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Pitanje moći u drami Tragična pripovijest o Doktoru Faustu Christophera Marlowea
No full textLong before Goethe wrote his Faust (1808), Christopher Marlowe wrote his play The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus (1592-93). The play follows the story of a young scholar Faustus who, after learning everything he could, sold his soul to the devil for the knowledge forbidden to him and all humans. Faustus, through various means, wants to gain power and this paper will focus on how the said power is depicted throughout the play – through divine, infernal, and human points of view. Divine power will be represented by God and the heavens, Infernal power by Lucifer and Mephastophilis, and human power, as sought by Faustus, through knowledge, magic, and mortality. Through detailed analysis, the thesis explores how Marlowe portrays these different forms of power. Marlowe uses symbolic elements, such as a good angel, to represent divine interference and moral guidance, emphasizing the constant but ultimately overlooked presence of divine power. Infernal power is shown through the character of Mephastophilis and the pact Faustus makes with the devil – Lucifer. Marlowe illustrates the seductive and deceptive nature of infernal power by depicting Faustus’s initial sense of empowerment. Faustus’s quest for personal power is shown through his pursuit of knowledge, magical abilities, and immortality. In his play, Marlowe explores Faustus’s extreme drive for knowledge, which pushes him to go beyond human limitations and ultimately causes his moral downfall. The thesis emphasizes Marlowe’s critique of the desire for limitless knowledge and power which demands the crossing of moral and ethical boundaries, and offers insight into the dangers of crossing the limitations of human abilities
AI Literacy
No full textRazvojem umjetne inteligencije pojavljuje se potreba za poznavanjem novih znanja i vještina kako bi se ljudi mogli lakše prilagoditi novim promjenama. Iz navedenih potreba razvijo se koncept pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije. Pismenost u području umjetne inteligencije obuhvaća znanja i vještine koje omogućuje pojedincu da kritički razumije umjetnu inteligenciju, da prepozna etička pitanja vezana za njezino korištenje te da ju uspješno i sigurno koristi. Kako je područje umjetne inteligencije novo vrsta znanosti tako je i pojam pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije nova vrsta pismenosti zbog čega pojam pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije nije u potpunosti razvijen, odnosno u konačnici definiran. Pojam umjetne inteligencije spominje se i u drugim vrstama pismenosti kao što su digitalna pismenost, algoritamska pismenost i podatkovna pismenost. Navedene pismenosti navode samo neke aspekte umjetne inteligencije i to su najčešće oni aspekti koji se direktno vežu s određenom vrstom pismenosti. Takve vrste pismenosti često donose predznanja za korištenje umjetne inteligencije, ali nisu dobra zamjena za samu pismenost u području umjetne inteligencije. Daljnjim razvojem umjetne inteligencije postaje sve važnije da se pismenost u području umjetne inteligencije uvede u obrazovni sustav. Uvođenjem umjetne inteligencije i pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije u obrazovni sustav donosi sa sobom brojne prilike i prednosti kao što su poboljšavanje nastave, personalizacija i smanjivanje digitalnog jaza. Kako umjetna inteligencija donosi brojne prilike i prednosti, tako donosi sa sobom i brojne izazove i rizike kao što su korištenje sadržaja bez dopuštenja, daljnje pogoršavanje digitalnog jaza, daljnja marginalizacija društva, nedostatak zakona i pravilnika o umjetnoj inteligencije zbog prebrzog razvoja umjetne inteligencije, i dr. Cilj je ovoga rada opisati i definirati koncept pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije, posebno u odnosu na druge srodne oblike pismenosti. Svrha rada je olakšati razumijevanje uloge i važnosti pismenosti u području umjetne inteligencije kao jedne od ključnih pismenosti u 21. stoljeću, zbog čega ju je potrebno uvrstiti u nacionalni kurikulum
The Structure of the Ottoman Army During the 16th Century
No full textOsmansko Carstvo svoj vojni vrhunac doživljava u 16. stoljeću, ponajviše za vrijeme Sulejmana Veličanstvenog. U tome periodu glavninu osmanske vojske činili su janjičari, spahije, akindžije i artiljerijski korpus. Janjičari su bili pješačke, elitne postrojbe i predstavljali su najdisciplinarniji dio osmanske vojske. Spahije su se dijelili na timarske i Portine spahije. Timarski spahije predstavljali su provincijsku konjicu, dok su Portini spahije predstavljali konjanički korpus vojske osmanske prijestolnice. Akindžije su bili laka konjica koja je bila poznata po svojim upadima na kršćanski teritorij. Artiljerijski korpus predstavljao je topništvo koje se ponajviše koristilo za vrijeme opsada. Zbog svoje dobro uvježbane vojske Osmansko je Carstvo u Europi ubrzalo modernizaciju obrambenih sustava
