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Teaching alpine skiing during wintering for school-aged children
No full textAlpsko skijanje jedan je od najpopularnijih i najraširenijih zimskih sportova, kojemu se svake godine pridružuje sve veći broj ljudi tijekom zimskih mjeseci. Djeca i mladi često stječu vještine u sportovima na snijegu tijekom odlaska na zimovanje, gdje im se nudi širok raspon aktivnosti. Sve aktivnosti koje su redovito uključene u program zimovanja mogu se svrstati u tri kategorije: sportsko-rekreacijske tjelesne aktivnosti, društveno-zabavne aktivnosti te
različite radionice. U sportsko-rekreacijske aktivnosti koje se obično provode s djecom za vrijeme zimovanja ubrajaju se alpsko skijanje, skijaško trčanje, snowboarding, sanjkanje te različite sportske igre na snijegu. Pri planiranju zimovanja preporučuje se uključivanje raznolikih sadržaja koji nisu isključivo vezani uz sportove na snijegu, a koji se mogu organizirati u skijaškom centru. Takvi programi za djecu i mlade podjednako su korisni za njihov rast i razvoj, kao i sami sportovi na snijegu. Alpsko skijanje, kao jedna od ključnih aktivnosti tijekom zimovanja, provodi se u sklopu organiziranih škola skijanja, gdje djeca i mladi uče osnovne skijaške tehnike te se upoznaju s ovim sportom. Osnovni cilj ovog stručnog diplomskog rada je opisati sve aktivnosti koje je potrebno učiniti tijekom organiziranja zimovanja za djecu školske dobi. Prikazati će se načini prenošenja skijaškog znanja koji su prilagođeni djeci osnovnoškolske i srednjoškolske dobi. Detaljno će se opisati metodičke vježbe koje se standardno koriste za učenje alpskog skijanja.Alpine skiing is a popular and widespread snow sport, increasingly embraced by people during the winter months each year. Children and young people often learn snow sports during winter holidays, which offer various activities. These activities, typically conducted during winter
vacations, can be categorized into sports and recreational physical activities, social and entertainment activities, and various creative children’s workshops. Sports and recreational activities commonly provided for children during winter vacations include: alpine skiing, crosscountry skiing, snowboarding, sledding, and various sports games that can be played on the snow. When planning winter vacations, it is advised to include a variety of activities that are not exclusively related to snow sports but can be conducted at a ski resort. Such programs for
children and young people are equally effective in influencing growth and development as snow sports. Alpine skiing is one of the activities conducted during winter vacations within an organized school, where children and young people are introduced to and learn the basics of
skiing techniques. The primary goal of this professional thesis is to describe all the activities required when organizing winter vacations for school-aged children. Additionally, this thesis will present methods of imparting skiing knowledge, tailored for prime and high school children.
Methodical exercises commonly used for teaching alpine skiing will be described in detail
The role and significance of attractive outdoor aport and recreation facilities
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je istaknuti ulogu i značaj atraktivnih sportsko rekreacijskih sadržaja na otvorenom. Stoga su u radu prikazane dobrobiti bavljenja sportskom rekreacijom, te motivi ljudi za uključivanje u aktivnosti. U radu su detaljnije razrađeni rafting, zip line, paintball i jahanje. Opisane su dobrobiti i motivi za bavljenje navedenim aktivnostima, te su identificirane prepreke s kojima se ljudi suočavaju pri uključivanju u takve aktivnosti. U radu se daju i smjernice za daljnji razvoj atraktivnih sportsko rekreacijskih sadržaja na otvorenom.The aim of this paper was to highlight the role and importance of attractive outdoor sports and recreation facilities. Therefore, the paper presents the benefits of engaging in sports recreation, as well as people's motives for engaging in activities. Rafting, zip line, paintball and horseback riding are detailed in the paper. The benefits and motivations for engaging in these activities are described, and the obstacles that people face when engaging in such activities are identified. The paper also provides guidelines for the further development of attractive outdoor sports and recreation facilities
DIFFERENCES IN AGILITY TESTS IN FOOTBALL PLAYERS OF YOUNGER AGE CATEGORIES
No full textOvo istraživanje se temelji na analizi razlika parametara u procjeni agilnosti, jedne od najvažnijih motoričkih sposobnosti nogometaša u školi nogometa SK Cro-Vienna, gdje sam ujedno i voditelj te škole. Istraživanje je provedeno na mladim nogometašima (n=75) razvrstanih u 5 dobnih kategorija, U14 (n=15), U15 (n=15), U16 (n=15), U17(n=15) i U18 (n=15). Četiri varijable za procjenu agilnosti su izmjerene bez lopte i s loptom. Analize su pokazale da se dobne kategorije nogometaša u navedenoj sposobnosti bitno razlikuju u fazama adolescencije. Procjenom rezultata testiranja primijećene su značajne razlike u parametrima među mladim nogometašima čak i u vremenskim razmacima od šest mjeseci do jedne godine. Manifestacija motoričke komponente kondicijske pripremljenosti uglavnom prati krivulju rasta testiranih nogometaša. Na temelju dobivenih podataka omogućit će se kvalitetnije selekcioniranje nogometaša, praćenje, planiranje, programiranje i kontrole treninga u nogometu. Dobiveni rezultati će poslužiti kao temelji za svrhovit individualni pristup kod programiranja kondicijske pripreme s obzirom na poštivanje bioloških zakonitosti rasta i razvoja nogometaša te funkcionalnih zahtjeva igre.This research is based on the analysis of the differences in parameters in the assessment of agility, as the basic motor skills of football players in the SK Cro-Vienna football school, where I am also the head of that school. The research was conducted on young soccer players (n=75) classified into 5 age categories, U14 (n=15), U15 (n=15), U16 (n=15), U17(n=15) and U18 (n=15). Four agility assessment variables were measured with and without the ball. Analyzes have shown that the age categories of football players differ significantly in the mentioned ability in the stages of adolescence. Based on the
