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    COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT GOVERNING BODY'S STRUCTURES IN TAEKWONDO

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    Cilj ovog rada je analiza i usporedba aktivnosti i organizacijskih struktura različitih taekwondo organizacija. Postoji više globalnih organizacija koje se bave nekim oblikom ili stilom taekwondoa. Zbog sličnosti u nomenklaturi i preklapanju geografskih područja na kojem razne taekwondo organizacije (ili frakcije) polažu prava jurisdikcije i imaju svoje ispostave i ogranke, javnosti je često teško shvatljiva interna struktura tih organizacija, njihovi međusobni odnosi te odnosi s drugim međunarodnim i državnim političkim i nepolotičkim organizacijama. Krovne globalne taekwondo organizacije odabrane da budu u fokusu ovog rada su dvije najutjecajnije i s najdužim postojanjem: Međunarodna Taekwon-Do Federacija (ITF) i Svjetski Taekwondo (WT) te analogno tomu krovne organizacije na kontinentalnim i nacionalnim razinama koje su im podređene. Osim analize i usporedbe ITF-a i WT-a na globalnoj razini, isto je izvršeno i s njihovim ograncima na kontinentalnoj (EITF-om i ETU-om) te nacionalnoj razini. Navedene organizacije su odabrane sukladno relevantnosti prema utjecaju na taekwondo sport u Hrvatskoj. Nakon sagledavanja povijesnog konteksta i usporedbe ustrojstava i odnosa krovnih taekwondo organizacija na nekoliko razina, zaključeno je kako su najveći uzroci trenutnoj globalnoj razjedinjenosti Taekwondoa inicijalno razilaženje u mišljenjima ključnih osoba koje su radile na ujedinjenju korejskih borilačkih vještina 1960-ih godina te zamršenost politike i zakonskih odredbi na nacionalnoj razini u nekim državama što slabi nacionalne organizacije i otežava im rad.The aim of this paper is to analyze and compare the activities and organizational structures of different taekwondo organizations. There are several global organizations that practice some form or style of taekwondo. Due to the similarity in nomenclature and the overlapping of geographical areas where various taekwondo organizations (or factions) claim jurisdictional rights and have their branches and branches, it is often difficult for the public to understand the internal structure of these organizations, their mutual relations and relations with other international and national political and non-political organizations.The global taekwondo organizations chosen to be the focus of this work are the two most influential and longest-standing: the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) and World Taekwondo (WT) and analogously the umbrella organizations at the continental and national levels that are afiliated to them. In addition to the analysis and comparison of ITF and WT at the global level, the same was done with their branches at the continental level (EITF and ETU) and at the national level. After looking at the historical context and the comparison of the structures and relationships of umbrella taekwondo organizations on several levels, it was concluded that the biggest causes of the current global disunity of Taekwondo were the initial disagreements of key persons who worked on the unification of Korean martial arts in the 1960s, and the intricacies of politics and legal provisions at the national level in some countries, which weakens national organizations and makes their work more difficult

