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ORGANIZATION OF SPORTS COMPETITIONS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE 2023 EUROPEAN UNIVERSITIES COMBAT CHAMPIONSHIP
No full textOvaj diplomski rad za cilj je imao identificirati izazove i probleme s kojima se organizatori suočavaju tijekom organizacije kompleksnih sportskih događaja te pružiti preporuke za buduće organizatore. Projektni menadžment u sportu gotovo uvijek ima jedinstvene poteškoće u mnogim operacijama, logistici i raspoređivanju resursa, a neadekvatno upravljanje moglo bi uzrokovati brojne poteškoće u provedbi organizacije ako se ne posveti odgovarajuća pažnja određivanju zadataka i pronalasku rješenja problema. U organizaciji Europskog sveučilišnog combat prvenstva koje je uključivalo četiri borilačka sporta (karate, kickboxing judo i taekwondo), vrlo je važno bilo detaljno planiranje i izvedba mnogih segmenata projekta koji se sastojao od faze objave poziva za sudionike, registracijskih aktivnosti uključujući i akreditacije te preuzimanje smještaja i osiguranje prijevoza za sudionike. U radu se istražuje uloga EUSA-e u uspostavljanju standarda i normi za organiziranje sportskih događaja na sveučilišnoj razini. Unutar ovog okvira, EUSA diktira minimalne tehničke zahtjeve, te pravila i propise procesa kandidature i domaćinstva za Europsko sveučilišno prvenstvo koja osiguravaju postizanje visoke razine organizacije u kombinaciji sa sigurnosnim mjerama za sve sudionike. Detaljnom analizom Europskog sveučilišnog combat prvenstva 2023. godine u Zagrebu, kroz ovaj su se rad identificirali krucijalni čimbenici uspjeha organizacije u koji spadaju učinkovita komunikacija, proaktivnost svih dionika, jasni protokoli i postupci te sposobnost prilagodbe neočekivanim promjenama. U radu se zaključuje da je organizacija sportskih događaja složen proces koji zahtijeva precizno planiranje i učinkovito upravljanje resursima. Takvi su aspekti ključni za postavljanje vrlo visokog standarda organizacije i osiguranje zadovoljstva sudionika. Rad daje smjernice i preporuke budućim organizatorima, ističući stratešku prirodu organizacije složenih sportskih događaja.The aim of this thesis was to identify the challenges and problems that organizers face during the organization of complex sports events and to provide recommendations for future organizers. Sports project management always has unique difficulties in many operations, logistics and resource allocation, and inadequate management could cause numerous difficulties in the implementation of the organization if adequate attention is not paid to defining tasks and finding solutions to problems. In the organization of the European Universities Combat Championship, which included four martial arts (karate, kickboxing, judo, and taekwondo), very important was the detailed planning and execution of many segments of the project, which consisted of the stage of announcing the invitation for participants, registration activities, including accreditation, and taking over accommodation and transportation insurance for the participant. The paper examines the role of EUSA in establishing standards and norms for organizing sports events at the university level. Within this framework, EUSA dictates minimum technical requirements; the rules and regulations of the candidacy and hosting process for the European University Championship ensure that a high level of organization is achieved in combination with security measures for all participants. Through a detailed analysis of the 2023 European Universities Combat Championship in Zagreb, this work identified crucial factors for the success of organizations, which include effective communication, proactivity of all stakeholders, clear protocols and procedures, and the ability to adapt to unexpected changes. The paper concludes that the organization of sports events is a complex process that requires precise planning and efficient management of resources. Such aspects are crucial for setting a very high standard of the organization and ensuring the satisfaction of the participants. The paper provides guidelines and recommendations for future organizers, highlighting the strategic nature of the organization of complex sports events
Analysis of the distribution of set points in top level men s beach volleyball
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati osvojene poene u jednom setu vrhunske muške odbojke na pijesku. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku vrhunskih utakmica u odbojci na pijesku na muškom Svjetskom prvenstvu 2019. godine u Hamburgu. Analizirano je 243 seta na uzorku od 486 entiteta. Nastupalo je 48 ekipa i odigrano je 108 utakmica. Varijable (nezavisne) koje su se istraživale bile su poeni osvojeni smečom, blokom, servisom i pogreškama protivnika. Zavisna varijabla je bila rezultatski ishod setu. Istraživanje je podijeljeno u dvije skupine: analiza setova do 21 poena i analiza setova do 15 poena. Izračunati su osnovni statistički parametri za sve nezavisne varijable. Za utvrđivanje razlike korišten je Mann – Whitney U test. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da postoji statistički značajna razlika u setovima do 21 poena u svim varijablama, dok je u setovima do 15 poena utvrđena statistički značajna razlika samo u varijabli smeč (SM15). Pobjednici su osvajali više poena u servisu, napadu i bloku te su manje griješili. Ovo istraživanje može biti model koji će treneri i igrači koristiti kao sredstvo za postavljanje ciljeva treninga i utakmica, te prilagodbu trenažnog procesa.The aim of this research was to analyze the points scored in a single set of elite men's beach volleyball. The study was conducted on a sample of top-level matches from the 2019 Men's Beach Volleyball World Championship in Hamburg. A total of 243 sets were analyzed, based on a sample of 486 entities. Forty-eight teams competed, and 108 matches were played. The independent variables examined were points scored by spikes, blocks, serves, and opponent errors, while the dependent variable was the set outcome. The research was divided into two groups: the analysis of sets up to 21 points and sets up to 15 points. Basic statistical parameters were calculated for all independent variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine differences. The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference in all variables for sets up to 21 points, while for sets up to 15 points, a statistically significant difference was found only in the spike variable (SM15). The winners scored more points through serves, attacks, and blocks, and made fewer errors. This research could serve as a model for coaches and players to set training and match goals, as well as to adjust the training process
Differences in motor skills and abilities between selected and non-selected children of sport climbers in the boulder discipline
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti razlike u motoričkim sposobnostima i znanjima kod djece u dobi od 6 do 11 godina podijeljene u selekcioniranu (N=22; prosječna dob= 8,37±1,42) i neselekcioniranu (N=15; prosječna dob=8,31±1,54) grupu. Motoričke vještine procijenjene su s pomoću skraćene verzije Bruininks Oseretsky test of motor proficiency – Second edition (BOT-2), dok su motoričke sposobnosti mjerene testovima fleksibilnosti (pretklon raznožno), vertikalnog skoka (engl. Counter movement jump i engl. Squat jump) i jakost stiska šake. Također, mjerene su antropometrijske karakteristike poput tjelesne visine, tjelesne mase, raspon ruku, dijametri i dužine šake te dužine nogu.
Za utvrđivanje razlika između selekcionirane i neselekcionirane djece korištena je analiza varijance (One way ANOVA). Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajne razlike u standardiziranim rezultatima BOT-2 testa između selekcioniranih i neselekcioniranih dječaka. Nadalje, utvrđene su statistički značajne razlike u antropometrijskim varijablama tjelesne visine, tjelesne težine, raspona ruku i dužine nogu te jakosti stiska šake između djece različite dobi.The aim of this thesis was to investigate the differences in motor skills and abilities among children aged 6 to 11, divided into a selected (N=22; mean age=8.37±1.42) and non-selected (N=15; mean age=8.31±1.54) group. Motor abilities were assessed using the shortened version of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency – Second Edition (BOT-2), while motor skills were measured with tests of flexibility (sit and reach), vertical jumps (Counter movement jump and Squat jump) and handgrip strength. Anthropometric characteristics such as body height, body weight, arm span, hand diameter and length and leg length were also measured.
Analysis of variance (One way ANOVA) was used to determine the differences between selected and non-selected children. The results showed statistically significant differences in the standardized results of the BOT-2 test between selected and non-selected boys. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were found in the anthropometric variables of body height, body weight, arm span and leg length and hand grip strength between children of different ages
Organization of alpine skiing and competition system in the republic of Croatia
No full textOvim diplomskim radom prikazan je rad Hrvatskog skijaškog saveza (CRO SKI), od njegovog nastanaka te njegova uloga u organizaciji skijaških natjecanja za seniorske, juniorske i mlađe dobne kategorije. Hrvatski skijaški savez krovna je organizacija za sportove na snijegu u Hrvatskoj, od kojih egzistiraju: alpsko skijanje, skijaško trčanje, slobodno skijanje, skijaški skokovi, daskanje na snijegu i skijanje na travi.
U radu je detaljno prikazan proces organizacije natjecanja iz alpskog skijanja za mlađe dobne kategorije i seniore. Također, u radu je opisana prijava natjecanja, tko može biti organizator, pravila natjecanja, troškovi organizacije i redoslijed događaja za vrijeme natjecanja. Obuhvaća pravila za natjecatelje, njihovu prijavu za natjecanja u Hrvatskoj i za natjecanja koja su u organizaciji FIS-a (Svjetska skijaška organizacija), podjelu dobnih kategorija, opremu koja je potrebna za sudjelovanje u natjecanjima. Dio rada govori o posebnim pravilima za mlađe dobne kategorije koje su predložene od strane FIS-a. Opis disciplina u kojima se natječu mladi alpski skijaši, njihova pravila koja su prilagođena raznim uzrastima, tehničke i opće karakteristike svake discipline.
