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Speed development of young football players
No full textNogomet je sport koji pripada kategoriji kompleksnih sportova. Determiniran je brojnim motoričkim sposobnostima. Ipak dominantne motoričke sposobnosti u jednadžbi specifikacije nogometa su koordinacija, brzina, snaga i agilnost. Doprinos brzine iznosi čak 25%. Prema tome, trening brzine zauzima bitno mjesto u trenažnom procesu nogometaša. Trening djece i mladih sportaša se izrazito razlikuje od treninga odraslih vrhunskih sportaša, ali i od treninga mladih izvan vrhunskog sporta, te zbog navedenog zauzima posebno mjesto u sportskoj pripremi. Posebnosti treninga djece i mladih ističu se u drugačijim reakcijama organizma na trenažne podražaje, samim time i u drugačijoj provedbi i planiranju njihovog treninga. Tijekom višegodišnje sportske specijalizacije mladog sportaša, potrebno je planski i metodički razvijati njegove sposobnosti i osobine. Samo će kontinuirani sportski razvoj biti odraz stvarnih potencijala mladog sportaša, u ovom slučaju nogometaša. Kada govorimo o treningu djece i mladih, najčešće govorimo o razdoblju između 6. i 18. godine života. Prema Bompi (2005.) ovo razdoblje podijeljeno je na tri faze: inicijaciju (6-10 godina), oblikovanje (11 – 14 godina) i specijalizaciju (15-18 godina). Svaka od navedenih faza bitna je zbog: razvojnih karakteristika djece i mladih sportaša, senzibilnih faza, te metodičkih zakonitosti
trenažnog rada. Pregledom znanstvene i stručne literature može se primijetiti da se najviše informacija odnosi na trening koordinacije i trening mladih s opterećenjem. Puno je manje stručne literature koja govori o treningu brzine mladih sportaša. Zbog toga će se u ovom diplomskom radu ponuditi primjeri i odgovori u korist metodičkog treninga brzine mladih nogometaša.Football is a sport that belongs to the category of complex sports. It is determined by numerous motor abilities. However, the dominant motor skills in the football specification equation are coordination, speed, strength, and agility. The contribution of speed is as much as 25%. Therefore, speed training take an important place in the training process of fotball players. The training of children and young athletes is extremely different from the training of adult top athletes, but also from the training of young people outside top sports, and because of the above, it occupies a special place in sports preparation. The peculiarities of the training of the children and young people stand out in the different reactions of the organism to training stimuli, and therefore also in the different implementation and planning of their training. During the multi-year sports specialization of a young athlete, it is necessary to systematically and methodically develop his abilities and qualities. Only continuous sports development will reflect. Each of the mentioned phases is important because of: the developmental characteristics of children and young athletes, sensitive phases, and methodical rules of training work. By reviewing the scientific and professional literature, it can be noted that most of the information is related to coordination training and youth training with the load. There is much less professional literature that talks about the speed training of young athletes. For this reason, this thesis will offer examples and answers in favor of methodical and speed training of young football players
DIFFERENCES IN AGILITY OF CHILDREN COMPETITORS AT THE AGE OF 12 AND 13 YEARS IN HANDBALL AND FOOTBALL
No full textRukomet i nogomet dijele mnoge zajedničke karakteristike koje se odnose na fizičke zahtjeve, tehničke i taktičke vještine, mentalnu pripremu te razvoj mladih igrača. Ove sličnosti ova dva sporta čine zahtjevnim i uzbudljivim te pružaju različite mogućnosti za međusobnu usporedbu i unapređenje trenažnih procesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je ustanoviti razlike u agilnosti djece natjecatelja u dobi od 12 i 13 godina u rukometu i nogometu pomoću tri testa; T-test, 9-3-6-3-9 test i test koraci u stranu koji će se prvo provoditi na parketu a zatim na umjetnoj travi. Ispitanici ovog istraživanja su 15 rukometaša iz RK Rovinj i 15 nogometaša iz NK Rovinj u dobi od 12 i 13 godina. Prosjek rukometaša je 12,27 dok je kod nogometaša 12,33 godina. Pretpostavka je da će nogometaši imati bolje rezultate u svim testovima, ali u testu koraci u stranu očekujemo najmanje razlike zbog toga što su koraci u stranu češći oblik kretanja u rukometu nego u nogometu. Istraživanja su potvrdila hipoteze kod T-testa na parketu, T-testa na umjetnoj travi i 9-3-6-3-9 testa na umjetnoj travi gdje su rezultati i statistički značajni u korist nogometaša. Kod testa koraci u stranu nemamo statistički značajnih odstupanja, ali je prosječni rezultat rukometaša na parketu ipak malo bolji od nogometaša dok je na umjetnoj travi obrnuto što se slaže s našom pretpostavkom da u ovom testu velike razlike neće postojati. U testu 9-3-6-3-9 na umjetnoj travi nogometaši također imaju u prosjeku bolje rezultate koji nisu statistički značajni. Na kraju možemo zaključiti da razlike između rukometaša i nogometaša u nekim oblicima agilnosti zaista postoje te su nogometaši definitivno bolji u testovima koji uključuju različite načine kretanja i češće promjene smjera.Handball and soccer share many common characteristics related to physical demands, technical and tactical skills, mental preparation and development of young players. These similarities make these two sports demanding and exciting and provide different opportunities for mutual comparison and improvement of training processes.