    INJURIES OF ATHLETES IN SAILING

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    Jedriličarski sport uključuje niz natjecateljskih formata jedrenja koji su odobreni od strane raznih jedriličarskih federacija i jedriličarskih klubova. Jedrenje je uzbudljiv i avanturistički sport, ali također dolazi s dobrim udjelom potencijalnih ozljeda. Jedriličari amateri svih uzrasta bave se jedrenjem radi vježbe i uživanja ili s ciljem bavljenja profesionalno u budućnosti, dok se profesionalni jedriličari natječu. Za sve, jedrenje može biti fizički zahtjevno, zahtijevajući agilnost i fleksibilnost. Neki sportovi opterećuju gornji dio tijela, neki donji dio tijela, dok jedrenje utječe na cijelo tijelo. Kao rezultat toga, jedriličari svih razina su u opasnosti od ozljeda. Iskustvo i mentorstvo dva su glavna čimbenika koji mogu pomoći jedriličarima amaterima da izbjegnu ozljede. Ozljede mogu biti posljedica nedostatke opće kondicije, prenaprezanja, pretreniranosti ili makrotraumatskih nezgoda. Nedostatak zagrijavanja, istezanja i hlađenja također može povećati rizik od ozljeda. Mišići su izloženi velikom riziku pri izvođenju eksplozivnih, snažnih pokreta, poput onih koji su često potrebni tijekom jedrenja. Ozljede ovise o fizičkim zahtjevima koji se postavljaju pred jedriličara. Ovisno o vrsti jedrilice i vrsti jedrenja, položaju posade i uvjetima okoline, stope ozljeda, mehanizmi ozljeda i vrste ozljeda značajno variraju. Ozljede u jedrenju mogu se raščlaniti na ozljede prema vrsti plovila, ozljede prema klasi jedrenja te na ozljede prema spolnim razlikama i okolišnim čimbenicima. Ozljede prema vrsti plovila dijele se na manja plovila, plovila s pomičnom kobilicom i veća plovila, plovila s nepomičnom kobilicom. Ozljede prema klasi jedrenja podijeljene su na jedrenje u olimpijskoj klasi, početničko i rekreativno jedrenje, jedrenje za osobe s invaliditetom, jedrenje na dasci, Američki kup i offshore utrke. Neophodno je informirano podučavanje jedriličara o pravilnoj tehnici visokorizičnih aktivnosti. Prevencija ozljeda može imati za cilj podizanje sposobnosti ili otpornosti jedriličara, smanjenje vanjskog stresa ili kombinaciju oba. Odgovarajuća podrška i smjernice koje se daju jedriličarima mogu povećati njihovu sposobnost i osigurati da nisu izloženi pretjeranim stresorima. To može uključivati treniranje i fizičku pripremu, sportsku znanost, sportsku medicinu te psihološku i socijalnu podršku.The sport of sailing includes a number of competitive sailing formats that are sanctioned by various sailing federations and sailing clubs. Sailing is an exciting and adventurous sport, but it also comes with its fair share of potential injuries. Amateur sailors of all ages sail for practice and enjoyment or with the goal of doing it professionally in the future, while professional sailors compete. For everyone, sailing can be physically demanding, requiring agility and flexibility. Some sports stress the upper body, some lower body, while sailing affects the whole body. As a result, sailors of all skill levels are at risk of injury. Experience and mentorship are two major factors that can help amateur sailors avoid injury. Injuries can be the result of a lack of general fitness, overuse, overtraining or macrotraumatic accidents. Lack of warm-up, stretching and cool-down can also increase the risk of injury. Muscles are at great risk when performing explosive, powerful movements, such as those often required while sailing. Injuries depend on the physical demands placed on the sailor. Depending on the type of sailboat and type of sailing, crew position and environmental conditions, injury rates, injury mechanisms and types of injuries vary significantly. Injuries in sailing can be divided into injuries according to the type of vessel, injuries according to the class of sailing, and injuries according to gender differences and environmental factors. According to the type of vessel, injuries are divided into smaller vessels, dinghies and larger vessels, vessels with a keel. Injuries by sailing class are divided into Olympic class sailing, beginner and recreational sailing, sailing for people with disabilities, windsurfing, America's Cup and offshore racing. Informed instruction of sailors on the proper technique of high-risk activities is necessary. Injury prevention may aim to increase the sailor's ability or resilience, reduce external stress, or a combination of both. Appropriate support and guidance given to sailors can increase their ability and ensure that they are not exposed to excessive stressors. This may include coaching and physical preparation, sports science, sports medicine, and psychological and social support

    Injury of the anterior cruciate ligament in skiing at the competitive and recreational level

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    Alpsko skijanje je popularan zimski sport , s kontinuiranim porastom skijaša natjecateljske i rekreacijske razine. Međutim, uz skijanje se veže i velik broj sportskih ozljeda koje najčešće uključuju ozljede koštano-mišićnog sustava i glave. Ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta predstavljaju značajan problem u alpskom skijanju, bilo da se radi o natjecateljima ili rekreativcima. Natjecatelji su izloženi većem riziku zbog intenziteta i kompleksnosti staza, dok rekreativci često stradavaju zbog neadekvatne tehnike i opreme. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati najčešću ozljedu u alpskom skijanju te ju usporediti na natjecateljskoj i rekreacijskoj razini. Isto tako objasnit će se učestalost i mehanizmi nastanka ozljede prednjeg križnog ligamenta koljena te kako do nje dolazi. Istaknut će se vanjski i unutarnji faktori rizika koji utječu na nastanak ozljede te dati preporuke za prevenciju nastanka ozljeda za svaku skupinu skijaša.Alpine skiing is a popular winter sport, with a continuous increase in competitive and recreational skiers. However, skiing is associated with a large number of sports injuries, which most often include injuries to the musculoskeletal system and the head. Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are a significant problem in alpine skiing, whether for competitive or recreational use. Competitors are exposed to greater risk due to the intensity and complexity of the trails, while recreational athletes often suffer due to inadequate technique and equipment. The aim of this paper is to present the most common injury in alpine skiing and to compare it at the competitive and recreational levels. The frequency and mechanisms of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee and how it occurs will also be explained. External and internal risk factors that influence the occurrence of injury will be highlighted, and recommendations will be made for the prevention of injury occurrence for each group of skiers