The Philosophy of Dialogue and Relationship in Martin Buber's "I and Thou"
No full textMartin Buber smatra se jednim od začetnikom filozofije dijaloga, a elemente ove filozofske grane on predstavlja u svom djelu Ja i Ti. Njegova filozofija dijaloga temelji se na odnošajnom principu ljudske egzistencije, stoga se njegova filozofija dijaloga može shvatiti i kao filozofija odnosa. Čovjek je definiran kao biće koje je u neprestanom odnosu, a u mogućnosti je ostvariti dvije temeljne vrste odnosa, koje su predstavljene putem parova riječi. Ti osnovni parovi riječi su Ja-Ono i Ja-Ti. Odnos Ja-Ono predstavlja ljudsko ophođenje prema drugom čovjeku, svijetu i Bogu na način koji je obilježen objektivizacijom, iskorištavanjem te instrumentalizacijom. To je odnos koji prevladava u suvremenom dobu, a takav odnos omogućava empirijsku spoznaju, no ne dovodi do mogućnosti ostvarenja cjelovite vlastite egzistencije. Nasuprot tome je odnos Ja-Ti koji predstavlja istinsko i autentično bivanje s drugim, te je takva vrsta odnosa čovjekovo najizvornije i najvrijednije obilježje. Stupiti u Ja-Ti odnos znači biti uistinu prisutan pred drugim, te djelovati neposredno. Taj odnos moguće je ostvariti u sferi Između koja je dinamičan prostor u kojemu se odnos zbiva, a njegova je najvažnija odlika uzajamnost u djelovanju dvaju bića. Odnos Ja-Ti, te Buberova filozofija dijaloga nije ograničena samo na kategoriju ljudskoga, nego je u njoj prisutan i odnos s svijetom, prirodom i Bogom. Pri oblikovanju svoje filozofske misli, Buber je ponajviše bio potaknut židovskim mističkim pokretom-hasidizmom, stoga je odnos Ja-Ti predstavljen i kao način pronalaženja i prilaženja Bogu. Usvajanje i ostvarivanje odnosa Ja-Ti dovodi do duhovnog razvoja pojedinca, do razvitka suosjećanja, te naposljetku i do pronalaženja smisla vlastitog života
The Sacral Baroque Architecture of Vukovar
No full textOvaj završni rad obrađuje tri značajne sakralne građevine u Vukovaru koje su izgrađene u razdoblju baroka, od 1723. godine do kraja pedesetih godina 18. stoljeća. Na sakralnu arhitekturu koja je nastala u razdoblju baroka u gradu Vukovaru utjecalo je nekoliko važnih faktora kao što su utjecaj Habsburške Monarhije u čijem se sastavu Vukovar nalazio u 18. stoljeću te prisutnost i
djelatnost franjevaca i mjesnih mecena, odnosno obitelji Eltz. Osim ovih povijesno-društvenih faktora, na sakralnu arhitekturu Vukovara prve polovice 18. st. utjecalo je i novo, barokno oblikovanje arhitekture. U samom uvodu rada ukratko su predstavljene sve komponente koje rad obrađuje. Središnji
dio rada usmjeren je na analizu dviju katoličkih crkava i jedne pravoslavne. Katoličke crkve o kojima rad govori su crkva svetih Filipa i Jakova te kapela svetog Roka, a pravoslavna crkva je crkva svetog oca Nikolaja. U radu se prikazuje povijesni kontekst crkava, analiziraju se arhitektonska obilježja građevina kao i umjetnička djela kojima su crkve opremljene. U prikazu povijesnog konteksta crkve svetih Filipa i Jakova naglasak je na franjevcima
koji su kroz godine čuvali religiju i kulturnu baštinu, dok je u prikazu povijesnog konteksta kapele svetog Roka naglasak stavljen na povezanost s plemićkom obitelji Eltz. Kroz povijesni kontekst pravoslavne crkve provučene su razlike katoličke i pravoslavne crkve te su navedene neke važnije osobe za izgradnju i očuvanje same crkve. Rad se bavi analizom eksterijera i interijera svih triju
crkava te se kroz prikaz katoličkih crkava i pravoslavne crkve nastoje pojasniti razlike koje postoje u umjetničkom i arhitektonskom izričaju. Na kraju prikaza svake pojedine crkve tema je zaokružena umjetničkim djelima koja se nalaze u interijeru svih triju crkava. Pojašnjena su također i obilježja i simbolika navedenih umjetničkih djela. Cilj ovog rada je smjestiti sve tri sakralne građevine u povijesni kontekst, detaljno analizirati njihova arhitektonska obilježja te istaknuti likovna djela koja one čuvaju
Evolucija engleskog slenga: suvremene tendencije i kulturni utjecaji