data obtained, better selection of football players, monitoring, planning, programming and control of football training will be enabled. The obtained results will serve as the basis for a purposeful individual approach to the programming of fitness preparation with regard to respecting the biological laws of growth and development of football players and the functional requirements of the game
THE DIFFERENCE IN THE SITUATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF YOUNG FOOTBALL PLAYERS USING THE METHODS OF LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR PEDAGOGY
No full textNelinearne i linearne pedagogija predstavljaju dva različita pedagoška pristupa učenju. Nelinearne pedagogija je metoda podučavanja u kojoj trener različitim manipulacijama, zahtjevima (broj igrača, veličina terena, pravila) kreira modificirane igre koje simuliraju situacijske uvjete natjecanja. Trener ne daje igraču izravne informacije što treba napraviti već igrač mora sam donijeti odluku. Linearne pedagogija je potpuno suprotna metoda u kojoj trener
igračima daje izravne informacije što trebaju napraviti i kako zadatak mora izgledati. Treneri koji primjenjuju linearnu metodu smatraju da postoji idealan obrazac kretanja koji svi igrači moraju pokušati zadovoljiti. Cilj rada je utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika između skupine ispitanika kojoj se trening zasniva na postulatima nelinearne metode i one koja izvodi trening modelom linearne metode rada. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 16 mladih nogometaša
(kategorija u11) nogometnog kluba „Sava Zagreb“. Sudionici su podijeljeni u eksperimentalnu i kontrolnu grupu te su na početku odigrali inicijalnu utakmicu u kojoj se gledala situacijska efikasnost svakog igrača (uspješna dodavanja, uspješni driblinzi, udarci u okvir gola). Nakon toga eksperimentalna grupa je provodila nelinearnu metodu rada 3 tjedna, a kontrolna linearnu metodu. Na kraju je odigrana završna utakmica u kojoj se ponovno gledala situacijska
efikasnost svakog igrača te analizirale razlike između grupa. Rezultati su pokazali da postoji razlika između grupa u korist eksperimentalne grupa, ali ona nije statistički značajna. Statističke metode koje su korištene u ovom radu su: deskriptivna statistika, t – test za nezavisne uzorke, t – test za zavisne uzorke, Mann – Whitney U Test (neparametrijska statistika).Non-linear and linear pedagogies represent two different pedagogical approaches to learning. Non-linear pedagogy is a teaching method in which the coach creates modified games that simulate the situational conditions of the competition by different manipulations of the requirements (number of players, size of the field, rules). The coach does not give the player direct information on what to do, instead that player must make the decision himself. Linear pedagogy is the complete opposite method in which the coach gives the players direct information on what they need to do and what the task must look like. Coaches who apply the linear method believe that there is an ideal movement pattern that all players must try to achieve. The goal of the paper is to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference between the group of respondents in which the training is based on the postulates of the nonlinear method and the one that performs the training using the model of the linear method of work. 16 young football players (category u11) of the football club "Sava Zagreb" participated in the research. The participants were divided into experimental and control groups and at the
beginning they played an initial match in which the situational efficiency of each player was observed (successful passes, successful dribbling, shots into the goal area). After that, the experimental group performed the non-linear method of work for 3 weeks, and the control group performed the linear method. At the end, a final game was played, in which the situational efficiency of each player was reviewed and the differences between the groups were analyzed. The results showed that there is a difference between the groups in favor of the experimental
group, but it is not statistically significant. The statistical methods used in this work are: descriptive statistics, t-test for independent samples, t-test for dependent samples, Mann – Whitney U Test. (nonparametrics statistics)
CORRELATION OF SPEED AND EXPLOSIVE STRENGTH TESTS WITH THE COMPETITIVE RESULT IN THE 60-METER SPRINT RACE IN CHILDREN AGED 11 TO 15 YEARS
No full textVažnost provođenja selekcije i rane identifikacije talenata za sprinterske discipline izuzetno je važno radi pravovremenog uključivanja u proces specijalizacije i postizanje vrhunskog rezultata. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrditi u kolikoj mjeri pojedini testovi brzine i eksplozivne jakosti mogu biti prediktor natjecateljskog rezultata u utrci na 60 metara kod djece u dobi između 11 i 15 godina. Ukupno 48 polaznika atletske škole oba spola koji su uključeni u atletski trening najmanje godinu dana testirano je s 8 testova za procjenu brzine i eksplozivne jakosti. Deskriptivnom i korelacijskom analizom u programu Statistica određena je povezanost provedenih testova s postignutim natjecateljskim rezultatom ispitanika u utrci na 60 metara. Najveću povezanost s natjecateljskim rezultatom u trčanju na 60 metara ima varijabla trčanje na 20 metara iz visokog starta (r = 0,93), dok je od testova eksplozivne jakosti statistički najznačajniji test skoka u dalj s mjesta (r = 0,76) uz razinu statističke značajnosti postavljene na razinu p < 0,05.