    Avalanches, objective dangers in the mountains

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    U današnje vrijeme zbog globalnog zatopljenja u nizinama sve je manje snijega stoga ljudi koji vole rekreativne aktivnosti na snijegu često odlaze u planinska područja u potrazi za snijegom. U svakoj planini postoje subjektivne i objektivne opasnosti. Ovaj rad će se baviti jednom od objektivnih opasnosti, točnije lavinama. Opisat će kako i zašto lavine nastaju te koji je ljudski utjecaj na formiranje lavina. Navedene će biti i vrste lavina te koji to uvjeti pogoduju stvaranju lavina. Isto tako analizirati će se povijesne lavine kako bi se bolje razumjelo kolika je stvarna opasnost od lavina. Pregledom povijesnih lavina dobiva se uvid u učinke lavina na lokalne zajednice i infrastrukturu te mjere koje su poduzete za smanjenje tih rizika. Lavine imaju utjecaj na ljudske živote i samu zajednicu te uzrokuju velike ekonomske i ekološke posljedice. Proučeni su i ključni čimbenici koji pridonose nastanku lavina, uključujući meteorološke, topografske i ljudske čimbenike. S obzirom na činjenicu kako 90% svih lavina pokrene čovjek, uz činjenicu da je zimski turizam postao vrlo popularan, promatrat će se utjecaj turizam i rekreacijskih aktivnosti na povećanje rizika od lavina. Uz sve to najbitnije što će se proučavati su tehnike predviđanja i metode prevencija lavina kao što su inženjerske strukture i kontrolirane eksplozije. Opisan je i način na koji spasilački timovi traže osobe zatrpane lavinom. Detaljno je opisan postupak od lociranja signala sve do iskopavanje žrtve. Zaključno, cilj ovog rada je doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju lavina i unaprjeđenju mjera zaštite kako bi se smanjili gubici života i imovine u planinskim područjima.In modern times, due to global warming, there is less snow in lowland areas, prompting people who enjoy snow-related recreational activities to seek snow in mountainous regions. Every mountain has subjective and objective dangers. This research will focus on one of the objective dangers, specifically avalanches. It will describe how and why avalanches occur and the human impact on their formation. The types of avalanches and the conditions that favor their creation will also be outlined. Historical avalanches will also be analyzed to better understand the actual risk posed by avalanches. By reviewing historical avalanches, insights are gained into the effects on local communities and infrastructure, and the measures taken to mitigate these risks. Avalanches impact human lives and communities, causing significant economic and ecological consequences. The key factors contributing to avalanches, including meteorological, topographical, and human factors, are studied. Given that 90% of all avalanches are triggered by humans, and considering that winter tourism has become very popular, the impact of tourism and recreational activities on increasing avalanche risk will be examined.. Additionally, the most important aspects to be studied are prediction techniques and avalanche prevention methods, such as engineering structures and controlled explosions. The method by which rescue teams search for people buried in avalanches is also described.. Ultimately, the goal of this paper is to contribute to a better understanding of avalanches and to improve protective measures to reduce the loss of life and property in mountainous areas

    CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CROATIAN NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM'S PLAY IN THE WORLD CUPS IN RUSSIA AND QATAR

