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MOTOR ABILITIES AS PREDICTORS OF POSTURAL DEVIATIONS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
No full textPostura ljudskog tijela je često istražen fenomen, no istraživanja u kontekstu povezanosti posture tijela s motoričkim sposobnostima u predškolaraca, dosta su oskudna. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je provjeriti utjecaj motoričkih sposobnosti na nastanak kifotičnog, lordotičnog i skoliotičnog lošeg držanja predškolaraca. Podaci korišteni u ovom istraživanju dio su SISAK FIT projekta te su prikupljeni 2023. godine kada su održana testiranja za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti, morfoloških karakteristika i posture tijela na uzorku od 238 djece u dobi 6-7 godina, od čega je 133 dječaka i 105 djevojčica. Proveden je t-test za nezavisne uzorke kako bi se ustanovila razlika između dječaka i djevojčica u motoričkim sposobnostima te je utvrđena bolja izvedba dječaka u svim testovima osim u testu fleksibilnosti. Logističkom je regresijskom analizom utvrđeno kako u većini slučajeva praćene motoričke sposobnosti ne objašnjavaju u značajnoj mjeri variranje u držanju tijela djece predškolske dobi, odnosno nastanak kifotičnog, lordotičnog ili skoliotičnog lošeg držanja, s iznimkom razvoja skoliotičnog lošeg držanja na dominantnoj strani u dječaka. U djevojčica, niti jedna posturalna devijacija nije se mogla objasniti temeljem praćenih motoričkih sposobnosti. Nasuprot tome, kod dječaka je utvrđeno da viša razina eksplozivne snage, posebno u kontekstu skočnosti i brzine, te niža razina koordinacije, mogu objasniti povećani rizik za razvoj skoliotičnog lošeg držanja na dominantnoj strani tijela. Najvjerojatnije je situacija u kojoj dijete ima mogućnost generiranja velike sile uz istovremeni manjak sposobnosti njezine kontrole (manjak koordinacije tijela), doprinijela tom povećanom riziku. Kako bi se problematika utjecaja motoričkih sposobnosti na posturalne promjene predškolaraca direktno proučila u buduće bilo bi poželjno planirati longitudinalnu studiju baziranu na slučajnom uzorku djece, uzimajući u obzir i njihovu razinu i vrstu dnevne tjelesne aktivnosti kao i eventualnu uključenost u organizirane sportske aktivnosti.Human posture is a frequently researched phenomenon, but studies examining the relationship between body posture and motor abilities in preschool children are rather scarce. The aim of this research was to investigate the impact of motor abilities on the development of kyphotic, lordotic, and scoliotic poor posture in preschoolers. The data used in this study are part of the SISAK FIT project and were collected in 2023 during assessments of motor abilities, morphological characteristics, and body posture in a sample of 238 children aged 6-7 years, of which 133 were boys and 105 girls. A t-test for independent samples was conducted to determine differences in motor abilities between boys and girls, revealing that boys performed better in all tests except for flexibility. Logistic regression analysis revealed that, in most cases, the monitored motor abilities do not significantly explain the variation in body posture among preschool children, specifically the development of kyphotic, lordotic, or scoliotic poor posture, with the exception of the development of scoliotic poor posture on the dominant side in boys. In girls, none of the postural deviations could be explained by the monitored motor abilities. Conversely, in boys, it was found that a higher level of explosive strength, particularly in the context of jumping ability and speed, combined with a lower level of coordination, could explain the increased risk of developing scoliotic poor posture on the dominant side of the body. It is likely that the ability to generate high force, coupled with a lack of control over that force (lack of body coordination), contributed to this increased risk. To directly study the impact of motor abilities on postural changes in preschoolers in the future, it would be interesting to plan a longitudinal study based on a random sample of children, taking into account their level and type of daily physical activity as well as their potential involvement in organized sports activities
TRAINING STRATEGIES IN PATELLAR TENDINOPATHY REHABILITATION; CASE REPORT
