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Health management of pregnant warmblood mares
No full textSpolni ciklus kobila traje prosječno 19 do 22 dana, s varijacijama od 18 do 24 dana.
Kod kobila u kojih su dobro izraženi vanjski znakovi estrusa primjećuje se da su nemirne, pri
četkanju su škakljive i tijekom rada su često neposlušne, često mokre, podižu rep, dolazi do
bliskanja stidnice. Kod kliničke pretrage cilj je postavljanje točne dijagnoze na temelju koje
se donosi točna i pouzdana prognoza. Nakon oplodnje, ako dođe do gravidnosti moramo
posvetiti posebnu pažnju kobili. Za vrijeme gravidnosti kod kobila se javlja niz različitih
patoloških stanja, koja su različitih podrijetla i koja mogu ugroziti plod. U patologiju poroda
ubrajaju se i ozljede koje nastaju tijekom porođaja, a najčešće se otkrivaju tek po njegovom
završetku. Trajanje gravidnosti je genski nasljedno i biološki promjenjivo, a u kobile iznosi
336 (322 – 387) dana. Oplođene jajne stanice su 48±12 sati nakon ovulacije u razvojnoj fazi
od sveukupno 4 ili 8 stanica. Metode dijagnostike gravidnosti dijele se na uzgojne, kliničke i
laboratorijske. Četiri do šest tjedana prije termina ždrijebljenja kobilu treba premjestiti u suh,
čist i topao prostor predviđen za ždrijebljenje. Plod koji dosegne stupanj određene zrelosti
svojim endiokrinim sustavom fetoplacentalnog spoja izaziva porod. U kobila stadij
istiskivanja ploda je vrlo kratak i završava za nekoliko minuta (5-30 minuta). Ukoliko nakon
poroda u razdoblju od 2-3 sata posteljica nije izašla treba pristupiti liječenju zaostale
posteljice. U pogledu hranidbe mladih grla treba naglasiti da je mladom ždrebetu najbolje
mlijeko vlastite majke, koja ga ujedno i štiti, uspostavljajući uzajamno bliski odnos. Budući
da je imunosni sustav ždrebeta osjetljiv, osobito prije razvoja aktivnog imuniteta, higijena
objekta i okoliša treba biti besprijekorna. Prihrana ždrjebadi počinje nakon dva do tri tjedna
života, stavljanjem na krmni stol kvalitetnih krmiva. Važno je odbiće ždrebeta izvesti u što
kraćem razdoblju.
Najvažnije je da prije odbića ždrijebe počne konzumirati voluminozna i koncentrirana
krmiva koja zadovoljavaju njegove potrebe za hranjivim tvarima. U ovom razdoblju ždrijebe
prelazi s tekuće hrane (kobiljeg mlijeka) u biljojeda koji svoje potrebe za hranjivim tvarima
zadovoljava iz koncentriranog i voluminoznog krmiva. Dinamike promjene i razvoja u
probavnom sustavu ždrijebeta su velike. Bitno je pratiti potrebe ždrijebeta za hranjivim
tvarima, kako bi dobili zdravo, fizički i psihički stabilno odraslo grlo sposobno za daljnji
uzgoj i rad. Preporuka je, slobodno držanje na pašnjaku, ukoliko je to moguće, budući da su tu
mladi konji imaju uvjete za slobodno kretanje. Pašnjak i ispašu treba dobro isplanirati, jer se
mora izbjeći pretjerano napasivanje, kvalitetno održavati, te provoditi kontrolu korova. To
uključuje, na primjer, prikupljanje fecesa, rotiranje ispaše, micanje konja u slučaju jakih kiša,
koje će zablatiti pašnjak, zbog sprječavanja zdravstvenih problema.The sexual cycle of mares lasts an average of 19 to 22 days, with variations from 18 to 24
days. In mares with well-expressed external signs of estrus, it is noticed that they are restless,
they are ticklish when brushing and during work they are often disobedient, often wet, raise
their tails, there is a flash of the pubic area. The goal of a clinical examination is to establish
an accurate diagnosis, on the basis of which an accurate and reliable prognosis is made. After
insemination, if pregnancy occurs, we must pay special attention to the mare. During
pregnancy, mares experience a number of different pathological conditions, which are of
different origins and which can endanger the fetus. Injuries that occur during childbirth are
also included in the pathology of childbirth, and are most often discovered only after its
completion. The duration of pregnancy is genetically inherited and biologically variable, and
in mares it is 336 (322 – 387) days. Fertilized eggs are 48±12 hours after ovulation in the
development phase of a total of 4 or 8 cells. Pregnancy diagnosis methods are divided into
breeding, clinical and laboratory methods. Four to six weeks before the foaling date, the mare
should be moved to a dry, clean and warm area intended for foaling. A fetus that reaches a
certain degree of maturity with its endocrine system of fetoplacental connection causes birth.
In mares, the stage of pushing out the fetus is very short and ends in a few minutes (5-30
minutes). If the placenta has not come out within 2-3 hours after delivery, the treatment of
retained placenta should be started. In terms of feeding young foals, it should be emphasized
that the best milk for a young foal is its own mother's milk, which also protects it, establishing
a mutually close relationship. Since the foal's immune system is sensitive, especially before
the development of active immunity, the hygiene of the facility and the environment should
be impeccable. Feeding the foals starts after two to three weeks of life, by putting quality
fodder on the feeding table. It is important to wean the foal as soon as possible.
