeva kontinuirano učenje, usavršavanje i primjenu novih znanja u praksi kako bi se poboljšala kvaliteta treninga i taktičke pripreme igrača. Jedan od najvažnijih ciljeva stručnog usavršavanja trenera nogometa je kontinuirano praćenje razvoja igre i promjena u igračkoj kulturi. To podrazumijeva analizu suvremenih taktičkih trendova, novih strategija, metodologija treninga, ali i primjenu novih tehnologija koje su postale sastavni dio modernog nogometa. Na primjer, analiza podataka, video analiza utakmica i snimanje igrača s pomoću dronova ili kamera na terenu. Osim toga, stručno usavršavanje trenera nogometa također uključuje usavršavanje u komunikaciji s igračima, razvoj sposobnosti vođenja momčadi i upravljanja emocijama u stresnim situacijama. To podrazumijeva upoznavanje sa psihološkim i pedagoškim aspektima igre, razumijevanje osobnosti igrača i njihovih individualnih potreba te stvaranje učinkovitog i funkcionalnog timskog okruženja. Treneri nogometa također moraju biti upoznati s novim zakonima igre koji se stalno mijenjaju, a stručno usavršavanje omogućava im da budu informirani o svim promjenama i pravilima kako bi ih primijenili na najbolji način u igri. Stručno usavršavanje trenera nogometa je važan proces koji omogućava trenerima da budu konkurentni i efikasni u svom radu, a dugoročno i pomaže u razvoju nogometne igre u cjelini. U tom smislu, održavanje i razvoj ovog procesa je od vitalne važnosti za uspjeh i napredak trenera i nogometne igre u cjelini.The professional training of football coaches is a lifelong process that encompasses various aspects of the coach's work and strives to ensure that the coach is always up to date with new trends, methods and technologies in football. This process implies continuous learning, improvement and application of new knowledge in practice in order to improve the quality of training and tactical preparation of players. One of the most important goals of the professional development of football coaches is the continuous monitoring of the development of the game and changes in the playing culture. This implies the analysis of contemporary tactical trends, new strategies, training methodologies, but also the application of new technologies that have become an integral part of modern football. For example, data analysis, video analysis of matches and recording of players using drones or cameras on the pitch. In addition, the professional development of soccer coaches also includes training in communication with players, developing the ability to lead a team and manage emotions in stressful situations. This entails getting to know the psychological and pedagogical aspects of the game, understanding the personality of the players and their individual needs, and creating an efficient and functional team environment. Soccer coaches must also be familiar with the new laws of the game that are constantly changing, and professional training allows them to be informed about all changes and rules in order to apply them in the best way in the game. The professional training of football coaches is an important process that enables coaches to be competitive and efficient in their work, and in the long term it helps in the development of the football game as a whole. In this sense, the maintenance and development of this process is of vital importance for the success and progress of coaches and the game of football as a whole
EATING DISORDERS IN TAEKWONDO ATHLETES WITH REGARD TO BODY APPEARANCE SATISFACTION AND COACH PRESSURE
No full textTaekwondo je borilački sport u kojem se sportaši u natjecateljske kategorije klasificiraju prema spolu i tjelesnoj težini. Iz razloga kako bi se natjecali u težinskoj kategoriji u kojoj bi ostvarili najveću natjecateljsku prednost, sportaši pribjegavaju strategijama upravljanja težinom, odnosno redukcijom tjelesne mase prije vaganja na natjecanjima. Također, taekwondo je jedan od najmasovnijih sportova u Hrvatskoj, a restrikcijska prehrambena ponašanja u tom sportu zastupljena su od najmlađih uzrasnih kategorija. Česta primjena restrikcijskih mjera u prehrani sportaša kao i pretjerano vježbanje, te metode koje se upotrebljavaju za smanjenje tjelesne mase nauštrb su zdravoj prehrani i sportskoj izvedbi. Pad sportske izvedbe inicira smanjenje samopouzdanja i samopoštovanja koje se osobito u razvojnom periodu adolescencije dijelom temelje na zadovoljstvu vlastitim izgledom i tijelom. Trenerova uloga u sportu je neupitna i velikim dijelom utječe na postupke sportaša. Njegova je odgovornost učiniti sport ugodnim i sigurnim okruženjem za razvoj mladih sportaša i sportašica, što nekad nažalost nije slučaj. Sukladno tome cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati prisutnost simptoma poremećaja hranjenja kod taekwondoašica i taekwondoaša juniorske kategorije, te provjeriti povezanost zadovoljstva tjelesnim izgledom i trenerovog pritiska zbog prehrane sa simptomima poremećaja hranjenja.
