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Batch biodegradation of xenobiotics
No full textU današnje vrijeme upotreba ksenobiotika sve je češća, a samim time se i sve veće količine nekontrolirano ispuštaju u okoliš. Pesticidi, antiparazitici te ostali ksenobiotici i njihovi metaboliti, razgradni i transformacijski produkti dospijevaju u tlo i vodu čineći štetu biljnom i životinjskom svijetu. Kako su ksenobiotici spojevi složene kemijske strukture, vrlo ih je teško u potpunosti ukloniti iz vode, a često je potrebno korištenje složenih i skupih metoda obrade otpadnih voda. Metode obrade aktivnim muljem najzastupljenije su metode u obradi otpadnih voda. Cilj ovoga rada je ispitati mogućnosti uklanjanja ksenobiotika iz otpadnih voda biorazgradnjom pomoću aktivnog mulja. Određivana je mogućnost biorazgradnje antiparazitika febantela, albendazola i mebendazola te pesticida iz skupine insekticida tiakloprida, acetamiprida i klotianidina u vremenu od 48 sati tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti uz praćenje pH-vrijednosti, temperature, gustoće, ukupne količine ugljika te utjecaja na mikroorganizme. Proces biorazgradnje odvijao se u pet reaktora koji su bili zaštićeni aluminijskom folijom kako bi se spriječio utjecaj Sunčeve svjetlosti na razgradnju ksenobiotika. Uklanjanje ksenobiotika određivano je tekućinskom kromatografijom visoke djelotvornosti uz detektor s nizom dioda, a uzorci su se uzimali u točno određenim vremenskim intervalima. Uz to, uzorci su se analizirali i mjerenjem ukupne količine ugljika, a pratili smo i gustoću aktivnog mulja prije procesa biorazgradnje te gustoću nakon biorazgradnje i to za reaktor s muljem, mikroplastikom i ksenobiotikom te za reaktor s muljem i ksenobiotikom. Također je za svaki ksenobiotik provedena i mikrobiološka analiza kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj pojedinog ksenobiotika na mikroorganizme koji sudjeluju u procesu biorazgradnje. Stopostotno uklanjanje postignuto je za sve antiparazitike, dok je kod pesticida uklanjanje bilo nešto lošije. Uz sam proces uklanjanja uzimala se u obzir i adsorpcija i desorpcija komponenata na površinu mikroplastike i pahuljice aktivnog mulja, a pomoću dobivenih kromatograma detektirali su se i razgradni/transformacijski produkti koji nastaju tijekom procesa biorazgradnje.Nowadays, the use of xenobiotics is becoming more and more common, and thus increasing amounts are being released into the environment in an uncontrolled manner. Pesticides, antiparasitics and other xenobiotics and their metabolites, degradation and transformation products reach the soil and water causing damage to the plant and animal life. Since xenobiotics are compounds with a complex chemical structure, it is very difficult to completely remove them from water, and it is often necessary to use complex and expensive wastewater treatment methods. Activated sludge treatment methods are the most common methods in wastewater treatment. The aim of this work is to examine the possibilities of removing xenobiotics from wastewater by biodegradation using activated sludge. The possibility of biodegradation of the antiparasitics febantel, albendazole and mebendazole and pesticides from the group of insecticides thiacloprid, acetamiprid and clothianidin was determined within 48 hours by high-performance liquid chromatography with monitoring of pH-value, temperature, density, total carbon and impact on microorganisms. The biodegradation process took place in five reactors that were protected by aluminum foil to prevent the influence of sunlight on the degradation of xenobiotics. The removal of xenobiotics was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector, and samples were taken at precisely determined time intervals. In addition, the samples were analyzed by measuring the total amount of carbon, and we monitored the density of activated sludge before the biodegradation process and the density after biodegradation for the reactor with sludge, microplastics and xenobiotics and for the reactor with sludge and xenobiotics. A microbiological analysis was also carried out for each xenobiotic in order to determine the influence of each xenobiotic on the microorganisms that participate in the biodegradation process. One hundred percent removal was achieved for all antiparasitics, while the removal was slightly worse for pesticides. In addition to the removal process itself, the adsorption and desorption of components on the surface of microplastics and activated sludge flakes were also taken into account, and the resulting chromatograms were used to detect the degradation/transformation products that arise during the biodegradation process