The most important thing is that before the foal is weaned, it starts consuming voluminous
and concentrated fodder that meets its needs for nutrients. In this period, the foal switches
from liquid food (mare's milk) to herbivory, which meets its nutritional needs from
concentrated and voluminous fodder. The dynamics of change and development in the foal's
digestive system are great. It is essential to monitor the foal's needs for nutrients, in order to
obtain a healthy, physically and mentally stable adult head capable of further breeding and
work. It is recommended to keep them free in the pasture, if possible, since young horses have
conditions for free movement there. Pasture and grazing should be well planned, because
excessive grazing must be avoided, well maintained, and weed control implemented. This
includes, for example, collecting faeces, rotating grazing, moving horses in case of heavy
rains, which will muddy the pasture, to prevent health problems
Assessment of the efficiency of water use in vineyard irrigation in the agro-ecological conditions of wesetrn Istria
No full textU kontekstu rastućih klimatskih promjena, ovaj diplomski rad fokusira se na izazove i potrebe
za navodnjavanjem u vinogradarstvu, s posebnim naglaskom na vinogradarskoj regiji Istre u
Hrvatskoj. Metodologija je obuhvatila određivanje potreba za navodnjavanjem vinograda,
evaluaciju učinkovitosti iskorištenja vode (WUE) i analizu razlika u WUE kod različitih varijanti
navodnjavanja. Klimatski parametri, uključujući referentnu evapotranspiraciju (ET) i ukupne
efektivne oborine, analizirani su na području klimatološke postaje Pazin, pokazujući značajnu
varijabilnost. Indeks suše (AI) dodatno ukazuje na klimatske izazove. Statistička analiza je
potvrdila značajne razlike u prinosima između kontrolne grupe i varijanti navodnjavanja.
Najučinkovitija strategija navodnjavanja bila je 25% ET. Zaključak rada ističe potrebu za
daljnjim istraživanjima za optimizaciju količina vode i agrotehničkih mjera, s ciljem povećanja
održivosti i prinosa u vinogradarstvu.In the context of rising climate change, this thesis focuses on the challenges and needs for
irrigation in viticulture, with a special emphasis on the wine-growing region of Istria in Croatia.
The methodology encompassed determining the needs for vineyard irrigation, evaluating
water use efficiency (WUE), and analyzing differences in WUE across various irrigation
variants. Climatic parameters, including reference evapotranspiration (ET) and total effective
precipitation, were analyzed in the area of the Pazin climatological station, showing significant
variability. The drought index (AI) further indicates climatic challenges. Statistical analysis
confirmed significant differences in yields between the control group and irrigation variants.
The most effective irrigation strategy was 25% ET. The conclusion of the study highlights the
need for further research to optimize water quantities and agronomic measures, aiming to
increase sustainability and yields in viticulture
Slaughter indicators of Busha calves breed raised in Lika-senj county
No full textMeso teladi pripada skupini visokovrijednih proizvoda animalnog podrijetla, a za njegovu proizvodnju u svijetu se pretežito koristi telad mliječnih pasmina. Buša je izvorna pasmina goveda, manjeg kompaktnog okvira, vrlo otporna na nepogodne uvjete. Buša je naša najbrojnija izvorna pasmina, a najbrojnija populacija se uzgaja u Ličko – senjskoj županiji. Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi klaoničke pokazatelje teladi buše uzgajane na području Ličko – senjske županije. Istraživanje je provedeno na 8 grla muške teladi uzgajane na području Gospića. Prosječna klaonička masa bila je 131 kg, pri klaoničkoj dobi od 8 mjeseci. Masa trupa iznosila je 65,75 kg, dok je randman bio 50,28%. But je prosječno činio 34,74% trupa, sa udjelom kostiju u butu od 23,47%, lopatica je imala udio u trupu od 17,40%, a udio kostiju u lopatici je bio 25,89%. Vrat je imao 15,57%, leđa 12,22%, rebra 11,54%, a prsa 8,52% udjela u trupu. Klaonički pokazatelji teladi buše uzgajane u Ličko – senjskoj županiji su povoljni i pružaju osnovu za daljnja istraživanja kvalitativnih osobina mesa teladi buše.Calf meat belongs to the group of high – value products of animal origin, and for its production in the world calves of dairy breeds are predominantly used. Busha is an original breed of cattle, with a smaller compact frame, very resistant to adverse conditions. Busha is our most numerous original breed, and the largest population is bred in Lika-Senj County. The aim of this work was to determine the slaughtering indicators of busha calves raised in the area of the Lika-Senj County. The research was conducted on 8 heads of male calves raised in Gospić. The average slaughter weight was 131 kg, at the slaughter age of 8 months. The mass of the carcass was 65.75 kg, while the efficiency was 50.28%. The thigh averaged 34.74% of the carcass, with a bone proportion in the tigh of 23.47%, the spatula had a carcass proportion of 17.40%, and the bone proportion in the spatula was 25.89%. The neck had 15.57%, the back 12.22%, the ribs 11.54%, and the breast 8.52% of the carcass. Slaughtering indicators of busha calves raised in Lika-Senj County are favorable and provide a basis for further research into the qualitative characteristics of the meat of busha calves