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je opisati slučaj ispitanika s bolnim stanjem patelarne tendinopatije desnog koljena. Ispitanik je osoba muškog spola, student Kineziološkog fakulteta koji je u trenutku provođenja bio životne dobi od 24 godine, aktivno se bavio nogometom s 3 treninga tjedno, uz odigravanje jedne nogometne utakmice; provodio je jedan trening olimpijskog dizanja utega tjedno te treninge opće jakosti u teretani u volumenu od 3 treninga tjedno. Prethodno početku provođenja programa, ispitanik je bio u stanju bola u trajanju od 6 mjeseci, nakon čega je proveden program treninga ukupnog trajanja 12 tjedana na čijem kraju ispitanik nije osjećao značajne bolove u predjelu tetive patele. Zadaci koji su se provodile kao referentni testovi za subjektivnu procjenu bola bile su vježbe jakosti definirane u programu rehabilitacije te su se koristile kao smjernice za provođenje i prilagodbu programa na način da se vježba nastavlja koristiti ukoliko je rezultat jednak 1 (mogućnost izvedbe), odnosno da se vrši regresija vježbe ukoliko je rezultat jednak 0 (nemogućnost izvedbe). Prilikom provođenja programa vodila se evidencija subjektivne procjene bola koja je imala utjecaj na odabir i definiranje trenažnih operatora u daljnjoj provedbi programa. Ishod trenažnog programa opisuje se pozitivnim nakon kojeg ispitanik više nije osjećao značajnu bol u predjelu patelarne tetive. Prilagodbom opterećenja u odnosu na prijašnje pokušaje rehabilitacije ustanovljeno je kako je za ispitanika u početnoj fazi rehabilitacije bilo potrebno koristiti umjereno opterećenje sa sporom izvedbom vježbe, za razliku od submaksimalnog opterećenja koja je ispitanik mogao savladavati bez značajne bola u prijelaznoj te završnoj fazi rehabilitacije. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja koja uključuju veći broj ispitanika te dulji vremenski period provođenja programa uz jasnije definirana testiranja efikasnosti programa kako bi rezultati bili reprezentativniji u praktičnoj primjeni.
Ključne riječiAim of this report was to describe results of a training program for an examinee with patellar tendinopathy condition of the right knee. Examinee is a male subject, a student of the Faculty of Kinesiology, who at the time of conducting the program was 24 years old, actively engaged in football with 4 activities per week, one of which includes playing a football match; conducted one Olympic weightlifting training session per week and training of general strength in the gym in total volume of 3 training sessions per week. Prior to the start of the program, the subject was in a state of pain for 6 months, after which a 12-week training program was conducted, by the end of which the subject did not feel any significant pain in the area of the patellar tendon. Exercises that were performed as reference tests for the subjective assessment of pain were strength exercises defined in the rehabilitation program and were used as guidelines for the implementation and adjustment of the program in such a way that the exercise continues to be used if the result is equal to 1 (able to perform), or that exercise regression is performed if the result is equal to 0 (unable to perform). Record of the subjective assessment of pain has been conducted throught the program implementation, which had an impact on the selection and defining the training operators in the further program conduction. Outcome of the training program is described as positive, after which the subject no longer felt significant pain in the area of the patellar tendon. By adjusting the load in relation to previous attempts at rehabilitation, it was established that for the subject in the initial phase of rehabilitation, it was necessary to use a moderate load with a slower motion of performing an exercise, in contrast to the submaximal load that the subject could surmount without any significant pain in the transitional and final phases of rehabilitation. Further research is needed that includes a larger number of subjects and a longer period of program conduction with more clearly defined testing of the program's effectiveness so that the results are more representative in practical application
Influence of competitive and interactive competitive gaming (E-sport) on the psysiological status of participants
