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Vertical integration, investment profitability and risk in the example of pear production and processing
No full textU ovom radu opisane su tri poslovne strategije na koje se poduzetnik može odlučiti pri pokretanju proizvodnje kruške 'Viljamovke'. Uz pomoć stručne literature opisan je koncept poduzetništva i poslovnog plana. Uz tehnološki aspekt, za tri poslovne strategije: 1. Proizvodnja kruške Viljamovke, 2. Proizvodnja konzumne rakije Viljamovke i 3. Proizvodnja brendirane rakije Viljamovke, izračunata je ekonomsko-financijska ocjena ulaganja. Ocjena počinje kalkulacijama, kroz koje se opisuje proces proizvodnje i ekonomski tok strategije. Pomoću dinamičkih pokazatelja uspješnosti ulaganja (neto sadašnja vrijednost, interna stopa rentabilnosti, razdoblje povratka ulaganja) uspoređene su navedene strategije. Kao najprofitabilnija strategija pokazala se je strategija 3. Proizvodnja brendirane rakije Viljamovke, gdje neto sadašnja vrijednost iznosi 954.232 EUR , interna stopa ulaganja 8,88% , a razdoblje povrata ulaganja iznosi 11 godina. Najveći rizici kod te strategije uključuju smanjivanje proizvodnih količina i prosječnih prodajnih cijena te rast operativnih troškova. Za poljoprivrednike i poduzetnike, koji žele uložiti u proizvodnju kruške, rad može poslužiti kao podloga za poslovno odlučivanje. Rad može poslužiti i donositeljima agrarno-političkih odluka, kod odluka o visini potpore i oblikovanju drugih mjera ruralnog razvoja.This paper describes three business strategies that an entrepreneur can decide on when starting the production of Williams pear. With the help of professional literature, the concept of entrepreneurship and business plan is described. In addition to the technological aspect, for three business strategies: 1. Production of Williams pear, 2. Production of Williams brandy and 3. Production of branded Williams brandy, the economic and financial assessment of the investment was calculated. The evaluation begins with calculations, through which the production process and the economic flow of the strategy are described. Dynamic investment performance indicators (net present value, internal rate of return, return on investment) were used to compare these strategies. Strategy 3 has proven to be the most profitable strategy. Production of branded brandy Williams, where the net present value is EUR 954,232, the internal investment rate is 8.88%, and the return on investment period is 11 years. The biggest risks in this strategy include a decrease in production volumes, average sales prices and an increase in operating costs. For farmers and entrepreneurs, who want to invest in pear production, work can serve as a basis for business decision-making. The work can also be used by agrarian-political decision-makers, when deciding on the amount of support and shaping other rural development measures
Soil moisture detection using a Cosmic Ray Neutron sensor and crop irrigation requirements at the experimental station Maksimir
No full textNa pokušalištu Maksimir 2024. godine uspješno je instaliran i validiran napredni CRNS uređaj za mjerenje vlažnosti tla. Validacija uređaja, provedena usporedbom s gravimetrijskom i TDR metodom pokazala je visoku točnost CRNS. U travnju 2024., razlika u mjerenjima između CRNS i gravimetrijske metode iznosila je samo 1,8 %, dok je u rujnu, pri usporedbi s TDR metodom razlika bila 5,7 %. Iako rezultati CRNS mogu varirati u odnosu na metode koje mjere manji volumen tla, njegova sposobnost obuhvata većih površina i dubljih slojeva tla čini ga neprocjenjivim alatom u poljoprivredi i ekološkim istraživanjima. Analiza efektivnih oborina i normi navodnjavanja za različite usjeve, poput pšenice, kukuruza, soje i suncokreta, provedena u računalnom programu CROPWAT za razdoblje od 1988. do 2017. godine, pokazuje kako usjevi različito reagiraju na raspoloživost efektivnih oborina u smislu normi navodnjavanja, koje su najmanje kod pšenice (56 mm), zatim kukuruza i suncokreta (105 mm), a najveće kod soje (124 mm). Korištenje CRNS-a u kombinaciji s drugim metodama omogućava bolje planiranje navodnjavanja