Elimination of Potato virus M and Potato virus S from four traditional potato cultivars
No full textKrumpir (Solanum tuberosum L.) je treća po važnosti poljoprivredna kultura u svijetu. Na njegovu kvalitetu i prinos utjecaj imaju brojni čimbenici, a jedan od najbitnijih su virusi. Pokazalo se da gubitak prinosa gomolja zbog zaraze virusom može biti čak 50 % ili više. Tradicijski hrvatski kultivari 'Plitvički', 'Lipice žuti', 'Poli' i 'Križpolje' važni su u očuvanju bioraznolikosti te kao izvor gena za buduće oplemenjivačke programe. Zbog daljnje upotrebe, očuvanja i mogućnosti iskorištenja punog genetskog potencijala, navedene kultivare potrebno je ozdraviti od virusa. U ovom istraživanju eliminirani su M-virus krumpira (PVM) i S-virus krumpira (PVS) iz četiriju tradicijskih kultivara krumpira: 'Plitvički', 'Lipice žuti', 'Poli' i 'Križpolje'. Od svakog kultivara je po 20 segmenata klica s nodijem postavljeno u 20 epruveta na MS medij bez regulatora rasta. Kada su eksplantati izrasli u izdanke, izdanci su izrezani na nodalne segmente bez listova i po pet njih polagano u Magenta posudice. Rađene su četiri supkultivacije. Provedena su tri različita tretmana eliminacije virusa: kemoterapija ribavirinom (RIB), elektroterapija koju je slijedila kemoterapija (ET + RIB) i termoterapija koju je slijedila kemoterapija (37 C + RIB). Kod terapije ribavirinom, izdanci stari 40 dana korišteni su za izolaciju vegetacijskih vršaka iz aksilarnih pupova koji su polagani na MS medij s dodatkom regulatora rasta i ribavirina. Vegetacijski vršci su na mediju kultivirani 95 dana s jednom supkultivacijom. U drugom tretmanu ET + RIB, izdanci su prvo bili tretirani 15 minuta strujom jakosti 7 mA , nakon čega su izolirani vegetacijski vršci i stavljeni na MS medij s ribavirinom. Kultivacija je trajala 95 dana. Kod tretmana 37 C + RIB, izdanci su najprije bili smješteni na temperaturu 30 C dnevnu/28 C noćnu, kultivirani 6 dana, a potom je temperatura bila povišena na 37 C dnevna/32 C noćna gdje su bili kultivirani 34 dana. Nakon toga izolirani su vegetacijski vršci (0,5 mm) i stavljeni na medij s ribavirinom (50 mg/l). Metoda ELISA pokazala je da su sva tri tretmana bila uspješna u eliminaciji M- i S-virusa krumpira. Tretmanom 37 C + RIB dobiven je najveći postotak biljaka oslobođenih od M-virusa (95,4%) i S-virusa (86,1%) krumpira. Najmanje uspješnim tretmanom eliminacije pokazala se ET + RIB s 82,6% PVM negativnih i 75,6% PVS negativnih biljaka. Najveći postotak eliminacije oba virusa postignut je kod kultivara 'Lipice žuti', a iznosio je 92,2%. Kultivar 'Poli' imao je najmanji postotak biljaka oslobođenih od M-virusa (87,5%) dok je kod eliminacije S-virusa krumpira to bio kultivar 'Plitvički' sa 64,6% ozdravljenih biljaka.Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the third most important agricultural crop in the world. Numerous factors influence its quality and yield, with viruses being one of the most significant. It has been shown that viral infections can lead to yield losses of up to 50% or more. Traditional Croatian cultivars such as 'Plitvički,' 'Lipice žuti,' 'Poli,' and 'Križpolje' play a crucial role in preserving biodiversity and serve as a source of genes for future breeding programs. To ensure their continued use, preservation, and the utilization of their full genetic potential, these cultivars need to be rid of viruses.
In this study, the researchers eliminated Potato Virus M (PVM) and Potato Virus S (PVS) from four traditional potato cultivars: 'Plitvički,' 'Lipice žuti,' 'Poli,' and 'Križpolje.' Twenty shoot segments with nodes were taken from each cultivar and placed in 20 test tubes containing MS medium without growth regulators. When the explants grew into shoots, the shoots were cut into nodal segments without leaves, and five of these segments were placed in Magenta containers. Four subcultures were carried out. Three different virus elimination treatments were applied: ribavirin chemotherapy (RIB), followed by electrotherapy and then ribavirin chemotherapy (ET + RIB), and thermotherapy followed by ribavirin chemotherapy (37 °C + RIB).
