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Rušenje stereotipa u američkom sportu
No full textThis paper explores the significance and perception of stereotypes on American athletes both in the United States of America and in the Republic of Croatia. The paper contributes by raising awareness to the most common stereotypes in sports which are analyzed and exemplified on the three most popular American sports (baseball, basketball, and American football). Through analysis of scholarly research on stereotypes, Kobe Bean Bryant’s biography and the survey conducted for the purposes of this study, it is evident that sports stereotyping is on the one hand, still widespread in American sports, while on the other, some stereotypes are being broken. Bryant's biography in particular exemplifies certain stereotypes, while at the same time this literary work provides numerous examples that contribute to breaking of stereotypes in American sports. It is interesting to note that the findings of the conducted survey show that the most dominant stereotypes in American sports occasionally overlap and at times completely differ among Croatians and Americans. The findings in the paper demonstrate that sports stereotyping is still very present both in the United States of America and in the Republic of Croatia, but the positive influence of athletes and the recognition of their qualities contribute to the overall reduction of stereotyping in sports
The Kingdom of Croatia in the Second Half of the 11th Century
No full textRazdoblje srednjega vijeka, odnosno vrijeme druge polovice 11. stoljeća, doba je u kojem Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo dostiže svoj vrhunac. Sudbina Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva ovisila je o težnjama hrvatskih vladara za borbom i očuvanjem vlasti i cjelokupnog teritorija Kraljevstva, s naglaskom na očuvanje istočnog Jadrana koji je dio interesne sfere Bizanta i Venecije, a od sredine 11. stoljeća sve više i Svete Stolice. Bizant učvršćuje svoju vlast u obalnim gradovima, koja je dotad bila promjenjiva, i na ovaj način ugrožava vlast hrvatskih vladara na tom području. Obnova Kraljevine Hrvatske započinje vladavinom kralja Stjepana I. iz dinastije Trpimirovića koji vraća vlast u dalmatinskim gradovima, međutim borba za prevlast nastavlja se i za vrijeme trajanja njegove vladavine te za vrijeme vladavine njegova nasljednika Petra Krešimira IV. koji na prijestolje dolazi 1058. godine. Petar Krešimir IV., jedan od najznačajnijih i najuspješnijih hrvatskih vladara, na vlast dolazi nedugo nakon crkvenog raskola (1054.) te se na početku svoje vladavine susreće s problemima u vjerskim sferama društva. Godine 1060. održan je prvi crkveni sabor u Splitu koji je proveden s ciljem postizanja crkvene obnove na hrvatskom i dalmatinskom području. Sabor je popraćen bunama koje su ubrzo ugušene, a protivnici su crkvene obnove izopćeni. U njegovo vrijeme, Hrvatsko Kraljevstvo teritorijalno je bilo najveće, uprava u gradovima stabilna, a životni standard ljudi vrlo dobar. U unutrašnjem dijelu Kraljevstva, vlast imaju ban Zvonimir i ban Gojčo. Zvonimir zbog svoje ženidbe za Jelenu, kćerku ugarskog kralja Bele I., postaje vrlo važan pretendent za novog kralja Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva. Nakon što su Normani oteli kralja Petra Krešimira IV. i zauzeli dijelove Dalmacije, Mlečani zauzimaju dijelove Dalmacije pod svoju vlast, a na prijestolje dolazi Dmitar Zvonimir, dotadašnji slavonski ban. Njegova vladavina obilježena je, ponajviše, dobrim odnosima kralja i tadašnjeg pape Grgura VII. te Rimske Crkve. Za vrijeme njegove vladavine nije bilo većih ratnih sukoba, tek poneki koji bi vrlo brzo bio riješen. Zvonimir je uživao veliku potporu Crkve, ali i vladajuće ugarske dinastije Arpadovića, dok je prema legendi, koja je i danas ostala poznata u hrvatskome narodu, pred kraj svoje vladavine ubijen od strane vlastitoga naroda. Nakon Zvonimirove smrti ponovno započinju sukobi s Bizantom koji će na kraju 11. stoljeća za posljedicu imati stvaranje personalne unije između Hrvatskoga Kraljevstva i Ugarske, odnosno ugarskoga kralja Kolomana i najistaknutijih hrvatskih velikaša
The Connection of Educational Ideals in Nietzsche's and Freire's Philosophy of Education