CO2 capture from flue gas streams using pressure swing adsorption
No full textAdsorpcija s promjenom tlaka je najkorištenija tehnologija za izdvajanje ugljikova (IV) oksida iz dimnih plinova u industrijskim razmjerima. Tehnologija se temelji na tlačenju kolona i spuštanju tlaka u kolonama pri kojima se ugljikov (IV) oksid adsorbira i desorbira protustrujnim ispiranjem. U svrhu izdvajanja ugljikova (IV) oksida iz dimnog plina čistoće preko 80 mol%, napravljena je simulacija u dva stupnja. U prvom stupnju, ugljikov (IV) oksid uklanja se iz dimnog plina adsorpcijom s promjenom tlaka pomoću dvije kolone. U drugom stupnju, pojnu struju predstavlja izlazna struja bogata s ugljikovim (IV) oksidom iz prvog stupnja. Drugim stupnjem dodatno se pročišćava struja zbog dobivanja veće čistoće. Međutim cilj simulacije je i postići veliki iscrpak. Simulacijom drugom stupnja se dodatno gubi ugljikov (IV) oksid, stoga drugi stupanj smanjuje ukupni iscrpak ugljikova (IV) oksida. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju da je primjenom ove metode moguće dobiti čistoću ugljikova (IV) oksida oko 80 mol%, ali nije moguće dobiti veliki iscrpak ovakvom postavkom metode.Pressure swing adsorption is the most widely used technology for carbon capture from flue gases on an industrial scale. The technology is based on column pressurization and depressurization where carbon is adsorbed and desorbed by countercurrent purging. In order to capture carbon from flue gas with a purity of over 80 mol%, a two-stage simulation was made. In the first stage carbon is removed from the flue gas by pressure swing adsorption using two columns. In the second stage, the feed current is the output current which is rich with carbon from first stage. In the second stage, the current is additionally purified to obtain greater puritiy. However, the aim of simulation is also to achieve a large recovery. By simulating the second stage, carbon is additionally lost, therefore the second stage reduces the total recovery of carbon. The obtained results indicate that by applying this method it is possible to obtain a purity of about 80 mol% of carbon, but is not possible to obtain a large recovery
The influence of the content of Spartium junceum L. fibres on the properties of PC composites
No full textPovećana potražnja za korištenjem održivih i biorazgradljivih prirodnih materijala, čime se ujedno smanjuje onečišćenje okoliša, potaknula je širu proizvodnju biokompozita. Iz tog razloga u ovom radu će se pripraviti kompozitni materijal od polimera – PC i stabljičnih vlakana brnistre ( Spartium junceum L. ). Brnistra je samonikla biljka koja većinom raste u Mediteranskim zemljama od koje se dobivaju vlakna izuzetne čvrstoće. Kroz povijest se koristila za izradu mirisa i boja od cvjetova, košara od stabljika te tekstilnih materijala od vlakana. Polikarbonat (PC) pripada skupini termoplastičnih polimera koji u svojoj kemijskoj strukturi sadrže karbonatnu skupinu. Takvi materijali su žilavi, lako se obrađuju i oblikuju zbog čega nalaze mnoge primjene. Kako bi se ta svojstva dodatno poboljšala, dodaju mu se punila koja mogu biti sintetska ili prirodna vlakna. Zbog nemogućnosti razgradnje, sintetska vlakna se nastoje zamijeniti prirodnim vlaknima. Cilj istraživanja provedenih u ovom rada pripraviti je i karakterizirati kompozitni materijal na osnovi polikarbonata uz dodatak vlakana brnistre kao ojačavala koji bi mogli naći primjenu u automobilskoj industriji. U ovom radu je u Brabender gnjetilici pripravljen uzorak čistog PC-a te PC/BRN kompoziti s udjelom brnistre od 5 ; 10 ; 15 i 20 mas. %. Ispitivala su se toplinska, mehanička i viskoelastična svojstva pripravljenih PC/brnistra kompozita, a karakterizacija je provedena: diferencijalnom pretražnom kalorimetrijom (DSC), termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA), dinamičko – mehaničkom analizom (DMA) te FTIR-ATR spektroskopijom. Uz navedene tehnike karakterizacije provedeno je i bubrenje pripravljenih kompozita u svrhu određivanja stupnja bubrenja. Temperatura staklastog prijelaza Tg u PC/BRN kompozitima pomiče se prema nižim temperaturama u odnosu na čisti PCL zbog amorfne strukture lignina. Dobivena je temperatura taljenja za čisti PC i PC/BRN kompozite. TGA rezultati pokazali su da modifikacija PC-a dodatkom vlakana brnistre dovodi do smanjenja toplinske stabilnost PC/BRN kompozita. Iz rezultata DMA analize vidljivo je da se povećanjem udjela brnistre Tg pomiče prema nižim temperaturama i raste krutost PC/BRN kompozita. Dobiveni