In the ribavirin therapy, shoots aged 40 days were used to isolate vegetative tips from axillary buds, which were then placed on MS medium with growth regulators and ribavirin. The cultivation period lasted for 95 days with one subculture. In the second treatment, ET + RIB, shoots were first subjected to a 15-minute treatment with a current intensity of 7 mA, after which vegetative tips were isolated and placed on MS medium with ribavirin for 95 days. In the 37 °C + RIB treatment, shoots were initially kept at a temperature of 30 °C day/28 °C night for 6 days and then raised to 37 °C day/32 °C night, where they were cultivated for 34 days. Afterward, vegetative tips (0.5 mm) were isolated and placed on medium with ribavirin (50 mg/l). ELISA showed that all three treatments were successful in eliminating Potato M and S viruses. The 37 °C + RIB treatment achieved the highest percentage of plants free from Potato M Virus (95.4%) and Potato S Virus (86.1%). The least successful elimination treatment was ET + RIB, with 82.6% of PVM-negative and 75.6% of PVS-negative plants. The highest percentage of virus elimination for both viruses was achieved in the 'Lipice žuti' cultivar, reaching 92.2%. 'Poli' had the lowest percentage of plants free from Potato M Virus (87.5%), while for Potato S Virus elimination, 'Plitvički' had the lowest success rate, with 64.6% of plants recovered
Comparison of standardized infogest in vitro digestibility method and in vivo digestion of carotenoids in laying hens
No full textJedina standardizirana in vitro metoda probavljivosti je INFOGEST metoda, no do sada
nije ispitano koliko je precizna u određivanju probavljivosti karotenoida. Cilj ovog rada je bio
usporediti rezultate standardizirane in vitro i in vivo metode probavljivosti karotenoida u kokoši
nesilica hranjenih dvjema potpunim krmnim smjesama koje se razlikuju u hibridu kukuruza kao
jedinim izvorom karotenoida. U in vivo pokusu uzorkovani su sadržaji duodenuma, jejunuma,
ileuma i debelog crijeva nesilica, dok je INFOGEST metoda provedena s inkubacijo m od 2,5; 3;
3,5; 4; 4,5 i 5 sati. Usporedivi podatci između in vitro i in vivo metoda utvrđeni su za lutein
kojem su vrijednosti nakon 3; 3,5 i 4,5 sati inkubacije slične vrijednostima u jejunumu (P=0,60),
ileumu (P=0,87) i debelom crijevu (P=0,42). Kod ostalih karotenoida, usporedivi podatci su bili
za probavljivost zeaksantina i u kupnih karotenoida i to između inkubacije nakon 4 sata i
jejunuma (P=0,97 i 0,59). Dobiveni podatci pokazuju da je potrebno dodatno prilagoditi
INFOGEST metodu da bude prikladna za probavljivost karotenoida.The only standardised in vitro digestiblity method is the INFOGEST method, but so far it
has not been tested how accurately it determines the digestibility of carotenoids. The aim of this
research was to compare the results of the INFOGEST method and in vi vo data on the
digestibility of carotenoids in laying hens fed two complete feed mixtures differing in the maize
hybrid as the only source of carotenoids. In the in vivo experiment, the contents of the duodenum,
jejunum, ileum and colon of the hens were sa mpled, while the INFOGEST method was
performed with incubation times of 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5 hours. Comparable da t a between the
in vitro and in vivo methods were obtained for lutein, whose values after 3, 3.5 and 4.5 hours of
incubation were comparable with digestibility in the jejunum (P=0.60), ileum (P=0.87) and colon
(P=0.42). For other carotenoids, comparable da t a were obtained for the digestib i lity of
zeaxanthin and total carotenoids between incubation after 4 hours and digestibility in the jejunu m
(P=0.97 and 0.59). The da t a obtained show that it is necessary to make additional adjustments
to the INFOGEST method to ensure suitability for digestibility of carotenoids
Important bacterioses and viroses of hazel (Corylus avellana L.)
No full textLijeska je zbog vrijednosti svog ploda u prehrambeno-prerađivačkoj i kozmetičkoj industriji sve traženija. U Republici Hrvatskoj sve se više uzgaja te je prema zastupljenosti na površinama na četvrtom mjestu. Za uspješan uzgoj lijeske potrebno je zadovoljiti agroekološke uvjete koje ona zahtijeva. Uspješnost proizvodnje ovisi između ostalog i o zaštiti od bolesti. Najznačajnije bolesti lijeske su bakteriozni palež kojeg uzrokuje bakterija Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, bakteriozni rak uzrokovan bakterijom Pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae, virus mozaika jabuke (Apple mosaic virus) te virus nekrotične prstenaste pjegavosti trešnje (Prunus necrotic ringspot virus). Za zaštitu od ovih bolesti najvažnije je provođenje preventivnih mjera zaštite kao što su sadnja zdravog sadnog materijala, uzgoj otpornih sorata, sprječavanje naknadnih zaraza i suzbijanje vektora. Kako bi se pravovremeno mogle primijeniti i ostale mjere zaštite, potrebno je na vrijeme otkriti uzročnike bolesti. Stoga je važno prepoznati simptome i pratiti njihovu pojavu, a zatim identificirati uzročnika preciznim dijagnostičkim metodama.Due to the value of its fruit in the food processing and cosmetic industries, hazel is increasingly in demand. Nowadays the hazel is grown on fourth largest share of the area under orchards in the Republic of Croatia. For the successful cultivation of hazelnuts, it is necessary to meet the agroecological conditions required. The success of production depends, among other things, on plant diseases control strategy. The most significant hazel diseases are bacterial blight caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina, a bacterial cancer caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae, Apple mosaic virus and Prunus necrotic ringspot virus. To protect plants against these diseases, the most important thing is to implement preventive protection measures, such as planting healthy planting material, growing resistant varieties, preventing subsequent infections in a field, and controlling vectors. To apply other protective measures in a timely manner, it is necessary to discover the pathogens in time. Therefore, it is important to recognize the symptoms of the diseases, to monitor their occurrence, and to identify the causative agent using precise diagnostic methods
