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Effects of physically active breaks on academic performance, attitudes and students' physical activity level
No full textCILJ: Integracija kratkih tjelesno aktivnih odmora u sustav odgoja i obrazovanja jedan su od suvremenih načina poticanja tjelesnog vježbanja koje ima za cilj pozitivno djelovati na cjelokupnu dobrobit učenika. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj 5 minutnih tjelesno aktivnih odmora tijekom nastave u učionici na obrazovna postignuća učenika, stavove učenika prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti i na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti učenika.
METODE: Grupni slučajni uzorak ispitanika činilo je 229 učenika, iz ukupno 12 razrednih odjeljenja osnovne škole Bogoslav Šulek, iz Slavonskog Broda. Tijekom 16 tjedana, koliko je trajala intervencija, učenici su 4 puta tjedno na satu matematike sudjelovali u 5 minutnim tjelesno aktivnim odmorima. Obrazovna postignuća učenika procijenjena su rješavanjem ukupno 16 problemskih nenumeričkih zadataka te pomoću dva standardizirana testa iz predmeta matematike. Stavovi učenika prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti procijenjeni su s „Attitudes Towards Physical Activity Scale“ (APAS) upitnikom u dvije vremenske točke ispitivanja, kao i razina tjelesne aktivnosti učenika koja je procijenjena pomoću „Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children“ (PAQ-C) upitnikom. Razlike između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe u nenumeričkim matematičkim zadacima se testirala Chi-kvadrat testom, a razlike između tih grupa u ostalim varijablama su utvrđene dvofaktorskom (grupa x vrijeme) analizom kovarijance za ponovljena mjerenja (RMANCOVA), gdje su kovarijable bile dob i spol.
REZULTATI: Razlike nisu utvrđene u rješavanju nenumeričkih matematičkih zadataka na početku testiranja između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe. Međutim, kada su se analizirali pojedini tjedni, pokazalo se kako su u 6. i 8. tjednu učenici u kontrolnoj grupi bili značajno uspješniji, s obzirom na eksperimentalnu grupu, a u 12. tjednu su učenici u eksperimentalnoj grupi bili značajno uspješniji, s obzirom na kontrolnu grupu. Intervencija u eksperimentalnoj grupi nije dovela do značajnih vremenskih promjena u uspješnosti rješavanja standardiziranih testova iz predmeta matematike (aritmetička razlika prije i nakon intervencije=-2.14, Z-vrijednost=-1.104, p=0.270). Intervencija u trajanju od 16 tjedana nije dovela do značajnih razlika između inicijalnog i finalnog stanja u obje grupe u procjeni stavova prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti, te nije došlo do pozitivnih pomaka u eksperimentalnoj, s obzirom na kontrolnu grupu. U eksperimentalnoj grupi, samo se varijabla 'samo-učinkovitosti' značajno poboljšala u finalnom, s obzirom na inicijalno mjerenje (t-vrijednost=-3.147, p=0.002, ES = 0.40). Rezultati PAQ-C upitnika pokazali su da je eksperimentalna grupa značajno povećala
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razinu tjelesne aktivnosti u domeni 'Tjelesna aktivnost za svaki dan prošli tjedan' (p=0.013), međutim razlike između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe u finalnom mjerenju nisu bile značajne (t-vrijednost=-1.889, p=0.060). Također, nije bilo značajnih razlika u ukupnoj razini tjelesne aktivnosti između eksperimentalne i kontrolne grupe u finalnom mjerenju.
ZAKLJUČAK: Kratki tjelesno aktivni odmori u učionici za vrijeme nastavnog sata ne utječu na uspješnost rješavanja problemskih nenumeričkih zadataka i standardiziranih testova iz predmeta matematike u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Može se očekivati kako će redovitim sudjelovanjem u aktivnim odmorima učenici formirati pozitivan stav prema tjelesnoj aktivnosti s postizanjem više razine tjelesne aktivnosti. Istraživanje je doprinijelo boljem razumijevanju i shvaćanju potrebe integracije pokreta u odgojno obrazovni sustav, jer se na temelju ovih i budućih saznanja omogućuje u školskom sustavu planiranje i programiranje aktivnih odmora u sklopu školskog sata, kako bi se u konačnici pozitivno utjecalo na odgojno-obrazovna postignuća i pozitivne životne navike u razdoblju djetinjstva.AIM: The integration of short physically active breaks into the education system is one of the modern methods of encouraging physical exercise, which aim to have a positive effect on the overall well-being of students. The aim of this research was to determine the impact of 5-minute physically active breaks during classroom lessons on students' educational achievements, students' attitudes towards physical activity and the level of students' physical activity.
METHODS: The group random sample of respondents consisted of 229 students, from a total of 12 classes at the Bogoslav Šulek elementary school in Slavonski Brod. During the 16 weeks that the intervention lasted, the students took part in 5-minute physically active breaks 4 times a week in mathematics class. The educational achievements of students were assessed by solving a total of 16 problematic non-numerical tasks and using two standardized tests in the subject of mathematics. Students' attitudes towards physical activity were assessed with the "Attitudes Towards Physical Activity Scale" (APAS) questionnaire at two time points of the examination, as well as the level of physical activity of students, which was assessed using the "Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children" (PAQ-C) questionnaire. Differences between the experimental and control groups in non-numerical mathematical tasks were tested with the Chi-square test, and the differences between these groups in other variables were determined by a two-factor (group x time) analysis of covariance for repeated measurements (RMANCOVA), where the covariates were age and gender.