prema specifičnim potrebama kultura, što je ključno za održivu poljoprivredu i optimalno korištenje vodnih resursa pogotovo u uvjetima navodnjavanja.At the Maksimir experimental field in 2024, an advanced Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensor (CRNS) for measuring soil moisture was successfully installed and validated. The validation of the device, conducted by comparing it with the gravimetric and TDR methods, demonstrated the high accuracy of the CRNS. In April 2024, the difference in measurements between the CRNS and the gravimetric method was only 1.8 %, while in September, when compared with the TDR method, the difference was 5.7 %. Although CRNS results may vary from methods that measure smaller soil volumes, its ability to cover larger areas and deeper soil layers makes it an invaluable tool in agriculture and ecological research. The analysis of effective precipitation and irrigation norms for different crops, such as wheat, corn, soybean, and sunflower, conducted using the CROPWAT software for the period from 1988 to 2017, shows how crops respond differently to the availability of effective precipitation in terms of irrigation norms, which are lowest for wheat (56 mm), followed by corn and sunflower (105 mm), and highest for soybean (124 mm). The use of the CRNS in combination with other methods allows for better irrigation planning according to the specific needs of crops, which is crucial for sustainable agriculture and optimal use of water resources, especially in irrigation conditions
Assessment of ecological and health risks of exposure to metals in soil in the area of the Jadral factory waste disposal site
No full textIndustrija je osnova gospodarstva u većini država, ali uz mnoge koristi koje pružaju industrijske aktivnosti ima i značajan negativni utjecaj na okoliš i zdravlje ljudi. Takav primjer je kompleks bivše tvornice glinice (TG) Jadral u kojemu se skoro 40 godina na području Obrovca nalazi nesanirana industrijska lokacija. Uz tvornicu izgrađene su i dvije lagune kao odlagalište tehnološkog otpada (crveni mulj i lužina) nastalog pri proizvodnji aluminija. Crveni mulj sadrži visoki udio željeza i različitih drugih metala sadržanih u boksitu čije čestice jaki udari podvelebitske bure mogu transportirati prema obližnjim naseljima i pri tome onečistiti tlo, ali i uzrokovati razne bolesti kod ljudi. Ciljevi ovog diplomskog rada bili su: (i) procijeniti ekološki rizik utjecaja tehnološkog otpada s odlagališta tvornice Jadral na onečišćenje okolnog tla metalima, (ii) procijeniti zdravstveni rizik izloženosti lokalnih ljudi metalima u tlu u blizini navednog odlagališta. Istraživanje je temeljeno na rezultatima arhiviranih uzoraka tla prikupljenih u proljeće 2020. godine iz površinskog sloja tla (0-5 cm) na 26 lokacija u blizini laguna s tehnološkim otpadom iz tvornice glinice Jadral. U navedenim uzorcima tla sadržaj metala (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn i Zr) prethodnim istraživanjem utvrđen je pXRF metodom. Procjena ekološkog rizika odlagališta otpada na tlo provela se izračunom faktora kontaminacije (CF), faktora obogaćenja (EF), indeksa ekološkog rizika (ERI) i indeks opterećenja onečišćenjem (PLI). Zdravstveni rizik utjecaja onečišćujućih tvari s odlagališta otpada na lokalno stanovništvo (djeca i odrasli) temeljen je na izračunu nekancerogenog rizika (kvocijent opasnosti, HQ), kancerogenog rizika (CRi) i incidencije životnog rizika od raka (ILCR) s obzirom na utvrđeni sadržaj As, Pb, Ni i Cr u tlu na svakoj lokaciji ovisno o načinu izloženosti (udisanje, gutanje, putem kože). Rezultati otkrivaju vrlo visoku kontaminaciju tla cirkonijem (CF = 8,14) i stroncijem (CF = 6,20 i 6,16) na tri lokacije na južnom dijelu odlagališta otpada, te prisutnost onečišćenja na devet lokacija južno od laguna (PLI raspon od 1,00 do 1,50). EF vrijednosti (5,00 – 53,6) ukazuju na značajno obogaćenje tla cirkonijem, itrijem, stroncijem, olovom i arsenom. ERI u rasponu od 4,1 do 37,3 indicira na nizak ekološki rizik na cijelom području oko odlagališta. Djeca izravnim gutanjem tla i južno (HQ = 1,337 – 2,087) i sjeverno od laguna (HQ = 