No full textEnglish slang has greatly evolved over the years, and with each day, new words are introduced into everyday speech. The definition of slang is rather hard to give due to the polysemous nature of this part of speech. However, most linguists will agree that it belongs to the informal part of speech reserved for everyday interpersonal communication, not in the formal register. It is a social factor that connects people with one another, creates social bonds, and serves as a way of evaluating people based on their speech. Slang is also temporary, meaning it does not last long in the people's vocabulary. Some of the reasons for this phenomenon lie in the fact that new words are constantly coined, and with each generation, a different context is needed for better understanding. Slang is not just an ordinary lexeme but a copy of the society in which we live. By analyzing the speech of an individual, it is possible to determine their level of education, origin, tendencies, and view of the world. When considering the diversity of slang, it can be observed through the spectacles of regional variety, different social groups, different areas of interest, or even different occupations. With that being said, it is important to note how important slang is in developing modern society, creating social bonds, and connecting people of all ages and backgrounds.Slang u engleskome jeziku značajno je evoluirao tijekom godina, a svakim danom, nove riječi postaju prisutne u svakidašnjem govoru. Definiciju slanga nije jednostavno iznijeti zbog višeznačne prirode ovog dijela jezika. Usprkos tome, ono u čemu će se mnogi jezikoslovci složiti je to da slang pripada neformalnom dijelu jezika rezerviranom za svakidašnju komunikaciju između ljudi, a ne formalnom registru. On je društveni čimbenik koji povezuje ljude međusobno, ostvaruje socijalne veze te služi za procjenu druge osobe na temelju njihova govora. Također, slang je privremen, odnosno, ne zadržava se dugo u vokabularima ljudi. Neki od razloga za ovaj fenomen su učestalo osmišljavanje novih riječi, a sa svakom idućom generacijom, potreban je drugačiji kontekst za razumijevanje istih. Slang nije samo puki leksem već pokazatelj društva u kojem se nalazimo. Analizirajući govor pojedinaca, moguće je utvrditi njegovo obrazovanje, porijeklo, tendencije te pogled na svijet. Što se tiče raznolikosti slanga, ona se može ogledati kroz regionalnu raznovrsnost, razne društvene skupine, područja interesa ili pak zanimanja. S time izrečenim, važno je istaknuti važnost slanga u oblikovanju modernog društva, stvaranju socijalnih odnosa i povezivanja ljudi svih godina i pozadina
Cybersecurity, Hacking, and Personal Data Protection on the Internet
No full textDiplomski rad opisuje srž kibernetičke sigurnosti te navodi potencijalne prijetnje koje se mogu zateći u kibernetičkom okruženju (virusi i drugi zlonamjerni softveri). Također se osvrće na OWASP metode i pojam hakiranja te razne načine hakiranja u slučaju neopreznog korištenja interneta i dijeljenja osobnih podataka. Budući da javnost generalno hakere svrstava u lošu skupinu, u radu su predstavljeni i hakeri kojima nije cilj na bilo koji način profitirati na tuđu štetu, tzv. white-hat hakeri, ali i oni koji se nalaze na samoj sredini. Neki od napada koji se opisuju u radu su Man-in-the-middle (najčešći), Evil twin, Slowloris i DDoS pri čemu su svi napadi povezani uz mrežno okruženje i važni za zaštitu mrežnih stranica, no Evil twin se više temelji na krađi podataka, po kojoj se posebno i ističe. Opisani su i načini kako se zaštititi od navedenih napada te koje se sve mjere trebaju poduzeti kako bi i najmlađi znali prepoznati opasnost, a neki od mjera koje je potrebno poduzeti tiču se korištenja provjerenih internetskih mreža, pogotovo ako se radi o bankovnim transakcijama. U slučaju neopreznog dijeljenja osobnih podataka od strane korisnika isti mogu lako doći u neželjene ruke. U drugom dijelu rada predstavljeni su rezultati istraživanja na 101 ispitaniku koji su željeli istražiti internetske navike studenata te njihova upućenost u potencijalne prijetnje u internetskom okruženju
The Social Environment and Characteristics of Successful Educational Systems
No full textObrazovanje je temelj svakog društva te se u njemu ogleda njegov napredak i razvoj. Učinkovito obrazovanje potrebno je ne samo pojedincu, već ekonomiji i društvu općenito. Uspješni obrazovni sustavi imaju određena zajednička obilježja koja ih čini uspješnima na međunarodnim istraživanjima. U zadnja dva desetljeća PISA istraživanja pokazuju da su skandinavske i azijske zemlje pri vrhu ljestvica kada je riječ o školskom postignuću njihovih učenika. Pregledom teorije i empirijskih istraživanja na ovu temu, nekoliko se čimbenika mogu izdvojiti kao važnima. Kvalitetni nastavnici i autonomija u sustavu pokazali su se kao varijable najjače povezane s uspjehom obrazovnih sustava. Osim toga, značajna je i kultura škole, koja treba biti pozitivna i suradnički orijentirana. Nepostojanje selektivnosti na razini sustava i na razini škole utječe na smanjivanje obrazovnih nejednakosti, što je još jedno obilježje uspješnih škola. Svaka kvalitetna škola u svoj rad uključuje i vanjske čimbenike, odnosno roditelje i lokalnu zajednicu. Istraživanja također pokazuju da nije značajna količina, već kvaliteta i način raspodjele resursa koji se usmjeravaju prema obrazovanju