Dobiveni rezultati korelacijske analize upućuju na veliku povezanost testova brzine i eksplozivne jakosti s postignutim natjecateljskim rezultatom u utrci na 60 metara kod djece u dobi od 11 do 15 godina.The importance of selection and early identification of talents for sprinting disciplines is extremely important for timely inclusion in the specialization process and achieving top results. The aim of this research is to determine to what extent certain tests of speed and explosive strength can be a predictor of the competitive result in the 60-meter race in children between the ages of 11 and 15. A total of 48 students of the athletic school of both sexes, who have been involved in athletic training for at least a year, were tested with 8 tests to assess speed and explosive strength. Descriptive and correlational analysis in the Statistica program determined the connection between the conducted tests and the achieved competitive result of the subjects in the 60-meter race. The variable running 20 meters from a high start (r = 0.93) has the highest correlation with the competitive result in the 60 meter run, while the long jump from a standing test (r = 0.76) is the most statistically significant of the tests of explosive strength. Statistical significance was set at the p < 0.05 level. The calculated results of the correlation analysis indicate a strong connection between speed and explosive strength tests with the achieved competitive result in the 60 meter race in children aged 11 to 15 years
Physical activity and health aspects of COVID-19 pandemic
No full textIt is a pleasure to introduce to you this scientific book under the title Physical Activity and Health Aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic. In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a new COVID-19 outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern. Since then, there have been many confirmed infections and many human deaths. A highly effective method for slowing the spread and infection of the virus is self-isolation or quarantine. However, some countries have adopted measures like travel restrictions and school closures. These extraordinary arrangements have had negative physical and psychological impacts, with increased physical inactivity and sedentary behaviour. Before the pandemic, in “normal” conditions, analyses showed that more than 3.2 million people in the world die annually directly due to physical inactivity, while some analyses speak of as many as 5 million. When we talk about the leading factors causing mortality and disease development, according to the World Health Organization, physical inactivity is in the high fourth place and is significantly related to other factors and equally represented as a cause of mortality regardless of the level of development of a country. During the pandemic, other diseases and health risks did not disappear, although the focus of many systems was on the prevention and treatment of patients suffering from COVID-19 virus. A large number of experts in the field of health, kinesiology and other sciences point out the importance of preserving prevention programs in all other segments, regardless of the new pandemic. Physical activity is an indispensable segment of the prevention of many chronic non-communicable diseases, some of which are the leading mortality factors in the world. The consequences of increased physical inactivity, even if due to a pandemic, will be felt by millions of people of all generations. The negative curve of many countries has been present for decades and there is an objective fear that it could worsen significantly during the pandemic period. Mankind will feel the consequences for many years to come in many segments and it is important to point out the importance of physical activity in all the forms available to us. The topic of this scientific book is related to the COVID-19 disease that is considered the worst pandemic in modern times. It covers some aspects of the pandemic, and the reader can find three very interesting chapters that cover important topics as the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on physical education and psychological health, as well as the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on overall well-being. The authors of the book chapters come from a large number of countries, and they certainly are well-respected and experienced researchers. We firmly believe that this scientific book will be a valuable assistance to a variety of scientists, practitioners and, of course, students to better understand the events and problems that arose during the pandemic and to help solve them
SPONSORSHIP OF THE WORLD SOCCER CHAMPIONSHIP ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BUDWAISER COMPANY
No full textUlaganje u sportsko sponzorstvo pruža širok spektar prednosti, osobito ako je usmjereno prema sportskom objektu koji je ciljnoj publici privlačan. Nogomet je najpopularniji sport u svijetu, a Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) je upravno tijelo odgovorno za organizaciju velikih međunarodnih nogometnih događaja. U ovom radu predstavljeno je sponzoriranje Svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva te sponzorstva velikih sportskih događaja kroz povijest i danas. Jedan od najvećih sponzora Svjetskog nogometnog prvenstva je tvrtka Budweiser koju sam uzeo kao primjer prikazivanja sponzorstva sportskog događaja.Investing in sports sponsorship offers a wide range of benefits, especially if it is directed towards a sports facility that is attractive to the target audience. Soccer is the most popular sport in the world, and the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) is the governing body responsible for organizing major international soccer events. This paper presents the sponsorship of the World Football Championship, as well as the sponsorship of major sports events throughout history and today. One of the biggest sponsors of the World Cup is the company Budweiser, which I took as an example of showing the sponsorship of a sporting event
Oblikovanje i vrednovanje specifičnih testova, čimbenici uspješnosti i učinkovitost trenažnih programa za razvoj agilnosti u tenisu
No full textAim The main aim of the doctoral thesis is to design and evaluate specific tests, explore the correlation between anthropometric variables and motor abilities and assess the efficiency of training programs for the development of agility in tennis. Three specific goals were set for three studies (Study 1, Study 2 and Study 3). Study 1 aimed to develop and validate a new test for assessing change of direction speed and reactive agility. Study 2 aimed to investigate the correlation between anthropometric variables and motor abilities with change of direction speed and reactive agility performance in young tennis players. Study 3 aimed to determine the effect of a six-week plyometric training program on sport-specific motor abilities, change of direction speed and reactive agility.