Isto taku u radu je prikazana problematika organiziranja natjecanja iz alpskog skijanja u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nedostatak snježnih padina i loša kvaliteta skijaških staza predstavljaju problem CRO SKI-u i skijaškim klubovima prilikom organizacijom treninga i natjecanja.This graduation thesis presents the work of the Croatian Ski Association (CRO SKI), since its inception and its role in the organization of ski competitions for senior, junior and younger age categories. The Croatian Ski Federation is the umbrella organization for snow sports in Croatia, of which there are: alpine skiing, cross-country skiing, free skiing, ski jumping, snowboarding and grass skiing.
The paper describes in detail the process of organizing alpine skiing competitions for younger age categories and seniors. Also, the paper describes the registration of the competition, who can be the organizer, rules of the competition, organization costs and the sequence of events during the competition. It includes rules for competitors, their application for competitions in Croatia and for competitions organized by the FIS (World Ski Organization), division of age categories, equipment required for participation in competitions. Part of the paper talks about special rules for younger age categories proposed by the FIS. Description of disciplines in which young alpine skiers compete, their rules adapted to various ages, technical and general characteristics of each discipline.
At the same time, the paper presents the issue of organizing alpine skiing competitions in the Republic of Croatia. The lack of snow slopes and the poor quality of ski slopes are a problem for CRO SKI and ski clubs when organizing training and competitions
Collecting activities as a content of sports recreation
No full textPovijest nas uči da su ljudi dugi vremenski period živjeli kao lovci i sakupljači plodova pa ne čudi spoznaja da su i danas mnogi zainteresirani za tu vrstu aktivnosti. Stoga se nameće potreba definiranja sakupljačkih aktivnosti kao sadržaja sportske rekreacije kako bi se ukazalo na potencijalne opasnosti koje mogu proizaći iz površnog i/ili nedovoljnog znanja. Sakupljačke aktivnosti, kao oblik sportske rekreacije, igraju važnu ulogu u povezivanju čovjeka s prirodom i promoviranju zdravog načina života. Ove aktivnosti obuhvaćaju branje gljiva, ljekovitog bilja, kestena i drugih nedrvnih šumskih proizvoda, često se odvijajući u šumama i prirodnim okolišima. Branje gljiva predstavlja popularnu i zdravu rekreativnu aktivnost koja se može provoditi tijekom jesenskih mjeseci. Osim što pruža tjelesnu aktivnost, ovo iskustvo često potiče i edukaciju o različitim vrstama gljiva te razvija pažljivo promatranje prirode. Sakupljanje ljekovitog bilja ima dugu tradiciju u mnogim kulturama i može donijeti niz zdravstvenih koristi. Osobe koje prakticiraju ovu aktivnost obično istražuju prirodu kako bi pronašli biljke s ljekovitim svojstvima i koriste ih za pripremu prirodnih lijekova ili čajeva. Branje kestena također ima svoje mjesto u sportskoj rekreaciji. To je sezonska aktivnost koja kombinira tjelesnu aktivnost s prikupljanjem plodova koji su bogati hranjivim tvarima. Sve te sakupljačke aktivnosti, osim što potiču tjelesnu aktivnost, povezuju ljude s prirodom i potiču svijest o važnosti očuvanja prirodnih resursa. Osim toga, pružaju priliku za opuštanje i bijeg od urbanog okruženja, doprinoseći općem fizičkom i mentalnom blagostanju. Sakupljačke aktivnosti kao sadržaj sportske rekreacije često potiču ljude da cijene prirodni svijet oko sebe i njegove blagodati za zdravlje i opću dobrobit svih ljudi.History teaches us that people lived as hunters and gatherers for a long time, so it's no surprise that many are still interested in this type of activity today. Therefore, there is a need to define collecting activities as a part of sports recreation to highlight potential dangers that can arise from superficial or insufficient knowledge. Collecting activities, as a form of sports recreation, play an important role in connecting people with nature and promoting a healthy lifestyle. These activities include mushroom picking, collecting medicinal herbs, chestnuts, and other non-timber forest products, often taking place in forests and natural environments. Mushroom picking represents a popular and healthy recreational activity that can be done during the autumn months. In addition to providing physical activity, this experience often encourages education about various types of mushrooms and develops careful observation of nature. Collecting medicinal herbs has a long tradition in many cultures and can bring a range of health benefits. Individuals who practice this activity usually explore nature to find plants with medicinal properties and use them to prepare natural remedies or teas. Chestnut picking also has its place in sports recreation. It is a seasonal activity that combines physical activity with gathering nutritious fruits. All of these collecting activities, besides promoting physical activity, connect people with nature and raise awareness about the importance of preserving natural resources. Moreover, they provide an opportunity for relaxation and escape from urban environments, contributing to overall physical and mental well-being. Collecting activities as a part of sports recreation often encourage people to appreciate the natural world around them and its benefits for health and well-being
The differences in the speed of motor skill aquisition in preschool children with different experience of participation in an organized kinesiological programme
No full textVećina dosadašnjih istraživanja o motoričkom učenju ističe da razina razvijenosti motoričkih vještina rezultira poboljšanim učenjem novoga motoričkog znanja, što znači da sposobnost brzine učenja novih motoričkih znanja izravno ovisi o broju i kvaliteti prethodno naučenih motoričkih programa (Sekulić i Metikoš, 2007). Do sada je utvrđeno da se prethodno stečena motorička znanja mogu smatrati temeljima za daljnju nadogradnju svih ostalih motoričkih programa. Stoga je u djece predškolske dobi iznimno važno pravilno i višestrano razvijati motoričke vještine kako bi se stvorili dobri preduvjeti za daljnji uspješniji razvoj novih motoričkih znanja (Morgan i sur., 2013). Također, utvrđeno je da pravilan utjecaj na motoričke vještine doprinosi i održavanju optimalne tjelesne težine, što je direktan benefit za zdravstveni status djece (Figueroa, 2016).