From Chronicle to Column : Literary Contributions in the Virovitičan Newspaper during the Editing of Ivan Dobravac-Plevnik
No full textCilj je ovoga rada istražiti, usustaviti te pokazati koje su se književne vrste i s kojom namjerom objavljivale u Virovitičanu te o kojim se temama u objavljenim djelima pisalo i koja im je bila društveno-kulturna funkcija u odnosu na četiri hipoteze:
• glavni urednik novine prepoznaje značajnu ulogu književnoga teksta u formiranju čitateljske publike grada Virovitice
• analiza Plevnikove kronike kao hibridne vrste – novinske kolumne s izrazitim umjetničkim elementima pokazat će autorovu sklonost didaktičnoj književnosti i prosvjećivanju lokalne zajednice
• Plevnikov Virovitičan, kao prve virovitičke novine, na lokalnom prostoru oblikuje lokalnu kulturu, njeguje zavičajnu književnost te pridonosi izgradnji cjelokupnoga hrvatskog kulturnog identiteta
• analiza interakcije između Plevnikovog novinskog teksta, čitatelja te zadane forme kolumne i književnoumjetničkih elemenata koje Plevnik koristi te načina na koji ova interakcija oblikuje posljedice
U radu se istražuje korpus novina Virovitičan u razdoblju od 1899. do 1925. godine. Popisanih, i prema vrstama klasificiranih tekstova, u obuhvaćenom je razdoblju 951 književnoumjetnički fragment, odnosno 698 cjelovitih književnoumjetničkih tekstova. Svi su popisani u pripremljenoj bibliografiji. Prvim takvim uvidom, pregledom i usustavljivanjem književnih vrsta koje se u tiskovini pojavljuju, interpretacijom te prepoznavanjem njihove kulturološke funkcije donijet ćemo zaključke o mogućem utjecaju književnih tekstova na čitatelje, njihov odnos prema književnosti kao umjetnosti i društvenoj funkciji književnosti, vrednujući ujedno novinsko-književnu praksu toga vremena na istraženome korpusu. Istraživanje je upotpunjeno uvidom u kulturno-povijesni i književni kontekst iz čije izvantekstualne razine (odnosa politike i poetike) iščitavamo utjecaj srednjoeuropskih i nacionalnih društvenih, umjetničkih i inih kulturnih fenomena i mehanizama čiji izravni utjecaj, ili tek odraze, prepoznajemo i u književnom korpusu koji znanstveno ispitujemo. Riječ je o pojmovima kao što su problem autorstva i pseudonimizacija, intertekstualnost u književnim djelima, čitatelji i formiranje identiteta, zavičajnost i lokalnost, utilitarnost književnih tekstova, didaktičnost i moralnost, javnost intime i uzurpiranje javnoga medija, žensko pismo i ljubavna tematika te autorsko podilaženje publici.In addition to the news, which Virovitičan newspaper, as the first Virovitica newspaper, has been editorially published as a local, printed information medium since September 1899 its space is almost in every number filled with various literary and artistic texts. During the editors of Ivan Dobravca-Plevnik, from 1899 to 1925, 951 literary and artistic fragments were published in Virovitica, i.e. 698 complete literary and artistic texts. Scientific research of the literary text will focus on terms such as authorship, identity, didactiveness, intimacy, utilitarianity and intertextuality, and conclusions will show the abundance of literary species and themes and their multifunctionality. Out of the total number, 241 complete text belongs to the form today called column, and in Virovitičan it was published as a chronicle - so shaped column, with standardized newspaper norms, yet highly artistic and literary-dressed, marked by binarity and hybridity is the second preoccupation of this work which seeks to recognize the artistic quality of the newspaper column in Virovitica newspapers from the beginning of the twentieth century. From 16th September 1899, the date when the first issue of Virovitičan was published, then the ˮnewsletter for promotion of national interests”, the paper brings an unnegligible number of newspaper texts, publications, advertisements, utilitarian (non)literary miniatures, literary texts, programming and political texts, and everything else that the newspaper at that time covers topics and content. Virovitičan thus does not deviate from the plotted scheme and continues to produce newspaper content according to the aforementioned criteria, moving