Uzorak ovog istraživanja činilo je 98 aktivnih taekwondoaša juniorskog uzrasta na prostoru Republike Hrvatske. Sudionici su ispunili Upitnik navika hranjenja, Skalu percepcije tjelesnog izgleda slikovnim podražajima, Upitnik negativnog ponašanja trenera i upitnik osmišljen za potrebe ovog istraživanja koji sadrži pitanja usko vezana uz bavljenje taekwondo-om. U istraživanju je utvrđena prisutnost simptoma poremećaja hranjenja (12.24 %) na uzorku hrvatskih taekwondoaša juniorske dobi. Simptomi poremećaja hranjenja više su zastupljeni kod taekwondoašica nego taekwondoaša, što ukazuje na to da taekwondoašice u značajno većoj mjeri zadovoljavaju kriterije za dijagnosticiranje poremećaje hranjenja. Također, u istraživanju je utvrđena značajna pozitivna povezanost simptoma poremećaja hranjenja s trenerovim pritiskom te nezadovoljstvom tjelesnim izgledom. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na potrebu za većom opreznosti u radu sa adolescentnim sportašima borilačkih sportova.Taekwondo is a martial art sport in which athletes are classified into competitive categories according to gender and body weight. In order to compete in the weight category in which they would have the greatest competitive advantage, athletes resort to weight management strategies, i.e. reducing body mass before weighing at the competitions. Also, taekwondo is one of the most popular sports in Croatia, and restrictive eating behaviors in that sport are represented by the youngest age groups. The frequent application of restrictive measures in the nutrition of athletes, as well as excessive exercise, and the methods used to reduce body weight are at the expense of healthy nutrition and sports performance. A drop in sports performance initiates a decrease in self-confidence and self-esteem, which, especially in the developmental period of adolescence, is partly based on satisfaction with one's own appearance and body. The coach's role in sports is unquestionable and largely influences the athletes' actions. It is his responsibility to make sports a pleasant and safe environment for the development of young sportsmen and women, which unfortunately is sometimes not the case. Accordingly, this research aims to examine the presence of eating disorder symptoms in female and male junior taekwondo athletes and verify the connection between satisfaction with physical appearance and the coach's pressure due to diet and symptoms of eating disorders.
The sample of this research consisted of 98 active junior taekwondo athletes in the Republic of Croatia. The participants filled out the Eating Attitude test, Figure Rating Scale, Negative Coach Behavior Questionnaire, and a questionnaire designed for the purposes of this research, which contains questions closely related to practicing taekwondo. The study determined the presence of eating disorder symptoms (12.24%) in a sample of junior Croatian taekwondo athletes. Symptoms of eating disorders are more prevalent in female than male taekwondo athletes, which indicates that female taekwondo athletes meet the criteria for diagnosing eating disorders to a significantly greater extent. Also, the study found a significant positive connection between eating disorder symptoms and the coach's pressure and dissatisfaction with physical appearance. These results indicate the need for greater caution in working with adolescent martial arts athletes
DIFFERENCES IN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCES IN BOXING AND KICKBOXING
No full textFiziološko opterećenje aktivnosti jedno je od glavnih mjerila za efikasno programiranje treninga. Problem rada ogleda se u činjenici da, iako boks i kickboxing spadaju u grupu polistrukturnih sportova u kojima se rezultat postiže sličnim tehničko-taktičkim sredstvima, ipak postoje određene razlike u fiziološkom opterećenju same natjecateljske izvedbe. Cilj rada bio je usporediti fiziološke pokazatelje opterećenja između natjecateljskih izvedaba u boksu i kickboxingu. Dobili su se iznimno vrijedni rezultati na uzorku od 20 vrhunskih natjecatelja koji su pristupili natjecateljskim izvedbama u ova dva sporta. Uvidom u rezultate deskriptivne statistike i t-testa, kojima smo uspoređivali dobivene vrijednosti frekvencije srca, serumskog laktata, kreatin-kinaze i laktat-dehidrogenaze, dokazano je kako postoje razlike u svim pokazateljima fiziološkog i biokemijskog opterećenja između borbe u boksu i borbe u kickboxingu te možemo zaključiti da kod kickboxing borbe ipak postoji nešto veće opterećenje za organizam. Neke od njih su vidljive samo numerički, a neke su i statistički značajne. Kod parametra pokazatelja frekvencije srca uočava se da u oba sporta opterećenje kontinuirano raste tijekom sve tri runde te su oscilacije u frekvenciji srca izraženije kod kickboxinga nego kod boksa. Pokazatelj većih oscilacija u frekvenciji srca jest i uzrok tomu da tijekom kickboxing borbe nije bilo moguće kontinuirano zadržati progresivno opterećenje iz razloga veće globalne zakiseljenosti organizma. Kod varijable laktata i laktat-dehidrogenaze postoji i statistički značajna razlika u korist kickboxinga, dok se kod varijable kreatin-kinaze uočava isključivo