No full textKompetitivno i interaktivno natjecateljsko igranje (E-sport) rastuća je aktivnost i zanimanje današnjice. Sve veći broj ljudi profesionalno ili amaterski igra video igrice, ulaže u njihov razvoj i razvoj E-sporta ili redovito prati i podržava različite turnire i lige koje se organiziraju diljem svijeta. Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazuju na važnost kontinuiranog ispitivanja i proučavanja različitih parametara povezanih s izvedbom i fiziološkim, psihičkim i kognitivnim stanjem igrača u različitim fazama igranja, naročito u profesionalnom kontekstu E-sporta. Ovaj rad usmjerava se na sveobuhvatni prikaz dosadašnjih nalaza o odnosu različitih čimbenika i fiziološkog i psihičkog statusa učesnika. Konkretno, rad obuhvaća odrednice stresnih reakcija i promjene u otkucajima srca, krvnom tlaku, elektrodermalnoj aktivnosti, razini kortizola, razini glukoze i vokalnom izražavanju, ovisno o različitim faktorima (npr. prirodi igrice, ishodu igre, stručnosti igrača, doživljenom pritisku, prirodi upute igre i slično) i samom činu sudjelovanja u igranju video igara. Dodatno je analizirana povezanost nutricionizma i E-sporta. Profesionalni E-sportaši doživljavaju značajne količine unutarnjih i vanjskih pritisaka te stresne reakcije (napetost, anksioznost, fiziološke reakcije). Najčešći spominjani stresori koje igrači doživljavaju su pritisak oko izvedbe, pitanje prihoda, utjecaj gledatelja i medija, teškoće balansiranja poslovnog i privatnog života, što često rezultira emocionalnom iscrpljenošću igrača (tj. izgaranjem). Istraživanja ukazuju na značajne promjene u proučavanim fiziološkim parametrima kada učesnici sudjeluju u igranju videoigara te povećanu aktivaciju simpatičkog živčanog sustava. Također su prikazani nalazi usporedba različitih video igara ovisno o njihovoj prirodi i karakteru, gdje video igre nasilnog i borilačkog sadržaja dovode do veće fiziološke aktivnosti, u usporedbi s manje agresivnim ili nimalo agresivnim video igrama. U radu su predložene praktične smjernice za unaprjeđenje izvedbe i dobrobiti E-sportaša te implikacije za buduća istraživanja. Područje E-sporta važno je nastaviti istraživati te dodatno proširiti dosadašnje spoznaje.Competitive and interactive competitive gaming (E-sport) is a growing activity and interest today. An increasing number of people play video games professionally or amateurs, invest in their development and the development of E-sports, or regularly follow and support various tournaments and leagues organized around the world. Previous research points to the importance of continuous examination and study of various parameters related to performance and the physiological, psychological and cognitive state of players in different stages of playing, especially in the professional context of E-sport. This paper focuses on a comprehensive review of the findings so far on the relationship between various factors and the physiological and psychological status of the participants. Specifically, this thesis includes determinants of stress reactions and changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrodermal activity, cortisol level, glucose level and vocal expression, depending on various factors (e.g. the nature of the game, the outcome of the game, the expertise of the player, the pressure experienced, the nature of the game instruction, etc.) and the very act of participating in playing video games. Additionally, the connection between nutrition and E-sports was analyzed. Professional E-sport players experience significant amounts of internal and external pressures and stress reactions (tension, anxiety, physiological reactions). The most frequently mentioned stressors that players experience are performance pressure, the question of financial income, the influence of audience and the media, the difficulty of balancing work and private life, which often results in emotional exhaustion of players (i.e. burnout). Research indicates significant changes in the mentioned physiological parameters when participants participate in playing video games and increased activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Also presented are the findings of a comparison of different video games, depending on their nature and character, where video games with violent and martial content lead to greater physiological activity, compared to less aggressive or no aggressive video games. The paper proposes practical guidelines for improving the performance and well-being of E-sportsmen and implications for future research. In the field of E-sports, it is important to continue to research and further expand the existing knowledge
ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES OF EQUESTRIAN SPORTS IN CENTRAL CROATIA