between political streams in the context of agreement and disagreement with current and concrete political beliefs of the ruling and daily-current information that he transmits to his readers. In addition to such duality, looking for a role model in the concept of newspaper publications at the time, Virovitičan complements its contents with literary and artistic texts. As the editor Plevnik once pointed out, he primarily turns to the people in his newspaper, so he opens the door to the activities of educating the readers through the literary texts carefully selected (or not) for the purpose, especially in his chronicles, on topics current for that space and time - playfulness of themes and attempts to act on readers with texts that are approaching the confession of an individual who sometimes didacticism and morals by using his example, often also humour, he tries to achieve a positive impact on the consumers, he does not remain in law for the standard, especially journalistic columns of that time. In addition to the prominent texts in the sequences, in Virovitičan are published various literary and discursive types: lyrical and epic poems, plays, drama miniatures, diary entries and travel, letters, jokes, anecdotes, dashes, aphorizms, fabulous, popular fellions, discussions, humoresque and many other types, so Virovitičan as a newspaper indeed, as Dušan Slavković writes, is a "mosaic made up of countless diverse and varied stones" "reflect all the diversity and richness of life." Recent research on Virovitičan and his editor, Ivan Dobravac-Plevnik, is usually related to his journalistic work, the title of initiator of the first Virovitica newspapers and to a smaller part, the literary, and even the smaller one the theatre. Since this is the author who usually associated his literary work with his own, local newspapers, mostly loacl authors wrote about his work, and mostly biographical texts, mentioning his literary work and the importance of local journalism (Dubravka Sabolić, Ivan Zelenbrz, Slavica Bakić). More comprehensive texts directed at Plevnik's literary work and Plevnik as a newspaper editor, the initiator of the media and a drama author with several smaller pieces wrote Vinko Brešić on several occasions: 1984 in Virovitički zbornik, emphasizing the theme of journalism and Plevnik's importance for the Virovitica journalism - Virovitica civic journalism (until 1941), then 1999 then in Knjiga o Virovitici, mostly repeating the conclusions from 1984 as well as in 2004 in the book Slavonska književnost i novi regionalizam in the chapter Virovitički Šenoa: Ivan Dobravec Plevnik (1873-1959). The previous study of Virovitičan and texts published in these newspapers usually boils down to the press texts that allow Plevnik to justify the current political situation or turn from the political leadership, explaining Plevnik's political role intersting because of his local role as a initiator of the printed media. In addition, it is written about Plevnik's literary work and modest theatre-drama attempts, and most often about the short novel Ljubav je jača od mača or shorter works of Plevnik. There is no research on the entire corpus of literary texts published in Virovitičan, their themes and literary species, their influence on readers and their peculiarities. For this reason, the bibliography of literary texts published in the newspaper Virovitica was created during the editors of Ivan Dobravec-Plevnik since 1899 to 1925. Bibliography is a special, local, retrospective and primary bibliography created with the aim of organizing literary-artistic fragments from all the preserved, digitized numbers of Virovitičan in order to make the sources searchable and to make their use easier. The bibliography contains 951 bibliographic records corresponding to the number of literary and artistic fragments published in newspapers. The records were arranged in alphabetical order according to the rules of the profession, and apart from standard data, they were added the dana on literary type as well as the exact date and year of publication. The main aim of this bibliography was to list literary and artistic texts published in Virovitičan during the editors of Ivan Dobravec-Plevnik since 1899 to 1925, in order to gain insight into the corpus of literary texts published in local, Virovitica newspapers at the end of 19th century and the start of 20th century in order to make conclusions on the influence of literary texts on the readership on the basis of this corpus, their relationship with literary theory and literary genology and to evaluate the newspaper-literary practice of that time