RESULTS: No differences were found in solving non-numerical mathematical tasks at the beginning of the test between the experimental and control groups. However, when individual weeks were analyzed, it was shown that in weeks 6 and 8, students in the control group were significantly more successful, compared to the experimental group, and in week 12, students in the experimental group were significantly more successful, considering the control group. The intervention in the experimental group did not lead to significant time changes in the success of solving standardized tests in the subject of mathematics (arithmetic difference before and after the intervention=-2.14, Z-value=-1.104, p=0.270). The 16-week intervention did not lead to significant differences between the initial and final conditions in both groups in the assessment of attitudes towards physical activity, and there were no positive changes in the experimental group compared to the control group. In the experimental group, only the 'self-efficacy' variable significantly improved in the final, with respect to the initial measurement (t-
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value=-3.147, p=0.002, ES = 0.40). The results of the PAQ-C questionnaire showed that the experimental group significantly increased the level of physical activity in the domain 'Physical activity for every day last week' (p=0.013), however, the differences between the experimental and control groups in the final measurement were not significant (t-value=-1.889, p=0.060). Also, there were no significant differences in the overall level of physical activity between the experimental and control groups in the final measurement.
CONCLUSION: Short physically active breaks in the classroom during the lesson have an insignificant effect on the success of solving problematic non-numerical tasks and standardized tests in the subject of mathematics in the experimental group. It can also be expected that by regularly participating in active breaks, students will form a positive attitude towards physical activity and achieve a higher level of physical activity. The research contributed to a better understanding and recognizing the need to integrate the movement into the educational system, because based on this and future knowledge, it is possible in the school system to plan and program active breaks as part of the school hour, in order to ultimately have a positive impact on educational achievements and positive life habits in childhood
The relationship of physical fitness, cardiovascular disease risk factors and hearing loss in military pilots
No full textVojni piloti čine specifičan segment populacije vojnih djelatnika, koji su tijekom obavljanja letačkih zadaća izloženi visokim tjelesnim naporima, stresu i buci, što zahtijeva primjerenu psihičku i fizičku spremnost. Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazala su na visoku izloženost zrakoplovne populacije čimbenicima rizika kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB) i gubitku sluha, koji uz bolesti lokomotornog sustava predstavljaju najveće zdravstvene rizike. Cilj istraživanja je utvrđivanje povezanosti razine tjelesne spremnosti s čimbenicima rizika KVB i gubitaka sluha u uzorku vojnih pilota, kako bi se mogli planirati preventivni programi za očuvanje zdravlja.
Istraživanjem su izlučeni čimbenici rizika kardiovaskularnih bolesti (KVB), procijenjeno je stanje tjelesne spremnosti, izmjereni su elementi varijabilnosti srčanog ritma (HRV) tijekom upravljanja zrakoplovom, te je određen gubitak sluha u uzorku vojnih pilota.
Razina tjelesne spremnost određena je ergometrijom na pokretnoj traci za varijablu kardiorespiratorne sposobnosti (KRS), testirani su broj učinjenih sklekova i pregiba trupa u dvije minute, izmjereno je vrijeme potrebno za trčanje 2400 metara i izračunao se ukupan broj bodova.
Ispitivani uzorak čini 48 pilota muškog spola u dobi od 35-50 godina, kojima je letenje osnovna, odnosno svakodnevna aktivnost na višenamjenskom helikopteru (Mi-117Sh), školskom zrakoplovu (PC-9), protupožarnom zrakoplovu (Cl-415) i nadzvučnom lovačkom zrakoplovu (Mig-21).
Promatrane varijable čimbenika rizika KVB čine: anamnestički podatci (dob, pušenje, broj sati naleta, podatak o hereditetu KVB), klinički pregled, mjerenja i izračuni indeksa tjelesne mase (ITM), opseg struka, opseg bokova, odnos opsega struka i bokova (WHR), pulsa u mirovanju, sistoličkog i dijastoličkog krvnog tlaka), zatim biokemijski pokazatelji razina u krvi (glukoze, ukupnog kolesterola, LDL kolesterola, HDL kolesterola, triglicerida, visoko osjetljivog C-reaktivnog proteina (CRP-HS i mokraćne kiseline). Pokazatelji razine psihičkog stresa dobiveni su psihološkim testiranjem akutne i kronične komponente (STAI X1 i X2), uz određivanje razine kortizola u krvi. Eksperimentalni dio istraživanja proveden je kontinuiranim mjerenjem elektrokardiografskih (EKG) parametara pilota tijekom upravljanja zrakoplovom, radi izlučivanja parametara varijabilnosti srčanog ritma (hearth rate variability – HRV) u varijablama: SDNN (standardna devijacija između nn intervala), RMSSD (korijenska razlika srednjeg kvadrata uzastopnih RR intervala), pNN50% (postotak sukcesivnih nn intervala koji
se razlikuju više od 50 ms) i LF/HF (odnos niske i visoke frekvencije spektralne komponente HRV). SCORE index kardiovaskularnog rizika izračunao se iz dobivenih čimbenika rizika KVB. Gubitak sluha izmjeren je tonalnom audiometrijom obostrano na frekvencijama: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz, 4 kHz i 8 kHz
Dobiveni podatci pokazali su visoku izloženost vojnih pilota čimbenicima rizika KVB iskazanih povišenim vrijednostima: LDL kolesterola (91,6%), opsega struka 70,8%, ukupnog kolesterola (77%) i sniženoj varijabilnosti srčanog ritma (HRV) u varijablama: SDNN (83%), pNN50% (60,4%) i omjeru LF/HF (58,3%). Povišeni indeks tjelesne mase (ITM) prisutan je kod većine vojnih pilota (68,8%), dok udio pušača predstavlja trećinu ispitanika (33%). Kod trećine ispitanika rezultati ukazuju na rizike razvoja KVB temeljem pokazatelja upale CRP-HS. Dobivene razine psihičkog stresa su niske, što je potvrđeno niskim razinama kortizola. Usporedba izloženosti čimbenicima rizika KVB u istraživanju, s ranije provedenim istraživanjima na vojnim pilotima pokazuju da nema tendencije promjene stanja.