rezultati FTIR analize pokazuju da je brnistra prisutna u PC/BRN kompozitima i da dolazi do preklapanja apsorpcijskih vrpci brnistre i PC-a. Ispitivanjem stupnja bubrenja utvrđeno je da su PC i BRN te njihove mješavine hidrofobni materijali koji neznatno bubre u destiliranoj vodi.The increased demand for the use of sustainable and biodegradable natural materials, which at the same time reduces environmental pollution, has encourages the wide. For this reason, this study aims to prepare a composite material based on polymer -PC and stem fibers of spartium (Spartium junceum L.). Spartium is a wild plant that mostly grows in Mediterranean countries and provides exceptionally strong fibers. Throughout history, it has been used for making perfumes from flowers, baskets from steams and textile materials from fibers. Polycarbonate (PC) belongs to group of thermoplastic polymers that contain carbonate groups in their chemical structure. Such materials are tough, easily processed, and shaped, making them suitable for many applications. To further enhance these properties, filler are added, which can be synthetic or natural fibers. Due to their non-biodegradable nature, synthetic fibers are being replaced by natural once. The research conducted in this study aims to prepare and characterize a composite material based on polycarbonate with the addition of spartium fibers as a reinforcement that could find application in the automotive industry. In this study, a sample of pure PC was prepared in a Brabender mixer, as well as PC/BRN composites with spartium content of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%. The thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of the prepared PC/BRN composites were investigated, and the characterization was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and
FTIR-ATR spectroscopy. In addition to the mentioned characterization techniques, swelling of the prepared composites was also examined to determine the degree of swelling. The glass transition temperature Tg in PC/BRN composites shifted to lower temperatures compared to pure PC due to the amorphous structure of lignin. The melting temperature was obtained for pure PC and PC/BRN composites. TGA results showed that the modification of PC by adding spartium fibers led to a reduction in the thermal stability of PC/BRN composites.
DMA analysis results indicated that with an increase in the content of spartium, Tg shifted to lower temperatures, and the stiffness of PC/BRN composites increased. The FTIR analysis results showed the presence of spartium in PC/BRN composites and the overlap of absorption bands of spartium and PC. Examination of swelling determined that PC and BRN, as well as their mixtures, are hydrophobic materials that swell only slightly in distilled water
Synthesis and characterization of intrinsically stretchable and healable conducting graft copolymer PEDOT-g-PCL
No full textU posljednja četiri desetljeća, otkako su otkriveni, elektrovodljivi polimeri privlače pažnju znanstvenika i inženjera u cijelom svijetu. To su materijali koji kombiniraju svojstva polimernih materijala s električnom provodljivošću te se odlikuju dobrom kemijskom stabilnosti, otpornosti na koroziju, biokompatibilnosti i jednostavnom obradom. Zbog izuzetno dobrih svojstava našli su primjenu u laganim i punjivim baterijama, diodama koje emitiraju svjetlost, elektrokromnim uređajima, senzorima, molekularnoj elektronici. PEDOT,
poli(3,4-etilendioksitiofen) je jedan od najpoznatijih elektrovodljivih polimera koji se često koristi za različite primjene. Nedostatak rastezljivih i samozacjeljujućih svojstava kod PEDOTA onemogućuje njegovu primjenu u nosivoj elektronici. Spomenuta svojstva se mogu poboljšati sintezom kopolimera posebnih karakteristika, cijepljenjem PEDOT-a s fleksibilnim bočnim granama radikalskom polimerizacijom prijenosom atoma (ATRP). Cilj rada je sintetizirati graft kopolimer PEDOT-g-PCL s dvije različite vrste PCL-a (PPA-PCL i HEMA-PCL). Sinteza se provodila u četiri koraka, s tim da se u prvom koraku sintetizirao monomer 2-(tiofen-3-il) etil 2-bromo-2-metilpropanoat (ThBr), a u drugom makroinicijator PEDOT-Br. Treći korak je bio sinteza graft kopolimera PEDOT-g-PCL ATRP-om. Karakterizacija dobivenih uzoraka provedena je infracrvenom spektroskopijom s Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR), nuklearnom magnetskom rezonancijom (NMR), termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA). Od sintetiziranog graft kopolimera pripremljena je tinta za inkjet ispis na poliuretansku (PU) podlogu. Elektrovodljivost ispisanog sloja na podlozi je određena metodom sondi s 4 točke. Rezultati metoda FTIR i NMR dokazali su uspješnu sintezu produkata, a TG analizom određena je toplinska stabilnost sintetiziranih produkata. Temperatura početka razgradnje veća je kod sintetiziranog graft kopolimera PEDOT-g-PCL nego kod makroinicijatora