Quality of cooked cheese with the addition of spices
No full textKemijski konzervansi i antimikrobne tvari uobičajeno se koriste u mljekarskoj industriji, posebice u proizvodnji sireva no njihova primjena u novije vrijeme nije dobro prihvaćena od strane potrošača. U tom smislu, dodatak začinskog bilja može biti alternativa. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti utjecaj dodatka začinskog bilja (bosiljak i vlasac) na fizikalno-kemijska i senzorna svojstva kuhanog sira te na njegovu mikrobiološku kvalitetu. Kuhani sir proizveden je od punomasnog kravljeg mlijeka u 3 šarže te su proizvedeni sirevi iste šarže podijeljeni u 3 skupine: kuhani sir bez začinskog bilja (kontrolni), kuhani sir s dodatkom vlasca i kuhani sir s dodatkom bosiljka. Fizikalno-kemijske analize sira obuhvatile su određivanje sadržaja suhe tvari, mliječne masti, proteina, soli i pH. U svrhu utvrđivanja mikrobiološke kvalitete začina i sireva provedene su mikrobiološke analize na prisutnost Salmonella spp., sulfitoreducirajuće klostridije, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, kvasaca, plijesni, kao i ukupan broj aerobnih bakterija. Uzorkovanje sira za mikrobiološke analize provedeno je odmah po proizvodnji te nakon 45 dana pohrane u hladnjaku. Panel od 5 stručnih ocjenjivača ocijenio senzorna svojstva sira koristeći sustav bodovanja s maksimalnom ocjenom 20. Dodatak začina nije utjecao na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva sira, te je pozitivno utjecalo na senzorna svojstva sira. Mikrobiološka kvaliteta začina izravno je utjecala na mikrobiološku kvalitetu sireva. Uvjeti tijekom pohrane sira u hladnjaku pogodni su za rast i razmnožavanje kvasaca i plijesni.Chemical preservatives and antimicrobial substances are widely used in the dairy industry, especially in the production of cheese, but their use has not been well received by consumers recently. In this sense, the addition of spices can be an alternative. The aim of this work was to investigate the influence of the addition of spices (basil and chive) on the physico-chemical and sensory properties of cooked cheese and on its microbiological quality. The cooked cheese was produced from full-fat cow's milk in 3 batches, and the produced cheeses of the same batch were divided into 3 groups: cooked cheese without spices (control), cooked cheese with the addition of chive and cooked cheese with the addition of basil. The physico-chemical analyzes of the cheese included the determination of the content of dry matter, milk fat, protein, salt and pH value. To determine the microbiological quality of spices and cheeses, microbiological analyses were carried out for the presence of Salmonella spp., sulphite-reducing clostridia, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, yeasts, molds, as well as the total number of aerobic bacteria. Sampling of cheese for microbiological analyzes was carried out immediately after production and after 45 days of storage in the refrigerator. A panel of 5 expert evaluators evaluated the sensory properties of the cheese using a scoring system with a maximum score of 20. The addition of spices had no influence on the physico-chemical properties of the cheese, but it had a positive effect on the sensory properties of the cheese. The microbiological quality of the spices directly affected the microbiological quality of cheeses. The conditions during cheese storage in the refrigerator are suitable for the growth and multiplication of yeasts and molds
Maintenance of plants in interiors
No full textDobar izbor vrsta i poznavanje njihovih ekoloških potreba utječe na cijenu ukupnog projektnog rješenja, ali i na cijenu njegovog održavanja. Održavanje bilja u interijerima značajna je stavka svakog projekta, a utječe na konačan izgled. Zdravstvena i psihološka uloga primjene bilja u interijerima poslovnih prostora prepoznata je od strane poslodavaca koji naručuju uređenje poslovnih prostora, ali se održavanje bilja pri tome često zanemaruje. Kao manje zahtjevne vrste s aspekta održavanja svakako su sukulentne vrste dok velik broj uobičajenih vrsta za uređenje interijera treba redovitu njegu najmanje dva puta tjedno. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je istražiti koje su biljne vrste zastupljene u uređenju interijera poslovnih prostora dviju tvrtki u gradu Zagrebu, koje su mjere njege i održavanja potrebne te s kolikom učestalošću. Inventarizirane su biljne vrste u uredskim prostorima tvrtki „Arch media d.o.o.“ i „Notch d.o.o.“ u Zagrebu, odredila se njihova taksonomska pripadnost i porijeklo. Analizirani su uvjeti okoliša u prostorijama s biljkama (temperatura, svjetlo, relativna vlaga zraka). Od veljače do travnja 2023. godine pratilo se koje se mjere njege i održavanja primjenjuju te s kakvim rezultatima. Nakon provedene inventarizacije utvrđeno je dvadeset biljnih vrsta iz šest porodica. Najviše biljnih vrsta pripada porodici Araceae, a najzastupljenije vrste su Epipremnum aureum i Chlorophytum comosum. Prevladavaju biljne vrste tropskog porijekla, a od sukulentnih vrsta zabilježene su Zamioculcas zamiifolia i Sansevieria “Mikado“ koje se nalaze u tvrtki „Notch d.o.o.“. Tvrtka „Arch media d.o.o.“ nema sukulentnih vrsta. Veći broj biljnih vrsta zabilježen je u tvrtki „Arch-media“ (trinaest vrsta), a manji u tvrtki „Notch d.o.o.