Cilj ovog rada jest ispitati razlike u razini motoričkih vještina i brzini i kvaliteti učenja novih motoričkih znanja te utvrditi povezanost između brzine učenja novih motoričkih znanja i razine motoričkih vještina u predškolske djece s različitom razinom iskustva sudjelovanja u organiziranom kineziološkom programu.
Unutar dječjeg vrtića istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 161 dijete (74 dječaka i 87 djevojčica) prosječne dobi 73 mjeseca (SD 7) u rasponu od 58 do 90 mjeseci, podijeljeno u četiri različite skupine koje se razlikuju s obzirom na iskustvo sudjelovanja u organiziranom kineziološkom programu: skupina G1 (0 godina), G2 (1 godina), G3 (3 godine) i G4 (4 godine). U trenutku testiranja motoričkih vještina, djeca iz G4 skupine imala su 470 sati prethodnog sudjelovanja u organiziranom kineziološkom programu, djeca iz G3 skupine 350, ona iz G2 skupine 120 sati, dok su skupinu G1 činila djeca bez prethodnog iskustva sudjelovanja u organiziranom kineziološkom programu.
Za testiranje motoričkih vještina koristila se kratka forma testa Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT2). Nakon testiranja motoričkih vještina, sva djeca su u okviru 7 tjedana sudjelovala u novom kineziološkom programu u kojem su usvajala nova, njima potpuno nepoznata motorička znanja. Praćenje i procjenjivanje brzine učenja motoričkog znanja izvršeno je putem ekspertne procjene te naknadnom video-analizom i ocjenjivanjem motoričkog znanja, na temelju prethodno definiranih kriterija. S pomoću videoanalize procijenilo se u kojem je trenutku kod djeteta dostignuta faza usvajanja (uspostave) gibanja i faza početnog usavršavanja procesa učenja novog motoričkog znanja te je nakon završetka procesa učenja ocjenjena razina kvalitete
izvedbe motoričkog znanja ocjenom od 1 do 5, pri čemu je 1 predstavljao najlošiju, a 5 najbolju izvedbu.
U skladu s prvim ciljem istraživanja, jednosmjerna analiza varijance pokazala je da različito iskustvo sudjelovanja unutar skupina s organiziranim tjelesnim vježbanjem (G2, G3 i G4) pozitivno utječe na razvoj motoričkih vještina, za razliku od rezultata skupine G1 koja prethodno nije bila uključena ni u jedan program tjelesnog vježbanja. Vezano uz drugi cilj istraživanja, rezultati su jasno ukazali da su djeca koja su najdulje sudjelovala u organiziranom kineziološkom programu sustavno brže i kvalitetnije učila nova motorička znanja. Sukladno trećem cilju, korelacijska analiza potvrdila je statistički značajnu pozitivnu povezanost između brzine učenja svih novih motoričkih znanja i motoričkih vještina.