1,884 – 4,264) nakon šestogodišnjeg izlaganja mogla bi razviti nekancerogene kronične bolesti, te bi nakon dugotrajnog izlaganja metalima mogla razviti kancerogene bolesti na jednoj lokaciji sjeverno od laguna, Ob 5 (CRi = 1,02 x 10-4) i skoro svim lokacijama južno od laguna (CRi = 1,05 x 10-4 – 2,64 x 10-4) u slučaju gutanja tla. Navedeno je potvrđeno i izračunatim ILCR vrijednostima koje su na 16 lokacija južno od laguna bile veće od 1x 10-4.Industry is the foundation of the economy in most countries, but alongside the many benefits provided by industrial activities, there is also a significant negative impact on the environment and human health. An example of this is the complex of the former Jadral alumina factory, which has been an unsanitary industrial site in the Obrovac area for almost 40 years. Alongside the factory, two lagoons were built as a disposal site for technological waste (red mud and lye) generated during aluminum production. Red mud contains a high content of iron and various other metals found in bauxite, whose particles can be transported by strong winds from the Velebit mountain range to nearby settlements, contaminating the soil and causing various diseases in humans. The goals of this thesis were: (i) to assess the ecological risk of the impact of technological waste from the Jadral factory landfill on the contamination of surrounding soil with metals, and (ii) to assess the health risk of local people’s exposure to metals in the soil near the mentioned landfill. The research was based on the results of archived soil samples collected in the spring of 2020 from the surface layer of soil (0-5 cm) at 26 locations near the technological waste lagoons from the Jadral factory. In these soil samples, the content of metals (Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Y, Zn, and Zr) was determined by previous research using the pXRF method. The assessment of the ecological risk of the landfill on the soil was conducted by calculating the contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), ecological risk index (ERI), and pollution load index (PLI). The health risk of the impact of pollutants from the landfill on the local population (children and adults) was based on the calculation of non-carcinogenic risk (hazard quotient, HQ), carcinogenic risk (CRi), and lifetime cancer risk incidence (ILCR) considering the determined content of As, Pb, Ni, and Cr in the soil at each location depending on the mode of exposure (inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact). The results reveal very high soil contamination with zirconium (CF = 8.14) and strontium (CF = 6.20 and 6.16) at three locations in the southern part of the waste disposal site, and the presence of pollution at nine locations south of the lagoons (PLI range from 1.00 to 1.50). EF values (5.00 – 53.6) indicate significant enrichment of the soil with zirconium, yttrium, strontium, lead, and arsenic. ERI ranging from 4.1 to 37.3 indicates a low ecological risk throughout the area around the landfill. Children, through direct ingestion of soil both south (HQ = 1.337 – 2.087) and north of the lagoons (HQ = 1.884 – 4.264), could develop non-carcinogenic chronic diseases after six years of exposure, and could develop carcinogenic diseases after prolonged exposure to metals at one location north of the lagoons, Ob 5 (CRi = 1.02 x 10-4), and at almost all locations south of the lagoons (CRi = 1.05 x 10-4 – 2.64 x 10-4) in case of soil ingestion. This is confirmed by the calculated ILCR values, which were greater than 1 x 10-4 at 16 locations south of the lagoons
The influence of the type of brine on the physical-chemical properties of mozzarelle-type cheese
No full textU proizvodnji mekog sira mozzarelle salamurenje se provodi u cilju očuvanja sočnosti, glatke i
sjajne površine te sprječavanja isušivanja odnosno formiranja kore sira. Način pripreme
salamure odnosno sastojci koji se u nju dodaju i trajanje pohrane sira mogu imati utjecaj na
njegova fizikalno-kemijska svojstva. Stoga je cilj ovog rada utvrditi utjecaj vrste salamure na
fizikalno-kemijska svojstva sira u tipu mozzarelle.
