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Beneficial associations of insects and microorganisms
No full textKorisne asocijacije kukaca i mikroorganizama širok su i kompleksan pojam odnosa i u novije vrijeme predmet su mnogih istraživanja. Zbog brojnosti i raznolikosti obje skupine organizama, njihovi odnosi su vrlo složeni i značajni u ekološkom i ekonomskom pogledu. Kroz brojna istraživanja dokazan je utjecaj ovih asocijacija na biljni i životinjski svijet, ljudsko zdravlje i gospodarstvo, te posebno na sektor poljoprivredi. Osim obostrane koristi, pozitivnog učinka i uzajamnog pomaganja, neke od stvorenih asocijacija mogu biti i štetne, djelovati ograničavajuće ili letalno. Ovaj rad daje pregled dosadašnjih spoznaja o raznolikosti i funkcijama takvih asocijacija, učinku specifičnih tvari mikroorganizama (bakterija gljiva i virusa) na domaćine (kukce), te suvremenim metodama koje se koriste za njihovo proučavanje. Kroz prikupljanje relevantne literature daje se i uvid u nove strategije za kontrolu štetnih kukaca.Beneficial associations between insects and microorganisms are a broad and complex concept of relationships that have recently become the subject of many studies. Due to the abundance and diversity of both groups of organisms, their interactions are very intricate and significant from ecological and economic perspective. Numerous studies have proven the impact of these associations on plant and animal life, human health, and the economy, especially in the agricultural sector. Besides mutual benefits, positive effects, and mutual support, some of those associations can also be harmful, limiting, or lethal. This final work provides an overview of current knowledge about the diversity and functions of such associations, the effects of specific substances produced by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses) on hosts (insects), and modern methods used for their study. By reviewing relevant literature, it also offers insights into new strategies for controlling harmful insects
Application of multispectral and hyperspectral cameras in fruit growing
No full textSuvremeni napredak tehnologije omogućuje razvoj precizne poljoprivrede korištenjem hiperspektralnih kamera. U ovom radu su prikazani različiti sustavi hiperspektralnh sustava u različitim uvjetima korištenja. Također, objašnjene su metode rada hiperspektralnih sustava na različitim voćarskim kulturama. Različite komponente hiperspektralnog sustava omogućuju uvid u površinsko i unutrašnje stanje ploda i biljnih organa. Uvid u kemijsko, biološko i fizičko stanje biljke omogućuje pravovremenu reakciju proizvođača na pojavu bolesti i drugih nedostataka. Mana modernih sustava hiperspektralnih kamera jest visoka cijena ulaganja, zbog čega navedeni sustavi kod nas gotovo i ne postoje. Napredak tehnologije dovodi do povećanja broja proizvođača hiperspektralnih sustava što doprinosi povećanju broja mogućih primjena. Implementacijom modernih sustava kamera u linije kontrole plodova nakon berbe, omogućuje se precizna poljoprivreda. Precizna poljoprivreda osigurava manje štete od bolesti i štetnika te bolje skladištenje i veću kvalitetu plodova na tržištu.Modern advances in technology enable the development of precision agriculture using hyperspectral cameras. This paper presents different systems of hyperspectral systems in different conditions of use. Also, the working methods of hyperspectral systems on different fruit crops are explained. Various components of the hyperspectral system enable insight into the surface and internal state of the fruit and plant organs. An insight into the chemical, biological and physical condition of the plant allows the producer to react in time to the appearance of diseases and other defects. The disadvantage of modern hyperspectral camera systems is the high investment cost, which is why these systems almost do not exist in our country. Advances in technology lead to an increase in the number of manufacturers of hyperspectral systems, which contributes to an increase in the number of possible applications. By implementing modern camera systems in the fruit control lines after harvest, precision agriculture is enabled. Precision agriculture ensures less damage from diseases and pests, as well as better storage and higher quality of fruits on the market
Research of the presence of the grapevine leafminer at the Jazbina experiment station
No full textLisni miner vinove loze strana je invazivna vrsta leptira iz porodice Gracillariidae porijeklom
iz Sjeverne Amerike otkrivena na području Europe 1995. godine. U Hrvatskoj je vrsta
utvrđena 2010. godine, no njezina rasprostranjenost i štetnost slabo je istražena. Gusjenice
štetnika hrane se lisnim parenhimom te oblikuju dugu krivudavu minu u listu čime se
smanjuje njegova asimilacijska površina i list se prijevremeno suši. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi
prisutnost lisnog minera vinove loze u vinogradima pokušališta Jazbina. Štete od lisnog
minera vinove loze utvrđene su vizualnim pregledom vinove loze tijekom jeseni 2023. godine
u vinogradu u kojemu se uzgaja sortiment otporan na plamenjaču i pepelnicu vinove loze.