Rezultati istraživanja daju informacije koje mogu pomoći pri kreiranju budućih kurikuluma za tjelesno vježbanje i njihovu validaciju. Jednako tako, utvrđeno doprinosi boljem razumijevanju procesa učenja motoričkog znanja i može unaprijediti metodičko poučavanje djece.The majority of research into motor learning so far has pointed out the fact that the level of motor skills development results in improved learning of new motor knowledge, which means that the ability to quickly learn new motor knowledge is directly dependant on the number and quality of previously learned motor programmes (Sekulić and Metikoš, 2007). It has thus far been determined that previously learned motor knowledge can be considered a basis for further improvement of all other motor programmes. This is why it is extremely important to develop proper and multi-faceted motor skills in preschool children so that solid foundations for the further development of new motor knowledge can be developed (Morgan et al., 2013). In addition, it has also been determined that a proper influence on motor skills will also be influential in maintaining a healthy body weight, which directly benefits the health of children (Figueroa, 2016).
The aim of this dissertation is to test the differences in the development of motor skills and the speed and quality of learning new motor skills and the motor skill levels in preschool children who have different levels of experience in participating in an organised kinesiological programme.
Within one kindergarten, a total of 161 children (74 boys and 87 girls), with an average age of 73 months (SD 7) and ranging from 58-90 months of age participated. They were divided into four separate groups based on their experience in participating in an organised kinesiological programme: group G1 (0 years), G2 (1 year), G3 (3 years) and G4 (4 years). At the time of testing children from the G4 group had 470 hours of previous participation in an organised kinesiological progamme, children from the G3 group had 350 hours, children from the G2 group had 120 hours, while group G1 consisted of children without previous experience of participating in an organised kinesiological programme.
The short form the Bruininks – Oseretsky Test (BOT2) was used to test the children’s motor skills. After testing their motor skills, all the children participated in a new 7-week kinesiological programme during which they acquired new motor knowledge which was previously unknown to them. Observation and assessment of the speed in which the children learned new motor knowledge was conducted via an expert evaluation and then via subsequent video analysis and motor knowledge evaluation, based on previously defined criteria. Using video analysis it was determined at which point did a child reach the movement acquisition (learning) and the preliminary consolidation phase of the new movement learning process and
after the learning process was over the quality of the motor knowledge performance was graded on a scale of 1 to 5, with 1 being the lowest grade, and 5 being the highest grade.
In line with the first goal of the research, a One-Way Analysis of Variance has shown that a different previous experience of participation within the groups which had been part of groups with organised physical exercise (G2, G3 and G4) had a positive influence in the development of motor skills, unlike the results of children in group G1, which had not been previously involved in any physical exercise programme. As to the second goal of the research, results have clearly shown that children who had participated in an organised kinesiological programme the longest consistently learned new motor knowledge both quicker and better. Insofar as the third goal of the research is concerned, a correlation analysis has confirmed a statistically significant positive connection between the speed of learning all new motor knowledge and motor skills.
Results of the research provide information which can help create new future curricula for physical exercise and their validation. In addition, they clearly contribute to a better understanding of the processes of learning motor knowledge and can this improve the methodical approach to teaching children
Prevention of muscle injuries in amateur football
No full textOzljede mišića u amaterskom nogometu kreću se od 2,72 ozljede do 36,9 ozljeda na 1000 h sudjelovanja u nogometnim aktivnostima. Donji ekstremiteti najčešće su ozlijeđena mjesta na tijelu, i to hamstrings skupina mišića, m. quadriceps femoris i aduktori natkoljenice. 90 posto mišićnih ozljeda u nogometu su kontuzije i istegnuća do kojih dolazi kada je mišić izložen iznenadnoj i velikoj kompresijskoj sili, što rezultira kontuzijom ili kada je mišić izložen prekomjernoj vlačnoj sili, što rezultira istegnućem. Prevencija mišićnih ozljeda sastoji se od vježbi jakosti, ravnoteže, stabilnosti trupa, neuromišićne kontrole i opće fizičke pripreme amaterskih nogometaša.Muscle injuries in amateur football range from 2.72 injuries to 36.9 injuries per 1000 h of participation in football activities. The lower extremities are the most frequently injured places on the body, namely the hamstrings group of muscles, the quadriceps femoris muscle and the thigh adductors. 90 percent of muscle injuries in soccer are contusions and strains, which occur when a muscle is subjected to a sudden and large compressive force, resulting in a contusion, or when a muscle is subjected to excessive tensile force, resulting in a strain. Prevention of muscle injuries consists of strength, balance, trunk stability, neuromuscular control and general physical preparation of amateur soccer players
Differences in students physical activity levels during the class led by specialists and non-specialist teachers
No full textU ovom istraživanju analizirala se tjelesna aktivnost učenika (izražena kroz broj prijeđenih koraka) na nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture (TZK) i tijekom školskog dana s obzirom na provoditelja nastavnog procesa (kineziolog i magistar primarnog obrazovanja). Uzorak čine 33 učenika iz dva razredna odjela dvije škole u dobi 7-10 godina. Istraživanje je provedeno tako da je unutar svakog razrednog odjela po jedan školski sat vodio kineziolog, odnosno magistar primarnog obrazovanja. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u broju koraka za vrijeme nastave TZK u odnosu na provoditelja, te postoji li statistički značajna razlika u broju koraka za vrijeme školskog dana, također u odnosu na provoditelja nastavnog procesa. Podatci o broju koraka prikupljeni su korištenjem pametnih narukvica koje su učenici nosili tijekom školskog dana. Nije utvrđena statistički značajna razlika u broju koraka za vrijeme nastave TZK u odnosu na provoditelja nastavnog procesa, no može se primijetiti veći broj prijeđenih koraka kod učenika čiju nastavu provodi kineziolog. Istodobno, utvrđena je statistički značajna razlika u broju koraka tijekom školskog dana u odnosu na provoditelja nastavnog procesa (veći broj koraka kod onih učenika kojima tog dana predaje kineziolog).