PEDOT-Br, što znači da se poboljšalo svojstvo toplinske stabilnosti. Dobiveni graft kopolimer je vodljiv i spada u rang poluvodiča.Since its discovery nearly four decades ago, electrically conductive polymers have captured the interest of researchers and engineers all around the world. These materials have strong chemical stability, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and easy processing. They combine the features of polymer materials with electrical conductivity. Due to their outstanding properties, they have been applied to molecular electronics, light-emitting diodes, electrochromic devices, sensors, and rechargeable batteries. One of the most well-known electroconductive polymers, PEDOT, or poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), is frequently utilized for a variety of applications. However, PEDOT's lack of elasticity and regeneration capabilities prevents its use in wearable electronics. By developing copolymers with unique qualities and grafting flexible side branches onto PEDOT using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), previously mentioned properties can be improved. The aim of the project is to synthesize the graft copolymer PEDOT-g-PCL using two different types of PCL, PPA-PCL and HEMA-PCL. The four-step synthesis starts with the synthesis of the monomer 2-(thiophen-3-yl) ethyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate (ThBr), followed by the synthesis of the second macroinitiator, PEDOT-Br. The third step entailed the ATRP's synthesis of the PEDOT-g-PCL graft copolymer. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the obtained materials. The synthesized graft copolymer was used to create an ink for inkjet printing on a polyurethane (PU) substrate. The 4-point probe approach was used to determine the printed layer's electrical conductivity on the substrate. The products' successful synthesis was demonstrated by the findings of the FTIR and NMR techniques, and the TG analysis was used to determine the products' thermal stability. The synthesized PEDOT-g-PCL graft copolymer has increased thermal stability since the decomposition onset temperature is greater than that of the PEDOT-Br macroinitiator. The resulting graft copolymer is conductive and belongs to the category of semiconductors
Application of inkjet printing in the development of a planar electrochemical lactate biosensor
No full textU ovom radu proučavana je primjena (bio)senzora za laktate. Izvršeni su eksperimenti na 3D elektrodi koja je disk elektroda od staklastog ugljika (engl. glassy carbon electrode) i 2D elektrodi koja je pripremljena inkjet ispisom tinte na bazi amfifilnih nanočestica srebra na poliimidnoj podlozi oslojenoj slojem grafena interkaliranog melaminom. Na obje vrste elektrode proučavani su odzivi struje (voltametrija) na način da su snimani ciklički voltamogrami i kronoamperogrami. Elektrode su oslojene berlinskim modrilom koje selektivno katalizira redukciju vodikovog peroksida te enzimom laktat oksidaza imobiliziranim kitozanom koji će katalizirati oksidaciju laktata u vodikov peroksid i piruvat. Snimanjem kronoamperometrijskog odziva, struja redukcije biosenzora rasla je povećanjem koncentracije laktata u slučaju 3D elektrode oslojene laktat oksidazom. Pri snimanju amperometrijskog odziva kod plošne elektrode oslojene laktat oksidazom, nije uočena skokovita promjena, ali dolazi do porasta struje oksidacije s porastom koncentracije laktata.This word examined the application of bio(sensors) for lactate. Experiments were conducted on a 3D electrode, which is a glassy carbon disc electrode and a 2D electrode prepared by inkjet printing ink based on amphiphilic silver nanoparticles on a polyimide substrate coated with a layer of graphene intercalated with melamine. Current responses (voltammetry) were studied on both types of electrodes by recording cyclic voltammograms and chronoamperograms. The electrodes were coated with Prussian Blue which selectively catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide, and with lactate oxidase immobilized by chitosan, which catalyzes the oxidation of lactate to hydrogen peroxide and pyruvate. By recording chronoamperometric responses, the current of the reduction of the biosensor increased with the increasing concentration of lactate in the case of the 3D electrode coated with lactate oxidase. When recording the amperometric response on the planar electrode coated with lactate oxidase, no abrupt change was observed, but there was an increase in the oxidation current with the increase in lactate concentration