No full textU radu su predstavljeni odgojni ideali koje obrađuju Freire i Nietzsche u svojim radovima. Govore o idealima obrazovanja, oslobođenja, kritičkoga mišljenja i povijesti. Svaki ideal stoji zasebno i sam obuhvaća određeni broj poveznica između ova dva filozofa. Ideali su međusobno povezani i uvjetuju se jer kako bi smo ostvarili jedan ideal moramo misliti i na ostale. Obrađivanjem tih ideala oni žele prikazati njihovu primjenu u odgojno-obrazovnome sustavu s ciljem njihova poboljšanja. Freire i Nietzsche bave se problemima koje su iskusili na svojoj koži i uzimaju o obzir činjenicu da aktualni problemi s kojima su suočeni nemaju jednostavna rješenja. Naglašavaju i kako primjena tih ideala nikada neće biti u potpunosti ispunjena, ali imati će veliki utjecaj na budućnost čovječanstva, jer upravo se u obrazovanju se oblikujemo kao ljudi koji odlučuju svaki sljedeći korak. Oni zapravo te ideale pročišćavaju od utjecaja politike, ekonomije i tradicije koje su idealima dali iskrivljena značenja. Pokušavaju utjecati na čitavi odgojno-obrazovni sustav koji je vođen pogrešnim idealima i ograničenim znanjem. Freire svojom kritičkom pedagogijom stvara preokret unutar odgojno-obrazovnoga sustava u Brazilu te postupno i u ostalim zemljama. Nietzsche, s druge strane ostavlja snažnu kritiku na njemačke odgojno-obrazovne ustanove i njihov način rada. Njihovi su ideali primjenjivi i u suvremenome dobu jer smo i sami suočeni s nekima od problema koji se u radu spominju. Ti su ideali revolucionarni jer odgovornost nije samo na ustanovi ili samo na odgojiteljima, nego na svima koji imaju ulogu u odgojno-obrazovnome sustavu
Motivacija za jednopredmetni studij Njemačkog jezika i književnosti - studija slučaja : studija slučaja
No full textIn dieser Diplomarbeit wird das Thema „Motivation für das Ein-Fach-Germanistikstudium – eine Fallstudie“ bearbeitet. Die Arbeit besteht aus einem theoretischen und einem Forschungsteil, sodass im theoretischen Teil das Thema selbst und die damit verbundenen Konzepte erläutert werden. Für den theoretischen Teil wurden unterschiedliche Literaturquellen verschiedener Autoren angewandt, die sich zuvor mit dem gleichen oder einem sehr verwandten Thema beschäftigt hatten. Bevor der Forschungsteil eingeleitet wird, werden verschiedene Begriffe besprochen und erläutert, die für das Verständnis dieses Themas wichtig sind. Auf diese Weise werden Begriffe wie Motivation, verschiedene Motivationstheorien, Faktoren der Lernmotivation erläutert und verschiedene empirische Untersuchungen, welche sich mit der Fremdsprachenlernmotivation beschäftigen, aufgezeigt.
Der Forschungsteil befasst sich mit der Umfrage, die zum Zweck der Untersuchung zum genannten Thema durchgeführt wurde. Vor der eigentlichen Datenverarbeitung wurden Annahmen über die Ergebnisse der Befragung getroffen. Diese Umfrage wurde von Studierenden der Germanistik ausgefüllt und anhand der Ergebnisse der Statistik werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und die gegebene Annahme bestätigt oder negiert. Dabei wird ein Schwerpunkt auf die folgenden Faktoren gelegt: Geschlecht, Studienjahr, Aufenthalt in einem deutschsprachigen Land, außerschulischer Deutschunterricht, Konsum deutschsprachigen Fernsehens und Musik. Es werden auch einzelne Faktoren, welche sich als ausschlaggebend herausgestellt haben gezeigt. Am Ende werden noch verschiedene Anregungen und Vorschläge zu weiteren Forschungen und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten zur durchgeführten Forschung gegeben. Dem folgt noch eine anschließende Synthese aller Daten, welche ermittelt wurden.U ovome radu biti će obrađena tematika „Motivacija za jednopredmetni studij Njemačkog jezika i književnosti – studija slučaja“. Rad se sadrži od teoretskog i znanstvenog dijela, tako da će se u teoretskom dijelu obraditi navedena tema i biti će pojašnjeni povezani koncepti. Za teoretski dio poslužilo se različitoj literaturi autora, koji su se bavili navedenom ili pak sličnom temom. Prije nego što se započne sa znanstvenim dijelom, biti će pojašnjeni razni pojmovi, koji su važni za razumijevanje obrađene teme. Time će biti obrađeni sljedeći pojmovi: motivacija, različite motivacijske teorije, faktori motivacije kod učenja, te će biti prikazana različita empirijska istraživanja koja se bave motivacijom pri učenju stranoga jezika.