Ukupno je pregledano 380 trsova različitih sorata vinove loze a štete su utvrđene na više od
20 % pregledanih trsova. U prosjeku su kod svih istraživanih sorata štete utvrđene na dva lista
po trsu a prosječna oštećenja iznosila su 1,5 cm2 po listu. Prisutnost lisnog minera vinove loze
po prvi put je utvrđena na pokušalištu Jazbina. Iako nisu zabilježene značajne štete u uzgoju
vinove loze, zbog invazivnog karaktera vrste te ubrzanog širenja na području Europe
preporučuje se redovito pratiti njegovu populaciju.The grapevine leafminer is an invasive species of moth from the family Gracillariidae,
originating from North America, and it was discovered in Europe in 1995. In Croatia, the
species was identified in 2010, but its distribution and harmfulness are poorly researched. The
larvae of the pest feed on the leaf parenchyma, creating long winding mines in the leaf, which
reduces its photosynthetic area and causes the leaf to dry out prematurely. The aim of this
study was to determine the presence of the grapevine leafminer in the vineyards of the Jazbina
experimental station. Damage from the grapevine leafminer was determined by visual
inspection of grapevines during the autumn of 2023 in a vineyard cultivating varieties
resistant to downy mildew and powdery mildew. A total of 380 vines of different grape
varieties were inspected, and damage was found on more than 20% of the inspected vines. On
average, all investigated varieties had damage on two leaves per vine, with average damage of
1.5 cm² per leaf. The presence of the grapevine leafminer was confirmed for the first time at
the Jazbina experimental station. Although significant damage to grapevine cultivation was
not recorded, due to the invasive nature of the species and its rapid spread across Europe, it is
recommended to regularly monitor its population
Environmental DNA (eDNA) in animal research
No full textU ovom završnom radu istražuje se primjena okolišne DNA (eDNA) u istraživanju životinja, s naglaskom na metabarkodiranje kao neinvazivnu i učinkovitu metodu za procjenu bioraznolikosti. Rad pruža pregled povijesti eDNA, procesa uključenih u analizu eDNA, izvora eDNA u različitim okruženjima i raznolikih primjena eDNA u istraživanju životinja, praćenju bioraznolikosti, razumijevanju prehrane životinja, otkrivanju invazivnih vrsta i procjeni bioraznolikosti. Također se raspravlja o izazovima i ograničenjima povezanima s analizom eDNA, uključujući degradaciju DNA, inhibiciju PCR-a, kontaminaciju i nepotpunost referentnih baza podataka. Unatoč tim izazovima, eDNA se pokazala kao vrijedan alat u istraživanju životinja, nudeći neinvazivan, osjetljiv i isplativ pristup za procjenu bioraznolikosti i praćenje vrsta. U radu je stavljen naglasak na budući potencijal eDNA u istraživanju životinja i njegovu važnu ulogu u očuvanju bioraznolikosti.This thesis explores the application of environmental DNA (eDNA) in animal research, with a focus on metabarcoding as a non-invasive and efficient method for biodiversity assessment. The thesis provides an overview of the history of eDNA, the processes involved in eDNA analysis, sources of eDNA in various environments, and the diverse applications of eDNA in animal research, biodiversity monitoring, understanding animal diets, detecting invasive species, and assessing biodiversity. The challenges and limitations associated with eDNA analysis are also discussed, including DNA degradation, PCR inhibition, contamination, and the incompleteness of reference databases. Despite these challenges, eDNA has proven to be a valuable tool in animal research, offering a non-invasive, sensitive, and cost-effective approach for biodiversity assessment and species monitoring. The thesis concludes by highlighting the future potential of eDNA in animal research and its crucial role in biodiversity conservation
Ampelographic evaluation of clone candidates of the ‘Kujundžuša bijela’ (Vitis Vinifera L.) variety in the vineyards Imotski
No full textNa području vinogorja Imotski najčešća bijela sorta je 'Kujundžuša bijela', autohtona sorta. Najvažnija karakteristika 'Kujundžuše' je dobra i redovita rodnost, te se uz veliku pažnju vinogradara ta kvaliteta sortimenta može zadržati i unaprijediti.