No full textKonjički sport jedan je od najstarijih sportova koji u posljednje vrijeme postaje sve popularniji kako u svijetu, tako i u Hrvatskoj. Za razliku od ostalih sportova u kojima sportaši rukuju rekvizitima ili spravom on uključuje suradnju između sportaša i životinje – konja. Suradnja jahača i konja zahtjeva razvijanje specifičnih vještina, komunikacije i razumijevanja konjskog ponašanja, ali i razumijevanje samog sebe, kontrolu emocija i sposobnost prilagođavanja različitim situacijama kako bi se uspješno nosili s pritiskom i stresnim situacijama, te održali ravnotežu i uspješno komunicirali sa konjem. Osim toga, konjički sport, od jahača traži znanje u jahanju, skakanju, dresuri i drugim tehnikama. U ovom radu istražit ću ključne discipline konjičkog sporta i različite vrste konja koje se koriste u tim disciplinama. Glavni cilj ovog rada bit će mi utvrđivanjem ključnih faktora, analizirati trenutno stanje konjičkog sporta u središnjoj Hrvatskoj, te na temelju dobivenih rezultata pokušati odrediti potencijalne prilike za daljnji razvoj i unapređenje konjičkog sporta.Equestrian sport is one of the oldest sports that has recently become increasingly popular both in the world and in Croatia. Unlike other sports in which athletes handle props or equipment, it involves cooperation between the athlete and the animal – the horse. Cooperation between rider and horse requires the development of specific skills, communication and understanding of horse behavior, but also self-understanding, control of emotions and the ability to adapt to different situations in order to successfully cope with pressure and stressful situations, and to maintain balance and successfully communicate with the horse. In addition, equestrian sport requires knowledge of riding, jumping, dressage and other techniques from the rider. In this paper I will explore the key disciplines of equestrian sports and the different types of horses used in these disciplines. The main goal of this work will be to determine the key factors, analyze the current state of equestrian sports in central Croatia, and based on the obtained results, try to determine potential opportunities for further development and improvement of equestrian sports
Differences in motor skills between selected and non-selected track and field young athletes
No full textCilj ovog istraţivanja bio je utvrdili razlike u motoriĉkim i funkcionalnim sposobnostima izmeĊu selekcionirane i neselekcionirane djece atletiĉara u dobi 10 12 godina te povezanost dobivenih rezultata s natjecateljskim rezultatima u disciplinama trĉanja na 60 metara i 200 metara. Na uzorku od 25 selekcioniranih i 25 neselekcioniranih djeĉaka i djevojĉica provedeni su testovi antropometrijskih karakteristika (tjelesna visina, tjelesna masa) te motoriĉkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti (skok u dalj iz mjesta, vertikalni skok s pripremom i ĉuĉanj skok, sprint na 10m, sprint na 20m i kvaliteta trĉanja TGMD2 testom za provjeru motoriĉkih znanja kod djece). Uzorak je bio podijeljen u 4 skupine: selekcionirani djeĉaci, selekcionirane djevojĉice, neselekcionirani djeĉaci i neselekcionirane djevojĉice. Za obradu podataka korištena je deskriptivna statistika, za utvrĊivanje razlika u motoriĉkim i funkcionalnim sposobnostima korištena je faktorska analiza varijance za nezavisne uzorke (ANOVA). UtvrĊeno je da postoji statistiĉki znaĉajna razlika (p<0,05) izmeĊu selekcionirane i neselekcionirane djece u svim mjerenim varijablama osim u testu skok iz ĉuĉnja, dok su razlike po spolu vidljive u varijablama sprinta i horizontalnih skokova.The aim of this study was to determine the differences in motor skills and energy capacities between selected and non selected track and field athletes aged 10 12 years and the connection of this variables with the results in competitive disciplines of 60m and 200m running. On a sample of 25 selected and 25 non selected boys and girls, tests of anthropometric characteristics (body height and body mass), motor skills and energy capacities (standing long jump, CMJ and SJ vertical jump, 10m sprint, 20m sprint and quality of running TGMD2) were obtained. The sample was divided into 4 groups: selected boys, selected girls, non selected boys and non
selected girls. Descriptive statistics was used for data processing. Factorial analysis of variance for independent samples (ANOVA) was used to determine differences in motor skills and energy capacities. Statistically significant difference (p<0,05) was found between selected and non
selected children in all measured variables expect for the SJ test, while gender differences are visible in sprinting tasks an horizontal jumping