Znanstveni dio obraditi će upitnik, koji je proveden povodom analize spomenute teme. Prije same obrade podatak, postavljen su izjave za moguće rezultate upitnika. Upitnik su ispunili studenti germanistike, prema čijim odgovorima će se već postavljene izjave potvrditi ili negirati. Pri tome će težište ležati sa sljedećim faktorima: spol, godina studija, boravak u njemačkome govornom području, vanškolska nastava njemačkog jezika, konzumiranje njemačke televizije i glazbe. Biti će isto prikazani pojedinačni faktori koji su se pokazali kao utjecajni na motivaciju. Na kraju rada biti će dane ideje za nadolazeća istraživanja i moguća poboljšanja za provedeno istraživanje. Time slijedi obuhvatna sinteza svih podatak koji su pronađeni
The Role of Empathy and Loneliness in Nurse Burnout
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je istražiti ulogu nekih karakteristika posla (trajanje smjene, rad u timu, smjenski rad) te empatije i usamljenosti u sagorijevanju na poslu. Sagorijevanje na poslu ispitivalo se u dvama indikatorima, otuđenosti i iscrpljenosti. Istraživanje je provedeno online na prigodnom uzorku 194 medicinske sestre koje sudjeluju u zdravstvenoj njezi pacijenata. Utvrđeno je kako sestre koje rade duge radne smjene postižu više vrijednosti na mjerama otuđenosti i iscrpljenosti u odnosu na sestre koje rade standardno, osmosatno radno vrijeme te kako sestre koje rade dnevne smjene imaju višu razinu empatije u odnosu na sestre koje rade dnevne i noćne smjene. Također, utvrđeno je da je razina empatije značajno negativno povezana s godinama radnog staža, te kako je empatija značajno pozitivno, ali slabo, povezana s oba indikatora sagorijevanja na poslu, i otuđenosti i iscrpljenosti. Provedenim regresijskim analizama dobiveno je da je empatija pozitivan prediktor otuđenosti i iscrpljenosti na poslu, što je rezultat suprotan postavljenoj hipotezi. S druge strane, usamljenost ne predviđa ove indikatore sagorijevanja. Dobiveni nalazi sugeriraju na potrebu za novijim teorijskim postavkama s obzirom da najnovija istraživanja ukazuju na kontradiktorne rezultate. S obzirom da postoji malo istraživanja koja mjere doprinos empatije i usamljenosti u sagorijevanju na poslu, ovaj rad doprinosi razumijevanju odnosa između navedenih varijabli, te ima praktične implikacije za rješavanje problema sagorijevanja na poslu kod medicinskih sestara Republike Hrvatske.The aim of this paper was to investigate the role of some job characteristics (shift duration, team work, shift work) and empathy and loneliness in burnout. Burnout was examined within two indicators, disengagement and exhaustion. The research was conducted online on a convenient sample of 194 nurses who participate in the patient healthcare. It was determined that nurses who work long shifts achieve higher values on measures of disengagement and exhaustion compared to nurses who work standard, eight-hour working hours, and that nurses who work day shifts have a higher level of empathy compared to nurses who work day and night shifts. Also, it was determined that the level of empathy is significantly negatively related to years of service, and that empathy is significantly positively, but weakly, related to both indicators of burnout. Regression analyzes showed that empathy is a positive predictor of disengagement and exhaustion, which is the opposite of the hypothesis. On the other hand, loneliness does not predict these indicators of burnout. The obtained findings suggest the need for newer theoretical settings, given that the latest researches indicate contradictory results. Given that there are very few researchs that measure the contribution of empathy and loneliness to burnout, this paper contributes to the understanding of the relationship between the aforementioned variables, and has practical implications for solving the problem of burnout among nurses in the Republic of Croatia
Neural Networks for Visual Perception and Attention
No full textVidna pažnja može se fleksibilno usmjeriti na ograničeno područje prostora, cijeli objekt ili dimenzije obilježja kao što su boja i orijentacija. Pri tome se nužno govori o selektivnoj vidnoj pažnji. Naime, prizor okoline obično sadrži golemu količinu informacija koje ne možemo obraditi istovremeno zbog ograničenog kapaciteta obrade vidnog sustava. S obzirom na ovo ograničenje, možda nije iznenađujuće da su čimbenici koji utječu na vidnu pažnju, kao i mehanizmi koji su u osnovi jedinice njenog odabira, među temama koje se najviše proučavaju u modernoj psihologiji. Međutim, pažnju, kao izrazito složen psihološki fenomen, nije moguće razumjeti koristeći samo jedan znanstveni pristup. Stoga je u potrazi za razumijevanjem vidnog sustava postalo sve jasnije da je integracija neurobiologije, psihologije i računalnog pristupa ključna. Računalni pristupi igraju izrazito bitnu ulogu u spoznavanju funkcioniranja vidne pažnje, s obzirom da mogu otkriti kako će vidni sustav vjerojatno riješiti njemu svojstvene probleme, čime se poboljšava naše razumijevanje neurobiologije u osnovi takvog psihološkog procesa. Konekcionistički računalni modeli predstavljaju neuronski računalni pristup ili pristup neuronskih mreža koji se može jednostavno definirati kao interdisciplinarno područje nastalo spajanjem istraživačkih napora iz psihologije i neurobiologije sa znanjima iz matematike i informatike. Razvijanje računalnih modela koji opisuju kako se pažnja raspoređuje unutar dane vizualne scene bio je važan izazov za računalnu neuroznanost. Cilj ovog rada jest opisati pažnju kao složen psihološki fenomen te pružiti primjere računalnih modela koji bi upotpunili njeno razumijevanje