U prošlosti uočena unutarsortna varijabilnost temelj je za klonsku selekciju ove sorte. Zbog toga 2021. godine dolazi do projekta klonske selekcije sorte 'Kujundžuša bijela’ na matičnom nasadu Vinogorja Imotski. Odabrano je 14 klonskih kandidata pozitivnih gospodarskih karakteristika koji su se isticali od ostatka populacije. Zasađeni su od strane Udruge vinogradara i vinara Cvit razgovora u suradnji s Agronomskim fakultetom (Sveučilište u Zagrebu) i Vinarijom Katich. Cilj sadnje je daljnja analiza gospodarskih i osnovno fizikalno - kemijskih karakteristika. Analizom varijance zapažene su signifikantne razlike između klonova za svojstva: ukupne kiselosti, pH vrijednosti, sadržaj šećera i organskih kiselina. Uz to je obavljena osnovna analiza mošta te analiza pojedinih i ukupnih polifenolnih spojeva.In the wine region of Imotski, the most common white variety is Kujundžuša bijela, an autochthonous grape variety. The most important characteristic of 'Kujundžuša' is good and regular fertility, and with the great attention of winegrowers, this quality of the assortment can be maintained and improved.
The intravarietal variability observed in the past is the basis for the clonal selection of this variety. For this reason, in 2021. a clonal selection project of the variety 'Kujundžuša bijela' will be launched at the mother plantation of the Imotski vineyard. From 14 clonal candidates with positive economic characteristics that stood out from the rest of the population were selected. They were planted by the Association of Vinegrowers and Winemakers, Cvit razgovora, in cooperation with the Faculty of Agriculture (University of Zagreb) and the Katich Winery. The goal of planting is further analysis of economic and basic physical - chemical characteristics. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between clones for the properties: total acidity, pH values, sugar and organic acid content. In addition, a basic analysis of grape must and analysis of individual and total polyphenolic compounds was performed
Employment of disabled people in agriculture - current state and perspectives
No full textOvaj završni rad analizira trenutno stanje, izazove i perspektive zapošljavanja osoba s
invaliditetom u poljoprivrednom sektoru. Kroz raznovrsne metode istraživanja, uključujući
pregled literature i analizu praktičnih primjera, ocjenjuju se učinci postojećih zakonodavnih okvira
i tehnoloških inovacija na zapošljavanje osoba s invaliditetom. Rad naglašava važnost
prilagođenih radnih mjesta, inkluzivnog obrazovanja i tehnološkog napretka za bolju integraciju
osoba s invaliditetom u poljoprivredu. Primjeri uspješnih praksi iz drugih zemalja, poput
asistencijskih tehnologija, služe kao model za politike i prakse koje bi Hrvatska trebala usvojiti.
Unatoč zakonskim okvirima, izazovi kao što su socijalne predrasude i nepristupačnost
infrastrukture još uvijek ograničavaju zapošljavanje osoba s invaliditetom u poljoprivredi.