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    Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu slovi za najveći sportski događaj na svijetu; recimo samo da je finale u Njemačkoj 2006. godine pratilo 715 milijuna ljudi. Do sada je odigrano dvadeset i dva Svjetska prvenstva. Hrvatska je od svoje neovisnosti 1991. nastupila na čak šest svjetskih prvenstava. Sa tri prvenstva se vratila kući s medaljom (Francuska 1998.-bronca,Rusija 2018.-srebro i Katar 2022.-bronca). Ovaj fenomen hrvatske reprezentacije predmet je mnogih rasprava i istraživanja. Ovaj diplomski rad usmjeren je prema detaljnoj analizi i usporedbi hrvatske nogometne reprezentacije na svjetskim prvenstvima u Rusiji 2018. i Katru 2022. godine. Fokus će biti na obilježjima i usporedbi same igre, ali osvrnut ćemo se i na neke druge elemente koji su utjecali na postizanje ovih značajnih rezultata. Na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Rusiji 2018., Hrvatska je demonstrirala iznimnu tehničku i taktičku zrelost, s naglaskom na posjed lopte i brze prijelaze iz obrane u napad. Dominacija sredinom terena omogućila je kontrolu tempa igre, stvaranje brojnih prilika za pogotke i neutralizaciju prijetnji protivnika. Obrana je bila čvrsta i disciplinirana, uz ključne intervencije golmana, osobito u izvođenju jedanaesteraca. Na Svjetskom prvenstvu u Katru 2022., Hrvatska je pokazala veću taktičku fleksibilnost, prilagođavajući se različitim protivnicima i situacijama na terenu. Fokusirali je bio na obrambenoj stabilnosti i brzim kontranapadima, uz zadržavanje dominacije posjeda lopte. Uvođenje novih igrača donijelo je svježinu i dodatnu snagu ekipi, dok su iskusni igrači nastavili igrati ključne uloge. Obrana je ostala čvrsta i organizirana, s minimalnim prekršajima, što je omogućilo kontinuitet igre. Ovaj rad također analizira učinke rotacije sastava, fizičke performanse igrača i specifične socio-ekonomske i klimatske uvjete, zaključujući da su kombinacija iskustva, tehničke pripremljenosti i taktičke prilagodljivosti ključni za postizanje vrhunskih rezultata na svjetskoj sceni. Hrvatska je na oba turnira pokazala visoku razinu tehničke i taktičke zrelosti, prilagođavajući se različitim izazovima i protivnicima, što je rezultiralo uspjehom u oba natjecanja.The World Cup in football is reputed to be the biggest sporting event in the world; let's just say that the final in Germany in 2006 was watched by 715 million people. 22 of them have been played so far. Since its independence in 1991, Croatia has participated in as many as 6 world championships. With 3 championships, she returned home with a medal (France 1998 - bronze, Russia 2018 - silver and Qatar 2022 - bronze). This phenomenon of the Croatian national team is the subject of many discussions and research. This graduate thesis is aimed at a deep analysis and comparison of the Croatian national football team at the world championships in Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022. The focus will be on the characteristics and comparison of the game itself, but we will also touch on some other elements that had an impact on these great results. At the 2018 World Cup in Russia, Croatia demonstrated exceptional technical and tactical maturity, with an emphasis on possession and quick transitions from defense to attack. Domination in the middle of the field allowed them to control the pace of the game, create numerous opportunities for goals and neutralize the threats of the opponents. The defense was firm and disciplined, with key interventions by the goalkeeper, especially in penalty kicks. At the World Cup in Qatar 2022, Croatia showed greater tactical flexibility, adapting to different opponents and situations on the field. They focused on defensive stability and quick counters, while maintaining dominance in possession. The introduction of new players brought freshness and added strength to the team, while experienced players continued to play key roles. The defense remained firm and organized, with minimal fouls, which enabled the game to continue. This paper also analyzes the effects of squad rotation, players' physical performance and specific socio-economic and climatic conditions, concluding that a combination of experience, technical preparation and tactical adaptability are key to achieving top results on the world stage. In both tournaments, Croatia showed a high level of technical and tactical maturity, adapting to different challenges and opponents, which resulted in success in both competitions

    The impact of price increases in ski resorts on the behavior of recreational alpine skiers

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    Planinski turizam, a u ovom slučaju turizam alpskog skijanja, vrsta je turizma koja iz godine u godinu uključuje velik broj posjetitelja. S obzirom na osjetljiv porast cijena unazad nekoliko godina odlazaka na skijanje ono postaje sve skuplje. Cilj ovog rada bio je provesti analizu utjecaja povećanja cijena na ponašanje alpskih skijaša na rekreacijskoj razini. Analiza stanja podrazumijeva subjektivno mišljenje i stavove skijaša rekreativaca o trenutnoj situaciji. Vezano uz učestalost odlazaka na skijanje odnosno zimovanje interesantan je podatak o potrošnji u skijaškom centru te sveukupno zadovoljstvo skijalištem koje turisti posjećuju. Podaci iz ankete, koja je obuhvatila 176 rekreativnih skijaša (90 muškog spola i 86 ženskog spola), pokazuju da je 87,5% ispitanika primijetilo rast cijena u skijaškim centrima, što sugerira da su poskupljenja zapažena među većinom sudionika. Ovaj visok postotak upućuje na to da je većina ispitanika svjesna porasta cijena, što može imati određeni utjecaj na njihove odluke vezane uz skijanje. Nadalje, 56,82% ispitanika izjavilo je da traži jeftinije alternative, što pokazuje da više od polovine sudionika razmatra pristupačnije opcije.Mountain tourism, in this case alpine skiing tourism, is a type of tourism that attracts a large number of visitors each year. Given the noticeable price increases in recent years, skiing trips have become increasingly expensive. The goal of this paper was to analyze the impact of price increases on the behavior of recreational alpine skiers. The analysis involves the subjective opinions and attitudes of recreational skiers about the current situation. Regarding the frequency of skiing trips or winter vacations, an interesting finding relates to spending at ski resorts and the overall satisfaction with the ski resort visited by tourists. Data from the survey, which included 176 recreational skiers (90 male and 86 female), shows that 87.5% of respondents noticed the price increases in ski resorts, suggesting that price hikes have been recognized by the majority of participants. This high percentage indicates that most respondents are aware of the price increases, which may influence their decisions related to skiing. Additionally, 56.82% of respondents stated that they are looking for cheaper alternatives, indicating that more than half of the participants are considering more affordable options