Influence of UV irradiation on polymer structure
No full textPod utjecajem atmosferskih uvjeta, ultraljubičastog zračenja (eng. ultraviolet – UV) i topline, polimerni materijali degradiraju pri čemu dolazi do promjene njihovih svojstava kao što je na primjer povećanje krtosti i lomljivosti što za posljedicu daje nastajanje mikroplastike u okolišu. U svrhu izrade ovog rada korišteni su materijali polietilen visoke gustoće (HDPE) i polipropilen (PP) koji su izloženi atmosferskom starenju. Uzorci HDPE folija i PP folija su izloženi procesu starenja u razdoblju od 14, 28, 42 i 530 dana. Nakon tog vremenskog razdoblja, promjene koje su se dogodile uslijed procesa degradacije praćene su pomoću infracrvene spektroskopije s Fourierovom transformacijom (eng. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR). Pomoću FTIR spektara identificirana je pojava razradnih skupina (karboksilne, karbonilne te oksi skupine) koje su nastale kao posljedica razgradnje polimera. Intenzitet razgradnje okarakteriziran je za određivanje karbonilnog indeksa (C.I.).
Rezultati dobiveni primjenom metode infracrvene spektroskopije pokazuju da povećanjem vremena starenja dolazi do promjene strukture molekula polimera, što je vidljivo iz povećanja karbonilnog indeksa.Under the influence of atmospheric conditions, ultraviolet (UV) radiation and heat, polymer materials undergo degradation, leading to changes in their properties such as increased brittleness and fragility, resulting in accumulation of microplastic in the environment. In this study, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) materials were used and were exposed to atmospheric aging. Samples of HDPE film and PP film were subjected to aging for periods of 14, 28, 42 and 530 days. After this period of time, the changes that occurred due to degradation processes were monitored using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The FTIR spectra were utilized to identify the presence of newly formed groups (carboxyl, carbonyl and oxy groups) as a result of polymer degradation. The degree of degradation was determinated by carbonyl index (C.I.). The results of FTIR spectroscopy show that with increasing aging time, changes in the molecular structure of the polymer can be observed, which are reflected in an increased carbonyl index
Functional tattoos as wearable chemical sensors
No full textNosivi kemijski senzori integrirani su analitički uređaji kojima je omogućeno kontinuirano i neinvazivno praćenje i analiza biomarkera u tijelu bez klasičnih metoda poput vađenja krvi ili biopsije tkiva. Razvoj i inovativne primjene nosivih kemijskih senzora nadopunit će i unaprijediti različita područja medicine, veterine i sporta, a posebno u dijagnostici, terapiji i kontinuiranom praćenju zdravstvenog stanja. Koža i tjelesne tekućine predstavljaju vrijedan izvor biokemijskih informacija za razvoj nosivih kemijskih senzora koje je stoga potrebno pažljivo dizajnirati kako bi zadovoljili stroge kriterije navedenih primjena. Poseban izazov u tome predstavlja postizanje zadovoljavajućih analitičkih značajki za predviđenu namjenu (točnost, ponovljivost, kontinuirano praćenje, itd.) uključujući istovremeno biokompatibilnost i senzorsku funkcionalnost primijenjenih materijala. Cilj ovog rada bio je predstaviti pregled postojećih funkcionalnih tetovaža i nosivih kemijskih senzora, posebno njihovu potencijalnu primjenu za analizu znoja i insterticijske tekućine, obuhvaćajući znanstvenu literaturu kao i komercijalno dostupne uređaje.Wearable chemical sensors are integrated analytical devices that allow continuous and noninvasive monitoring and analysis of biomarkers in the body without classic methods such as blood extraction or tissue biopsy. The development and innovative applications of wearable chemical sensors will contribute to development in the fields of medicine, veterinary medicine and sports, especially in diagnostics, therapy and continuous monitoring of health conditions. Skin and certain body fluids are a promising source of (bio)chemical information for the development of wereable chemical sensors which therefore need to be carefully designed to meet the strict criteria of these applications. A specific challenge in this regard is achieving satisfactory analytical features for the intended purpose (accuracy, repeatability, continuous monitoring, etc.), simultaneously including both the biocompatibility and sensor functionality of the applied materials. This paper aims to elaborate the overwiev of the existing functional tattoos and wereable chemical sensors in regards to the ability for the analysis of the sweat or the interstitial fluids including the scientific literature as well as commercially avalible devices