The aim of this work was to determine the differences in the agility of children competing at the age of 12 and 13 in handball and football using three tests; T-test, 9-3-6-3-9 test and lateral step which will be performed first on parquet and then on artificial grass. The subjects of this research are 15 handball players from Rk Rovinj and 15 football players from Nk Rovinj, aged 12 and 13. The average age of handball players is 12.27, while the average age of football players is 12.33. The assumption is that soccer players will have better results in all tests, but in the sidestep test we expect the smallest differences due to the fact that the sidestep is a more common form of movement in handball than in football. and 9-3-6-3-9 test on artificial grass where the results are statistically significant in favor of football players. We have no statistically significant deviations in the sidestep test, but the average result of handball players on the floor is still slightly better than soccer players, while on artificial grass the opposite is true, which agrees with our assumption that in this test there will be no big differences in the test 9-3-6-3-9 on artificial grass, soccer players also have on average, better results that are not statistically significant. In the end, we can conclude that differences between handball and soccer players in some forms of agility really exist, and soccer players are definitely better in tests that include different ways of moving and more frequent changes of direction
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUNGER CADET, CADET AND SENIOR HANDBALL PLAYERS IN THE RESULTS OF THE 30-15 INTERMITTENT FITNESS TEST
No full textRukomet je globalni sport koji pripada skupini aerobno-anaerobnih sportova. Često nazivan i tranzicijskom igrom zbog višekratnih promjena obrane i napada. Igru karakteriziraju učestali visoko intenzivni kontakti uz isprekidana tračanja i sprinteve. Izdržljivost čini jednu od dominantnih motoričkih sposobnosti u hijerarhijskoj strukturi uspješnosti u rukometnoj igri. Stoga istraživanja statusa rukometašica u tom prostoru čini veliki interes rukometnih eksperata.
51 rukometašica istog rukometnog kluba (dobi 17.39 ± 4.04 godina ,visine 172.73 ± 7.93 cm i tjelesne mase 64.57 ± 10.18 kg) podijeljeno je u tri starosne kategorije: seniorke, kadetkinje i mlađe kadetkinje. 17 seniorki (dobi 22.35 ± 2.78 godina, tjelesne visine 175.88 ± 6.55 i tjelesne mase 71,65 ± 10,80), 14 kadetkinja (visine 171.46 ± 9.26 cm i tjelesne mase 64.64 ± 6.63 kg) i 20 mlađih kadetkinja (visine 170.93 ± 7.57 cm i tjelesne mase 58.52 ± 7.82 kg) pristupile su 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Testu. Zabilježena je posljednja istrčana brzina na 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Testu i uz ostale antropometrijske mjere postavljena u algoritam za procjenu maksimalnog primitka kisika.
Dobiveni podatci analizirani su deskriptivnom statistikom (aritmetička sredina, standardna devijacija, minimalni i maksimalni rezultat), zatim je analiziran normalitet distribucije varijabli (Kolmogorov-Smirnovljev test). Sukladno utvrđenoj distribuciji, za utvrđivanje razlika između tri skupine rukometašica primijenjene su adekvatne parametrijske metode (ANOVA) i neparametrijske metode (Kruskal-Wallis test) obrade podataka.
Statistički značajna razlika između grupa rukometašica pronađena je u morfološkoj varijabli tjelesne mase i procijenjenom maksimalnom primitku kisika (VO2max), dok statistički značajne razlike nema u varijablama tjelesne visine i u varijabli konačne brzine istrčane na testu 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Testa (vIFT).Handball is a global sport that belongs to the group of aerobic-anaerobic sports. Often referred to as a transition game because of the frequent changes in defense and attack, this game is characterized by frequent high-intensity contact with intermittent runs and sprints. Endurance is one of the dominant motor abilities in the hierarchical structure of success in handball. Therefore, research into the status of handball players in that area is of great interest to handball experts.