Relationship Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Pain Catastrophizing and Pain Experience in Persons With Chronic Pain
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos anksiozne osjetljivost, katastrofiziranja boli i doživljaja boli kod osoba s kroničnim bolovima. Istraživanje je provedeno online na uzorku od 198 osoba koje pate od kroničnih glavobolja ili kroničnih križobolja od kojih je 163 bilo ženskog, a 35 muškog spola. Osobe s kroničnim bolovima ispunjavale su Sociodemografski upitnik, Indeks anksiozne osjetljivosti, Skalu katastrofiziranja boli, Upitnik za mjerenje doživljaja boli te su na Vizualno-analognoj skali morali procijeniti uobičajeni doživljaj intenziteta boli. Rezultati korelacijske analize pokazali su statistički značajnu pozitivnu povezanost anksiozne osjetljivosti i katastrofiziranja boli. Hijerarhijskom regresijskom analizom utvrđeno je da katastrofiziranje boli pozitivno predviđa kriterij doživljaj intenziteta boli pomoću vrijednosti na vizualno-analognoj skali boli dok se anksiozna osjetljivost nije pokazala značajnim prediktorom. Implikacije istraživanja razmatraju se iz kognitivne perspektive, a nalazi mogu doprinijeti boljem razumijevanju složenom međuodnosu psiholoških faktora koji utječu na doživljaj boli.The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between anxiety sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and pain experience in people with chronic pain. The study was conducted online on a sample of 198 people suffering from chronic headaches or chronic lower back pain, of which 163 were female and 35 were male. Participants completed the Sociodemographic Questionnaire, Anxiety Sensitivity Index, Pain Catastophizing Scale, The short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire-SF-MPQ and had to assess the usual pain experience on the Visual analogue scale. The correlation analysis results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between anxiety sensitivity and pain catastophizing. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that pain catastrophizing positively predicts the pain intensity criterion using a visually analog pain scale value while anxiety sensitivity was not shown to be a significant predictor. The implications of the study are considered from a cognitive perspective, while the findings can contribute to a better understanding of the complex interrelationship between psychological factors that affect the experience of pain
Utjecaj španjolskoga na leksičkoj razini na varijete engleskoga
No full textThe spread of the English language across the globe is a result of the formation of various varieties of English, otherwise known as World Englishes. These varieties are modelled under the constant influence of a plethora of factors, including the historical, cultural, socio-economic and linguistic influences of the regions in which a particular variety of English is spoken. One of the factors that has left a noticeable mark on English is the Spanish language. Being the second most spoken language in the world with approximately 460 million speakers, it has had significant impact on the lexical varieties of English in regions where Spanish has a notable presence. Contrasting the growing number of Anglicisms in the contemporary Spanish lexicon, the reverse process is also in motion. Albeit comparatively smaller, the increasing presence of Spanish in international communication has resulted in a growing use of Hispanicisms in English. The language users’ socioeconomic milieu, exposure to mass media, use of information technology and favouriting foreignisms all affect the morphosyntactic, semantic and stylistic forms of these borrowings. The results of these influences are particularly notable in various fields of life, ranging from vocabulary regarding humanities and natural sciences to terms used in everyday life.Raširenost engleskoga jezika diljem svijeta rezultat je formiranja različitih varijeteta engleskoga poznatih kao svjetski engleski. Ovi su varijeteti oblikovani pod stalnim utjecajem mnoštva čimbenika, uključujući povijesne, kulturne, socioekonomske i jezične utjecaje regija u kojima se govori određeni varijetet engleskog. Jedan od faktora koji je ostavio zamjetan trag na engleski je španjolski jezik. Budući da je drugi jezik na svijetu po broju govornika s približno 460 milijuna govornika, imao je značajan utjecaj na leksičke varijetete engleskog u regijama u kojima je španjolski značajno zastupljen. Nasuprot sve većem broju anglicizama u suvremenom španjolskom leksiku, u tijeku je i obrnuti proces. Iako razmjerno manja, rastuća prisutnost španjolskog u međunarodnoj komunikaciji rezultirala je rastućom upotrebom hispanizama u engleskom. Socioekonomski milje korisnika jezika, izloženost masovnim medijima, korištenje informacijske tehnologije i favoriziranje prilagođenica utječu na morfosintaktičke, semantičke i stilske oblike ovih posuđenica. Rezultati ovih utjecaja posebno su izraženi u raznim područjima života, od vokabulara humanističkih i prirodnih znanosti do pojmova koji se koriste u svakodnevnom životu
Encouraging Reading Habits in Children's Libraries