Kinetic characterization of ketoreductase in the oxidation of optically active alcohol
No full textU ovome radu ispitala se kinetika enzim ketoreduktaze u reakciji oksidacije optički aktivnog alkohola. Također se ispitala i kinetika povratne reakcije, redukcije ketona, i kinetika reakcije regeneracije koenzima NAD+ uz enzim NADH oksidazu. Sve tri reakcije su opisane dvosupstratnom Michaelis-Menteničinom kinetičkim modelom uz uključene dokazane inhibicije pojedinih komponenata reakcijske smjese. Na osnovu kinetičkog modela i procijenjenih parametra postavljen je matematički model procesa u kotlastom reaktoru s i bez regeneracije koenzima. Simulacije pomoću modela napravljene su u programu Scientist, te je pokazano da je regeneracija koenzima nužna ne samo za reduciranje količine potrebnog koenzima već i za pomicanje ravnoteže u željenom smjeru. Simulacijama je dobiveno da je u reakciji oksidacije alkohola uz regeneraciju koenzima postignuta konverzija od 97,24%.In this work, the kinetics of the enzyme ketoreductase in the oxidation reaction of optically active alcohol was studied. The kinetics of the reverse reaction, the reduction of ketones, and the kinetics of the regeneration of the coenzyme NAD+ catalysed by NADH oxidase were also examined. All three reactions are described by the two-substrate Michaelis-Menten kinetic model, with included proven inhibitions of components of the reaction mixture.
Based on the kinetic model and the estimated parameters, a mathematical model of the process in the batch reactor with and without coenzyme regeneration was set up. It was shown that coenzyme regeneration is not only necessary to reduce the amount of coenzyme required, but also to shift the equilibrium in the desired direction. The simulations showed that a conversion of 97.24% was achieved in the alcohol oxidation reaction with coenzyme regeneration
Synthesis and development of macroporous bioactive ceramics
No full textIstraživanje novih materijala koji će poboljšati standarde ljudskih života je dovelo do spoznaje različitih funkcija korištenja kalcijevih fosfata, posebice hidroksiapatita (HA) i β-trikalcijevog fosfata (β-TCP). β-TCP pripada sintetički dobivenim bioaktivnim i resorptivnim biomaterijalima. Poznat je po svojim osteokonduktivnim i osteoinduktivnim svojstvima.
Oblik samog biomaterijala je važan za njegovu ugradnju in vivo. Tu se govori o poroznosti kojoj je svrha omogućavanje boljeg protoka krvi, staničnog razvoja i mehaničke čvrstoće novonastale kosti. U ovom radu je istražen jedan od načina sinteze β-TCP-a: sinteza u čvrstom stanju (engl. solid state synthesis). Cilj rada bio je dobiti čisti i makroporozni β-TCP oblikovanog metodom impregnacije polimerne pjene. Dobivena bioaktivna keramika se identificirala rendgenskom difrakcijom i infracrvenom apsorpcijskom spektrometrijom s Fourierovom transformacijom te dodatno okarakterizirala pregledom na elektronskom mikroskopu. U oba dva slučaja su dobiveni zadovoljavajući rezultati porozne biokeramike sastavljene od β-TCP-a sa malim tragovima pirofosfata.The research of new materials that will improve the standards of human life has led to the realization and finding usage of different functions of calcium phosphates, especially hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). β-TCP belongs to synthetically obtained bioactive and resorptive biomaterials. It is known for its osteoconductive and osteoinductive properties. The shape of the biomaterial itself is important for its incorporation in vivo. Here we are talking about porosity, which purpose is to enable better blood flow, cellular development and mechanical strength of newly formed bone. In this study, one of the methods of β-TCP synthesis was scrutinized: solid state synthesis. The aim of the work was to obtain pure and macroporous β-TCP formed by the polymer foam impregnation method. The obtained bioactive ceramics were identified by X-ray diffraction and infrared absorption spectrometry with Fourier transformation and additionally characterized by examination on an electron microscope. In both cases, satisfactory results were obtained for porous bioceramics composed of β-TCP with small traces of pyrophosphate