Study 1 methods 50 male tennis players (age 12.3 ± 1.2 years, height 156.7 ± 12.8 cm, body mass 45.9 ± 8.9 kg) who were ranked up to 50th place in the ranking of the National Tennis Association, as well as up to 300th place on the international “Tennis Europe” ranking, participated in the study. Change of direction speed and reactive agility variables were measured using newly constructed change of direction speed test (TENCODS) and reactive agility test (TENRAG), which were designed to mimic specific movements in tennis.
Study 1 results It can be concluded that the newly constructed tests of change of direction speed and reactive agility have a moderate to good degree of reliability. Additionally, the assumption that the reliability will be slightly higher for change of direction speed tests (CA = 0.92 and 0.92; ICC = 0.86 and 0.82) than for reactive agility tests (CA = 0.90 and 0.89; ICC = 0.74 and 0.72) was proven to be accurate. The results also showed that the tests have acceptable validity. Thus, the results of both tests show a moderate to large correlation (p = 0.6 and p = 0.55) with the T-TEST of agility. It can be noted that all measurements, that is, all results, are normally distributed and that the values of skewness and kurtosis are within acceptable limits. Based on the obtained skewness and kurtosis values, it can be concluded that there is acceptable sensitivity and applicability to the sample of young tennis players.
Study 1 conclusion This research confirmed the hypothesis and showed that the newly constructed change of direction speed and reactive agility tests have acceptable metric characteristics. Thus, this paper proposed a new procedure for the assessment of pre-planned and reactive agility in young tennis players, which will significantly improve and advance the existing procedures.
Study 2 methods 50 male tennis players (age 12.3 ± 1.2 years, height 156.7 ± 12.8 cm, body mass 45.9 ± 8.9 kg) who were ranked up to 50th place in the ranking of the National Tennis Association, as well as up to 300th place on the international “Tennis Europe” ranking, participated in the study. The sample of anthropometric variables in this study included the measurement of participant height, body mass, body mass index and percentage of body fat. Additionally, participants performed tests to assess speed (5, 10 and 20-meter sprints), change of direction speed (20 yards, 4x10 yards, T-TEST, TENCODS), reactive agility (TENRAG) and explosive power (countermovement jump, single-leg countermovement jump, squat jump, standing long jump and single-leg triple jump).
Study 2 results The results showed that there is a statistically significant correlation (p 0.05) observed with vertical explosive power variables (r = -0.03 to -0.27). However, based on the obtained results, it can be noticed that the correlations marked as significant are not extremely large, ranging within 0.30 – 0.63, indicating a moderate correlation. More specifically, the largest correlation (r = 0.47 to 0.61) was obtained between change of direction speed tests (20 yards, 4x10 yards, T–TEST), which is logical since they are constructed in a similar way to TENCODS and TENRAG, containing similar movement patterns. Also, the 20 m sprint time (r = 0.51) falls within the range of the highest correlation.
Study 2 conclusion In conclusion, the results of this research confirmed the hypothesis that there is a significant correlation between anthropometric variables and motor abilities with change of direction speed and reactive agility performance among young tennis players. These findings provide valuable information for coaches to design a variety of tennis-specific exercises aimed at enhancing performance, particularly in terms of players' neuromuscular fitness.