No full textČitanje je, uz govor i pisanje, jedna od najvažnijih vještina koje je potrebno usvojiti da bi se ravnopravno sudjelovalo u društvu. U ovom će se radu govoriti o poticanju navika čitanja kod djece u dječjim knjižnicama i važnosti usvajanja tih navika već od najranije dobi. Čitanje podrazumijeva tumačenje i dekodiranje znakova te razumijevanje teksta i sadržaja. Potrebno je razviti primarne odnosno predčitalačke vještine koje se odnose na djetetovu svjesnost o pisanom jeziku, a koje predstavljaju preduvjete za daljnji razvoj čitanja kod djece. Čitanje se može smatrati jednim od važnijih procesa s obzirom da ujedinjuje sposobnosti percepcije, prepoznavanja i povezivanja pa je stoga potrebno poticati ga od najranije dobi ponajprije u obitelji, a potom u predškolskoj ustanovi, školi te knjižnici kroz radionice, programe čitanja i slične aktivnosti koje uključuju knjige, čitanje, razgovore itd. Roditelji imaju važnu ulogu u poticanju čitanja kod djece budući da svojim odnosom prema čitanju doprinose razvoju čitateljskih sposobnosti kod djeteta i upravo su oni prvi posrednici između knjige i djeteta. Susret sa slikovnicom za većinu djece predstavlja prvi susret s knjigom, a tako se stvaraju i pozitivna iskustva čitanja. Dječji su knjižničari isto tako jedni od onih koji imaju važnu ulogu u poticanju čitanja i stvaranju novih znanja svojim sposobnostima, znanjima i vještinama. Sve je više knjižnica koje se uključuju u programe poticanja čitanja kroz radionice, kvizove, suradnje s nastavnicima i knjižničarima te stvaraju inovativne ideje, nova poznanstva, a samim time educiraju roditelje jednako koliko i djecu te ih upoznaju s novim načinima poticanja djece na čitanje. Na primjerima dobre prakse u svijetu i Hrvatskoj vidljivo je kako sve više knjižnica provodi programe vezane za čitanje i samo poticanje istog, a koji su primijenjeni za određenu dob djeteta, sadržaj i razinu njihovih sposobnosti
Figures of Bishop Strossmayer in the corpus of occasional poems
No full textDisertacija pristupa korpusu prigodnica, posveta i inskripcija biskupu Josipu Jurju Strossmayeru, identificirajući, opisujući i interpretirajući strukturalne elemente i postupke na koje se u njima nailazi, s ciljem utvrđivanja konstrukcijskih modaliteta referencijalnog subjekta (Hamon 1999), odnosno povijesne osobe biskupa J. J. Strossmayera, kao i, povratno, njihovih semantičkih reperkusija po uspostavljanju Strossmayerova kulturalnog statusa na regionalnoj i nacionalnoj razini. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo i kontekstualne utjecaje na tekstualno oblikovanje Strossmayerove povijesne osobe: pragmatične uvjete nastanka (Pšihistal 1996) prigodnica, odnosno njihov izvedbeni aspekt – svrhovitu javnu izvedbu, uz primjenu teorije govornih činova J. L. Austina te strategije upisa njegove kulturalnopovijesne polivalentnosti, o čemu svjedoče paratekstualni oblici posvete (G. Genette), kao i opsežan korpus neknjiževne recepcije Strossmayerova lika i djela (Strossmayeriana) ključan u konstruiranju hrvatske kulture 19. st. Disertacija kroz analizu korpusa prigodnica biskupu Strossmayeru, primarno kao kulturoloških i pragmatičnih, a tek onda i estetskih tekstova, uspostavlja i znanstveno opisuje modalitete Strossmayerova kulturalnog identiteta kao tekstualne projekcije njegove pozicije i kulturalnog djelovanja u izvantekstualnome sociokulturalnom i povijesnome kontekstu. Budući da ne postoji sustavna znanstvena elaboracija Strossmayerove uloge u regionalnoj i nacionalnoj kulturi, disertacija je znanstvenom pretragom korpusa prigodnica s jedne strane usustavila taj korpus, a s druge ponudila argumente za percipiranje Strossmayera kao prvoga hrvatskog pisca kulture, te time otvorila put širemu znanstvenom bavljenju Strossmayerovom kulturalnom ostavštinom. U okviru istraživanja i analiziranja korpusa metodologiju je u prvom redu činila pragmatička analiza (teorija govornih činova, pragmatika parateksta), potom književnoteorijska (s naglaskom na stilističkoj, retoričkoj, intertekstualnoj, intermedijalnoj i transmedijalnoj analizi korpusa), književnopovijesna, antropološka i kulturalna analiza, uz aktiviranje drugomedijskih teorija s obzirom na tip intermedijalne strukture određenoga korpusnoga dijela, kojima se dokazuju najavljene disertacijske hipoteze.The objective of this dissertation was to identify, describe and interpret the structural elements within the corpus of occasional poems, dedications and inscriptions dedicated to Bishop Strossmayer, in order to determine construction modalities of the referential subject (according to Hamon) which refer to the Bishop Strossmayer, the historical person. The second objective is to assess the semantic impact of occasional poems, dedications and inscriptions on the establishment of Strossmayer’s cultural status at the regional and national level. The paper analyzes in which way textual determinants contributed towards development of Strossmayer’s historical image. Austin’s theory of speech acts is used to illustrate the performative aspect of occasional poems, related to pragmatic conditions of their creation (Pšihistal) and a way of recording his cultural activities in the paratextual forms of dedication (Genette), as well as extensive corpus of non-literary reception of Strossmayer’s personality and works (Strossmayeriana) important for the construction of the nineteenth-century Croatian culture. Occasional poems are analyzed primarily as cultural and pragmatic texts, and secondarily as literary texts. Strossmayer’s cultural identity stems from textual projection of his position, as well as his actual cultural activities. This dissertation aims to portray Strossmayer as the first writer of Croatian culture, in