“ (devet vrsta). Većina biljnih vrsta osim dekorativne uloge obavlja neku prostornu funkciju, od kojih je najzastupljenija stvaranje privatnosti, razdjeljivanje prostora, omekšavanje grubih arhitektonskih linija te smanjenje odbljeska. U obje tvrtke većinom se radi o lisnatim lončanicama.A good choice of species and knowledge of their ecological needs affects the price of the overall project solution, but also the price of its maintenance. Maintaining plants in interiors is an important item of every project, and it affects the final appearance. The health and psychological role of using plants in the interiors of business premises is recognized by employers who order the decoration of business premises, but the maintenance of plants is often neglected. Succulent species are certainly less demanding species in terms of maintenance, while a large number of common species for interior decoration need regular care at least twice a week. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which plant species are represented in the interior design of business premises of two companies in the city of Zagreb, which care and maintenance measures are necessary and with what frequency. Plant species in the office premises of the companies "Arch media d.o.o." and "Notch d.o.o." in Zagreb were inventoried, their taxonomic affiliation and origin determined. Environmental conditions in rooms with plants (temperature, light, relative humidity) were analyzed. From February to April 2023, it was monitored which care and maintenance measures were applied and with what results. After the inventory was carried out, twenty plant species from six families were identified. Most plant species belong to the Araceae family, and the most represented species are Epipremnum aureum and Chlorophytum comosum. Plant species of tropical origin predominate, and among the succulent species recorded are Zamioculcas zamiifolia and Sansevieria "Mikado", which are located in the company "Notch d.o.o.". The company "Arch media d.o.o." does not have any succulent species. A larger number of plant species was recorded in the company "Arch-media" (thirteen species), and a smaller number in the company "Notch d.o.o." (nine species). Most plant species, in addition to their decorative role, perform some spatial function, the most common of which is creating privacy, dividing space, softening rough architectural lines, and reducing glare. Both companies mostly deal with leaf potted plants
Effect of timing of leaf removal on volatile and polyphenolic content and composition of vitis vinifera cv. Merlot grapevines
No full textPrinos i kvaliteta grožđa ovise o postizanju odgovarajuće ravnoteže između opterećenja trsa i izloženosti sunčevoj svjetlosti, što je bitan uvjet za dobivanje odgovarajućeg fenolnog i aromatskog profila grožđa. Povećanje izloženosti grožđa sunčevoj svjetlosti povezano je s poboljšanjem kvalitete grožđa, te može dovesti do povećanja sadržaja šećera, polifenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva te smanjenja ukupne kiselosti i sadržaja jabučne kiseline u grožđu. Djelomična defolijacija u zoni grožđa često je korištena ampelotehnička mjera u vinogradu u cilju poboljšanja mikroklimata trsa te povećanja kvalitete grožđa. Termin provođenja zahvata djelomične defolijacije igra veliku ulogu u sintezi različitih polifenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva u grožđu, s obzirom na to da se oni u bobici sintetiziraju u različito vrijeme tijekom dozrijevanja grožđa. Utjecaj različitih termina djelomične defolijacije na sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih organskih spojeva u crnim sortama grožđa slabo je istražen. U kontekstu klimatskih promjena, kada visoke temperature i intenzivno sunčevo osvjetljenje u zoni grozdova dovode do ožegotina na bobicama i inhibicije sinteze polifenolnih spojeva, te dovode do modifikacije hlapljivih spojeva, nužno je istražiti i ranije termine provođenja djelomične defolijacije, a sve u cilju što bolje prilagodbe recentnim klimatskim promjenama.
S obzirom na navedeno, provedeno je dvogodišnje istraživanje (2018./2019.) na sorti 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.) uzgajanoj u zagrebačkom vinogorju, u kontinentalnim klimatskim uvjetima, kako bi se proučili učinci djelomične defolijacije na mikroklimat trsa te procijenila opravdanost različitih termina provedbe zahvata djelomične defolijacije s obzirom na hlapljive i polifenolne spojeve grožđa. Djelomična defolijacije izvedena je u četiri termina- prije cvatnje, u vrijeme zametanja bobica, u vrijeme zatvaranja grozdova te na početku šare grožđa. Meteorološki podaci mezoklimata vinograda i mikroklimata trsa (temperatura, UV zračenje i relativna vlažnost zraka zone grožđa) snimljeni su simultano na meteorološkoj stanici instaliranoj unutar vinograda.
Djelomična defolijacije utjecala je na mikroklimat trsa, povećanjem UV zračenja unutar zone grožđa. Poboljšanjem uvjeta mikroklimata trsa, djelomična defolijacija utjecala je na povećanje sadržaja polifenolnih spojeva- antocijana, flavonola, flavan-3-ola i hidroksicimetnih kiselina te na smanjenje sadržaja nepoželjnih hlapljivih C6 spojeva u grožđu, koji daju zelene i vegetalne arome. Djelomična defolijacija nije utjecala na omjer lisne površine i prinosa te rodnost pupova. Djelomična defolijacija prije cvatnje utjecala je na smanjenje prinosa, mase grozda i mase bobice, zbog uklanjanja fotosintetski aktivnog lišća u vrijeme velike potrebe za asimilatima, ali samo jedne godine istraživanja. Tretmani djelomične defolijacije provedene nakon cvatnje utjecali su na smanjenje sadržaja ukupnih kiselina u grožđu. Djelomična defolijacija u vrijeme zametanja bobica i zatvaranja grozdova nije utjecala na sadržaj šećera u grožđu, dok je djelomična defolijacija provedena na početku šare dovela do povećanja sadržaja šećera u grožđu u usporedbi s kontrolom.