51 female handball players from the same handball club (age 17.39 ± 4.04 years, height 172.73 ± 7.93 cm and body weight 64.57 ± 10.18 kg) were divided into 3 age categories: seniors, cadets and junior cadets. 17 senior women (age 22.35 ± 2.78 years, body height 175.88 ± 6.55 and body mass 71.65 ± 10.80), 14 female cadets (height 171.46 ± 9.26 cm and body mass 64.64 ± 6.63 kg) and 20 younger female cadets (height 170.93 ± 7.57 cm and body weight 58.52 ± 7.82 kg) participated in the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test. The last running speed on the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test was recorded and, along with other anthropometric measurements, entered into the algorithm for the assessment of maximum oxygen intake.
The obtained data were analyzed with descriptive statistics (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum score), then the normality of the distribution of variables was analyzed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). In accordance with the determined distribution, adequate parametric methods (ANOVA) and non-parametric methods (Kruskal-Wallis test) of data processing were applied to determine the differences between the 3 groups of handball players.
A statistically significant difference between the groups of handball players was found in the morphological variable of body mass and the estimated maximum oxygen intake (VO2max), while there were no statistically significant differences in the variables of body height and in the variable of the final speed run on the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (vIFT)
GAMES APPLICATIONS IN SWIMMING SCHOOL IN AND OUT OF THE WATER
No full textPlivanje pripada skupini bazičnih sportova čijim se uključivanjem ostvaruju brojne zdravstvene prednosti. Pozitivno utječe na zdravlje pluća, srce, krvi tlak, prekomjernu tjelesnu težinu i stres. Uključivanjem plivača u trening sportskog plivanja, igra koja je prirodna potreba svakog djeteta je često zanemarena zbog nedostatka vremena ili uvjeta. Međutim, uvrštavanjem igara u treninge može biti od velike pomoći i značaja kao dodatni motiv djetetu da s veseljem dolazi na trening. Dijete koje je nezainteresirano često odbija suradnju tijekom samog treninga, stoga raznovrsne igre mogu poslužiti kao alat da djeca plivanje dožive na jedan potpuno drugačiji način. Plivači kroz igre, uče ne samo igru, već prolaze i kroz niz odgojnih i društvenih mjera, uče se poštenju, poštivanju pravila, timskoj igri i suradnji. Uče se kako se nositi s pobjedom i porazom, kako prevladati poteškoće i nadvladati sami sebe, ali i svoje mogućnosti. Kroz igru stječu i razvijaju sposobnosti i vrijednosti koje će im biti potrebne ne samo kroz djetinjstvo već i kroz odrasli život.Swimming belongs to the group of basic sports, which participation provides numerous health benefits. It has a positive effect on the health of the lungs, heart, blood pressure, overweight and stress. By including swimmers in swimming training, game which is a natural need of every
child is often neglected due to lack of time or conditions. However, by including games in training, it can be a great help and significance as an additional motivation for the child to come to training with joy. A child who is disinterested often refuses to cooperate during the training itself, so various games can serve as a tool for children to experience swimming in a completely different way. Through games, swimmers learn not only the game, but also go through a series of educational and social measures, they learn honesty, respect for rules, team play and cooperation. They learn how to deal with victory and defeat, how to overcome difficulties and overcome themselves, but also their capabilities. Through play, they acquire and develop abilities and values that they will need not only throughout their childhood but also throughout their adult lives
Recovery after training in basketball
No full textSuvremeni sport svojim zgusnutim rasporedom pred sportsku znanost stavlja izazov pronalaska najboljih metoda oporavka između natjecanja i trenažnog procesa. Izostanak kvalitenog oporavka može utjecati na sportsku izvedbu te na kvalitetu trenažnog procesa. Samim time oporavak je neizostavna komponenta svakog planiranja i programiranja i kao takav zaslužuje pažnju pri izboru samih metoda oporavka. Naročitu važnost metode oporavka imaju u profesionalnom sportu zbog zgusnutog rasporeda natjecanja te važnosti zadržavanja sportske forme kroz dugo vremensko razdoblje. Dokaz tomu je da se u zadnjih desetak godina sve više klubova odlučuje u svoj stručni tim pridodati trenera zaduženog isključivo za oporavak. Sportaši i treneri najvišeg ranga natjecanja ulažu velike napore kako bi proces oporavka maksimalno ubrzali i racionalizirali. Sportska nam znanost nudi čitavu lepezu metoda oporavka, od onih najjednostavnijih do suvremenih koje zahtijevaju posebnu opremu i protokole korištenja, a sve te metode bit će detaljnije opisane u ovom radu. Ukratko, cilj je ovoga rada pregledom stručne i znanstvene literature opisati široki spektar suvremenih metoda oporavka nakon košarkaškog treninga te utvrditi najbolje protokole kako bi se minimiziralo vrijeme istoga.Modern sport, with its busy schedule challenges sport science to find best solutions for recovery between competition and training. Lack of quality recovery can affect performaces