Study 3 methods The participants in this study included 35 male tennis players (age 12.14 ± 1.3 years, height 157.35 ± 9.53 cm and body mass 45.84 ± 8.43 kg at the beginning of the experiment). 18 of the participants were randomly assigned to the control group, and 17 were assigned to the experimental group. Running speed (sprints at 5, 10, and 20 meters), change of direction speed (4x10 yards, 20 yards, T-test, TENCODS), reactive agility (TENRAG), and explosive power (long jump, single leg triple jump, countermovement jump, squat jump, and single leg countermovement jump) were all tested. The Mixed model (2x2) ANOVA was used to determine the interactions and influence of a training program on test results. Furthermore, Bonferroni post hoc test was performed on variables with significant time*group interactions.
Study 3 results The results of this research indicate that an experimental training program affected results in a set time period, i.e. 5 out of total 15 variables showed significant improvement after experimental protocol when final testing was conducted. The experimental group showed significantly improved results in the 5m sprint test (6.3%) in the final testing phase compared to the initial testing phase, this was also the case in comparison to the control group in both measurements. Furthermore, the experimental group showed significant improvement in the single leg countermovement jump (16.1% and 20.2%) in the final test, as well as in comparison to the control group in both measurements. The change of direction speed and reactive agility test also exhibited significant improvement (5.9% and 6.0%) in the final testing phase of the experimental group.
Study 3 conclusion The results of this research indicated that a six-week program dominated by plyometric training can have a significant effect on the improvement of specific motor abilities within younger competitive categories. These results offer valuable insights for coaches in designing diverse tennis-specific scenarios to enhance overall performance, particularly focusing on the neuromuscular fitness of their players.Cilj Glavni cilj ove doktorske disertacije je oblikovanje i vrednovanje specifičnih testova, istraživanje korelacija između antropometrijskih varijabli i motoričkih sposobnosti te evaluacija učinkovitosti trenažnih programa za razvoj agilnosti u tenisu. Tri specifična cilja postavljena su za tri studije (Studija 1, Studija 2 i Studija 3). Studija 1 imala je za cilj validaciju novokonstruiranog testa za procjenu specifične teniske brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti. Studija 2 imala je za cilj utvrditi povezanost antropometrijskih karakteristika i motoričkih sposobnosti (brzine trčanja i eksplozivne snage) s brzinom promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivnom agilnosti kod mladih tenisača. Studija 3 imala je za cilj utvrditi utjecaj šestotjednog pliometrijskog treninga na brzinu promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivnu agilnost.
Studija 1 metode Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je 50 mladih natjecatelja (dobi 12.34 ± 1.22 godina, visine 156.7 ± 12.8 cm, mase 45.9 ± 8.9 kg) koji su rangirani na ljestvici nacionalnog teniskog saveza do 50 mjesta kao i na međunarodnoj „Tennis Europe“ ljestvici do 300 mjesta. Varijable brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti mjerile su se novokonstruiranim TENCODS i TENRAG testovima koji su konstruirani na način da ispitanici oponašaju specifične kretnje u tenisu.
Studija 1 rezultati Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako novokonstruirani testovi brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti imaju umjereni stupanj pouzdanosti. Također, potvrdila se pretpostavka da će pouzdanost biti neznatno veća za testove brzine promjene smjera kretanja (CA = 0.92 i 0.92; ICC = 0.86 i 0.82) nego za testove reaktivne agilnosti (CA = 0.90 i 0.89; ICC = 0.74 i 0.72). Također, rezultati su pokazali kako testovi imaju zadovoljavajuću valjanost. Tako rezultati oba testa pokazuju umjerenu povezanost (p = 0.6 i p = 0.55) s T-TESTOM agilnosti. Po dobivenim rezultatima može se primijetiti da su sve čestice mjerenja, odnosno svi rezultati normalno distribuirani te da se vrijednosti Skewnessa i Kurtosisa kreću u granicama prihvatljivosti. Na temelju dobivenih vrijednosti, može se zaključiti da postoji zadovoljavajuća osjetljivost i primjenjivost na uzorku mladih tenisača.
Studija 1 zaključak Ovo istraživanje je potvrdilo postavljenu hipotezu te su rezultati pokazali kako novokonstruirani testovi brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti posjeduju zadovoljavajuće metrijske karakteristike, posebice reaktivni test agilnosti. Tako se ovim radom predložio novi postupak za procjenu brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti kod mladih tenisača čime će se značajno poboljšati i unaprijediti postojeći postupci.
Studija 2 metode Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je 50 mladih natjecatelja (dobi 12.34 ± 1.22 godina, visine 156.7 ± 12.8 cm, mase 45.9 ± 8.9 kg) koji su rangirani na ljestvici nacionalnog teniskog saveza do 50 mjesta kao i na međunarodnoj „Tennis Europe“ ljestvici do 300 mjesta. Uzorak antropometrijskih varijabli sastojao se od tjelesne visine, tjelesna mase, indeksa tjelesne mase i postotka masti. Također, mjerili su se testovi za procjenu brzine trčanja (sprint na 5, 10 i 20 metara), brzine promjene smjera kretanja (20 jardi, 4x10 jardi, T-TEST, TENCODS), reaktivne agilnosti (TENRAG) i eksplozivne snage (skok s pripremom, jednonožni skok s pripremom, skok iz čučnja, skok u dalj s mjesta i jednonožni troskok s mjesta).