Modifikacijom mikroklimatskih uvjeta trsa može se značajno poboljšati polifenolni i hlapljivi sastav grožđa, a samim time i pridonijeti kvaliteti grožđa. Ovi rezultati otkrili su značajnu razliku u učinkovitosti uklanjanja lišća na sadržaj polifenolnih spojeva u grožđu u različitim klimatskim uvjetima tijekom rasta bobica i dozrijevanja grožđa te su pokazali da je djelomična defolijacija imala veći utjecaj na polifenolni sastav grožđa u sezoni s hladnijim uvjetima dozrijevanja grožđa. Raniji termini defolijacije pokazali su pozitivne učinke na kvalitetu grožđa sorte 'Merlot' uzgajanom u kontinentalnim uvjetima Hrvatske, ali posebnu pozornost treba posvetiti klimatskim uvjetima sezone.Temperature and sunlight intensity are the main ecological conditions that influence the biochemical pathways of the grapes, with sunlight exposure been associated with an improvement in grape quality, resulting in grapes that are richer in soluble solids, phenolic and volatile organic compounds, especially anthocyanins and terpens, and lower titratable acidity. The intensity and quality of sunlight exposure, especially UV radiation and the complex interaction with temperature affect the biosynthesis of various phenolic and volatile compounds- proantocyanidins, antocyanins, favonols, terpens- by altering their gene expression.
Leaf removal in the cluster zone is one of the commonly applied viticultural practices used to increase light penetration and to decrease humidity in dense foliage. The timing of leaf removal plays a major role in the synthesis of different polyphenolic and volatile compounds in grapes, since they are synthesized at different times during berry ripening. The influence of timing of leaf removal on the content and composition of volatile compounds in red grape varieties is poorly investigated.
Today's viticulture and wine production is facing new challenges in terms of climate change. Climatic changes can affect the relationship between the variety and its environmental conditions, thereby changing the time of occurrence of certain phenophases and the quantity and quality of the grapes. Considering the above, it is necessary to investigate earlier timings of leaf removal and its effect on the grape volatile and phenolic content, in order to better adapt to recent climate changes.
Due to above, two- year study (2018/2019) has been carried out on the 'Merlot' variety grown in the vineyard in the continental part of Croatia, Zagreb vineyard hills, to study the effects of basal leaf removal on canopy microclimate and to evaluate the justification of the different timings of leaf removal in relation to the volatile and phenolic profile of grape variety 'Merlot' (Vitis vinifera L.). Meteorological data of mezoclimatic measurements of the vineyard and microclimatic measurements of the vine (canopy temperature, UV radiation and relative humidity) were recorded simultaneously at the meteorological station installed inside the vineyard.
The first chapter, Introduction, focuses on the problem of research on climate influence on the chemical composition of grapes, which is sometimes difficult to interpret, because climate implies a large number of environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, rainfall, sunlight), each of which plays an important role in the growth and development of vines and grapes. Furthermore, the amount of phenolic and volatile compounds and their precursors varies within and between climate zones. Topographic characteristics of the vineyard, such as elevation, slope, and exposure of the terrain, as well as the orientation of vine rows in the vineyard, vigor of the vineyard, and different viticultural practices, can result in great variability in microclimatic conditions, especially the quality and intensity of sunlight. The hypotheses that were established and tested in this study are: (1) early leaf removal will reduce the yield and the content of total acids and increase of sugar content in the grapes of the 'Merlot' variety, (2) early leaf removal will increase the content of polyphenolic and volatile compounds in 'Merlot' grapes in compare to control treatment.
The second chapter, Overview of the Previous Research, starts with the overview of the berry development and the timing of synthesis of different secondary metabolites. Phenolic and volatile composition (anthocyanins, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, stilbenes, terpenes, volatile acids, alcohols and carbonyls) of the grape skins and their contibution to the grape quality are also reviewed. The main part od the chapter focuses on related research on the microclimate of the vines and their influence on the grape quality.
Previous research showed that microclimatic conditions within the grapevine canopy- temperature and solar radiation, are important parameters that directly regulate grape ripening parameters: sugars, organic acids and secondary metabolites. UVB radiation is important for the chemical composition and quality of grapes, since some phenolic and volatile compounds have the function of absorbing and screening UVB radiation and protecting the plant from its harmful effects. Solar radiation has been reported to increase sugar content and pH in grape juice and increase phenolic and volatile content in grapes. It is therefore important to evaluate different canopy manipulation treatments and their effects on grape microclimatic conditions, as they may contribute to the accumulation of numerous chemical components, especially the phenolic and volatile content of grapes. Leaf removal in the cluster zone is a common canopy management practice used to manipulate microclimate of grapevines by increasing light penetration and temperature in the fruiting zone and reducing canopy density, which affects relative humidity and reduces the incidence of pests and diseases. By improving microclimatic conditions and balancing the ratio of older, less photosynthetically active leaves to younger, more photosynthetically active leaves, basal leaf removal can improve grape and wine composition by increasing the content of polyphenolic and volatile compounds and reducing titratable acidity.