and quality of the training proces. Thue, recovery is indispensable component of planning and programming and as such deserves attention when choosing the recovery methods themselves. Recovery methods are especially important in professional sports due the thight schedule of competitions and importance of maintaining high performances over a long period of time. Proof of this is that in the last ten years, more and more club are deciding to add recovery coach to their staff. Athletes and coaches on highest level of competition are making great efforts to speed up recovery proces as much as possible. Sports science offers us numerous recovery methods, from the simplest to modern ones that require special equipment and protocols of use, all of those methods will be described in this paper. This paper will aim to review the wide range of modern methods of recover after basketball training and to determine the best protocols in order to minimize its time be reviewing the scientific papers
THE APPLICATION OF CLASSICAL BALLET EXERCISES IN THE PREVENTION AND THERAPY OF THE FLATFOOT IN CHILDREN
No full textDjeca su zbog faza ubrzanog rasta i razvoja podložna nastanku raznih posturalnih problema. Spuštena stopala sve su češća pojava kod djece, nastaju uslijed nedovoljne tjelesne aktivnosti te slabljenja mišića, pretilosti, neadekvatne obuće, hodanja po neprirodnim površinama. Deformitete stopala u djece roditelji nikako ne bi smjeli zanemariti zbog mogućnosti bolova i utjecaja na druge dijelove tijela. Ranom dijagnozom i početkom primjenjivanja kineziterapijskih vježbi može se učinkovito djelovati na spuštena stopala.
Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je opisati najčešće posturalne probleme s kojima se djeca susreću tijekom razvoja s naglaskom na problem spuštenog stopala kod djece te ukazati na dobrobiti vježbi klasičnog baleta na posturu tijela. Navesti će se i prikazati baletne vježbe koje je moguće primjenjivati u prevenciji i terapiji spuštenog stopala kod djece.Due to the phase of accelerated growth and development, children are susceptible to various postural problems. Flatfoot are an increasingly common phenomenon in children, they occur as a result of insufficient physical activity and muscle weakness, obesity, inadequate footwear, walking on unnatural surfaces. They are the most common foot deformities in children, and parents should by no means ignore them due to the possibility of pain and impact on other parts of the body. With an early diagnosis and the beginning of applying kinesitherapy exercises, it is possible to effectively act on flatfoot.
The aim of this thesis was to briefly describe the most common postural problems that children face during development, with an emphasis on the problem of flatfoot in children, and to point out the benefits of classical ballet exercises on body posture. Ballet exercises that can be applied in the prevention and therapy of flatfoot in children will be listed and shown
DIFFERENCES OF TAEKWONDO COMPETITORS IN THE AGE CATEGORIES 15 TO 17 AND 18 TO 20 YEARS IN INDICATORS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
No full textOvaj rad za cilj je imao utvrditi postoje li razlike između natjecatelja u taekwondo-u dobnih kategorija od 15 do 17 i 18 do 20 godina kod antropoloških obilježja. Uzorak ispitanika činile su dvije skupine natjecatelja u taekwondo-u. Prvu skupinu činilo je 23 ispitanika dobi 15 do 17 godina, a drugu skupinu činilo je 22 ispitanika dobi 18 do 20 godina te su svi ispitanici jedne i druge dobne kategorije muškog spola. U ovom radu korišten je uzorak od 9 antropometrijskih varijabli, 6 varijabli za procjenu aerobne funkcionalne sposobnosti te 10 varijabli za procjenu motoričkih sposobnosti tipa agilnosti, eksplozivne snage i fleksibilnosti. Obrada podataka provedena je putem programa Statistica. Za određivanje normalnosti distribucija varijabli korišten je Shapiro-Wilks test. T-test razlika korišten je za varijable koje su normalno distribuirane i Mann-Whitney U-test za varijable koje nisu normalno distribuirane. Temeljem provedenih testova u antropometrijskim karakteristikama statistička značajnost razlika potvrđena je u četiri varijable od njih devet dok u funkcionalnim sposobnostima kod natjecatelja u taekwondo-u dobnih kategorija od 15 do 17 i 18 do 20 godina nije bilo statistički značajnih razlika, a u motoričkim sposobnostima samo su dvije varijable bile statistički značajno različite od njih deset. Razlog tome može biti premali broj ispitanika u jednoj i drugoj dobnoj kategoriji te neravnomjerni raspored ispitanika dobi 15, 16 i 17 godina kao i 18,19 i 20 godina. Kako bi se dobili optimalne rezultate o antropološkim karakteristikama natjecatelja u taekwondo-u, trebao bi se povećati uzorak ispitanika s ciljem što ravnomjernijeg rasporeda ispitanika unutar dobnih kategorija.The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences between taekwondo competitors in the age categories from 15 to 17 and from 18 to 20 years in anthropological characteristics. The sample of subjects consisted of two groups of competitors in taekwondo. The first group consisted of 23 respondents aged 15 to 17 years, and the second group consisted of 22 respondents aged 18 to 20 years. All respondents of both age categories were male. In this paper, a sample of 9 anthropometric variables, 6 variables for the assessment of aerobic