order to contribute towards development of a comprehensive synthesis of Strossmayer’s cultural legacy. The thesis is divided in six chapters and the Introduction, Conclusion, and References, Sources and Network sources: Occasional poems as Speech Acts; Corpus of occasional poems on Bishop Strossmayer, Assessment of occasional poems on Bishop Strossmayer, Bishop Strossmayer as transmetaprojection media subject, Occasional poems as Cultural Acts, Images of Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer. The methodological approach is interdisciplinary, based upon pragmatic approach (speech act theory, paratext pragmatics), literary theory (with emphasis on stylistics, rhetorical, intertextual, intermedial and transmedial corpus analysis), literary-historical, anthropological, philosophical and Cultural Studies approach. Other media theories and methods are also applied in the analysis of the intermedial structure of a particular part of the corpus. The corpus can be defined as a collection of philanthropists’ gifts returned upon the preferred concept of compensation. The introductory chapter approaches the previous findings on the images of Bishop Strossmayer in the occasional poems, which have been insufficiently researched. Pšihistal was the first to note that the occasional poems should be considered primarily performative. In the second chapter, occasional poems are defined as speech acts (performative). In order to prove the hypotheses, it was necessary to study and redefine the genre of occasional poems by applying the theoretical approaches of foreign (Nagy, Pangritz, Drux, Dwarf Sugano, etc.) and domestic scholars (Pšihistal, Novaković, Jovanović, etc.). Occasional poems were defined as speech acts on the basis of Austin’s doctrine and Nagy’s definitions of genre derived from Todorov‘s precepts. Occasional poems can be defined as a separate genre because they meet the criteria of the community in which they are used, and the genre itself is equated with the concept of the speech act situation. Occasional poems are characterized by: a) public performance before the addressee, delivered by an authorized speaker, b) ritualism, c) conventionality, and d) what Austin calls sincerity; otherwise it means rejecting the whole procedural code and remaining infelicitous, i.e. - they do not achieve effects listed in the structure of the speech act. In that case, they can have only a secondary aesthetic function and partially independent literary aspects, while the primary function is pragmatic and overall subsequently cultural. It is an activity that involves not only contextually verified performative effect, but also repetitiveness and genre quotation. Poetic occasional poems make use of a common imagery, established rhetorical formulas and figures that build a common set of utterances - the images of Josip Juraj Strossmayer to be successful/felicitous. Cultural and pragmatic functions avoid illegitimate readings of the corpus, i.e., neglecting the context, the occasion on which the act takes place, the authority of the speaker, the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary aspects; they do not ignore the nature of genre as a speech and cultural act, nor as a form of communication performed on a special occasion and having a primarily social (cultural) function. The third chapter focuses on the assessment of the corpus of occasional poems in a letter form to the Bishop Strossmayer according to the following criteria: Authority of the Speaker, Public Performance, Conventionality, and Rituality. Most occasional poems writers were priests, monks, and nuns, and not literary authors, evidencing the performativity of the genre analogous to the performative character of liturgical rites/ceremonies in which words are turned into acts and/or events. Occasional poems are divided into genres, according to the speech act’s situation, the speaker’s authority, and the authorial-diachronic category. In all, 326 occasional poems written by 164 authors were sent to Bishop Strossmayer, 138 of which were written by Croatian authors (including 33 who cannot be identified), and 26 foreign (including two anonymous). A strong sense of national identity is accentuated. In the third chapter, Austin’s theory of speech acts is applied. The assessment of felicity/ infelicity of occasional poems established their performative rather than constative nature. A successful occasional poems had to meet the following requirements: a) Felicities / successful occasional poems are always performed by an authorized person; b) there are clear rules on how to perform occasional poems, i.e. performative utterance to the Bishop; c) belonging to Strossmayer’s cultural circle requires an utterly positive attitude, which is also expected of the content of the performative; d) to belong to Strossmayer’s cultural circle one needed to respect the strict rules; f) the participants had to continue to act according to the principles expressed in the occasional poems and publicly distance themselves from those who break/violate the rules. In an effort to define performativity and identify the meaning of the term performative in Croatian language as oblikotvornik (defining the form); preustrojnik (restructuring); zbiljotvornik (actualizing/making real); preobraznik (transformative), a method resembling modern theological science was also applied. The constative was analogously interpreted as činjeničnik (fact-establishing); potvrdnik (confirming), or istinosnik (truth-establishing). Similar to the genre of memorial liturgies, the locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary dimensions were related to činidbena (carefully considered before making a decision of judgment about something); hvalidbena (praising), and molidbena (prayable) feature that accomplish performative effects in the liturgy. 