Preporuke uključuju razvoj prilagođenih tehnologija, poboljšanje pristupa obrazovanju i
implementaciju inkluzivnih zakonskih okvira koji potiču ravnopravnost. Kroz suradnju različitih
sektora, moguće je stvoriti održiva rješenja koja omogućavaju osobama s invaliditetom da postanu
aktivni sudionici u poljoprivrednom sektoru, doprinoseći tako svojoj samostalnosti i ekonomskom
razvoju zajednice.This final paper analyzes the current state, challenges and perspectives of employment of persons
with disabilities in the agricultural sector. Through a variety of research methods, including
literature review and analysis of practical examples, the effects of existing legislative frameworks
and technological innovations on the employment of persons with disabilities are assessed. The
paper highlights the importance of adapted jobs, inclusive education and technological advances
for better integration of people with disabilities into agriculture. Examples of successful practices
from other countries, such as assistive technologies, serve as a model for policies and practices
that Croatia should adopt. Despite legal frameworks, challenges such as social prejudice and
inaccessibility of infrastructure still limit the employment of people with disabilities in agriculture.
The recommendations include the development of tailored technologies, improving access to
education and implementing inclusive legal frameworks that foster equality. Through the
cooperation of different sectors, it is possible to create sustainable solutions that enable people
with disabilities to become active participants in the agricultural sector, thus contributing to their
independence and economic development of the community
The Effect of Grape Seed Cake as a Dietary Supplement Rich in Polyphenols on the Quantity and Quality of Milk, Metabolic Profile of Blood, and Antioxidative Status of Lactating Dairy Goats
No full textThe objective of this study was to assess the impact that diets supplemented with grape seed cake rich in polyphenols had on lactating goats. The study investigated the quantity and quality of goat milk, the metabolic profile of blood, and the antioxidative status. The study involved 24 French Alpine dairy goats throughout their lactation period. The goats were, on average, 5 years old (±three months) and in the fourth lactation. The experiment lasted for 58 days. The control group (CON) had a diet without grape seed cake (GSC). The experimental groups were given a diet containing 5% and 10% GSC on a dry matter basis (GSC5 and GSC10, respectively). A slightly higher milk production, as well as protein and fat milk content, were found in GSC5 and GSC10, but the differences were not significant. Goat milk in the GSC10 group exhibited significantly higher activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductase, as well as decreased concentrations of GUK and SCC. The feeding treatments did not affect significant differences in hematological and biochemical indicators, except for the BHB content, which can be associated with a higher energy value of feed containing GSC. There was an observed elevation in the activity of SOD within the blood of GSC5, and GSC10 was measured as well. The determined changes justify the supplementation of GSC rich in polyphenols to goat feed, especially in the amount of 10%, as it can reduce stress caused by lactation, which is known as a very stressful production period for animals
Ethnomedicinal Plants and Herbal Preparations Used by Rural Communities in Tehsil Hajira (Poonch District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan)
No full textThe present study emphasizes the importance of documenting ethnomedicinal plants and herbal practices of the local rural communities of Tehsil Hajira (Pakistan). The aim was to document, explore and quantify the traditional ethnomedicinal knowledge. Ethnobotanical data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using various quantitative indices. The results showed that 144 medicinal plant species from 70 families and 128 genera play an important role in herbal preparations. The most common type of preparation was powder (19.0%), followed by paste (16.7%), aqueous extract (15.7%), decoction (14.7%) and juice (11.0%). Fragaria nubicola (0.94) and Viola canescens (0.93) had the highest relative frequency of mention (RFC), while Berberis lycium (1.22) and Fragaria nubicola (1.18) had the highest use value (UV). Geranium wallichianum (85.5), Ligustrum lucidum (83) and Indigofera heterantha (71.5) were the most important species in the study area with the highest relative importance (RI) value. The diseases treated were categorized into 17 classes, with diseases of the digestive system and liver having the highest Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) value, followed by diseases of the oropharynx and musculoskeletal system. Important plants mentioned for the treatment of various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are Zanthoxylum alatum, Berberis lycium, Mentha longifolia, Punica granatum, Rubus ellipticus and Viola