    HABITS AND INETERESTS OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN WATER SPORTS

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    Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti mišljenja i interese učenika osnovnih škola na području cijele Hrvatske o njihovim navikama za bavljenje sportovima na vodi. Istraživanje je provedeno anketnim upitnikom za ciljanu populaciju koja je obuhvatila učenike viših razreda osnovnih škola te su bila uključena oba spola. Uzorak varijabli činio je upitnik konstruiran od čestica usmjerenih prema dobivanju povratnih informacija o njihovim navikama i interesima za bavljenje sportom, sportovima na vodi te ponudi sportova na vodi u njihovom okruženju. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja konstruiran je trodijelni upitnik. U prvom dijelu prikupljeni su opći podatci o ispitanicima, a u druga dva dijela ispituju se navike i interesi, te znanje djece osnovnoškolske dobi o dobrobitima bavljenja sportovima na vodi. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata zaključeno je da više od polovice ispitanika (57%) nema iskustva u sportovima na vodi, ali 75,9% ispitanika odgovorilo je potvrdno na pitanje bave li se nekim sportom ili sportskom aktivnošću iz čega bi se moglo zaključiti da djeca imaju navike bavljenja tjelesnom aktivnosti. Najveći dio učenika (36,6 %) je istaknuo da, kada bi imali priliku baviti se nekim sportom na vodi, to bi bilo veslanje, 28,6% ispitanika je istaknulo da se ne bi bavili sportovima na vodi, iz čega se može zaključiti kako interes kod učenika za sportove na vodi postoji, ali više od polovice ispitanika nema nikakvog iskustva.The goal of this thesis was to investigate the attitudes and interests of elementary school students throughout Croatia regarding their habits and opinions regarding water sports. At the beginning of the paper, something general will be said about water sports and questionnaire results are included. The sample of variables will be a questionnaire constructed from particles aimed at obtaining information from children of primary school age about their habits and interests in playing sports, water sports and the availability of water sports in their environment. For the purposes of this research, a tripartite questionnaire was constructed. In the first part, general data on the respondents were collected, and in the second two parts, the habits and interests, as well as the knowledge of elementary school-aged children about the benefits of playing water sports, were examined. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that more than half of the respondents (57%) have no experience in water sports. Also, a few students (36.6%) pointed out that, if they had the opportunity to do some water sport, it would be rowing. 28.6% of respondents pointed out that they would not engage in water sports, from which it can be concluded that students' interest in water sports is growing and that it still exists, followed by a presentation of the research results of elementary school students. The research was conducted with a questionnaire for the target population and was not public but individual for all participants of the study. The target population included upper elementary school students and both genders

    Differences in the Perception of Usefulness and Satisfaction with Physical Education Classes Among Students from Urban and Rural Areas