292 of 326 occasional poems examined were successful/felicitous, and 34 were labelled as failed/infelicitous due to several types of protocol/felicity condition violations resulting in a hollow professed act, or abuses according to Austin. The Assessment of occasional poems is based on the classification of illocutionary aspects (Stojanović-Prelević) created after analyzing different types of illocutionary force. An extended Stojanović-Prelević classification was partially adopted, and in addition to Austin’s five wellknown classes of illocutionary force, a predictive class was added, since a large number of occasional poems writers use a predictive to foresee how Strossmayer is to be perceived in a cultural memory. Typical pragmatics of occasional poems, dedications, and inscriptions in books given to Strossmayer, are also analyzed. The titles are written in Strossmayer’s culture text, in a common pragmatic framework with dedications and inscriptions. In paratexts, Strossmayer serves as the moral compass for the group of people who devote Occasional poems to him, and/or give Strossmayer books as gifts in either public acts of dedication or in private inscriptions. Strossmayer is regarded as transmeta-projection media subject in his church. In addition to dedication to his cathedral, Strossmayer’s self-dedication within his own architectural texts is also a dedication to the larger cultural text that he contributed to. It is important to take special note of Strossmayer’s semiological status. Bishop Strossmayer was employed as a character-image, and both as a non-literary expression of a character and a literary expression of a character. In the entire occasional poems corpus Strossmayer is “automatically tagged” and authors always mention these characteristics. The character’s referentiality is retained, the role is unaltered, the context is consistent, and the accomplishments stay clear even in derogatories. There is a clear intention to affirm Strossmayer’s position through a number of images/word images. Occasional poems and portraits of the bishop (textual, visual, and musical works of art) obviously have pragmatic goals. Whereas other pieces were paid for, occasional poems writers received no compensation, and the bishop’s feedback was often circumstantial. Fifth chapter focuses on the images within the corpus crucial for classification of occasional poems as cultural events and on the collectivity/communion images to define identity and culture. The most significant formative structures identified by the interpretation pattern that would support the thesis are antonomasia and synecdoche. Tropes which contributed towards creating Strossmayer’s image of a bishop were: patron (benefactor), builder, founder of Croatian identity, writer of culture or cultural memory, Croatian king and shepherd. These are listed in various ways as cultural acts in the occasional poems. According to the occasional poems, Cultural tuscanization was the largest cultural venture in Croatian history and is also the topic-and motive-related foundation of contemporary Croatian culture. Although Matoš derives Strossmayer’s undertakings from his slogan “Everything for Faith and Homeland” in a dual sense, Strossmayer’s constructive cultural project was planned and carried out with the concept of the trinity. As a desired role model, His “European” cultural profile is emerging in the corpus. His cultural project’s implementation has in this regard been divided into three key periods: Incubation (1850–1860), Cultural tuscanization (1860–1900), and Synthesis (1900–1955). Since occasional poems were conveyors of the cultural-program performance, hence the corpus of performative identification, morphology of the occasional poems corpus was used to determine the cut-off years. Occasional poems serve as a cultural record of Strossmayer’s idea; they identify and (re)shape it in sync, so that writing about it in the corpus turns into a) writing into a cultural project but also b) writing about its outcomes. In the sixth chapter, the fundamental questions about Bishop Strossmayer from the perspective of occasional poems were addressed, such as the subject of logos. Word pictures/images are also referred to in this chapter. However, their purpose was to remind the interlocutors of the bonding answers connoted. Several determinant images of Bishop Strossmayer have been identified: the Croatian King (Shepherd), builder of National Identity, the Patron, the Orator (Golden-mouthed), the Bishop (Vladika), and the Builder. They attempt to shape Croatian national identity and culture in full conformity with Strossmayer’s model. The most prominent antonomasia and a cultural memory character connected to Josip Juraj Strossmayer is the image of Mecene (also spelled Mecenata or Mecenata). Even those who have had a strong dislike for Strossmayer cannot deny that, as shown in the corpus of occasional poems, he is the greatest patron in Croatian history. In contrast to other images reflecting his professional role (Bishop, Vladika, etc.) or the global fame he attained (orator), or as an observation of the results of his