in the named newspapers. Since there have been no bibliographies that have listed literary and artistic texts in Virovitičan newspapers, it should be noted that the starting point for work and creation of the bibliography have been preserved and digitized numbers of Virovitičan, and the entire work of making the bibliography is not based on any previously published list of bibliographic units. This research led to the following conclusion: in Virovitičan, according to the listed fragments, we can find: aforisms (8), basin (2), biographical record (7), short-story (213), diary record (31), dialog (4), drama (39), epic poem (2), feljton (17), historical debate (2), humoresque (4), play (1), column (24) 1), legend (1), poem (106), lyrical prose (1), letter (1), review (1), story (12), storyline (209), travelogue (31), joke (14), commentary (2). By reading and studying literary texts published in Virovitičan, thematic determinations are formed regarding the number of literary species and themes and their multifunctionality that will be investigated: the problem of authorship and pseudonymisation, intertextuality in literary works, readers and identity formation, homeland and locality, utilitarianism of literary texts, didactiveness and morality, public acts and usurping of the public media, female letter and love themes and underlining the audience. The aim of this paper is to investigate, harmonize and show which literary types were and with which intention they were published in Virovitičan, and which topics in published works were written about and which was their socio-cultural function in relation to the three hypotheses: the editor-in-chief of the paper recognizes the important role of the literary text in the formation of the reader audience of the city of Virovitica; the analysis of Plevnik's chronicles as hybrid species - newspaper columns with distinct artistic elements will show the author's inclination to didactic literature and to the enlightenment of the local community and the last - Virovitičan, as the first Virovitica newspaper, shapes local culture, nurtures the native literature and contributes to the construction of the entire Croatian cultural identity. Listing, interpreting and valuing literary and artistic contributions published in the newspapers during the editors of Ivan Dobravac Plevnik will contribute to better understanding of cultural opportunities and the literary and cultural history of the city of Virovitica and the region. On the basis of the study of thematic, content, stylistic and formal peculiarities of published texts, the intellectual and conceptual flow of the cultural life of the city will be reconstructed. What can be singled out is a corpus of texts classified according to types comprised of aphors, bass, biographical record, short story, diary record, dialogue, drama, epic poem, historical debate, humoresque, play, legend, lyrical poem, lyrical prose, letter, poem in prose, review, story, and as a special kind one should also mention Plevnik's chronicle. The research will be complemented by an insight into the cultural-historical and literary context from which the extertextual level (relations of politics and poetics) through the influence of Central European and national social, artistic and other cultural phenomena and mechanisms whose direct influence or only reflections are identified in the literary corpus that we scientifically examine. These are concepts such as: the problem of authorship and pseudonymisation, intertextuality in literary works, readers and identity formation, homeland and locality, utilitarianism of literary texts, didactiveness and morality, public acts and usurping of public media, female letter and love themes, and the author's passing audience. In addition to analysis and interpretation of this interdisciplinary analysis, stylistic methods, methods of induction, synthesis and classification will be applied, and we find theoretical basis in the works of Croatian scientists Vinko Brešić, Helena Sablić Tomić, Pavao Pavličić, Aleksandar Flaker, Viktor Žmegač, David Šporer, as well as Stephen Greenblat, Peter Burke, Raymond Williams, which expanded the framework of the study of literature into extra-literary areas. We see the scientific contribution of the research primarily in the analytical approach to literary and artistic contributions published in the news media, which shaped the readers of Virovitica at the beginning of the twentieth century. With the first such insight, review and systematization of literary species that appear in the print, through interpretation and recognition of their cultural