Ovo istraživanje može poslužiti kao važna smjernica za daljnja istraživanja u području obrazovanja i tjelesne aktivnosti te kao pokazatelj bitne promjene u obrazovnom sustavu koja naglašava potrebu za povećanjem tjelesne aktivnosti djece i mladih.In this research, the physical activity of students (expressed through the number of steps taken) was analyzed in physical and health education classes (PE) and during the school day regarding the implementer of the teaching process (kinesiologist and master of primary education). The sample consists of 33 students aged 7-10 from two classes of two schools. The research was conducted in such a way that a kinesiologist, i.e. a Master of Primary Education, led one school lesson in each class. The goal of the research was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the number of steps during the PE class in relation to the implementer, and whether there is a statistically significant difference in the number of steps during the school day, also in relation to the implementer of the teaching process. Data on the number of steps was collected using smart bracelets that students wore during the school day. No statistically significant difference was found in the number of steps taken during the PE class In relation to the teacher of the teaching process, but a greater number of steps can be observed for students whose classes are conducted by a kinesiologist. At the same time, a statistically significant difference was found in the number of steps during the school day in relation to the implementer of the teaching process (higher number of steps for those students who are taught by a kinesiologist that day).
This research can serve as an important guideline for further research in the field of education and physical activity and as an indicator of an important change in the educational system that emphasizes the need to increase the physical activity of children and young people
The influence of changes of inclination of decline boards from 25 to 17 degrees on the outcome of treatment of jumper's knee by specific rehabilitation protocol
No full textCILJ: Kronična patelarna tendinopatija ili skakačko koljeno je sindrom prenaprezanja (engl. overuse injury) koji najčešće pogađa profesionalne sportaše naročito često one koji sudjeluju u sportovima u kojima se često izvode skokovi poput primjerice odbojke, atletike i košarke. Patofiziološki bolest nastaje, kao posljedica nakupljanja mikrotrauma tijekom treninga i natjecanja, a povezana je s pojavom boli, izbivanjem sa sportskih terena i u izostanku odgovarajućeg liječenja s preranim prestankom profesionalne karijere. U novije vrijeme sve više važniju ulogu u terapiji skakačkog koljena ima ekscentrični trening. Pokazalo se da ekscentrični trening ima jednako učinkovite rezultate kao i kirurško liječenje. U posljednia dva desetljeća ekscentrične vježbe su standardna metoda liječenja kronične patelarne tendinopatije, a provode se vježbanjem na kosoj podlozi nagiba 25°. Cilj terapije nije samo smanjenje boli nego i ojačanje i cijeljenje tetive kako bi se sportaš mogao vratiti svojim normalnim aktivnostima. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju da najveću korist od ekscentričnih vježbi možemo očekivati kada se one izvode polaganom kretnjom ekscentričnim vježbanjem na kosoj podlozi.
Iako je vježbanje na podlozi nagiba 25°standardan način provođenja terapije ne postoje čvrsti znanstveni dokazi da je to idealan nagib podloge, a rezultati biomehaničkih studija su predložili da bi se smanjenjem nagiba možda mogli postići bolji rezultati. Biomehanička istraživanja provedena na zdravim dobrovoljcima su pokazala da se opterećenje zglobova i mišića znatno mijenja s promjenom nagiba podloge od 16 do 35°. Usprkos radovima koji govore u prilog smanjenju nagiba podloge do sada nisu provedena randomizirana klinička istraživanja na bolesnicima koja bi izravno usporedila utjecaj nagiba podloge na oporavak bolesnika oboljelih od kronične patelarne tendinopatije. U našem istraživanju smo usporedili učinkovitost ekscentričnih vježbi provedenih na podlozi standardnog nagiba od 25° s ekscentričnim vježbama provedenim na podlozi nagiba 17° prateći pacijente kroz razdoblje od 12 tjedana.