Proizvedene su tri šarže sira u tipu mozzarelle te je sir pohranjen u tri vrste salamure: 1)
vodena otopina limunske kiseline (0,5g-L), 2) vodena otopina limunske kiseline (0,5g/L) i kalcijklorida
(5g/L) 3) vodena otopina limunske kiseline (0,5g/L), kalcij-klorida (5g/L) i vodenog
ekstrakta bosiljka (20 g suhog bosiljka/L). Tijekom vremena pohrane u trajanju od 15 dana
uzorkovanje sira provedeno je 0., 5., 10. i 15. dana. Fizikalno-kemijskim analizama sira određen
je udio suhe tvari, mliječne masti, proteina, soli i pH vrijednost. Dodatak kalcijevog klorida i
bosiljka u salamuru nisu imali značajan utjecaj na fizikalno-kemijska svojstva sira tipa
mozzarella nakon 15 dana pohrane. Ipak, primjećuje se različita dinamika u promjenama
pojedinih sastojaka tijekom pohrane sira u različitim vrstama salamure.In the production of soft mozzarella cheese, salting is carried out in order to preserve the
juiciness, smooth and shiny surface and to prevent drying or forming the rind of the cheese.
The method of preparation of the brine or the ingredients added to it and the duration of
storage of the cheese may have an impact on its physico-chemical properties. Therefore, the
aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the type of brine on the physico-chemical
properties of the cheese in the mozzarella type.
Three batches of mozzarella type cheese were produced and the cheese was stored in three
types of brine: 1) aqueous solution of citric acid (0.5g-L), 2) aqueous solution of citric acid
(0.5g/L) and calcium chloride (5g) /L) and 3) aqueous solution of citric acid (0.5g/L), calcium
chloride (5g/L) and water extract of basil (20 g of dry basil/L). During the 15-day storage
period, cheese sampling was carried out on days 0, 5, 10 and 15. Physico-chemical analyses of
the cheese determine the dry matter, milk fat, protein, salt and pH content. The addition of
calcium chloride and basil in the brine had no significant effect on the physicochemical
properties of mozzarella type cheese after 15 days of storage. However, different dynamics in
the changes of individual ingredients during cheese storage in different types of brine are
observed
Production of nanocellulose from selected agricultural energy crops
No full textKorištenje zelenih, održivih sirovina poput biomase postalo je značajno za proizvodnju visoko vrijednih proizvoda i energije s niskim CO2 otiskom za okoliš. Sve veća potreba za fosilnim gorivima i proizvodima dovela je pitanje klimatskih promjena u prvi plan te je fokus prebačen na korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije i održivim načinom života. Holistički pristup koji obuhvaća ekološke, društvene i ekonomske aspekte dostiže svoju popularnost posljednjih godina, a sve u svrhu ublažavanja štetnih učinaka klimatskih promjena i degradacije okoliša. Glavni cilj ovog rada je proces dobivanja visoko vrijednih proizvoda na nanoskali iz biomase, odnosno sekundarnih sirovina koje u ovom slučaju čine poljoprivredne energetske kulture. Celuloza iz šumske i poljoprivredne biomase jest jedan od najprisutnijih biopolimera na zemlji. Neiscrpan je izvor sirovine koje proizvode biljke i mikroorganizmi te bakterije. Nanokristalna celuloza (CNC) je materijal koji se dobiva iz lignoceluloznih vlakana, te kao takav ima niz poželjnih svojstava kao što su visoka čvrstoća, krutost, prozirnost te ga to čini poželjnim materijalom različitih primjena u industriji (bio kompoziti, premazi, biomedicinski materijali itd.). Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti proces proizvodnje nanoceluloze iz odabranih poljoprivrednih energetskih kultura te ujedno i potencijal tih kultura kao održivih sirovina za proizvodnju nanoceluloze. Nanokristalnu celulozu suspendiranu u otopini, a dobivenu iz energetskih kultura karakterizira gustoća od 0,965 g cm-3 te viskoznost otopine u rasponu od 100-130 mPa·s.The utilization of environmentally friendly and sustainable raw materials, such as biomass, has become increasingly important in the production of valuable goods and energy while minimizing the CO2 footprint. The growing demand for fossil fuels and products has brought the issue of climate change to the forefront, shifting the focus to the use of renewable energy sources and sustainable living. A holistic approach together with ecological, social, and economic aspects, has gained popularity in recent years, all aimed at mitigating the harmful effects of climate change and environmental degradation. The main goal of this paper is the process of obtaining high-value nanoscale products from biomass, specifically secondary raw materials, which in this case consist of agricultural