Statistička obrada povezanosti varijabli tjelesne spremnosti i čimbenika rizika KVB pokazala je povezanost slabijih rezultata tjelesne spremnosti s većom ekspozicijom rizičnih čimbenika, Tako su rezultati vremena trčanja na 2400 metara povezani s razinama: mokraćne kiseline, opsega struka, visine sistoličkog tlaka, indeksa tjelesne mase - ITM i SCORE indeksa, dok je broj pregiba trupa povezan s razinom odnosa ukupnog/HDL kolesterola i pokazateljem upale izraženim CRP-HS i SCORE indeksa. Kardiorespiratorna sposobnost (KRS) je značajno povezana s visinom sistoličkog tlaka, odnosom ukupnog/HDL kolesterola i varijablama HRV: SDNN i LF/HF. Broj učinjenih sklekova je povezan samo s kombiniranim pokazateljem kardiovaskularnog rizika SCORE
Gubitak sluha prikazan je na tri načina: po Fowler-Sabine, gubitcima na mjerenim frekvencijama i obostranom modelu po Pelausi. Gubitak sluha po Fowler-Sabineu nije pokazao povezanost s varijablama čimbenika rizika kardiovaskularnih bolesti i tjelesne spremnosti. Postoji povezanost slabijih rezultata procjene tjelesne spremnosti i većeg gubitka sluha. Tako su varijable vremena potrebnog za trčanje 2400 metara i broja pregiba trupa povezani s gubitcima sluha lijevo u prikazima po frekvencijama i po Pelausi.
Prikazane su povezanosti tjelesne spremnosti i čimbenika rizika KVB na gubitke sluha po frekvencijama na pojedinom uhu, te se dao prilog teoriji većoj vulnerabilnosti lijevog uha i konačnim učincima čimbenika rizika na ukupno slušanje.
Postoji povezanost većeg gubitka sluha u prikazu po frekvencijama s većom ekspozicijom čimbenika rizika KVB. Postoji povezanost s razinom triglicerida na desnoj strani, dok na lijevoj strani postoje povezanosti s odnosom ukupnog/HDL kolesterola, glukoze u krvi (GUK) i
pokazateljima upale (CRP-HS, mokraćna kiselina). Vidljiva je povezanost s više čimbenika rizika KVB lijevo, koji zahvaćaju govorno područje što više oštećuje slušanje. Veći gubitak sluha po Pelausi povezan je s višim razinama kardiovaskularnih rizika: ITM, opsegu struka, opsegu bokova, razine GUK, triglicerida, odnosa ukupnog/HDL kolesterola, pulsa u mirovanju i SCORE indeksa. Nema povezanosti oštećenja sluha s varijablama HRV i psihičkim stresom.
Istraživanje je pokazalo dobar odabir testova procjene tjelesne sposobnosti, koji pokazuju visoku izloženost rizicima KVB u vojnih pilota, na što je moguće preventivno djelovati stimulacijom tjelovježbe, nepušenja i promjenom prehrambenih navika. Povezanost razine čimbenika rizika KVB s rezultatima tjelesne spremnosti ukazuju na potrebu dodatnih preventivnih pregleda u cilju rane dijagnostike KVB, kod vojnih pilota srednje dobi s nižim rezultatima tjelesne sposobnosti i to posebno u varijabli sniženog broja pregiba trupa i produženog vremena trčanja za 2400 metara.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da primjena preventivnih mjera, odnosno djelotvorno snižavanje rizika KVB, uz pravilnu primjenu mjera zaštite od buke, zajednički istovremeno djeluje na prevenciju KVB i zaštitu sluha u vojnih pilota.
Navedene prijedloge je potrebno implementirati u buduće pravilnike s ciljem produženja radnog i životnog vijeka vojnog pilota, a time i bojeve spremnosti.Military pilots are a specific segment of the population of military personnel who are exposed to high physical exertion, stress and noise while performing flight tasks, which requires appropriate mental and physical fitness. Previous research has shown the high exposure of the aviation population to risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hearing loss which, along with diseases of the locomotor system, represent the greatest health risks. The aim of the research is to determine the connection between the level of physical fitness and risk factors for CVD and hearing loss in a sample of military pilots, so that preventive programs for health preservation can be planned.
The research identified cardiovascular disease risc factors (CVD), assessed the state of physical fitness, measured elements of heart rate variability (HRV) during flight, and determined hearing loss in a selected sample of military pilots.
The level of physical fitness was determined by treadmill ergometry for the cardiorespiratory fitness variable (CRF), the number of push-ups and sit-ups in two minutes were tested, the time requireded to run 2400 meters was measured and the total number of points was calculated.
The examined sample consists of 48 male pilots aged 35-50 years, for whom flying is a basic, i.e. everyday activity on a multi-purpose helicopter (Mi-117Sh), training aircraft (PC-9), firefighting aircraft (Cl-415) and supersonic fighter aircraft (Mig-21).
Observed variables of CVD risk factors include: anamnestic parameters (age, smoking, number of flight hours, data on CVD heredity), clinical examination, measurements and calculations of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, hip circumference, ratio of waist and hip circumference (waist-to-hip ratio - WHR), hearth rate at resting, systolic and diastolic blood pressure), as well as laboratory blood indicators (glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, highly sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP-HS and uric acid). Psychological stress levels were obtained by testing of the acute and chronic components (STAI X1 and X2), along with the determining the cortisol level in the blood. The experimental part of the research was carried by continuous measurement of the pilots' ECG parameters during flight in order to extract heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in variables: SDNN
(standard deviation between nn intervals), RMSSD (root mean square difference of successive RR intervals), pNN50% (percentage of successive nn intervals that differ by more than 50 ms) and LF/HF (low and high frequency ratio of the spectral component of HRV). Hearing loss was measured bilaterally by tone audiometry at frequencies: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz, 4 kHz and 8 kHz.
The obtained data showed a high exposure of military pilots to CVD risk factors expressed by elevated values: LDL cholesterol (91.6%), waist circumference 70.8%, total cholesterol (77%) and reduced heart rate variability (HRV) in the variables: SDNN ( 83%), pNN50% (60.4%) and LF/HF ratio (58.3%). An elevated body mass index (BMI) is present in the majority of military pilots (68.8%), while the proportion of smokers represents a third of the respondents (33%). In a third of the subjects, the results indicate the risks of developing CVD based on the inflammation indicator CRP-HS. The obtained levels of psychological stress are low, which is confirmed by low cortisol levels. A comparison of the exposure to CVD risk factors in the research, with previously conducted research on military pilots shows that there is no tendency to change the condition.