Relations between situational motorical ability test and success in football
No full textNogomet karakteriziraju mnogobrojna kompleksna gibanja i pokreti te izmjena raznoraznih tipičnih i atipčnih situacija koje zahtjevaju visoku razinu situacijske efikasnosti. Sukladno tome, postoji velik broj specifičnih testova koji sadrže elemente nogometne igre, odnosno, u neku ruku, preslikavaju natjecateljske situacije. U ovom radu nastojala se utvrditi povezanost između rezultata u odabranim testovima za procjenu situacijsko motoričkih sposobnosti te uspješnosti u nogometnoj igri. Igrači juniorske dobi testirani su u 12 testova za procjenu situacijsko motoričkih sposobnosti. Nakon provedenog testiranja, pet nogometnih eksperata pratilo je pet utakmica testirane ekipe te su ocjenjivali igrače u odabranim segmentima na temelju kojih je dobivena konačna ocjena situacijske uspješnosti svakog pojedinog igrača. Multiplom regresijskom analizom nastojala se utvrditi funkcionalna veza između uspješnosti u nogometnoj igri i testova za procjenu situacijsko motoričkih sposobnosti. Rezultati su pokazali izrazito malu korelaciju između ocjena u testovima za procjenu situacijsko motoričkih sposobnosti te ocjena natjecateljske uspješnosti kod ispitanika. Smanjenje broja ispitanika nakon promatranih utakmica, dovelo je do poteškoća u izradi regresijskog modela, odnosno nestabilnosti regresijskog modela.Soccer is characterized by numerous complex motions and movements and the exchange of various typical and atypical situations that require a high level of situational efficiency. Accordingly, there are many specific tests that contain elements of the football game, i.e. mirror competitive situations. In this paperwork, an attempt was made to determine the connection between the results in the selected tests for the assessment of situational motor skills and success in the soccer game. Junior age players were tested in 12 tests to assess situational motor skills. After the testing, five football experts followed five matches of the tested team and evaluated the players in selected segments, based on which the final assessment of the situational performance of each individual player was obtained. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the functional relationship between success in the soccer game and tests for assessing situational motor skills. The results showed an extremely low correlation between the results in the tests for assessing situational motor skills and the scores of the test subject’s competitive performance. The decrease in the number of respondents after the observed matches led to difficulties in creating a regression model, that is, the created model was unstable
RUNNING AS A SOCIAL PHENOMENON: THE '100 MILES OF ISTRIA' RACE
No full textTrčanje, a naročito sudjelovanje na ultra trail utrkama društveni je fenomen čija popularnost raste u suvremenom društvu. „100 milja Istre“ najpoznatija je i najprestižnija utrka tog tipa u Hrvatskoj, koja se održava od 2013. godine do današnjih dana. Dio je svjetskog kupa „Ultra Trail World Toura“ te se smatra jednom od najelitnijih utrka u Europi. Sami trkači obično su rekreativci za čije aktere ultra trail scena predstavlja specifičan stil života. Provedeno je 5 polustrukturiranih dubinskih intervjua sa iskusnim trkačima koji su najmanje dva puta sudjelovali na utrci „100 milja Istre“. Iako trail trčanje prema Coakleyu (2021.) pripada sportovima užitka i sudjelovanja, akteri ove scene količinom svog angažmana, pariraju sportovima moći i izvedbe.Running, and especially participation in ultra trail races, is a social phenomenon whose popularity is growing in modern society. "100 miles of Istria" is the most famous and most prestigious race of its type in Croatia, which has been held since 2013 until today. It is part of the "Ultra Trail World Tour" World Cup and is considered one of the most elite races in Europe. The runners themselves are usually recreational athletes for whom the ultra trail scene represents a specific lifestyle. 5 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with experienced runners who participated in the "100 miles of Istria" race at least twice. Although trail running according to Coakley (2021) belongs to the sports of pleasure and participation, the actors of this scene rival the sports of power and performance by the amount of their involvement
The influence of statins on the development of tendinopathy. A systematic literature review.