energy crops. Cellulose from forest and agricultural biomass is considered one of the most abundant biopolymers on Earth. It is an inexhaustible source of raw material produced by plants, microorganisms, and bacteria. Derived from lignocellulosic fibers, nano-crystalline cellulose (CNC) possesses a variety of appealing characteristics, including high strength, stiffness, and transparency, which make it a highly sought-after material for a wide range of industrial applications such as bio composites, coatings, and biomedical materials, etc. The objective of this study was to examine the production of nanocellulose from specific agricultural energy crops and to assess the viability of these crops as sustainable sources for nanocellulose manufacturing. The nanocrystal cellulose dispersed in solution, obtained from these energy crops, exhibits a density of 0.965 g/cm³ and a viscosity that varies between 100 and 130 mPa·s
Inventory and use value of wild plants in Duba Pelješka
No full textU radu je istraživana samonikla flora na području Dube Pelješke. Biljne vrste su
inventarizirane, a istraženaje njihova uporabna vrijednost. Terensko istraživanje
provedeno je od listopada 2023. do rujna 2024. godine, tijekom kojeg je zabilježeno
ukupno 230 biljnih svojti raspoređenih u 74 porodice. Kritosjemenjače
(Angiospermae) dominiraju sa 195 zabilježenih vrsta, dok su golosjemenjače
(Gymnospermae) i papratnjače (Pteridophyta) znatno manje zastupljene, svaki sa 4
vrste. Posebna pozornost posvećena je analizi životnih oblika, flornih elemenata,
trajanja života biljnih vrsta, vremena cvatnje, te uporabne vrijednosti. Rezultati su
pokazali da su Therophyta (74 vrste) najzastupljeniji životni oblik, što ukazuje na
visoku prilagodljivost biljnog svijeta sušnim i sezonskim uvjetima mediteranske
klime. Florni elementi također potvrđuju mediteranski karakter ovog područja, s
dominantnim udjelom mediteranskih vrsta (100 vrsti). Zabilježene su razne biljne
vrste sa različitim uporabnim vrijednostima. U radu su identificirane i klasificirane
endemične, ugrožene, zaštićene i invazivne biljne vrste, pri čemu je analizirana
njihova uporabna vrijednost, kao i potencijalni utjecaj na lokalni ekosustav.In the paper, wild flora in the area of Duba Pelješka was investigated. Plant
species were inventorized, and their use value was studied. The field research lasted
from October 2023 to September 2024, during which a total of 230 plant species
distributed in 74 families were recorded. Angiospermae dominate with 195 recorded
species, while Gymnospermae and Pteridophyta are much less represented with 4
species each. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of life forms, flora elements,
the life span of plant species, and their flowering season. The results showed that
Therophyta (74 species) are the most represented life form, which indicates high
adaptability of the plant world to dry and seasonal conditions of the Mediterranean
climate. Floristic elements also confirm the Mediterranean character of this area, with
a dominant share of Mediterranean species (100 species). Many plant species with
various uses were documented. In the paper, endemic, endangered, protected and
invasive plant species were identified and classified, and their use value was analyzed,
as well as their potential impact on the local ecosystem
Effect of drought on gas exchange in barley: physiological response and potential for the development of tolerant genotypes
No full textOvo istraživanje proučava utjecaj suše na izmjenu plinova kod ječma, s ciljem karakteriziranja promjena u fiziološkim parametrima nakon izlaganja stresu suše. Istraživanje je provedeno na dva kultivara ječma, 'Sebastian' i 'OPR', koje su bile izložene kontrolnim uvjetima i uvjetima suše. Parametri izmjene plinova: intenzitet transpiracije (E), fotosinteze (A), provodljivost puči/stomata (gsw), unutarnja efikasnosti korištenja vode (WUEi), međustanična koncentracija CO2 (Ci) te omjer stope fotosinteze i međustanične koncentracije CO2 (A/Ci) mjereni su tijekom tri dana nakon prestanka navodnjavanja biljaka. Rezultati pokazuju da je izloženost suši značajno smanjila intenzitet fotosinteze, transpiraciju, stomatalnu provodljivost i unutarnju efikasnost korištenja vode (WUEi) kod dva kultivara ječma korištena u ovom istraživanju. Genotip 'Sebastian' pokazao je veću osjetljivost na sušu u gotovo svim mjerenim parametrima, dok je genotip 'OPR' pokazao bolju prilagodbu, što sugerira njegov potencijal za uzgoj u uvjetima suše. Buduća istraživanja mogla bi se usmjeriti na razumijevanje mehanizama koji omogućuju veću otpornost kultivara 'OPR' na uvjete suše