Statistical analysis of the connection between physical fitness variables and CVD risk factors indicated the association of weaker physical fitness results with greater exposure to risk factors.
Thus, the results of running time at 2400 meters are related to the levels of: uric acid, waist circumference, systolic pressure level, body mass index - BMI and SCORE index, while the number of sit-ups is associated with the level of the ratio total/HDL cholesterol and the indicator of inflammation expressed by the level of CRP-HS. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is significantly associated with the systolic blood pressure, total/HDL cholesterol ratio and HRV variables: SDNN and LF/HF. The number of push-ups performed was only associated with the combined cardiovascular risk score SCORE
Hearing loss is presented in three ways: according to Fowler-Sabine, losses at measured frequencies and according to Pelausa model. Hearing loss according to Fowler-Sabine did not show an association with cardiovascular disease risk factor variables and physical fitness. There is an apparent association between weaker results of the assessment of physical fitness and greater hearing loss, thus the variables of the time required to run 2400 meters and the number of sit-ups are associated with hearing loss on the left side in the representations by frequencies and according to Pelausa.
The correlations between physical fitness and CVD risk factors on hearing loss at frequencies in each ear are presented, and a contribution is made to the theory of greater vulnerability of the left ear and the final effects of risk factors on overall hearing.
There is an association of greater hearing loss in frequency display with greater expression by reducing CVD risk factors. Thus, there is an association with the level of triglycerides on the right side, while on the left side there are associations with the ratio of total/HDL cholesterol, blood glucose (GUC) and indicators of inflammation (CRP-HS, uric acid). There is an apparent association with several left CVD risk factors, which are associated with hearing loss in the speech area, which damages the hearing more. Greater hearing loss according to Pelausa is associated with higher levels of cardiovascular risks: BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, GUK levels, triglycerides, total/HDL cholesterol ratio, resting heart rate and SCORE index. There is no connection between hearing loss and HRV variables and psychological stress.
The research showed a good selection of physical fitness assessment tests, which indicate a high exposure to CVD risks in military pilots which can be prevented by stimulating exercise, not smoking and changing dietary habits. The high correlation of the level of CVD risk factors with the results of physical fitness indicates the need for additional preventive examinations aimed at early diagnosis of CVD, in middle-aged military pilots with lower results of physical fitness, especially in the variable of a reduced number of sit ups and prolonged time running on 2400 meters.
The results of the research show that the application of preventive measures, i.e. the effective reduction of the risk of CVD along with the proper application of measures to protect against noise, simultaneously works on the prevention of CVD and the protection of hearing in military pilots.
The aforementioned proposals should be implemented in future regulations in order to extend the working and life span of military pilots and thereby combat readiness
Defining quantitative criteria of two shooting techniques in basketball
No full textSkok šut predstavlja jedan od najčešćih načina šutiranja u košarci. Glavna karakteristika ovog elementa je ta što omogućuje upućivanje lopte prema košu s većih udaljenosti i preko obrambenih igrača. Ovaj element postao je još značajniji otkako se u pravila košarkaške igre uvela linija iza koje ubačaj vrijedi tri poena. Zbog svoje kompleksnosti i motoričke zahtjevnosti, skok šut vrlo često ne mogu pravilno izvoditi neki košarkaši mlađih dobnih kategorija. U praksi, često ti igrači prerano počinju koristiti skok šut kao tehniku šutiranja što nije poželjno jer se u tom slučaju element izvodi uz devijacije koje se kasnije teško mogu ispraviti, a sve to može imati loše posljedice u razvoju tehnike mladog sportaša. Neki košarkaši mlađih dobnih kategorija iz spomenutih razloga za šutiranje koriste drugu tehniku - šut jednom rukom s grudiju iz mjesta. Spomenuta tehnika šutiranja biomehanički je najbliža izvedbi skok šuta te njeno usvajanje kasnije omogućuje lakši prelazak na tehniku skok šuta, koji je postao univerzalna i opće prihvaćena tehnika šutiranja. Upravo dvije tehnike šutiranja, skok šut i šut jednom rukom s grudiju iz mjesta te razlike između njih glavni su predmet ovog istraživanja. U ovom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 29 mladih košarkaša kadetskog uzrasta (15 - 17 godina). Svaki od ispitanika izveo je šest šuteva iza linije tri poena i to na način kako inače šutiraju, bez ikakve sugestije mjeritelja. Prvi korak bila je podjela ispitanika u dvije skupine – jednu su činili ispitanici koji izvode skok šut, a drugu ispitanici koji šutiraju jednom rukom s grudiju iz mjesta. Podjela je napravljena tako da je tim od pet košarkaških stručnjaka procijenio način šutiranja svakog od ispitanika. Uz to, ispitanici su bili podvrgnuti testovima procjene razine motoričkih sposobnosti te mjerenju antropometrijskih karakteristika. Cilj ovog istraživanja je točno definirati kinematički obrazac skok šuta i šuta jednom rukom s grudiju iz mjesta te utvrditi postoji li između dvije skupine ispitanika statistički značajna razlika u razini motoričkih sposobnosti te antropometrijskih karakteristika. Dobiveni rezultati mogu upućivati na to da su upravo to faktori koji determiniraju sposobnost izvođenja jedne od spomenute dvije tehnike šutiranja.The jump shot represents one of the most common ways of shooting in basketball. The main characteristic of this element is that it allows the ball to be directed to the basket from greater distances and over defensive players. This element has become even more significant since the introduction of the three-point line in basketball rules. Due to its complexity and motor demands, the jump shot is often not able to be performed correctly by some basketball players in younger age category. In practice, these players often start using the jump shot technique too early, which is not desirable, because in this case this element is performed with deviations that are difficult to correct later and all this can have bad consequences in the development of the young athlete's technique. For these reasons, some basketball players of younger age categories use another technique when shooting – one-handed chest shot from the spot. This shooting technique is biomechanically closest to the jump shot, and its adoption later enables an easier transition to the jump shot technique, which has become a universal and generally accepted shooting technique. These two shooting techniques, the jump shot and the one-handed chest shot from the spot, and the differences between them, are the main subjects of this research. 