function we will bring conclusions on the influence of literary texts on readers, their relationship to literature as art and social function of literature, by evaluating the newspaper-literary practice of that time on the investigated corpus. Through parts of the paper entitled Introduction, Bibliography of literary texts published in the newspaper Virovitičan during the editors Ivan Dobravac-Plevnik since 1899 to 1925, The cultural and historical context - Croatia and Europe at the end of the 19th century and the start of 20th century, The cultural and historical context - Virovitica at the end of the 19th century and the start of 20th century, Literary-artistic context - Croatia and Europe at the end of the 19th century and the start of 20th century, Literary-Artistic Context - Virovitica and Slavonia at the end of the 19th century and the start of 20th century, The novelties and literary-artistic texts, Virovitica printing at the beginning of the 20th century and Virovitičan - the first Virovitica newspaper, Outside the literary theoretical classification criteria, The lyrical and dramatic texts in Virovitičan, Prose types as the most represented literary species in Virovitičan and the Chronicle of Ivan Dobravac-Plevnik, between the feuilleton and column and newspaper gender and literary types. Although at the very beginning of the Virovitičan print, Ivan Dobravec-Plevnik as his author denies any political influence that would politicise the first, local Virovitica newspapers, Virovitičan eventually becomes a bulletin of one or the other political party. Regardless of the content that we find in the newspaper and regardless of the political situation at the time, Virovitičan brings in one, two, and sometimes more literary miniatures in any form - prose, dramatic or lyrical. A corpus of 698 comprehensive literary and artistic texts published in Virovitičan in the period of 1899 to 1925 in 951 literary-artistic fragment is a corpus which offers to the residents of Virovitica at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century a domestic, but also foreign literary production in the form of translation, often as the only literary world accessible to the readers. In this way, Ivan Dobravec-Plevnik, as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper, exercises his role on the other level, as the director of the readers’ audience of the city of Virovitica, serving her literary texts according to her own choice - both trivial, oriented to entertainment and those of utilitarian, almost programmatic activities aimed at political action, but also didactic ones that she seeks to enlighten the local community. With its chronicles, special hybrid species in the form of newspaper columns, it criticizes the world around it - its locals, power at all levels, social norms, conventions and various social anomalies of its time. Openly writing about Virovitica's problems and its citizens, as well as easier, everyday problems and funny and less ridiculous events from life, gives an overview of one society as a whole, often very critical and analytical presenting problems and offering possible solutions. It is precisely in its columns called chronicles, Dobravec-Plevnik by using various literary species shapes interesting texts, connecting literary species into new forms, writing in dialogues, lyrics or prose. Prior to the interpretation and evaluation of literary and artistic contributions published in Virovitičan, which will contribute to better understanding of the cultural circumstances and the literary and cultural history of the city of Virovitica and the region, and based on the study of thematic, content, stylistic and formal characteristics of published texts, which reconstructs the intellectual and conceptual flow of the cultural life of the city of that time, the extract were singled out literary classification criteria that are extremely important because of the data they bring. The texts are so classified according to the authorship criteria, i.e. the author's name and surname data or alias, i.e. the missing data, refers to the name and surname or alias, then the data on the subtitle, the translation data and translators, and the notes about whether the texts are published in a sublist or downloaded from another source. After that, the texts were classified according to the types and the criteria according to which texts were read and analyzed - the problem of authorship and pseudonymisation, intertextuality in literary works, readers and identity formation, homeland and locality, the utilitarian literary texts, didactiveness and morality, public inqualities