te na primjenu tih saznanja u oplemenjivanju novih kultivara ječma otpornih na sušu.This research studies the effect of drought on gas exchange in barley, with the aim of characterizing changes in physiological parameters after exposure to drought stress. The research was conducted on two barley cultivars, 'Sebastian' and 'OPR', which were exposed to control and drought conditions. Gas exchange parameters such as transpiration intensity (E), photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gsw), internal water use efficiency (WUEi), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and ratio of photosynthesis rate to intercellular CO2 concentration (A/Ci) they were measured during three days after the cessation of plant irrigation. The results show that exposure to drought significantly reduced photosynthesis intensity, transpiration, stomatal conductance and internal water use efficiency (WUEi) in the two barley cultivars used in this study. Cultivar 'Sebastian' showed higher sensitivity to drought in almost all measured parameters, while cultivar 'OPR' showed better adaptation, suggesting its potential for cultivation under drought conditions. Future research could be focused on understanding the mechanisms that enable greater resistance of cultivar 'OPR' to drought conditions and on the application of this knowledge in the breeding of new cultivars
Conceptual design of the sport - recreational and play area in Motovun
No full textMotovun je povijesni grad jedinstvene arhitekture i urbanističkog oblikovanja koje odražava bogatu kulturnu baštinu i tradiciju. Zbog ove specifičnosti, promjene unutar urbanog tkiva grada ne mogu se provoditi bez pažljivog razmatranja i praćenja smjernica koje osiguravaju očuvanje tradicijskih vrijednosti. Unutar jezgre Motovuna nema raspoloživog prostora za dodatnu gradnju ili stvaranje novih zelenih površina, što ograničava mogućnosti za uvođenje novih sadržaja u samom središtu grada. Jedina sportsko-rekreacijska i igrališna zona Motovuna smještena je u njegovom podnožju. Trenutno stanje te zone zahtijeva temeljitu obnovu i revitalizaciju, posebno s obzirom na činjenicu da je to jedini takav prostor na području Motovuna. U okviru ovog rada, analizirana je povijest Motovuna i njegove kulturne znamenitosti, kao i širi i uži kontekst predmetnog obuhvata. Na temelju provedenih analiza, izrađen je prijedlog idejnog rješenja za uređenje sportsko-rekreacijske i igrališne zone. Ovo rješenje osmišljeno je tako da ne narušava dugu povijest i tradiciju Motovuna te uzima u obzir potrebe svih korisnika, od najmlađih do najstarijih, omogućujući im sigurno i ugodno korištenje prostora.Motovun is a historic town with unique architecture and urban design that reflects its rich cultural heritage and tradition. Due to this specificity, changes within the urban fabric of the town cannot be implemented without careful consideration and guidelines that ensure the preservation of traditional values. Within the core of Motovun, there is no available space for additional construction or the creation of new green areas, which limits the possibilities for introducing new facilities in the town center. The only sports and recreational area in Motovun is located at its base. The current condition of this zone requires thorough renovation and revitalization, especially considering that it is the only such space in the Motovun area. In this study, the history of Motovun and its cultural landmarks, as well as the broader and narrower context of the specific area, were analyzed. Based on the conducted analyses, a conceptual design proposal for the development of the sports and recreational area was created. This proposal is designed to ensure that it does not disrupt the long history and tradition of Motovun, while also taking into account the needs of all users, from the youngest to the oldest, providing them with a safe and enjoyable space to use
Reproduction and production characteristics of Lika Pramenka