29 young basketball players of cadet age (15 - 17 years) participated in this study. Each participant performed six shots from behind the three-point line in the manner they usually shoot, without any suggestion from the measurer. The first step was to divide the participants into two groups – one consisting of those who perform the jump shot, and the other of those who shoot one-handed chest shot from the spot. This separation was made by a team of five basketball experts who assessed each participant's shooting technique. Additionally, the participants made tests to assess their motor abilities and measurements of their anthropometric characteristics. The goal of this research is to define the kinematic pattern of the jump shot and the one-handed chest shot from the spot and to determine whether there is a significant difference between the two groups of participants in terms of motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics. The obtained results may indicate that these are the factors that determine the ability to perform one of the mentioned two shooting techniques
MANAGING TRAVEL IN SPORTS
No full textMeđunarodna putovanja bitan su dio života elitnih, vrhunskih sportaša, kako zbog natjecanja tako i zbog treninga. Putovanje na velike udaljenosti povezano je sa skupinom prolaznih negativnih učinaka, koji se zajednički nazivaju 'umor od putovanja', a koji su posljedica tjeskobe zbog putovanja, promjene svakodnevne rutine pojedinca i dehidracije zbog vremena provedenog na suhom zraku kabina zrakoplova. Razumijevanje utjecaja putovanja u sportu na fizičku izvedbu sve je veće područje interesa za kondicijske trenere i stručnjake u sportu. Trenere i sportaše posebno zanimaju strategije koje pomažu umanjiti bilo kakav štetan utjecaj putovanja na kasniju izvedbu. Putovanja su sastavni dio života vrhunskih sportaša. Međusobno povezani učinci umora od putovanja, (engl. jet - lag) i povećanog rizika od bolesti vjerojatno će utjecati na izvedbu ako se njima ne upravlja na odgovarajući način. Umor od putovanja slijedi nakon svakog dugog putovanja i rješava se nakon dobrog sna, ali se može akumulirati s čestim putovanjem. (engl. jet – lag) uzrokuje neusklađenost između unutarnjih cirkadijalnih ritmova i novog odredišnog vremena nakon brzog putovanja kroz više od tri vremenske zone, što rezultira poremećajem sna, umorom tijekom dana i gastrointestinalnim smetnjama. Čini se da je nedostatak sna jedan od glavnih uzroka i čimbenika koji utječu na izvedbu sportaša te njegove sposobnosti, posebno na utjecaj izvedbe sportaša uslijed dugih putovanja. Osim toga, cirkadijalni ritmovi brojnih psiholoških i fizioloških varijabli s tipičnim ranojutarnjim najnižim i kasnim poslijepodnevnim vrhuncem bit će pogrešno usklađeni s novim odredišnim vremenom, što bi, ovisno o vremenu natjecanja, moglo izravno utjecati na izvedbu. Oporavak od (engl. jet – lag) zahtijeva ponovnu sinkronizaciju ljudskih cirkadijskih sustava na novi ciklus svjetlosti i mraka. Različiti periferni ritmovi ponovno se sinkroniziraju različitim brzinama, ali unutarnja desinkronizacija postupno nestaje kako se svi ritmovi sinkroniziraju s lokalnim vremenom, što vjerojatno objašnjava zašto se sportaši često osjećaju umorno.International travel is an important part of the life of elite, top athletes, both for competition and for training. Long-haul travel is associated with a group of transient negative effects, collectively termed 'travel fatigue', resulting from travel anxiety, changes in an individual's daily routine, and dehydration from time spent in the dry air of aircraft cabins. Understanding the impact of sports travel on physical performance is a growing area of interest for fitness coaches and sports professionals. Coaches and athletes are particularly interested in strategies that help minimize any detrimental impact of travel on subsequent performance. Travel is an integral part of the life of top athletes. The interrelated effects of travel fatigue, jet lag and increased risk of illness are likely to affect performance if not managed appropriately. Travel fatigue follows any long journey and resolves after a good night's sleep, but can accumulate with frequent travel. Jet lag causes a mismatch between internal circadian rhythms and the new destination time after rapid travel across more than three time zones, resulting in sleep disturbance, daytime fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances. It seems that sleep loss is one of the main factors that affect the performance of athletes and their abilities, in the detrimental effect of long trips on performance. In addition, the circadian rhythms of numerous psychological and physiological variables with typical early morning troughs and late afternoon peaks will be misaligned with the new destination time, which, depending on the timing of the competition, could directly affect performance. Recovery from jet lag requires resynchronizing human circadian systems to a new cycle of light and dark. Different peripheral rhythms resynchronize at different rates, but the internal desynchronization gradually disappears as all rhythms synchronize to local time, which probably explains why athletes often feel fatigued
The impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on physical activity in people with cerebrovascular disease
No full textTjelesna aktivnost ima značajnu ulogu u prevenciji i rehabilitaciji neuroloških bolesnika. Pandemija Covid – 19 imala je globalno opsežne učinke na stil života ljudi od svog početka 2020. godine, svojim posrednim i neposrednim djelovanjem. Neposredno djelovanje odnosi se na bolesnike koji su razvili bolest i njezine posljedice, no njezine indirektne posljedice često ostaju neprepoznatljive. Od iznimne važnosti je procijeniti tjelesnu aktivnost kod neuroloških bolesnika koja se zasigurno mjerama vezanim uz Covid – 19 promijenila, kako bi se vidjele posljedice na prevenciju cerebrovaskularnih bolesti, ali i neurorehabilitaciju nakon moždanog udara.
Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je procjena utjecaja Covid – 19 pandemije na razinu tjelesne aktivnosti u svakodnevnom životu bolesnika s cerebrovaskularnom bolesti. Istraživanje je provedeno na Kliničkom bolničkom centru „Sestre Milosrdnice“ u Zagrebu na 10 ispitanika s čimbenicima rizika za pojavu moždanog udara te 10 bolesnika koji su preboljeli moždani udar u periodu od godine dana prije proglašenja pandemije. Uzorak varijabli čini hrvatska verzija internacionalnog upitnika o tjelesnoj aktivnosti (IPAQ - International Physical Activity Questionnaire). Upitnik ima dulju i kraću verziju, a u ovom istraživanju korištena je dulja verzija koja se sastoji od 5 skupina tjelesne aktivnosti, a to su: posao, prijevoz, kućanski poslovi i briga za obitelj, sport i sportska rekreacija te vrijeme provedeno sjedeći. Za svaku vrstu tjelesne aktivnosti postoji određena energetska potrošnja koja se mjeri metaboličkim ekvivalentom tjelesne aktivnosti (MET). Vrijednost svake pojedine varijable računala se tako da se množila vrijednost MET-a s trajanjem aktivnosti u minutama i satima te broju dana u tjednu, a konačni rezultat IPAQ upitnika dobiva se zbrajanjem rezultata svake varijable. Mjerenje je provedeno na obje skupine tako da se u prvom navratu procjenjivala tjelesna aktivnost prije pandemije te godinu dana nakon početka pandemije, a podaci su obrađeni u programu Statistica (TIBCO Software, Inc. Kalifornija, SAD).Physical activity plays a significant role in the prevention and rehabilitation of neurological patients. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a global, extensive impact on people's lifestyles since its beginning in 2020, through its indirect and direct effects. Direct action refers to patients who have developed the disease and its consequences, but its indirect consequences often remain unrecognizable. It is extremely important to assess physical activity in neurological patients, which has certainly changed due to the measures related to Covid-19, in order to see the consequences for the prevention of cerebrovascular diseases, as well as neurorehabilitation after a stroke.
The aim of this thesis is to assess the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the level of physical activity in the daily life of patients with cerebrovascular disease. The research was conducted at the "Sestre Milosrdnice" Clinical Hospital Center in Zagreb on 10 subjects with risk factors for stroke and 10 patients who had suffered a stroke one year before the pandemic. The sample of variables is the Croatian version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The questionnaire has a longer and a shorter version, and in this research, the longer version was used, which consists of 5 groups of physical activity, namely: work, transportation, household chores and care for the family, sports and sports recreation, and time spent sitting. For each type of physical activity, there is a certain energy consumption, which is measured by the metabolic equivalent of physical activity (MET). The value of each individual variable was calculated by multiplying the MET value with the duration of the activity in minutes/hours and the number of days in the week, and the final result of the IPAQ questionnaire is obtained by adding up the results of each variable. The measurement was carried out on both groups so that physical activity was assessed for the first time before the pandemic and one year after the start of the pandemic, and the data were processed in the Statistica program (TIBCO Software, Inc. California, USA)
The influence of dryland training on swimming speed, a review of previous research
No full textCilj diplomskog rada bio je pregled i sistematična analiza dosadašnjih spoznaja o učinkovitosti treninga sa vanjskim opterećenjem na brzinu plivanja. Iako se već duži niz godina smatra kako treninzi sa vanjskim opterećenjem imaju pozitivan utjecaj na prevenciju ozljeda, te uvelike pomažu u razvoju motoričkih sposobnosti poput eksplozivne snage i brzine, dio istraživanja pokazuje kako treninzi sa vanjskim opterećenjem nemaju statistički značajan utjecaj na brzinu plivanja. U ovome radu pronađeno je inicijalnih 139 radova, kojih je nakon prolaska određenih kriterija ostalo 28, 13 nasumičnih kontroliranih studija te 15 studija sa jednom grupom ispitanika. U istraživanjima je ukupno bilo uključeno 558 ispitanika, 341 unutar nasumičnih kontroliranih studija i 217 unutar studija s jednom grupom ispitanika. Obradom svih navedenih podataka pokušalo se što objektivnije utvrditi najučinkovitiju metodu za unaprjeđenje brzine plivanja. Navedena su mišljenja različitih autora, kao i pozitivne i negativne strane različitih pristupa unaprjeđenju brzine plivanja. Također se predložila alternativna studija koja bi mogla dati još precizniji odgovor na ovo pitanje.The aim of the paper was to review and systematically analyze existing knowledge about the effectiveness of dryland training on swimming speed. Although there are many indications that dryland training, such as power and strength training, has a positive impact on injury prevention and helps in the development of motor skills such as explosive strength and speed, some research shows that dryland training does not have a statistically significant impact on swimming speed. This study initially found 139 papers, which, after passing certain criteria, were reduced to 28, consisting of 13 randomized controlled trials and 15 controlled trials. A total of 558 subjects were included in the research, with 341 in the randomized controlled trials and 217 in the controlled trials. By processing all the data mentioned, this paper tried to objectively determine the most effective method for improving swimming speed. The opinions of various authors are presented, along with the positive and negative aspects of different approaches to enhancing swimming speed. An alternative study was also proposed that could provide an even more precise answer to this question
ACTIVE AGING: TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR THE ELDERY POPULATION