Studija 2 rezultati Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da postoji statistički značajna korelacija (p 0.05). Međutim, na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se primijetiti da korelacije koje su označene kao značajne nisu izrazito velike, krećući se u rasponu od 0.30 – 0.63, što ukazuje na umjerenu korelaciju. Konkretnije, najveća korelacija (r = 0.47 - 0.61) dobivena je između testova brzine promjene smjera (20 jardi, 4x10 jardi, T–TEST), što je logično s obzirom da su konstruirani na sličan način kao TENCODS i TENRAG, odnosno sadrže slične obrasce kretanja. Također, vrijeme sprinta na 20 metara (r = 0.51) nalazi se unutar raspona najveće korelacije.
Studija 2 zaključak Ovim se istraživanjem potvrdila hipoteza i pokazalo da postoji značajna korelacija gotovo svih antropometrijskih varijabli i motoričkih sposobnosti s brzinom promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivnom agilnosti kod mladih tenisača. S toga, ove spoznaje pružaju korisne informacije trenerima za stvaranje širokog spektra situacija specifičnih za tenis kako bi razvili odgovarajuću metode za poboljšanje živčano-mišićnih sposobnosti svojih igrača.
Studija 3 metode Uzorak ispitanika obuhvatio je 35 mladih natjecatelja (dobi 12.34 ± 1.22 godina, visine 156.7 ± 12.8 cm, mase 45.9 ± 8.9 kg na početku istraživanja) koji su rangirani na ljestvici nacionalnog teniskog saveza do 50 mjesta kao i na međunarodnoj „Tennis Europe“ ljestvici do 300 mjesta. 18 ispitanika nasumičnim je odabirom raspoređeno u kontrolnu grupu dok je 17 ispitanika raspoređeno u eksperimentalnu grupu. mjerili su se testovi za procjenu brzine trčanja (sprint na 5, 10 i 20 metara), brzine promjene smjera kretanja (20 jardi, 4x10 jardi, T-TEST, TENCODS), reaktivne agilnosti (TENRAG) i eksplozivne snage (skok s pripremom, jednonožni skok s pripremom, skok iz čučnja, skok u dalj s mjesta i jednonožni troskok s mjesta). Mješoviti model (2x2) ANOVA korišten je za određivanje interakcija i utjecaja programa treninga na rezultate testa. Nadalje, Bonferronijev post hoc test proveden je na varijablama sa značajnim vrijeme*grupa interakcijama.
Studija 3 rezultati Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazali su kako je eksperimentalni program treninga utjecao na rezultate u zadanom vremenskom razdoblju, tj. 5 od ukupno 15 varijabli pokazalo je značajno poboljšanje kada je provedeno finalno testiranje. Eksperimentalna grupa pokazala je značajno bolje rezultate (6.3%) u testu sprinta na 5m u završnoj fazi testiranja u odnosu na početnu fazu testiranja, a to je bio slučaj i u usporedbi s kontrolnom grupom u oba mjerenja. Nadalje, eksperimentalna grupa pokazala je značajan napredak (16.1% i 20.2%) u jednonožnom skoku s pripremom u završnom testu, kao i u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom u oba mjerenja. Testovi brzine promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivne agilnosti također su pokazali značajan napredak (5.9% i 6.0%) u završnoj fazi testiranja eksperimentalne grupe.