numerička razlika. Tijekom kickboxing borbe koriste se i nožne tehnike udaranja i tehnike udaranja koljenima koje u boksu nisu dopuštene pa se za mobilizaciju tih ekstremiteta koriste brojnije mišićne skupine čija aktivacija potom uzrokuje veće zakiseljenje organizma. Dodatno zakiseljenje kod kickboxinga izaziva i veća masa donjih ekstremiteta koji prilikom kolizije s tijelom protivnika ostavljaju i veće posljedice koje se potom vide i po dobivenim rezultatima fiziološkog i biokemijskog opterećenja. Temeljem općeg cilja definirani su parcijalni ciljevi za koje su postavljene dvije hipoteze. Prva hipoteza kako je fiziološko opterećenje u kickboxingu statistički značajno veće nego u boksu potvrđena je, ali ipak samo parcijalno. Naime, statistički značajno veće fiziološko opterećenje u kickboxingu u odnosu na boks potvrđeno je u dva od četiri parametra (laktati i laktat- dehidrogenaza), dok je kod kreatin-kinaze postojala samo numerička razlika. Kod frekvencije srca zabilježena je numerička razlika u korist boksa, koja samo u trećoj rundi doseže statističku značajnost. Druga hipoteza kako postoji značajna povezanost između vrijednosti primitka kisika i razine anaerobnog praga s uspjehom u boks i kickboxing borbi, potvrđena je u potpunosti slijedom analize spiroergometrijskih pokazatelja. Ovo istraživanje predstavlja značajan iskorak, kako zbog dizajna studije (direktne usporedbe fizioloških i metaboličkih promjena tijekom natjecateljske boks i kickboxing izvedbe) tako i po broju uključenih ispitanika, elitnih hrvatskih sportaša. Temeljem ovih rezultata stekla su se nova saznanja koja će biti od koristi u trenažnim procesima u boksu i kickboxingu.Physiological activity load is one of the main criteria for efficient training programming. The problem of the study is reflected in the fact that, although boxing and kickboxing belong to the group of polystructural sports in which the result is achieved by similar technical-tactical means, there are still certain differences in the physiological load of the competitive performance itself. The aim of this research was to compare the physiological load indicators between competitive performances in boxing and kickboxing. Extremely valuable results were obtained on a sample of 20 top athletes who participated in competitive performances in these two sports. Results of descriptive statistics and t-test, which we used to compare the obtained values of heart rate, serum lactate, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase, proved that there are differences in all indicators of physiological and biochemical load between boxing and kickboxing, and we can conclude that in kickboxing there is still a slightly greater load on the body. Some of the differences were only numerically, and some are statistically significant. Regarding the heart rate, in both sports the load continuously increases during all three rounds, and the oscillations in the heart rate are more pronounced in kickboxing than in boxing. The indicator of larger oscillations in the heart rate is also the reason why during the kickboxing fight it was not possible to continuously maintain the progressive load due to the greater global organism acidity. Regarding the lactate and lactate dehydrogenase variables, there is also a statistically significant difference in favour of kickboxing, while in the creatine kinase variable, only a numerical difference was observed.
During a kickboxing fight, foot kicking techniques and knee kicking techniques are used, which are not allowed in boxing, so more numerous muscle groups are used to mobilize these extremities, the activation of which then causes greater acidification of the body. Additional acidification in kickboxing is caused by a larger mass of the lower extremities, which, when colliding with the opponent's body, leaves greater consequences, which can then be seen in the obtained results of physiological and biochemical stress. Based on the general goal, partial goals of the research were defined for which two hypotheses were set. The first hypothesis that the physiological load in kickboxing is statistically significantly higher than in boxing was confirmed, but still only partially. Namely, a statistically significantly higher physiological load in kickboxing compared to boxing was confirmed in two of the four parameters (lactate and lactate dehydrogenase), while there was only a numerical difference in creatine kinase. In terms of heart rate, a numerical difference was recorded in favour of boxing, which reached statistical significance only in the third round. The second hypothesis, that there is a significant connection between the value of oxygen intake and the level of the anaerobic threshold with success in boxing and kickboxing, was fully confirmed by the analysis of spiroergometric indicators. This research represents a significant step forward, both due to the design of the study (direct comparison of physiological and metabolic changes during competitive boxing and kickboxing performances) and the number of subject’s involved, elite Croatian athletes. Based on the results, new knowledge was gained that will be useful in training processes in boxing and kickboxing