No full textStarenje je proces koji utječe na gotovo sve aspekte ljudskog života i postoje sve veći problem u društvu. Tjelesna aktivnost i očuvanje psihofizičkog zdravlja osoba treće životne dobi trebao bi biti bitan aspekt kvalitetnog starenja Stoga bi ciljevi zdravstvenih i tjelesnih programa trebali biti usmjereni na promicanje aktivnog i zdravog starenja. Broj osoba treće životne dobi se na globalnoj razini poveća velikom brzinom i javlja se potreba za reorganizacijom zdravstva i skrbi tih osoba. Životni vijek ljudi se produljio, ali ne i nužno kvaliteta i način života. Tjelesna sposobnost ljudi mijenja se tijekom vremena, pa je potrebno prilagoditi treninge kako bi bili učinkoviti, sigurni i prilagođeni njihovim potrebama i sposobnostima. Kombinacija aerobnih aktivnosti, treninga snage, vježbi fleksibilnosti i ravnoteže, uz povećanu dnevnu aktivnost omogućiti će poboljšanje kvalitete života starijih odraslih. Projekt “Aktivni u mirovini”, sufinanciran iz Europskog socijalnog fonda svojim sadržajima smanjio je socijalnu isključenost osoba starije životne dobi i utjecao na psihofizičko zdravlje ove zapostavljene skupine u društvu. Cilj diplomskog rada je teorijski obrazložiti tjelesnu aktivnost starijih osoba, koje dijagnostičke postupke koristiti, sveukupni pristup ovoj specifičnoj skupini te će opisati iskustvo stečeno radom u navedenom programu.Aging is a process that affects nearly all aspects of human life and is becoming an increasingly significant issue in society. Physical activity and the preservation of psychophysical health in the elderly should be essential aspects of quality aging. Therefore, the goals of health and physical programs should focus on promoting active and healthy aging. The number of elderly individuals is increasing rapidly on a global scale, creating a need for the reorganization of healthcare and care services for these individuals. While life expectancy has increased, the quality and lifestyle have not necessarily improved in tandem. As physical abilities change over time, it is crucial to adapt training programs to be effective, safe, and tailored to the needs and capabilities of older adults. A combination of aerobic activities, strength training, flexibility, and balance exercises, along with increased daily activity, will enhance the quality of life for older adults. The "Aktivni u mirovini" project, co-financed by the European Social Fund, has reduced social exclusion among the elderly and positively impacted the psychophysical health of this often-overlooked group in society. The aim of this thesis is to theoretically explain the physical activity of the elderly, outline the diagnostic procedures to be used, provide a comprehensive approach to this specific group, and describe the experiences gained through participation in the aforementioned program
KINEMATIC PARAMETERS FOR SUCCESS IN LONG JUMP
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu će se opisati i analizirati kinematički pokazatelji uspješnosti u atletskoj disciplini skok u dalj. Radi se o podacima prikupljenim s natjecanja u 2022. i 2023. godini, a koji se odnose na vrhunske skokove u dalj prema kriteriju vrijednosti veće od 1000 bodova po tablicama Svjetske atletike (WA). Dijagnostička oprema korištena za prikupljanje podataka je OptoJump i laser za mjerenje brzine kretanja (muscleLab laser).
Iz navedenih podataka urađena je usporedba nekoliko pokazatelja pomoću kojih se u zaključku razmatra o tome koji su to kinematički pokazatelji koji skakačima u dalj osiguravaju izvedbu na najvišoj razini. Ti isti podatci će se moći koristiti za daljnju obradu i kao mogući podatak za selekciju vrhunskog skakača u dalj.
Rezultati ukazuju na pozitivan odnos manje postotne deceleracije brzine zaleta i kraja odraza. Drugim riječima, za konačni rezultat ključan je što manji gubitak horizontalne brzine zaleta sa što većom vertikalnom brzinom na kraju odraza. Jednaka usporedba je napravljena i na dužini koraka te na trajanju kontakta stopala s podlogom prilikom zaleta i na odrazu koja bi mogla ukazati isto.In this thesis, the kinematic indicators of success in the athletic discipline of long jump will be described and analyzed. The data were collected from competitions held in 2022 and 2023, focusing on elite long jumps that meet the criterion of scores higher than 1000 points according to the World Athletics (WA) tables. The diagnostic equipment used for data collection includes the OptoJump system and a laser for measuring movement speed (muscleLab laser).
From the collected data, a comparison of several indicators was made, leading to conclusions about which kinematic indicators enable long jumpers to perform at the highest level. This same data can be used for further analysis and as potential information for selecting elite long jumpers.
The results indicate a positive relationship between a lower percentage of speed deceleration during the run-up and the take-off phase. In other words, minimizing the loss of horizontal speed in the run-up while maximizing vertical speed at the end of the take-off is crucial for the final result. A similar comparison will be made regarding step length and the duration of foot contact with the ground during the run-up and take-off, which could indicate the same conclusions
Possible reasons for choosing combat sports fro a parental perspective
No full textBorilački sportovi su individualni kontaktni sportovi koji podrazumijevaju borbu između dva protivnika. To su polistrukturalne acikličke aktivnosti koje zahtijevaju pokrete visokog intenziteta i dobru aerobnu izdržljivost. Za kompletnog borca potrebna je dobra fizička i mentalna pripremljenost. Bavljenjem borilačkim sportovima unapređuju se djetetove vrijednosti i karakteristike te se poštuju tradicija i pravila koje taj sport njeguje. U odabiru svake sportske aktivnosti pa tako i borilačkih sportova izuzetno važnu ulogu imaju roditelji. Oni potiču svoju djecu, ohrabljuju ih te ih usmjeravaju na određenu aktivnost. U radu je opisana kratka povijest borilačkih sportova te su opisani samo neki borilački sportovi poput juda, hrvanja i boksa, vrijednosti i karakteristike koje djeca usvajaju baveći se istim te stavovi roditelja djece koja se bave borilačkim sportovima. Osim navedenih tema u radu se koristila i Bourdieva teorija u sportu kojom se žele istaknuti klasne razlike društva u sportu i uspjeh pojedinca u sportu. Kako bi se utvrdili razlozi upisa djece na borilačke sportove iz roditeljske perspektive provedeno je istraživanje online anketnim upitnikom. U njemu je sudjelovalo 50 roditelja djece koji su aktivni članovi judo i boksačkog kluba „Gladijator“ te hrvačkog kluba „Lika“. Životna dob ispitanika kretala se od 32 do 57 godina. Osim dobi u istraživanju su se