Studija 3 zaključak Ovo istraživanje je pokazalo kako šestotjedni program koji je dominantno baziran na pliometrijskom treningu može značajno poboljšati specifične motoričke sposobnosti s naglaskom na brzinu promjene smjera kretanja i reaktivnu agilnost kod mlađih natjecateljskih kategorija tenisača. Dobivene spoznaje pružaju korisne informacije trenerima za stvaranje širokog spektra situacija specifičnih za tenis kako bi razvili odgovarajuću metode za poboljšanje živčano-mišićnih sposobnosti svojih igrača
The acute effects of caffeine from various sources on muscle strength and power
No full textCilj: Primarni cilj ovog randomiziranog, dvostruko slijepog, placebom kontroliranog istraživanja bio je ispitivanje akutnih učinaka kofeina iz različitih izvora (1. guma za žvakanje, 2. gel, i 3. kapsule) na mišićnu jakost i snagu u osoba iskusnih u treningu s otporom. Sekundarni cilj bila je izravna usporedba veličine učinka kofeina (u istoj apsolutnoj dozi od 300 mg) iz različitih izvora na mišićnu jakost i snagu. Tercijarni cilj odnosi se na ispitivanje učinka kofeina na mišićnu jakost i snagu i uspoređivanje tih učinaka s učinkom placeba s jedne, i s kontrolnim mjerenjem (mjerenjem bez suplementacije) s druge strane. Metode: Izvedba skoka procijenjena je putem testa bilateralnog vertikalnog skoka s pripremom na platformi za mjerenje sile. Jakost i snaga mišića donjeg dijela tijela procijenjena je na izokinetičkom uređaju. Snaga mišića gornjih ekstremiteta procijenjena je putem vježbe potiska s ravne klupe pri 50%, 75% i 90% 1 „repetition maximum“ (RM) uz pomoć PowerLift iOS aplikacije, dok se za procjenu snage mišića cijelog tijela koristio test na veslačkom ergometru. Testovi su provedeni kroz sedam dolazaka u laboratorij tijekom kojih su sudionici prije testiranja konzumirali: (a) gumu za žvakanje s kofeinom (300 mg) odnosno placebo gumu za žvakanje; (b) kapsulu s kofeinom (6 mg/kg) odnosno placebo kapsulu; i (c) gel s kofeinom (300 mg) odnosno placebo gel. U segmentu istraživanja učinaka kofeina iz kapsula, jedan dolazak u laboratorij sastojao se u testiranju bez ikakve prethodne konzumacije (tzv. kontrolno mjerenje). Uzorak sudionika varirao je od n=16 (dob (AS ± SD): 22.9 ± 2 god) u segmentu istraživanja učinaka kofeina iz gelova do n=26 (dob (AS ± SD): 24.2 ± 5 god) u segmentu istraživanja učinaka kofeina iz kapsula. Rezultati: U usporedbi s placebo gumom za žvakanje, kofein iz guma za žvakanje akutno je poboljšao (za 3-9%) izvedbu skoka s pripremom, jakost i snagu mišića donjeg dijela tijela, snagu mišića gornjeg dijela tijela te snagu cijelog tijela. Konzumacija kofeina iz gelova akutno je poboljšala (za 3-12%) sve prethodno navedene dimenzije jakosti i snage u odnosu na placebo gel. Nije bilo razlike u veličini učinka kofeina iz gelova i guma za žvakanje na mišićnu jakost i snagu. Kofein iz kapsula je, u odnosu na placebo kapsulu i u odnosu na kontrolno mjerenje, značajno poboljšao (za 3-8%) visinu vertikalnog skoka, jakost i snagu mišića donjeg dijela tijela te snagu mišića gornjeg dijela tijela. Kofein iz kapsula akutno je poboljšao (za 4%) snagu mišića cijelog tijela u usporedbi s placebom, ali ne i u usporedbi s kontrolnim mjerenjem. Iako placebo uglavnom nije imao ergogeni učinak u odnosu na kontrolno mjerenje kod većine testova, ipak je u dva testa (vertikalni skok s pripremom, potisak s ravne klupe) taj učinak uočen.
Zaključak: Konzumacija kofeina iz alternativnih izvora (gelovi, gume za žvakanje) može akutno poboljšati visinu skoka, jakost i snagu mišića donjih ekstremiteta, snagu mišića gornjih ekstremiteta te snagu mišića cijelog tijela u osoba iskusnih u treningu s otporom. Nema razlika u veličini akutnog učinka kofeina na jakost i snagu kad se promatra kofein u istoj apsolutnoj dozi konzumiran iz različitih izvora. Stoga, odabir izvora kofeina u vježbača zainteresiranih za suplementaciju kofeinom stvar je, čini se, osobnih preferencija. Konačno, u pojedinim testovima mišićne jakost i snage konzumacija placeba je bila ergogena u odnosu na kontrolno mjerenje, što ukazuje na postojanje placebo učinka kojeg treba uzeti u obzir kako u znanstvenim istraživanjima kofeina kao ergogenog sredstva, tako i u praksi tjelesnog vježbanja i sportskog treninga.Purpose: The primary objective of this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was to investigate the acute effects of caffeine from various sources (1. gel, 2. chewing gum, and 3. capsule) on muscular strength and power in resistance-trained individuals. The secondary objective was to directly compare the magnitude of caffeine’s effects (at the same absolute dose of 300 mg) from different sources on muscular strength and power. The tertiary objective was to examine the impact of caffeine on muscular strength and power and compare these effects with the placebo effect on one hand, and with the control measurement (measurement without supplementation) on the other. Methods: Jump performance was assessed through a bilateral countermovement jump test on a force measurement platform. Lower body strength and power were assessed on an isokinetic device. Upper body power was assessed using the bench press exercise at 50%, 75%, and 90% 1 (repetition maximum) RM with the assistance of the PowerLift iOS application, while whole-body power was assessed using a rowing ergometer test. The tests were conducted over seven laboratory visits during which participants, before testing, consumed: (a) caffeinated chewing gum (300 mg) or placebo chewing gum; (b) caffeinated gel (300 mg) or placebo gel; and (c) caffeine capsules (6 mg/kg) or placebo capsules. In the segment investigating the effects of caffeine from capsules, one laboratory visit consisted of testing without any prior consumption (referred to as the “control measurement”). The participant sample size varied across different study segments, ranging from n=16 (age (mean ± SD): 22.9 ± 2 years) in the segment investigating the effects of caffeine from gels to n=26 (age (mean ± SD): 24.2 ± 5 years) in the segment investigating the effects of caffeine from capsules. Results: Compared to placebo chewing gum, caffeine from chewing gum acutely improved (by 3-9%) countermovement jump performance, lower body strength and power, upper body power, and whole-body power. Consumption of caffeine from gel acutely improved (by 3-12%) all the previously mentioned strength and power dimensions in comparison to placebo gel consumption. There was no difference in the magnitude of caffeine’s effects between gel and chewing gum sources on muscular strength and power.