functional ability and 10 variables for the assessment of motor abilities such as agility, explosive power and flexibility were used. Data processing was carried out using the Statistics Program. The Shapiro-Wilks test was used to determine the normality of variable distributions. The T-difference test was used for variables that were normally distributed and the Mann-Whitney U-test for variables that are not normally distributed. Based on the conducted tests in anthropometric characteristics, statistical significance was confirmed in four out of nine variables, while in the functional abilities of the competitors in taekwondo in the age categories from 15 to 17 and from18 to 20 years there was no statistical significance, and in motor skills only two variables were statistically significant out of ten. The reason for this may be the insufficient number of respondents in both age categories and the uneven distribution of respondents aged 15, 16 and 17, as well as 18, 19 and 20 year olds. In order to obtain more optimal results on the anthropological characteristics of competitors in taekwondo, the sample of respondents should be increased with the aim of distributing the respondents within the age categories as evenly as possible
The effect of sound-vibration therapy on autonomic nervous system activity and on brain activity after intensive physical load
No full textIntroduction: All adaptive processes within and on the body triggered by training occur during recovery. The available literature and the number of studies on recovery following sports training significantly lag behind the knowledge concerning the active part of the training process. The central and autonomic nervous systems, under the influence of physical activity, are susceptible to fatigue, which significantly alters their functional characteristics. For this reason, it is necessary to study, develop, and apply recovery methods after physical activity to shorten the adaptation period, thereby making the training process more efficient and safer. The use of sound and sound vibrations for healing and achieving general well-being dates back to ancient times and is still intensively used in unchanged forms among some indigenous peoples today. Scientific research conducted, prompted by the effectiveness of this phenomenon, increasingly confirms its efficacy. Therefore, it is not only necessary but also imperative to explore the potential application of such practices in kinesiology.
Research Objective and Hypotheses: The presented research aims to investigate the effects of sound-vibration therapy on the activity of the autonomic nervous system during recovery following a high-intensity physical activity protocol. From this aim, three hypotheses were derived:
Hypothesis 1: Sound-vibration therapy significantly reduces sympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system after a high-intensity physical activity protocol.
Hypothesis 2: Sound-vibration therapy significantly increases parasympathetic activity of the autonomic nervous system after a high-intensity physical activity protocol.
Hypothesis 3: Sound-vibration therapy significantly contributes to improving the speed and quality of recovery following intense sports training.
In addition to the primary aim of determining the effects on the autonomic nervous system, this study investigates the effects of sound-vibration therapy on the activity of the central nervous system and subjective recovery impressions.
Methodology: The methodology includes a qualitative-quantitative repeated measures experiment on the same group of trained amateur athletes subjected to intense sports training. Initial values of measured variables were recorded at the beginning of the protocol, followed by intense sports training. After completing the training, the subjects lay on a massage table for 45 minutes. In the control protocol, the subjects lay in silence during recovery, while the experimental protocol included an intervention with sound-vibration therapy under identical
lying conditions. During recovery in both protocols, parameters of the central and autonomic nervous systems were measured. The subjective impression of the subjects was measured using the standardized Subjective Exercise Experiences Scale (SEES) and an additional subjective impression questionnaire, with personal descriptions evaluated descriptively and included as an appendix to the quantitative results. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the distribution of all variables. If a particular distribution was normal, data for that variable were presented as arithmetic means and standard deviations. If the data did not follow the normality of the Gaussian curve, data presentation was defined through medians and interquartile ranges (25th and 75th percentile). Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures to compare all points, and pairs of variables in case of confirmed significance. Also, pairs of variables before and after the intervention were tested using the Student's t-test for dependent samples or the Wilcoxon rank sum test for non-parametric statistics with a set significance level of p<0.05. The impact of the intervention was checked by calculating the effect size (Cohen's effect) and defined as small, moderate, or large. All analyses in this doctoral dissertation were conducted using SPSS version 23.