and usurping of the public media, female script love theme and deposition to the audience. The dramatic texts in Virovitičan are not frequent and are not ordinary - only two texts come out in a few Virovitičan numbers, and their shortness signifies their purpose which is most often to laugh and entertain the reader without opening special questions of artistic value. The lyrical texts are usually utilitarian - directed by the authorities, political turmoil or religion, then love, very often thought and intimate, almost examples of usurping the public newspaper space, which his editor, Plevnik, will often use to express personal intimacy, verses directed to persons from intimate, family life or old lovers. The majority of published texts are vague types, and we can divide them into three large groups: those texts that are fun in character and usually continue from number to number, textual miniatures published as short sories that extend in several lines and texts that can be described as intimate, and published in newspapers, and thus offered to the public to read, and can be described as autobiographical texts - diary entries, letters and travelogue. With this first insight, review and systematization of literary species that appear in the newspapers, interpretation and recognition of their cultural function, conclusions were drawn on the influence of literary texts on readers, their relationship to literature as art and social function of literature, with the evaluation and newspaper-literary practice of that time on the investigated corpus, so this work is very good foundation for future research of this problem that will open some other door, investigate in detail certain literary texts and explore their literary and social function
Painting Indexing through User Hashtags on Instagram
No full textS obzirom na informacijsku preopterećenost u kojoj se danas nalazimo i povećano korištenje društvenih mreža, pojavljuje se potreba za inovativnijim načinima pristupa i organizacije informacijama te njihovog označivanja. Za razliku od tradicionalnog predmetnog označivanja, jedan od novijih načina je upotreba korisničkog označivanja sadržaja. Na društvenim mrežama, poput Instagrama, korisnici često vizualne izvore označavaju oznakama (engl. tags). Takav način označivanja sve je popularniji i potrebniji za lakšu organizaciju i pretraživanje mrežnih izvora, pretežno vizualnih. U prvom, teorijskom dijelu rada objašnjeni su osnovni koncepti tradicionalnog predmetnog označivanja te njegova dva koraka – određivanje očemnosti (o-čemugovori dokument) te prevođenje u termine za predmetno označivanje. Objašnjene su sličnosti i razlike između tradicionalnog predmetnog označivanja i korisničkog označivanja te predmetnog označivanja tekstualnih informacijskih izvora i vizualnih izvora, pri čemu se kod vizualnih izvora posebna pozornost pridaje analitičkom pristupu E. Panofskog te dvama pojmovima – isness (što-je-to-o-čemu dokument-govori) i ofness (od-čega-se-nešto-sastoji). U istraživačkom dijelu rada proveden je radni zadatak na uzorku od 50 slika s Instagram stranica pet muzeja iz glavnih gradova europskih država te sadržajna analiza polu-strukturiranog intervjua. U istraživanju su sudjelovala tri studenata sa studija Povijesti umjetnosti, tri studenata sa studija Informatologije, stručnjak s područja knjižničarstva te stručnjak s područja povijesti umjetnosti. Cilj istraživačkog djela rada jest utvrditi kategorije korisničkih oznaka (engl. hashtagova) koje su dodijeljene umjetničkim slikama s Instagram stranica muzeja i njihovu zastupljenost u uzorku te utvrditi razlike u zastupljenosti između korisničkih oznaka dodijeljenih od strane muzeja, stručnjaka i studenata s obzirom na različito iskustvo i obrazovanje u području umjetnosti i znanje u predmetnom označivanju. Također, istraživanjem se nastoje utvrditi razlozi, motivacije i razmišljanja prilikom dodjeljivanja korisničkih oznaka. Rezultati su pokazali kako je najzastupljenija kategorija kojoj pripadaju dodijeljene oznake kod svih skupina ispitanika kategorija isness, a najmanje zastupljena kategorija očemnost. Otkrivene su i dvije nove kategorije koje koriste isključivo muzeji, a to su „promocija i turizam muzeja“, koju koriste gotovo jednako kao kategoriju isness i „promocija muzeja na društvenim mrežama“. Razlika u kategorijama je uočena jedino kod studenata Informatologije koji najviše oznaka dodjeljuju kategoriji ofness, a najmanje kategoriji isness. Rezultati mogu pomoći muzejima u boljem označivanju slika na Instagramu, čime se poboljšava dostupnost i pretraživost umjetničkih zbirki te promocija muzeja i kulturne baštine