canescens. New applications of rarely documented plants from this area are: Oxalis corniculata paste of the whole plant to treat vitiligo, Carthamus tinctorius flowers to treat chicken pox, Dioscorea deltoidea tuber powder to treat productive cough, Inula cappa root decoction to treat miscarriage, Habenaria digitata tuber juice for the treatment of fever, Viola canescens leaves and flowers for the treatment of sore throat and Achillea millefolium root and leaf juice for the treatment of pneumonia. These plants may contain interesting biochemical compounds and should be subjected to further pharmacological studies to develop new drugs. Traditional medicinal knowledge in the area under study is mainly limited to the elderly, traditional healers and midwives. Therefore, resource conservation strategies and future pharmacological studies are strongly recommended
The effect of irrigation rate on the growth and development of impatiens transplants
No full textCilj rada bio je utvrditi morfološke i fiziološke odgovore presadnica vodenike (Impatiens x hybrida SunPatiens 'Compact Orchid Blush') na tri različite varijante (obroka) navodnjavanja: 100 % poljskog vodnog kapaciteta (kontrola), 80 % kontrolne varijante i 60 % kontrolne varijante. Navodnjavanje u manjim obrocima rezultiralo je smanjenjem visine i širine biljaka te veličine listova i cvjetova. Broj otvorenih cvjetova i broj uvelih cvjetova se nisu značajno razlikovali između različitih varijanti navodnjavanja, no broj cvjetnih pupova se značajno smanjio. Navodnjavanje u manjim obrocima nije značajno utjecalo na maksimalni kvantni prinos fotosustava II (Fv/Fm) i sadržaj ukupnih klorofila, no povećalo je omjer klorofila a i b te sadržaj karotenoida. Slabija opskrba biljaka vodom također je rezultirala značajnim smanjenjem veličine stanica zapornica i otvora puči, ali ne i razlikom u broju puči po jedinici lisne površine. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na zaključak da je deficitarno navodnjavanje moguće koristiti za proizvodnju presadnica vodenike komercijalno zadovoljavajuće kvalitete.The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological and physiological responses of impatiens transplants (Impatiens x hybrida SunPatiens 'Compact Orchid Blush') to three different irrigation rates: 100 % of field water capacity (control), 80 % of the control and 60 % of the control. Lower irrigation rates led to a reduction in the height and width of the plants as well as the size of the leaves and flowers. The number of open flowers and wilted flowers did not differ significantly between the different irrigation treatments, whereas the number of flower buds significantly decreased. Lower irrigation rates had no significant effect on the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and the content of total chlorophyll. However, the ratio of chlorophyll a and b and the content of carotenoids increased in less irrigated plants. Reducing the water supply to the plants also led to a significant reduction in the size of guard cells and stomatal pores, but had no effect on the number of stomata per unit leaf area. The study suggests that deficit irrigation can be used to produce impatiens of commercially satisfactory quality
Suitability valuation of northwestern Croatia for scout camping
No full textIzviđačko logorovanje je višednevna aktivnost koja zahtijeva pogodan prostor u prirodi unutar obuhvata sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Analizom i istraživanjem aktivnosti određene su prostorne karakteristike koje su potrebne kako bi se taj zahvat izveo. Sjeverozapadna Hrvatska bogata je prirodnom baštinom koju vrijedi očuvati stoga je važno misliti i na zaštitu prilikom planiranja. Radom je napravljeno vrednovanje prostora iz aspekta privlačnosti i ranjivosti te je iz toga ponderiranim produktom napravljen model pogodnosti prostora iz tri aspekta. Zaštitni aspekt, razvojni aspekt te kompromisni aspekt. Razvojnim aspektom dobiveno je najveće područje pogodno za odvijanje izviđačkog logorovanja, dok je zaštitnim i kompromisnim aspektom dobiveno vrlo malo područje. Modelima pogodnosti utvrđeno je kako je prostor sjeverozapadne Hrvatske pogodan za odvijanje izviđačkih logorovanja te koje su to točno lokacije.Scout camping is a multi-day activity that requires a suitable natural area within northwestern Croatia. Through analysis and research of the activities, spatial characteristics needed for this purpose were identified. Northwestern Croatia is rich in natural heritage, which is worth preserving, so it's important to consider protection during planning. This work evaluated the area from the perspectives of attractiveness and vulnerability, and a suitability model was created using a weighted approach from three aspects: protective, developmental, and compromise. The developmental aspect showed the largest area suitable for scout camping, while the protective and compromise aspects identified a much smaller area. The suitability models confirmed that the area of northwestern Croatia is appropriate for scout camping and pinpointed the exact locations