koristili i drugi deskriptivni pokazatelji poput spola, broja djece u obitelji, obrazovanje i zanimanje. Obradom deskriptivnih pokazatelja dobili smo uvid u aritmetičku sredinu i standardnu devijaciju svake varijable. Pomoću anketnog upitnika u programu SPSS obrađeni su rezultati ANOVA testom i regresijskom analizom. Utvrđeno je da p- vrijednost iznosi 0.862 što je značajno veće od 0.05, pa se može reći da niti jedna nezavisna varijabla nema utjecaj na zavisnu varijablu. Tim rezultatom odbacuju se postavljene hipoteze.Combat sports are individual contact sports that involve combat between two opponents. These are polistructural acyclic activities that require high-intensity movements and good aerobic endurance. A complete fighter needs to have good physical and mental preparation. Engaging in combat sports enhances children's values and characteristics and respects the tradition and rules that this sport upholds. Parents play an extremely important role in the selection of any sporting activity, including combat sports. They encourage their children, support them, and guide them towards a particular activity. This paper describes short history of combat sports and only some combat sports, such as judo, wrestling, and boxing, the values and characteristics that children acquire through these activities, and the attitudes of parents whose children engage in combat sports. In addition to the described topics, Bourdieu's theory in sports was also used in the paper to highlight class differences in society within sports and the individual's success in sports. To determine the reasons for enrolling children in combat sports from a parental perspective, a study was conducted with online survey questionnaire. The study involved 50 parents of children who are active members of the judo and boxing club "Gladijator" and the wrestling club "Lika." The age of the respondents ranged from 32 to 57 years. In addition to age, other descriptive indicators such as gender, number of children in the family, education, and occupation were used in the study. By processing the descriptive indicators, we gained insight into the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of each variable. Using a survey questionnaire in the SPSS program, the results were processed using an ANOVA test and regression analysis. It was determined that the p-value is 0.862, which is significantly greater than 0.05, so it can be said that none of the independent variables influence the dependent variable. As a result, the proposed hypotheses are rejected
Structural analysis of tehnical tactical elements with grounding in top mens and womens volleyball
No full textOdbojka se razvija kao ekipna igra visokog intenziteta što dovodi do konstantnih promjena u tehničko-taktičkim aspektima igre. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u strukturi prizemljenja tijekom odbojkaških utakmica, na uzorku vrhunskih muških i ženskih odbojkaških ekipa. U svrhu analize precizno su utvrđeni "modeli" pojavljivanja pojedinih tehničko-taktičkih elemenata s prizemljenjima. Posebna pažnja posvećena je prizemljenjima u fazama prijema servisa, obrane i zaštite smečera nakon napada/kontranapada. Uzorak ispitanika čine vrhunske seniorske odbojkašice i odbojkaši koji su sudjelovali na Svjetskim prvenstvima u odbojci odigranim u Poljskoj, Nizozemskoj i Sloveniji 2022.godine. Ukupno je analizirano 30 utakmica, čime je obuhvaćena reprezentativna skupina vrhunskih odbojkaša (15 utakmica) i odbojkašica (15 utakmica). Utakmice su birane na temelju „match tension“ koeficijenta, prema uputama Međunarodne odbojkaške federacije (FIVB), koji određuje koliko je neka utakmica bila kompetitivna. Za analizu dobivenih podataka korišten je Mann-Whitney U test. Analiza je pokazala razlike u dvije mjerene varijable (Povaljka u desnu stranu (PD) i Upijač (UP)). Povaljka u desno (PD) je pokazala statistički značajnu razliku vjerojatno iz razloga što odbojkašice tu tehniku više koriste prilikom prijema jakih skok servisa te prilikom obrane polja u zaštiti napada korektivnih lopti u zonu 4. Varijabla Upijač (UP) također je pokazala statistički značajnu razliku, jer odbojkaši više treniraju taj element, dok je odbojkašicama od fizički zahtjevniji radi oblika njihovog tijela, te one koriste neke druge elemente u tim situacija kao što je Rolanje (ROL), ali svejedno ponekad naprave i upijač ali u znatnoj manjoj količini. Razumijevanje ovih razlika može pomoći za preciznije programiranje trenažnog sadržaja prilagođenim potrebama i karakteristikama muških i ženskih odbojkaških timova. Ove prilagodbe mogu doprinijeti poboljšanju tehničkih vještina i taktičke efikasnosti igrača. Stoga, trenerski pristupi trebaju biti razvijeni s obzirom na dobivene rezultate kako bi se maksimizirala učinkovitost u treningu i igri.Volleyball is developing as a high-intensity team game, which leads to constant changes in the technical-tactical aspects of the game. The goal of this research is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the structure of landings during volleyball matches, on a sample of top men's and women's volleyball teams. For the purpose of analysis, the "models" of the appearance of certain technical-tactical elements with landings were precisely determined. Special attention is paid to landings in the phases of service reception, defense and protection of the scrum after the attack/counterattack. The sample of respondents consists of top senior volleyball players who participated in the World Volleyball Championships played in Poland, the Netherlands and Slovenia in 2022. A total of 30 matches were analyzed, which included a representative group of top volleyball players (15 matches) and volleyball players (15 matches). The matches were selected based on the "match tension" coefficient, according to the instructions of the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB), which determines how competitive a match was. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the obtained data. The analysis showed differences in two measured variables (Roll to the right side (PD) and Dive (UP)). The roll to the right side (PD) showed a statistically significant difference, probably due to the fact that volleyball players use this technique more when receiving strong jump serves and when defending the court to protect the attack of corrective balls in zone 4. The Dive variable (UP) also showed a statistically significant difference, because volleyball players train this element more, while it is more physically demanding for volleyball players due to the shape of their bodies, and they use some other elements in these situations such as Rolling (ROL), but still sometimes they also make an absorbent but in a significantly smaller amount. Understanding these differences can help for more precise programming of training content adapted to the needs and characteristics of men's and women's volleyball teams. These adjustments can contribute to the improvement of the technical skills and tactical efficiency of the players. Therefore, coaching approaches should be developed with regard to the obtained results in order to maximize effectiveness in training and the game