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    Ovim su se radom htjele utvrditi razlike u percepciji korisnosti nastave TZK, zadovoljstva sadržajima na nastavi TZK te zadovoljstvo učiteljem TZK među učenicima osmih razreda osnovnih škola iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina. U uzorku ispitanika obuhvaćen je 361 učenik, od čega 55,12 % učenica, prosječne dobi 14 ± 0,33 godina, pri čemu je 213 učenika (59 %) iz ruralnih sredina. Istraživanje je provedeno u urbanim sredinama (Grad Zagreb) i ruralnim sredinama (Istarska, Bjelovarsko-bilogorska i Osječko-baranjska županija). Učenici su ispunili upitnik za procjenu stavova prema nastavi TZK, a prikupljeni podaci analizirani su koristeći faktorsku analizu i statističke testove poput Shapiro-Wilk testa za provjeru normalnosti distribucije podataka te Mann-Whitney U testa koji je odabran zbog izostanka normalnosti distribucije rezultata. Rezultati su pokazali da nema statistički značajne razlike u percepciji korisnosti nastave TZK između učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina (p=0,327), srednja vrijednost odgovora učenika u urbanoj i ruralnoj sredini je podjednaka (4,00). Također nema statistički značajne razlike u zadovoljstvu sadržajima na nastavi TZK između učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina (p=0,917), srednja vrijednost odgovora učenika u urbanoj i ruralnoj sredini je podjednaka (4,00). Također nema statistički značajne razlike u zadovoljstvu učiteljem TZK između učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina (p=0,214), srednja vrijednost odgovora učenika u urbanoj i ruralnoj sredini je podjednaka (4,33). Na temelju rezultata ovog istraživanja, utvrdili su se stavovi, odnosno percepcija korisnosti i zadovoljstva nastavom TZK učenika iz urbanih i ruralnih sredina. Dobiveni rezultati su podjednaki u svim istraživanim dimenzijama neovisno o sredini u kojoj učenici žive te razlike nisu statistički značajne. Stavovi učenika su pozitivni, nastavu TZK percipiraju korisnom, zadovoljni su sadržajima nastave TZK i učiteljem TZK neovisno žive li u urbanim ili ruralnim sredinama. Navedena saznanja mogu pomoći u prilagođavanju nastavnih metoda i sadržaja te poslužiti kao temelj za daljnja istraživanja za unapređenje izvedbenih kurikuluma u osnovnim i srednjim školama.This work aimed to determine the differences in the perception of the usefulness of PE classes, satisfaction with the contents of PE classes and satisfaction with the PE teacher among eighth-grade elementary school students from urban and rural areas. The sample of respondents included 361 students, of which 55.12% were female, with an average age of 14 ± 0.33 years, with 213 students (59%) from rural areas. The research was conducted in urban areas (City of Zagreb) and rural areas (Istria, Bjelovar-Bilogorska and Osijek-Baranjska counties). The students filled out a questionnaire to assess the attitudes towards PE, and the collected data were analyzed using factor analysis and statistical tests such as the Shapiro-Wilk test to check the normality of the data distribution and the Mann-Whitney U test, which was chosen due to the lack of normality of the distribution of the results. The results showed that there is no statistically significant difference in the perception of the usefulness of PE classes between students from urban and rural areas (p=0.327), the mean value of the responses of students in urban and rural areas is equal (4.00). There is also no statistically significant difference in satisfaction with the contents of the PE classes between students from urban and rural areas (p=0.917), the mean value of the responses of students in urban and rural areas is equal (4.00). There is also no statistically significant difference in satisfaction with the PE teacher between students from urban and rural areas (p=0.214), the mean value of the responses of students in urban and rural areas is equal (4.33). Based on the results of this research, the attitudes, that is, the perceptions of usefulness and satisfaction with the teaching of PE of students from urban and rural areas were determined. The obtained results are equal in all investigated dimensions, regardless of the environment in which the students live, and the differences are not statistically significant. The students' attitudes are positive, they perceive PE classes as useful, they are satisfied with the contents of PE classes and with the PE teachers, regardless of whether they live in urban or rural areas. The aforementioned findings can help in adapting teaching methods and content and serve as a basis for further research to improve teaching programs in primary and secondary schools

    LATEROFLEXION AND ROTATION OF THE SNOWBOARDER'S HEAD WITH REGARD TO THE DOMINANT LEG IN SNOWBOARDING

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    Snowboard ili daskanje na snijegu je svjetski popularan ekstremni sport. Vozač stoji postrance i unaprijed bira dominantnu nogu za vožnju, što zahtijeva stalnu rotaciju glave u stranu dominantne noge. Ovaj karakterističan položaj glave može uzrokovati neravnotežu u duljini vratnih mišića (m. sternocleidomasteideous, m. levator scapulae), što može utjecati na držanje glave i posturu u svakodnevnom životu. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi povezanost između laterofleksije i rotacije glave sa prednjom/dominantnom nogom u snowboardu, sistematizirati znanje i rezultate dosadašnjih istraživanja povezanih sa ovom temom te uputiti na mogućnost ili nemogućnost utjecaja prednje noge u vožnji snowboarda na izduženje ili skraćenje vratnih mišića. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 osoba različite dobi i tjelesnih karakteristika. Jedna grupa sastojala se od 15 osoba bez ikakvog iskustva u vožnji snowboarda te bilo kojeg sporta koji zahtjeva postranično kretanje (BI=15), dok je druga grupa sastavljena od 15 osoba koje imaju iskustva u snowboardu minimalno 30 dana godišnje unazad 5 godina (SI=15). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata mjerenih goniometrom utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika sa većim rezultatima laterofleksije i rotacije glave snowboardera u stranu prednje noge u vožnji snowboarda, te statistički značajna razlika u asimetriji opsega pokreta laterofleksije glave sa većom aplitudom u stranu prednje noge u skupini sa iskustvom u odnosu na skupinu bez iskustva u vožnji snowboarda. Opseg pokreta glave izražen je u stupnjevima.Snowboarding is a globally popular extreme sport. The rider stands sideways and pre-selects a dominant foot for riding, which requires constant head rotation toward the dominant foot. This characteristic head position can cause an imbalance in the length of the neck muscles (m. sternocleidomasteideous, m. levator scapulae), potentially affecting head posture and overall posture in daily life The aim of this research is to determine the connection between lateroflexion and head rotation with the front / dominant leg in snowboarding, to systematize the knowledge and results of previous research related to this topic and to point out the possibility or impossibility of the front leg in snowboarding on lengthening or shortening of the neck muscles. The research was conducted on 30 people of different ages and physical characteristics. One group consisted of 15 people without any experience in snowboarding and any sport that requires lateral movement (BI=15), while the other group consisted of 15 people who have experience in snowboarding at least 30 days a year for the past 5 years (SI= 15). Based on the results obtained from goniometer measurements, a statistically significant difference was found with greater lateral flexion and head rotation towards the front foot in snowboarding and a statistically significant difference in the asymmetry of the range of movement of the lateroflexion of the head with a greater amplitude to the side of the front leg in the group with experience in relation to a group without snowboarding experience. The range of head motion is expressed in degrees