Caffeine from capsules significantly improved (by 3-8%) vertical jump height, lower body strength and power and upper body power compared to the placebo capsule and the control measurement. Caffeine from capsules acutely enhanced (by 4%) whole-body power compared to the placebo, but not compared to the control measurement. Although the placebo generally did not exhibit an ergogenic effect compared to the control measurement in most tests, such an effect was observed in two tests (countermovement jump, bench press exercise). Conclusion: The consumption of caffeine from alternative sources (gels, chewing gums) can acutely enhance jump height, lower body strength and power, upper body power and whole-body power in resistance-trained individuals. There are no differences in the magnitude of acute effects of caffeine on strength and power when considering caffeine at the same absolute dose consumed from different sources. Therefore, the choice of caffeine source for individuals interested in caffeine supplementation appears to be a matter of personal preference. Finally, in certain tests of muscular strength and power, placebo consumption was ergogenic compared to the control measurement, indicating the presence of a placebo effect that should be considered both in scientific research on caffeine as an ergogenic aid and in the practice of physical exercise and sports training
Analysis of the differences between the Croatian womens national volleyball team of cadet and junior age in certain motor skills
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je analizirati razlike između hrvatskih odbojkaških reprezentativki kadetskog i juniorskog uzrasta u pojedinim motoričkim sposobnostima. Daljnji ciljevi bili su profilacija odabranih motoričkih sposobnosti selektiranih kadetskih i juniorskih odbojkašica te usporedba selektiranih odbojkašica kadetskog i juniorskog uzrasta u odabranim motoričkim sposobnostima. Istraživanju je pristupilo 28 odbojkašica prosječne dobi 15.69 ± 1.02 koje su članice hrvatske odbojkaške reprezentacije u kategorijama kadetskog i juniorskog uzrasta. Skup varijabli sastajao se od 10 motoričkih testova u području agilnosti, eksplozivne snage tipa bacanja i tipa skočnosti i fleksibilnosti. Pomoću deskriptivne statistike izračunati su osnovni deskriptivni pokazatelji. Mann-Whitney U test koristio se za utvrđivanje mogućih statistički značajnih razlika između grupa kadetkinja i juniorki u promatranim motoričkim sposobnostima, dok se Cohen r test koristio za utvrđivanje veličine učinka analize razlike između grupa kadetkinja i juniorki u promatranim motoričkim sposobnostima. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da je statistički značajna razlika između selektiranih odbojkašica kadetskog i juniorskog uzrasta registrirana u testovima Koraci u stranu (KUS), Step-Hop (SHOP) i Bacanje medicinke iz ležanja (1kg) (BML1). Dobiveni rezultati dati će kritične podatke o pojedinim motoričkim sposobnostima mladih selektiranih odbojkašica koji će poslužiti i pomoći trenerima u planiranju i programiranju adekvatnog trenažnog procesa. Također pomoći će kako u praćenju tako i u procesu selekcije odbojkašica na reprezentativnoj razini.The aim of this master's thesis was to analyze differences between Croatian female volleyball representatives in the cadet and junior age categories in specific motor abilities. Further objec-tives included profiling selected motor abilities of the chosen cadet and junior volleyball play-ers, as well as comparing the selected cadet and junior female volleyball players in the chosen motor abilities. The study involved 28 volleyball players with an average age of 15.69 ± 1.02, who are members of the Croatian national volleyball team in the cadet and junior categories. The set of variables consisted of 10 motor tests in the areas of agility, explosive power of the throwing and jumping types, and flexibility. Basic descriptive indicators were calculated using descriptive statistics. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine potential statistically significant differences between the groups of cadet and junior players in the observed motor abilities, while the Cohen's r test was used to determine the effect size of the difference analysis between the groups of cadet and junior players in the observed motor abilities. The results of the study showed that a statistically significant difference between the selected cadet and junior volleyball players was achieved in the tests of side steps (KUS), step-hop (SHOP), and the medicine ball throw from lying position (1kg) (BML1). The obtained results will provide criti-cal data on certain motor abilities of young selected female volleyball players, which will assist coaches in planning and programming an adequate training process. Additionally, it will help both in monitoring and in the selection process of volleyball players at the national team level