No full textGlavni cilj ovog preglednog rada bio je utvrditi postoji li utjecaj statina na mišićno-tetivni sustav, s naglaskom na potencijalne negativne efekte, poput tendinopatija. Iako su statini poznati po regulaciji kolesterola, istraživanja sugeriraju da mogu uzrokovati promjene na tetivama, što može rezultirati bolovima i smanjenom funkcionalnošću. Sustavni pregled temelji se na istraživanjima objavljenim na engleskom jeziku dok su se prilikom pretrage koristile ključne riječi „Statin“ AND „Tendinopathy“ za sve radove od 1980. do 2023. godine. Za potrebe ovog preglednog rada koristile su se dvije elektroničke baze podataka: PubMed i Google Scholar. Analizirane studije pokazale su raznolikost u populaciji, ali nisu jasno identificirale ključne faktore za pojavu tendinopatija. Iako su istraženi različiti tipovi statina, nije dokazana dosljedna povezanost s tendinopatijama. U većini istraživanja, primijećene su negativne promjene na tetivama, osobito na Ahilovoj tetivi, no samo su dvije studije pokazale statistički značajne rezultate. Dok su neka istraživanja istaknula negativne posljedice korištenja ovog lijeka, druga su naglasila i pozitivne učinke statina na mišićno-tetivni sustav. Važno je napomenuti da su istraživanja na životinjama također relevantna za bolje razumijevanje ove problematike. Sustavni pregled literature ističe potrebu za individualiziranim pristupom u propisivanju statina te praćenju zdravlja mišićno-tetivnog sustava pacijenata. Očekuje se da će rezultati istraživanja doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju rizika i koristi primjene statina u kliničkoj praksi, s potencijalnim poboljšanjem zdravstvene skrbi i kvalitete života pacijenata.The main goal of this review paper was to determine whether there is an impact of statins on the muscle-tendon system, with an emphasis on potential negative effects, such as tendinopathy. Although statins are known to regulate cholesterol, research suggests they can cause changes in the tendons, which can result in pain and reduced functionality. The systematic review is based on research published in English. The keywords "Statin" AND "Tendinopathy" were used during the search for all papers from 1980 to 2023. For the purposes of this review paper, two electronic databases were used: PubMed and Google Scholar. The analyzed studies showed diversity in the population but did not clearly identify the key factors for the occurrence of tendinopathy. Although different types of statins have been investigated, no consistent association with tendinopathies has been demonstrated. In most studies, negative changes in the tendons, especially the Achilles tendon, were observed, but only two studies showed statistically significant results. While some studies have highlighted the negative effects, others have also highlighted the positive effects of statins on the musculoskeletal system. It is important to note that research on animals is also relevant for a better understanding of this issue. A systematic review of the literature highlights the need for an individualized approach in prescribing statins and monitoring the health of the musculoskeletal system of patients. The results of the research are expected to contribute to a better understanding of the risks and use of statin administration in clinical practice, with the potential improvement of health care and quality of life of patients
Development of tolerance to frustration in early and preschooll age children: the impact of sports activities on emotional well being
No full textFrustracije su u dobi od 3 do 6 godina česta pojava. One su uzrokovane nedovoljnim razvojem vještina za regulaciju emocija. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio objasniti kako postupak tolerancije utječe na frustraciju kod djece rane i predškolske dobi. U početku istraživanja objašnjene su emocije, jer frustracija predstavlja jednu od njih. U razradi emocija, opisan je djetetov socijalni i emocionalni razvoj i vrlo važan utjecaj temperamenta djeteta. Frustracije su objašnjene na način kako nastaju, koji su uzorci nastanka i kako se izražavaju u određenoj godini djetetovog ranog i predškolskog razvoja. Srž ovog istraživanja je podjela utjecaja na toleranciju na frustraciju i kako određena društvena skupina utječe na djetetov cjelokupni razvoj. Na temelju znanstvenih radova, stručnih knjiga iz područja