    Analysis of the connection of inertial and conditioning parameters with the quality of refereeing in football

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    Glavni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi koji kondicijski i inercijski parametri utječu na kvalitetu suđenja nogometnih sudaca tijekom utakmice, te utvrditi utjecaj morfoloških karakteristika (postotak tjelesne masti sudaca), funkcionalnih i motoričkih sposobnosti glavnih sudaca na kvalitetu suđenja u nogometu. Iako postoji velik broj istraživanja vezanih uz temu nogometnih sudaca, dosad ni jedno relevantno istraživanje nije povezalo sve navedene sposobnosti i parametre s kvalitetom suđenja. Sekundarni cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi morfološke karakteristike, motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti nogometnih sudaca u najvišem rangu suđenja u Hrvatskoj. Uzorak ispitanika čini 17 sudaca koji sude pod okriljem Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza u najvišem rangu natjecanja te čine 100% uzorak svih sudaca koji imaju pravo suđenja u najvišem ligaškom rangu hrvatskog nogometa u sezoni 2022/2023. Listu sudaca određuje Sudačka komisija Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza svake godine prema ocjenama suđenja iz protekle sezone. Obrada podataka izvršena je statističkim paketom STATISTICA 14.3. Za svaku varijablu izračunata je: aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, najmanja i najveća vrijednost i raspon rezultata. Normalnost distribucije provjerit će se Kolmogorov-Smirnovljev testom. Zavisnost prediktorskih varijabli (motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti) s kriterijskom varijablom (kvaliteta suđenja) utvrdila se regresijskom analizom za svaku utakmicu zasebno. Zavisnost inercijskih parametara s kriterijskom varijablom kvaliteta suđenja utvrdila se višestrukom regresijskom analizom za svaku utakmicu zasebno uz dodavanje kovarijable za broj odsuđenih utakmica (kako rezultati ne bi ovisili o broju odsuđenih utakmica). Durbin-Watson testom provjerila autokorelacija u ostacima regresijskog modela. Za provjeru povezanosti između svih varijabli koristiti će se korelacijska matrica koja uključuje sve varijable koje će se koristiti u istraživanju. Testiranje nogometnih sudaca je podijeljeno u dva zasebna dijela na laboratorijsko testiranje i terensko testiranje. Testiranja su provedena u laboratorijskim uvjetima koji su standardizirani prema unaprijed potvrđenom protokolu testiranja. Suci su dolazili na testiranje u unaprijed dogovorenim terminima koji su bili određeni od strane sudačke komisije Hrvatskog nogometnog saveza, a sve prema regionalnoj pripadnosti. Drugi dio testiranja provodio se na službenim utakmicama SuperSport hrvatske nogometne lige gdje je svaki sudac nosio uređaje za praćenje kretanja u realnom vremenu. Višestrukom regresijskom analizom dokazalo se da samo varijabla maksimalna brzina suca tijekom utakmice ima statistički značajnu negativnu povezanost s kvalitetom suđenja stoga se odbacuje hipoteza H1 i zaključuje da inercijski parametri nogometnih sudaca tijekom utakmice nisu statistički značajno povezani s kvalitetom suđenja. Ostale varijable nemaju statistički značajnu povezanost s kvalitetom suđenja u nogometu. Jednostavnom regresijskom analizom dokazalo se da samo varijabla sprint na pet metara (u testu sprint na 20 metara s prolaznim vremenom na pet metara) ima statistički značajnu povezanost s kvalitetom suđenja u motoričkom prostoru, stoga se odbacuje hipotezu H2 i zaključuje se da kondicijski parametri nogometnih sudaca tijekom utakmice nisu statistički značajno povezani s kvalitetom suđenja. Ostale varijable nemaju statistički značajnu povezanost s kvalitetom suđenja u nogometu. Provedbom jednostavne regresijske analize u ostalim potkategorijama kondicijskih parametara nisu pronađene statistički značajne povezanosti s kvalitetom suđenja, osim u varijabli sprinta na pet metara. Stoga se odbacuje hipoteza H2a i zaključuje da nema statistički značajne povezanosti nogometnih sudaca u rezultatima testovima motoričkih sposobnosti i kvalitete suđenja. Također ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost u rezultata u testovima funkcionalnih sposobnosti nogometnih sudaca i kvalitete suđenja, stoga se odbacuje hipoteza H2b. U hipotezi H2c se provjerila povezanost većeg udjela tjelesnih masti kod nogometnih sudaca i kvalitete suđenja, te se zaključuje da nema statistički značajne povezanosti i odbacuje hipoteza H2c. Kod testiranja motoričkih sposobnosti osim varijable sprint na pet metara, nema statistički značajne poveznice s kvalitetom suđenja kod ostalih varijabli, no treba biti oprezan u tumačenju jer su rezultati vrlo blizu graničnih vrijednosti u testovima koraci u stranu, 93639 s okretom za 180 stupnjeva, 20 yardi te u sprintovima na 10 i 20 metara. Ukoliko bi uzorak ispitanika ili kvalitativni rang bio heterogeniji, zasigurno bi se u svim navedenim testovima dokazala statistički značajna povezanost s kvalitetom suđenja.The main goal of this study was to determine which conditioning, and inertial parameters affect the quality of refereeing in football matches, and to investigate the