METODE: Ukupno je u studiju bilo uključeno 70 sportaša, 35 ih je vježbe provodilo na klasičnoj podlozi s nagibom od 25°, a 35 ih je provodilo vježbe na podlozi nagiba 17°. Svi ispitanici su u trajanju od 6 tjedna koristili isti specifični rehabilitacijski protokol za liječenje skakačkog koljena pisane upute i dodatno mogućnost korištenja uz pomoć web platforme fizikalne medicina i rehabilitacija kod kuće (videoreha.com). Na početku studije svi ispitanici su ispunili upitnike o zdravlju koljena; Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Patella (VISA-P) i Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) upitnik. Funkcija koljena je procijenjena uporabom Lysholm Knee Questionnaire/Tegner Activity Scale, a bol pomoću procjene na skali boli (Visual Analog Scale, VAS). Kvalieteta života procijenjena je SF-36 upitnikom. Isti set upitnika pacijenti su ispunili nakon 6 tjedana terapije i nakon dodatnih šest tjedana.
REZULTATI: Pokazali smo da su ekscentrrične vježbe učinkovita terapija za kroničnu patelarnu tendinopatiju i da kod većine pacijenata nakon šest tjedana terapije dolazi do znatnog smanjenja boli u koljenu, poboljšanja funkcije koljena i kvalitete života što je potvrđeno poboljšanjem svih mjerenih indeksa. Dodatni stupanj poboljšanja se postiže nakon dodatnih šest tjedana. Usporedbom oporavka između pacijenata koji su vježbali na klupicama nagiba 17° i standardnim klupicama s nagibom od 25° nije pronađena statistički značajna razlika niti u jednom od određivanih pokazatelja pa smo zaključili da je terapija ekscentričnim vježbama na modificiranoj klupici s nagibom od 17° jednako učinkovita u terapiji kronične patelarne tendinopatije kao i standardna terapija koja se provodi vježbanjem na klupici nagiba 25°. Obje terapije podjednako dovode do smanjenja boli, poboljšanja funkcije koljenskog zgloba i kvalitete života pacijenata. U analizi ostalih ciljeva pokazali smo da pacijenti koji koriste platformu videoreha imaju jednak stupanj oporavka kao i ostali pacijenti, Nismo uspjeli pronaći povezanost između stupnja oporavka i ostalih potencijalnih prognostičkih čimbenika poput spola pacijenta ili BMI indeksa.
ZAKLJUČAK: Zaključak našeg istraživanja je da su ekscentrične vježbe na kosoj podlozi učinkovita terapija za liječenje kronične patelarne tendinopatije i da je terapija na podlozi nagiba 17° jednako učinkovita kao i terapija na standardnoj podlozi nagiba 25°. Promjenom kuta nagiba mogla bi se postići bolja suradljivost pacijenata.AIM: Chronic patellar tendinopathy PT or jumper's knee is an overuse injury syndrome that most often affects professional athletes, especially those who participate in sports in which jumps are often performed, such as volleyball, athletics and basketball. Pathophysiologically, the disease occurs as a result of the accumulation of microtraumas during training and competition, and is associated with pain, weaker performance and inability to participate in sports activities. In the absence of appropriate treatment, it can result with the premature termination of a professional career. In recent period, eccentric training plays an increasingly important role in therapy. Eccentric training has been shown to have just as effective results as surgical treatment. In the last two decades, eccentric exercises have been a standard method of treating chronic patellar tendinopathy, and they are performed by exercising on the board with a 25° decline. The goal of therapy is not only to reduce pain, but also to strengthen and heal the tendon so that the athlete can return to normal activities. The results of the research indicate that we can expect the greatest benefit from eccentric exercises when they are performed with a slow movement by eccentric exercise on an declined surface.
Although exercising on a 25° decline board is the standard way to conduct therapy, there is no solid scientific evidence that this is the ideal angle of a decline, and the results of biomechanical studies have suggested that reducing the angle of the decline may lead to better results. Biomechanical research conducted on healthy volunteers has shown that the load on joints and muscles changes significantly with a change in the slope of the surface from 16 to 35°. Although the researches indicate on potential benefits of reduction of the angle of decline, so far no randomized clinical studies have been conducted on patients that would directly compare the influence of the decline angle on the recovery of patients suffering from chronic patellar tendinopathy. In our research, we compared the effectiveness of eccentric exercises performed
on a standard decline board of 25° with eccentric exercises performed on a board with 17° decline, following patients over a period of 12 weeks.