Results: Although some trends were observed, the results did not show significant changes in the function of the central nervous system under the experimental protocol. On the other hand, the autonomic nervous system showed significant differences in the direction of increased parasympathetic activity, enhanced vagal tone, and reduced sympathetic influence during sound-vibration therapy compared to the protocol without its application. The assessment of subjective impressions using the SEES scale and the subjective impression questionnaire clearly indicated positive experiences towards recovery, qualitatively confirming the obtained quantitative findings.
Conclusion: The analysis concluded that sound-vibration therapy with Tibetan singing bowls significantly contributes to a faster return of the autonomic nervous system to a stable state after intense physical activity by reducing sympathetic and increasing vagal influence, thus creating conditions for a higher quality and faster recovery of activated body systems. The impact of sound-vibration therapy (SVT) did not show a significant effect on the central nervous system. This is due to the rapid natural normalization of measured EEG activity, as it is not possible to conduct an intervention and measurements within the short period that offers stabilization of brain activity parameters (up to 6 minutes). Since central nervous system activity is not a relevant marker of recovery after intense sports activity, the lack of significant intervention impact did not affect the validation of the researched recovery using SVT.
Furthermore, reviewing the results obtained from the SEES scale measurements and the descriptions of individual subjective experiences, the application of SVT significantly increased experience of personal well-being and reduced experience of fatigue and psychological distress after intense sports training.
Theoretical and Practical Implications: This research is one of the first of its kind, making a step forward in exploring recovery techniques. Evidence of the effectiveness and practical applicability of this type of therapy suggests its use in practice for the purpose of better recovery, improved sports performance, injury prevention, and overall enhancement of athletes' quality of life.Uvod: Svi adaptacijski procesi u i na tijelu potaknuti treningom, događaju se tijekom oporavka. Dostupna literatura i broj istraživanja o oporavku nakon sportskog treninga značajno zaostaju za spoznajama o aktivnom dijelu trenažnog procesa. Središnji i autonomni živčani sustav, pod utjecajem fizičke aktivnosti, podložni su umoru koji značajno mijenja njihove funkcionalne karakteristike. Iz tog razloga potrebno je proučavati, razvijati i primjenjivati metode oporavka nakon fizičke aktivnosti, time skratiti vrijeme adaptacije te na taj način trenažni proces učiniti efikasnijim i sigurnijim. Korištenje zvuka i zvučnih vibracija u cilju iscjeljenja i postizanja opće dobrobiti seže daleko u prošlost, a kod nekih nativnih naroda u neizmijenjenom obliku intenzivno se koriste i danas. Provedena znanstvena istraživanja potaknuta učinkovitošću ovog fenomena sve ozbiljnije potvrđuju njegovu učinkovitost. Stoga ne samo potrebito nego je i nužno istražiti mogućnosti uporabe ovakve prakse u kineziologiji.
Cilj i hipoteze istraživanja: Prezentirano istraživanje ima za cilj istražiti učinke zvučno-vibracijske terapije na aktivnost autonomnog živčanog sustava tijekom oporavka nakon protokola umaranja visoko intenzivnom tjelesnom aktivnosti. Iz postavljenog cilja proizašle su tri postavljene hipoteze: Hipoteza 1: Zvučno-vibracijska terapija značajno smanjuje simpatičku aktivnost autonomnog živčanog sustava nakon protokola umaranja visoko intenzivnom tjelesnom aktivnosti. Hipoteza 2: Zvučno-vibracijska terapija značajno povećava parasimpatičku aktivnost autonomnog živčanog sustava nakon protokola umaranja visoko intenzivnom tjelesnom aktivnosti. Hipoteza 3: Zvučno-vibracijska terapija značajno doprinosi poboljšanju brzine i kvalitete oporavka nakon intenzivnog sportskog treninga. Uz zadani cilj utvrđivanja učinaka na autonomni živčani sustav, prezentirani rad istražuje učinke zvučno-vibracijske terapije na aktivnost središnjeg živčanog sustava i subjektivne dojmove oporavka.