No full textLička pramenka autohtona je hrvatska pasmina ovaca koja se većinom uzgaja na području Like. Najčešće se uzgaja u ekstenzivnim i poluintenzivnim sustavima proizvodnje. Kombiniranih je proizvodnih svojstava, s tim da ju se u nekoliko posljednjih desetljeća najviše uzgaja za proizvodnju mesa (zaštićene ličke janjetine). Istraživanje je provedeno na dva obiteljska poljoprivredna gospodarstva, na ukupno 137 janjadi od janjenja do odbića, odnosno do prosječne dobi janjadi od dva mjeseca. Odmah nakon janjenja i utvrđivanja spola vaganjem je izmjerena porodna masa svakog janjeta, a zatim su vaganja ponovljena 30. i 60. dana kako bi se utvrdila tjelesna masa i izračunao prosječni dnevni prirast janjadi. Janjad je tijekom cijelog trajanje pokusa, nakon konzumiranog kolostruma hranjena mlijekom (sisanjem) te zajedno s ovcama (majkama) boravila na pašnjaku i konzumirala pašu s prirodnih ličkih livada i pašnjaka. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi porodnu masu janjadi ličke pramenke, tjelesnu masu 30. i 60. dana te utvrditi povezanost između porodne mase i spola janjadi te veličine legla i utjecaja uzgajivača na istraživane pokazatelje. Prosječna porodna masa istraživanjima obuhvaćene janjadi ličke pramenke bila je 3,19 kg, a janjad je dnevno prosječno priraštala 0,249 kg. Statističkim analizama utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj spola (P<0,05), veličine legla (P<0,05), uzgajivača (P<0,05) te interakcije između uzgajivača i veličine legla (P<0,05) dok ostale interakcije nisu bile statistički značajne.The Lika Pramenka sheep is an indigenous Croatian breed of sheep that is mostly bred in area of Lika. It is most often bred in extensive and semi-intensive production systems. Pramenka is multi-purpose sheep breed, but for the last few decades it is most often bred for meat production (the Lika lamb meat). This study was conducted at two family farms, in total at 137 lambs from lambing to weaning, up to the average age of lambs of two months. Immediately after lambing and gender determination, the birth weight of each lamb is measured by weighing, and then the weighning was repeated on the 30th and 60th day in order to determine the body weight and calculate the average daily gain. During the entire duration of the experiment, after consuming the colostrum, lambs were fed with milk (suckling) and together with the sheep (mothers) stayed in the pasture and consumed pasture from the natural Lika meadows and pastures. The aim of the research was to determine the birth weight of Lika Pramenka lambs, the body weight on the 30th and 60th days and to determine connection between the birth weight and the gender of the lambs and litter size and influence of the breeder on the investigated indicators. The average birth weight of Lika Pramenka lambs included in the research was 3,19 kg and lambs gained on average 0,249 kg per day. Statistical analyses revealed a statistically significant impact of gender (P<0,05), litter size (P<0,05), breeder (P<0,05) and interaction between breeder and litter size (P<0,05), but other interactions were not statistically significant
Sow milk production
No full textMliječnost krmača, odnosno sposobnost proizvodnje mlijeka, predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih
faktora u preživljavanju i razvoju prasadi te tako direktno utječe na ekonomsku važnost
proizvodnje. Mlijeko krmača je prvi i najvažniji izvor hranjivih tvari za prasad, koji im osigurava
sve potrebne komponente potrebne za pravilan rast i razvoj. Adekvatan unos mlijeka ključan
je za smanjenje mortaliteta i osiguravanje optimalnog razvoja prasadi. Mliječnost krmača
uvjetovana je genetskim i negenetskim faktorima, kao i sam sastav krmačinog mlijeka.
Genetski faktori igraju značajnu ulogu jer određene pasmine imaju prirodnu predispoziciju za
veću proizvodnju mlijeka, međutim ni najbolja genetika neće doći do izražaja ako nisu
zadovoljeni svi potrebni zahtjevi (hranidbeni, smještajni, itd.). Cilj ovog rada je opisati utjecaj
genetskih i negenetskih čimbenika na mliječnost krmača te njihov utjecaj na rast i razvoj
prasadi, ali i opisati brojne tehnološke procese koji mogu utjecati na mliječnost krmača.The milk production capacity of sows, or their ability to produce milk, is one of the most
important factors in the survival and development of piglets and thus directly affects the
economic significance of production. Sow's milk is the first and most important source of
nutrients for piglets, providing them with all necessary components needed for proper growth
and development. Adequate milk intake is crucial for reducing mortality and ensuring optimal
piglet development. The milk production capacity of sows is included by genetic and nongenetic
factors, as well as the composition of the sow's milk itself. Genetic factors play a
significant role since certain breeds have a natural predisposition for higher milk production;
however, even the best genetics will not be fully expressed if all necessary requirements
(nutritional, housing, etc.) are not met. The aim of this paper is to describe the impact of
genetic and non-genetic factors on sow milk production and their influence on piglet growth
and development, as well as to describe various tehnological processes that can affect sow
milk production