The third chapter, Materials and methods, provides all the information on how the research was conducted. The research was conducted in 2018. and 2019. on the Jazbina experimental field of the Department of Viticulture and Enology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, on the grape variety 'Merlot', planted in 2005. The vineyard is located on the slope with slightly southwestern exposure. The vines were subjected to cultural practices common to continental Croatia. Data for daily air temperatures and precipitation for both seasons were obtained from a weather station located in the vineyard. The experiment was conducted with five treatments; no leaf and lateral shoot removal, basal leaf removal and lateral shoot removal performed before flowering, at berry set, at grape closure and at the beginning of veraison, with 4 basal leaves and all lateral shoots per shoot removed. Leaf removal treatments were repeated on the same vines during the two years. Relative humidity, temperature and UVA+UVB radiation inside the foliage at the cluster level of the control treatment and when leaf removal was performed at berry set were continuously monitored (frequency of 1 second) throughout the growing season. During vegetation, for each vine in the experiment, the number of buds per vine, the number of shoots per vine and the number of fruit bearing shoots per vine were counted, from which the number of clusters per bud, the number of clusters per shoot and the number of clusters per cluster carrying shoot were calculated. The leaf area was calculated on vine basis. Grape harvest was determined by weekly monitoring the content of soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH. Merlot was harvested manually in the morning hours. Yield was measured on the vine basis, together with counting the number of clusters per vine. The grapes from each block of each treatment were manually pressed to obtain the must, from which soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH was measured. Content of phenolic and volatile compounds in grape berry skin was analysed according to the methods of Tomaz and Maslov (2016) and Šikuten et al. (2021), respectively. All data were analyzed using analysis of variance (treatment, year).
In the chapters Results and Discussion, all the research results are presented and discussed: weather conditions and phenological phases, canopy microclimatic conditions, vine growth and yield components, soluble solids, titratable acidity and pH at harvest, as well as total phenolic and volatile content of berry skin at harvest. Leaf removal altered microclimate by increasing the UV radiation within the grape zone. By improving the mycoclimate of the vines, leaf removal increased in the content of polyphenolic compounds - anthocyanins, flavanols, flavan-3-ols and hydroxycinnamic acids. Leaf removal reduced the content of C6 volatile compounds, that give green and vegetal aromas. The ratio of leaf area to yield and bud fruitfulness was not affected by leaf removal.
Eary leaf removal (before flowering and at the time of berry setting) increased the content of polyphenolic compounds and decreased the content of volatile C6 compounds in grape skins. Eary leaf removal (before flowering) incresead the sugar content and reduced the yield of the 'Merlot' variety, but only in one year of research. Leaf removal performed after flowering reduced total acidity in the must. Removal of basal leaves at the time of berry setting and grape closure did not affect the sugar content in the must, while leaf removal carried out at the beginning of the veraison led to an increase in the sugar content in the must compared to the control.
Modification of the canopy microclimate can signifficantelly improve phenolic and volatile composition of the grapes, and therefore contribute to the grape quality. These results revealed important difference in leaf removal efficiency on phenolic content of the grapes in different ecological conditions during ripening, with leaf removal having a higher influence on the grape phenolic content in a season with the cooler grape ripening conditions. Early leaf removal can lead to a positive effect on the quality of 'Merlot' grapes under the environmental conditions in which the present study was undertaken but particular attention has to be given to the ecological conditions of the vegetative season
Habitat mapping of the Recreational Sports Centre Jarun
No full textU radu je istraživana vaskularna flora na području RSC Jaruna u Zagrebu i raspored iste flore
po 4 stanišna tipa: izgrađeno, šumsko-močvarno, livadno i vodeno. Izrađena je digitalna karta
tipova staništa RSC Jaruna. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2022. i
2023. Ustanovljeno je 216 biljnih svojti unutar 160 roda i 64 porodice. Najzastupljenije
porodice su Poaceae sa 32 vrste (14,8%), zatim sljedi Asteraceae sa 18 vrsta (8,3%) i
Fabaceae sa 14 vrsta (6,5%). U spektru životnih oblika prevladavaju hemikriptofiti (42,6%) i
terofiti (23,1%). Najviše biljnih vrsta pripada euroazijskom flornom elementu (44,9%).
Ustanovljeno je 15 alohtonih invazivnih vrsta. Rezultati istraživanja prilog su poznavanju
flornog sastava i praćenju stanišnih tipova potrebnih za monitoring promjena na području
RSC Jarun.This paper investigates the vascular flora in the area of RSC Jarun in Zagreb and its
distribution in 4 habitat types: built-up, forest-marsh, meadow and water. A digital map of
RSC Jarun habitat types was created. The research was conducted during the season of 2022.
and 2023. 216 plant taxa within 160 genera and 64 families were found. The most
represented families are Poaceae with 32 species (14.8%), followed by Asteraceae with 18
species (8.3%) and Fabaceae with 14 species (6.5%). In the spectrum of life forms,
hemicryptophytes (42.6%) and therophytes (23.1%) predominate. Most plant species belong
to the euroasian flora element (44.9%). 15 non-native invasive plant species were found. The
results of the research contribute to the knowledge of the flora composition and to the
monitoring of habitat types necessary for tracking changes in the area of RSC Jarun