Metodologija: Metodologija obuhvaća kvalitativno-kvantitativni eksperiment ponovljenih mjerenja na istoj skupini treniranih amaterskih sportaša podvrgnutih intenzivnom sportskom treningu. Mjerenje inicijalnih vrijednosti mjerenih varijabli obavljano je na početku protokola nakon čega je slijedio intenzivan sportski trening. Po obavljenom treningu ispitanici bi legli na stol za masažu gdje su ostali ležati 45 minuta. U kontrolnom protokolu ispitanici su za vrijeme oporavka samo ležali u tišini dok je eksperimentalni protokol, uz identične uvjete ležanja, uključivao i intervenciju zvučno-vibracijskom terapijom. Tijekom oporavka u oba protokola mjereni su parametri središnjeg i autonomnog živčanog sustava. Subjektivni dojam ispitanika mjeren je standardiziranom Skalom subjektivnog doživljaja vježbanja (Subjective
Exercise Experiences Scale - SEES) uz koju je još dodatnim Upitnikom subjektivnog dojma i opisom vlastitim riječima procjenjivan njihov subjektivni doživljaj. Subjektivni opis vlastitog doživljaja kvalificiran je opisno i priložen kao dodatak kvantitativnim rezultatima. Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevim testom je testirana normalnost distribucije svih varijabli. Ukoliko se pojedina distribucija pokazala normalnom, podaci za tu varijablu prikazani su kao aritmetičke sredine i standardne devijacije, a ako podaci ne prate normalnost Gaussove krivulje, prikaz podataka je definiran kroz medijane i interkvartilne raspone (25.-ti i 75.-ti percentil). Podaci su obrađeni s pomoću ANOVE za ponavljajuća mjerenja radi usporedbe svih točaka, a parovi varijabli u slučaju potvrde značajnosti. Također parovi varijabli prije i poslije intervencije testirani su Studentovim t-testom za zavisne uzorke ili Wilcoxonovim testom parova u slučaju neparametrijske statistike uz postavljenu razinu značajnosti p<0,05. Utjecaj intervencije je provjeren izračunom čimbenika učinka (Cohenov učinak) i definiran je kao malen, umjeren ili veliki.
Rezultati: Iako su vidljivi neki trendovi, rezultati nisu zabilježili značajne promjene na razini funkcije središnjeg živčanog sustavu pod utjecajem eksperimentalnog protokola. S druge strane, autonomni živčani sustav pokazao je značajne razlike u smjeru povećanja parasimpatičke aktivnosti, jačanju vagusnog tonusa i smanjenju simpatičkog utjecaja tijekom zvučno-vibracijske terapije u odnosu na protokol bez njene primjene. Procjena subjektivnog dojma SEES skalom i Upitnikom subjektivnog dojma vlastitim riječima nedvojbeno su pokazali pozitivna iskustva u smjeru oporavka i kvalitativno potvrdili dobivene kvantitativne nalaze.
Zaključak: Analiza je zaključno pokazala kako zvučno-vibracijska terapija tibetanskim zvučnim zdjelama značajno doprinosi bržem povratku autonomnog živčanog sustava u stabilno stanje nakon intenzivne fizičke aktivnosti smanjenjem simpatičkog i povećanjem vagalnog utjecaja, stvarajući tako uvjete kvalitetnijeg i bržeg oporavka aktiviranih tjelesnih sustava. Utjecaj zvučno-vibracijske terapije (ZVT) nije pokazao značajan utjecaj na središnji živčani sustav. Razlog tome je prebrza prirodna normalizacija mjerene EEG aktivnosti. Naime, nije moguće napraviti intervenciju i mjerenja u tako kratkom periodu koji nudi vrijeme stabilizacije parametara moždane valne aktivnosti (do 6 min). Budući da EEG aktivnost središnjeg živčanog sustava nije relevantan marker oporavka nakon intenzivne sportske aktivnosti, iako nije zabilježen značajan utjecaj intervencije, to nije utjecalo na dokazivanje istraživanog oporavaka primjenom ZVT-a. Nadalje, uvidom u rezultate dobivene mjerenjem SEES skalom kao i u opise pojedinačnih subjektivnih iskustava ispitanika, uz
primjenu ZVT-a utvrđeno je značajno povećanje osjećaja osobne dobrobiti kao i smanjenje osjećaja umora i psihološkog distresa nakon intenzivnog sportskog treninga
Comparison of the effectiveness of different types of training in improving glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes
No full textU okviru istraživanja ovog diplomskog rada, analizirat će se uloga tjelesne aktivnosti u kontroli glikemije kod osoba koje boluju od šećerne bolesti tipa 2. S posebnim naglaskom na rezultate relevantnih znanstvenih istraživanja, bit će prikazani različiti oblici tjelesne aktivnosti i njihov utjecaj na regulaciju razine glukoze u krvi. Obuhvatit će se analiza složenih mehanizama putem kojih različite vrste tjelesne aktivnosti utječu na osjetljivost tkiva na inzulin i metaboličke parametre. Praktični aspekt ovog diplomskog rada uključuje analizu različitih pristupa treniranju, s određivanjem optimalnih parametara poput intenziteta, trajanja i učestalosti vježbanja kako bi se postigao značajan učinak u smanjenju inzulinske rezistencije i osigurala dobra kontrola šećerne bolesti. Također će se prikazati i šire zdravstvene dobrobiti tjelesne aktivnosti, uključujući njezin