influence of morphological characteristics (body fat percentage of referees), functional and motor abilities of main (field) referees on the quality of refereeing in football. Although there are many studies related to the topic of football referees, to date no relevant study has linked all these abilities and parameters to the quality of refereeing. The secondary goal of this study was to determine the morphological characteristics, motor and functional abilities of football referees in the highest refereeing rank in Croatia. The sample of subjects consisted of 17 referees who officiate under the auspices of the Croatian Football Federation in the highest level of competition and make up 100% of the sample of all referees who have the right to officiate in the highest league of Croatian football in the 2022/2023 season. The list of referees is determined by the Refereeing Committee of the Croatian Football Federation each year based on the refereeing assessments from the previous season. Data processing was performed using the STATISTICA 14.3 statistical package. For each variable, the following were calculated: arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum value, and range of results. Normality of distribution was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The dependence of predictor variables (motor and functional abilities) on the criterion variable (quality of refereeing) was determined by regression analysis for each match separately. The dependence of inertial parameters on the criterion variable quality of refereeing was determined by multiple regression analysis for each match separately, with the addition of a covariate for the number of matches officiated (so that the results would not depend on the number of matches officiated). The Durbin-Watson test was used to check for autocorrelation in the residuals of the regression model. To test the association between all variables, a correlation matrix was used that included all variables that would be used in the study. Referee testing was divided into two separate parts: laboratory testing and field testing. Testing was conducted under laboratory conditions standardized according to a pre-approved testing protocol. The referees came to the testing on pre-arranged dates that were determined by the Refereeing Committee of the Croatian Football Federation, according to their regional affiliation. The second part of the testing was carried out at official matches of the SuperSport Croatian Football League where each referee wore devices for tracking movement in real time. Multiple regression analysis showed that only the variable maximum speed of the referee during the match has a statistically significant negative association with the quality of refereeing, therefore hypothesis H1 is rejected, and conclusion is that the inertial parameters of football referees during the match are not statistically significantly associated with the quality of refereeing. The other variables do not have a statistically significant association with the quality of refereeing in football. Simple regression analysis showed that only the variable sprint at five meters (in the 20-meter sprint test with a intermediate time at five meters) has a statistically significant association with the quality of refereeing in the motor space, therefore hypothesis H2 is rejected and conclusion is that the conditioning parameters of football referees during the match are not statistically significantly associated with the quality of refereeing. The other variables do not have a statistically significant association with the quality of refereeing in football. Conducting simple regression analysis in the other subcategories of conditioning parameters, no statistically significant associations with the quality of refereeing were found, except for one variable of the five-meter sprint. Therefore, hypothesis H2a is rejected, and it is concluded that there is no statistically significant association between the results of the motor ability tests of football referees and the quality of refereeing. There is also no statistically significant association between the results of the functional ability tests of football referees and the quality of refereeing, therefore hypothesis H2b is rejected. Hypothesis H2c tested the association between a higher percentage of body fat in football referees and the quality of refereeing, and it is concluded that there is no statistically significant association and hypothesis H2c is rejected. In the testing of motor abilities, apart from the variable sprint at five meters, there is no statistically significant association with the quality of refereeing for the other variables, but caution should be exercised in interpretation as the results are very close to the borderline values in the tests of side steps, 93639 with a 180-degree turn, 20 yards and in the sprints at 10 and 20 meters. If the sample of subjects or the qualitative rank were more heterogeneous, a statistically significant association with the quality of refereeing would certainly have been demonstrated in all of the aforementioned tests

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