endeavors (builder, culture writer), Strossmayer commits himself to the image of a patron. The fact that Bishop Strossmayer is perceived as a symbol of national identity is one of his most significant impacts recognized in our corpus. A complex yet persuasive identity image of Josip Juraj Strossmayer provides the response to the question on the ideal form of Croatian national identity delved into by thosewriters. Strossmayer is not just an identity (re)shaper—he is also a paradigm of national identity and its ideal embodiment. This corpus is crucial to Strossmayer’s identity program since he expects ongoing writing activities on occasional poems and shapes the corpus’s outcomes in accordance with the genre characteristics, which include the development of a national identity largely at odds with the prevailing ideologies of its time and place. Apart from having intellectual resources, the affluent Strossmayer can also financially support his national identity program. His greatest achievements, including the building of the Djakovo Cathedral, the Academy of Sciences and Arts, re-establishment of the University of Zagreb and the (Strossmayer) Gallery of Old Masters generate the ideal Croatian identity (culture) he wants to establish and communicate. Croatians are for him a wealthy, educated, tolerant nation, a Tuscan element among the Slavs, predestined to great achievements, much greater than their financial, military, or demographic strength, relied on the threefold concept according to which the Djakovo Cathedral was built: focusing (a) on the upgrading of Croatia’s national identity, (b) on the ideas of pan-Slavism and church unity in (c) the global Catholic Church, where Croatians have a particular role assigned. The occasional poemsBishop Strossmayer is a symbol of the accomplishment of Croatian national identity. He portrays the future of Croatia by embodying all the qualities of a collective subject. In the corpus of occasional poems, which in the 19th century were inseparable from his name, the image of the Bishop stands out in the set, not only as evidence of his official duties but also as a desirable asset. In the second half of the 19th century, writing or saying “bishop” meant writing or saying “Josip Juraj Strossmayer,” a terminology that has survived into present. The word “Bishop,” written with the capital “B”, appears in almost every occasional poems, almost always in the paratext of the title, and regularly in the body of text. The antonomasia of Vladika frequently appears alongside the image of the bishop. It serves as a synonym for “bishop” and designates a prominent position in the Greek Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches. He most frequently refers to himself as a Vladika for ecumenical purposes. They are brothers in Christ, both on the same mission to unite the divided churches. Bishop Strossmayer successfully completed his mission, although his appointment to Vladika did not result in rallying the idea of brotherhood and of upcoming church unity. The image of the Builder is one of the significant corpus performative names of J. J. Strossmayer. So, envisioning and constructing a cathedral or a temple (both spiritual and material) becomes a community-wide effort, with occasional poems being not only the testimony of a single speaker but a reflection of a collective idea and collective will. The orator’s (‘Golden-mouthed’) antonomasia becomes topical primarily following his performance at the First Vatican Council, where he becomes a globally relevant person. The bishop’s greatest oratorical role model is Ivan Chrysostom, who is close to the already mentioned image of the bishop. Strossmayer favors the clergy of the pre-Schism period and the concept of unity, which he promoted at the Vatican Council as the legacy of the early holy Fathers. In several places, Matoš addresses Strossmayer simply by his first name Josip Juraj, but also “the Croatian king”. This naming was also adopted by some occasional poems writers. In the series of symbolic meanings in our Corpus, Bishop Strossmayer as the king can be understood as a superego, as an ideal that to strive for, as an ethical and psychological value. Strossmayer is the one who has earned his royal privileges/features: he is the best representation of the Croatian nation – both a ruler and a role model in one, unlike politicians of that time. Starčević was intolerant in his ideological justification, and Jelačić was more a general and a subordinate than the sovereign ruler of his people. Therefore, Strossmayer was presented as a true sovereign by the grace of the Holy Spirit and due to his virtuous values. For political reasons, such as the banning of Okrugić’s occasional dramatic poemThe meeting of the fairies..., the image of a king is sometimes replaced with a shepherd. This antonomasia appears frequently on a number of occasions. It does not refer to a spiritual shepherd only (although it has this meaning in many cases) but primarily to a protector/guardian and leader of the nation. The last chapter comes to the conclusion that the images of Bishop Strossmayer are nationally formative and permanently inscribed in every narrative of contemporary Croatian culture. Even when questioned and or contested as infelicitous/failed occasional poems within the corpus, they remain a part of cultural valuables attained by versatile activities of Bishop Strossmayer, as well as all those who joined his projects, including the authors of our corpus