utjecaj na sastav tijela, kardiovaskularno zdravlje i kvalitetu života osoba oboljelih od šećerne bolesti tipa 2. Kroz sveobuhvatan pregled relevantnih istraživanja, ovaj diplomski rad istaknut će nužnost integracije ciljane tjelesne aktivnosti u personalizirani pristup liječenju oboljelih od šećerne bolesti tipa 2.Within the scope of this thesis research, the role of physical activity in optimizing glycemic control in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes will be examined. With a particular emphasis on findings from relevant scientific studies, diverse modalities of physical exercise and their impact on blood glucose regulation will be presented. A comprehensive exploration of the intricate mechanisms through which various forms of physical exercise influence insulin sensitivity, will be undertaken. The practical facet of this thesis encompasses an in-depth analysis of different training approaches, with the precise determination of optimal parameters such as intensity, duration, and frequency of exercise to attain a significant effect in reducing insulin resistance and ensuring long-term management of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, an insight into the broader health benefits of physical activity will be presented, including its favorable impact on body composition, cardiovascular health, and overall quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Through a comprehensive review of relevant trials, this thesis will show the necessity of integrating targeted physical activity into personalized strategies for glycemic control
Sports and recreational facilities in expanding the tourist offer of the Krapinsko-zagorska county
No full textDiplomski rad tematizira sportsko-rekreacijske sadržaje kao ključni faktor proširenja turističke ponude Krapinsko-zagorske županije. Ova županija, smještena u sjeverozapadnom dijelu Hrvatske, obiluje bogatom kulturnom baštinom i prirodnim ljepotama. Kao suprotnost masovnom turizmu, nastao je specifični oblik turizma, koji obuhvaća manje segmente turističke potražnje, kao što je sportsko-rekreacijski turizam.
Razvoj sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma ima važnu ulogu u odabiru turističke destinacije, a ima osnovu na društvenim i prirodnim materijalnim resursima. U Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji postoji nekoliko sportskih centara, dvorana i stadiona koji žiteljima i posjetiteljima omogućavaju bavljenje različitim sportskim disciplinama. Krapinsko-zagorska županija razvojem postojeće sportsko-rekreacijske infrastrukture i izgradnjom nove infrastrukture, ima priliku postati vodeća destinacija kontinentalnog turizma u Hrvatskoj.
Strateški razvoj sportsko-rekreacijske infrastrukture kroz turizam, potaknuo bi izgradnju sportskih dvorana prilagođenih sportovima u zatvorenom, moderniziranih tematskih, adrenalinskih i avanturističkih parkova, što je potrebno usklađivati sa smještajnim kapacitetom. Veliku važnost kod strateškog razvoja turizma, trebalo bi posvetiti i održivom razvoju sportsko-rekreacijskom turizmu.
Održivi sportsko-rekreacijski turizam svoju ponudu temelji na racionalnom korištenju prirodnih resursa. Na taj se način sportsko-rekreacijski turizam povezuje s ruralnim turizmom, posebice u kontekstu cikloturizma.The thesis discusses sports and recreational facilities as a key factor in expanding the tourist offer of the Krapinsko – zagorska county. This county, located in the northwest part of Croatia, is rich in cultural heritage and natural beauty. As an alternative to mass tourism, a specific form of tourism has emerged, encompassing smaller segments of tourist demand, such as sports and recreational tourism.
The development of sports and recreational tourism plays an important role in destination selection and is based on natural and social material resources. Krapinsko- zagorska county has several sports centers, halls and stadiums that provide residents and visitors with various sports disciplines. Through the development of the existing sports and recreational infrastructure and the construction of new facilities, Krapinsko – zagorska county has the opportunity to become a leading destination for continental tourism in Croatia.
Strategic development of sports and recreational infrastructure through tourism would stimulate the construction of indoor sports halls, modernized thematic, adrenaline and adventure parks, which need to be coordinated with accommodation capacity. Significant attention should be paid to sustainable development in sports and recreational tourism as part of the strategic tourism development. Sustainable sports and recreational tourism base their offer on the rational use of natural resources. In this way, sports and recreational tourism are linked to rural tourism, especially in the context of cycling tourism