pedagogije, psihologije, sociologije, priručnika za odgojitelje pokazalo se da sportske aktivnosti poboljšavaju emocionalnu regulaciju frustracije, smanjuju agresivna ponašanja i potiču djecu na suradnju i pozitivnu interakciju. U istraživanju su predstavljene preporuke za odgojitelje i roditelje koje objašnjavaju kako smanjiti frustracije kod djece i osigurati optimalni i pozitivan emocionalni i socijalni razvoj.Frustrations are common among children aged 3 to 6 years and are often caused by an underdeveloped ability to regulate emotions. The aim of this study was to explain how the process of developing tolerance affects frustration in early and preschool-aged children. Initially, the study discusses emotions, as frustration is one of them. In the elaboration of emotions, the social and emotional development of the child is described, highlighting the significant impact of the child's temperament. Frustrations are explained in terms of their origins, the causes, and how they are expressed at various stages of the child's early and preschool development. The essence of this research is the division of the impacts on tolerance to frustration and how certain social groups affect the child's overall development. Based on scientific papers, professional books from the fields of psychology and sociology, and manuals for educators, it has been shown that sports activities improve the emotional regulation of frustration, reduce aggressive behaviors, and encourage cooperation and positive interaction among children. The study presents recommendations for educators and parents on how to reduce frustrations in children and ensure optimal and positive emotional and social development
THE INFLUENCE OF RESISTANCE TRAINING ON THE REDUCTION OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT AND REDUCTION IN BODY CIRCUMFERENCE
No full textTrening s otporom, poznat i kao trening s vanjskim opterećenjem ili trening jakosti, postao je popularna metoda za poboljšanje fitnesa i zdravlja. Cilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati učinke treninga s otporom na redukciju potkožnog masnog tkiva i smanjenje opsega tijela kod rekreativnih vježbača početnika kroz pregled dostupne literature i analizom statističkih empirijskih podataka. Ovim istraživanjem proučavao se utjecaj treninga s otporom na redukciju potkožnog masnog tkiva i smanjenje opsega tijela kod rekreativnih vježbača početnika. Uzorak je obuhvaćao 30 rekreativnih vježbača početnika koji su sudjelovali u 8-tjednom programu treninga s otporom. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajnu promjenu u varijablama opseg nadlaktice u ekstenziji, opseg grudnog koša, opseg potkoljenice, opseg trbuha, nabor tricepsa, nabor leđa, nabor trbuha, nabor suprailiokristalno, nabor natkoljenice, nabor aksilarni i nabor prsa. Pretpostavlja se da su ovi rezultati posljedica povećane dnevne potrošnje energije, hipertrofije mišića i „EPOC“ efekta. Trening s otporom također ima pozitivan utjecaj na metaboličkoj razini, poput poboljšane osjetljivosti na inzulin i hormonalne regulacije, što doprinosi smanjenju rizika od pretilosti i povezanih bolesti. Ovo istraživanje potvrđuje da sustavni trening s otporom može imati značajan utjecaj na sastav tijela i zdravlje općenito.Resistance training, also known as weight training or strength training, has become a popular method for improving fitness and health. This study investigated the effect of resistance training on the reduction of subcutaneous fat and the reduction in body circumferences. The sample included 30 recreational beginer exercisers who participated in an 8-week resistance training program. The results showed statistically significant changes in the variables of arm circumference in extension, chest circumference, calf circumference, abdominal circumference, triceps skinfold, back skinfold, abdominal skinfold, suprailiac skinfold, thigh skinfold, axillary skinfold, and chest skinfold. It is assumed that these results are due to increased daily energy expenditure, muscle hypertrophy, and the „EPOC“ effect. Resistance training also has a positive impact on metabolic levels, such as improved insulin sensitivity and hormonal regulation, which contributes to reducing the risk of obesity and related diseases. This research confirms that systematic resistance training can have a significant impact on body composition and overall health