METHODS: In total, 70 athletes were included in the study, 35 of them performed exercises on a standard board with a decline of 25°, and 35 of them performed exercises on a board with a decline of 17°. All subjects used the same specific rehabilitation protocol for the treatment of jumping knee for six weeks, written instructions were given to all participants and additionally the possibility of using the physical medicine and rehabilitation web platform at home (videoreha.com) was oferred. At the beginning of this study, all patients filled out the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment Patella (VISA-P) questionnaire and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaire. Functional knee activity was assessed using the Lysholm Knee Questionnaire/Tegner Activity Scale, and patients assessed their pain using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Quality of life was assesed by SF-36 questionairre. The same set of analyses was performed at the end of a 6-week therapy period and after an additional 6 weeks.
RESULTS: We have shown that eccentric exercises are an effective therapy for chronic patellar tendinopathy and that in most patients after six weeks of therapy there is a significant reduction in the level of pain, improvement in knee function and quality of life, as evidenced by improvement in all of the analysed indexes. Additional degree of improvement is achieved after a period of additional six weeks. By comparing the recovery between patients who exercised on boards with a 17° decline and standard boards with a 25° decline, we found no statistically significant difference in any of the determined indicators. Therefore, we concluded that therapy with eccentric exercises on a modified board with an 17° decline is equally effective in treatment of chronic patellar tendinopathy as standard therapy which is carried out by exercising on a 25°decline board. Both therapies equally lead to reduction of pain, improvement of knee joint function and quality of life of patients. In the analysis of other objectives, we showed that patients who use the videoreha platform have the same degree of recovery as other patients. We were unable to find an association between the degree of recovery and other potential prognostic factors such as the patient's sex or BMI index.
CONCLUSION: The conclusion of our research is that eccentric exercises on an inclined surface are an effective therapy for the treatment of chronic patellar tendinopathy and that
therapy on a 17° decline board is as effective as therapy on a standard 25° decline board. Our findings encourage changes in the decline angle of the board in the case of a patient’s discomfort in order to achieve better compliance without affecting the recovery
Development of young football players through fitness skills
No full textOvaj diplomski rad odnosi se na motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti te načine kroz koje se mogu unaprijediti. Odgovarajući uvid u nogomet može nam pružiti kineziološka analiza koja kroz strukturalnu, informacijsku, fiziološku, energetsku, biomehaničku i anatomsku analizu omogućuje periodizaciju trenažnih procesa. Ovisno o dobi sportaša bit će iznesene trenutno optimalne metode koje literatura prikazuje poželjnima za razvijanje određenih sposobnosti. Također, frekventno su spomenute i vježbe koje uvelike pozitivno utječu na spomenute sposobnosti. Bitan naglasak rada odnosi se na dugoročno planiranje i programiranje treninga. Dakle, dodatna pažnja se odnosi na senzitivne faze od najranije dobi pa sve do završetka sportske karijere. Rad se odnosi na: pionirsku, kadetsku i juniorsku dob te kako određeni tipovi treninga utječu na kondicijske sposobnosti. Predmet ovog rada bit će kvalitativne (koordinacije i agilnost) te kvantitativne (fleksibilnost, snaga, brzina i izdržljivost) sposobnosti uz neke od nerijetkih deformacija lokomotornog sustava koje zahvaćaju mlade nogometaše/ice. Zaključno, značajnost kondicijske pripreme sportaša možemo prikazati kao sposobnost odgađanja umora koji negativno utječe na sportsku izvedbu. Povezivanjem navedenih sposobnosti možemo definirati ekonomičnost kretanja, to jest pravilno kretanje sportaša kroz vrijeme i prostor uz minimalni utrošak energije.This thesis is about motor and functional abilities and the ways in which they can be improved. Appropriate insight into football can be provided by kinesiology analysis, which through structural, informational, physiological, energetic, biomechanical and anatomical analysis enables the periodization of training processes. Depending on the age of the athlete, currently optimal methods will be presented, which the literature shows as desirable for developing certain abilities. Also, exercises that greatly positively affect the aforementioned abilities were frequently mentioned. An important emphasis of the work refers to long-term planning and programming of training. Therefore, additional attention is paid to the sensitive stages from the earliest age until the end of the sports career. The paper refers to: pioneer, cadet and junior age and how certain types of training affect fitness abilities. The subject of this paper will be qualitative (coordination and agility) and quantitative (flexibility, strength, speed and endurance) abilities along with some of the not uncommon deformations of the locomotor system that affect adolescent soccer players. In conclusion, the significance of fitness preparation of athletes can be shown as the ability to postpone fatigue, which negatively affects sports performance. By connecting the mentioned abilities we can define the economy of movement as the correct motion of athletes through time and space with minimal energy consumption