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Production technology of traditional and industrial kefir
No full textKefir je fermentirani mliječni proizvod kod kojega se fermentacija laktoze događa
istovremenim djelovanjem bakterija i kvasaca. Neovisno o načinu proizvodnje
(tradicionalni/industrijski) konačni produkt fermentacije je osim mliječne kiseline i plin (CO2)
te varijabilne količine izoamilnog i etilnog alkohola. Tradicionalna proizvodnja kefira oslanja se
na prirodne procese fermentacije koristeći kefirna zrna i često je povezana s kulturološkim
tradicijama, dok komercijalna proizvodnja kefira uključuje strogo kontrolirane procese,
standardizirane mljekarske kulture i moderne proizvodne tehnike kako bi se zadovoljili tržišni
zahtjevi za standardiziranim proizvodom u pogledu konzistencije i duljim rokom održivosti.
Dok je tradicionalnoj i komercijalnoj proizvodnji kefira zajednički sam proces fermentacije
njihovi se pristupi značajno razlikuju u smislu podrijetla korištene kulture, metode
fermentacije, rukovanja konačnim proizvodom i strategije distribucije. Ove razlike odražavaju
ravnotežu između nasljeđa i modernog u ispunjavanju današnji tržišnih zahtjeva potrošača.
Pregledom dostupnih izvora literature u radu su prikazane različitosti kefira zavisno o načinu
proizvodnje.Kefir is a fermented milk product in which lactose fermentation takes place through the
simultaneous action of bacteria and yeasts. Regardless of the production method
(traditional/industrial), the final product of fermentation consists of lactic acid, gas (CO2) and
variable amounts of isoamyl and ethyl alcohol. Traditional kefir production is based on natural
fermentation processes using kefir grains and is often associated with cultural traditions, while
commercial kefir production involves strictly controlled processes, standardized dairy cultures
and modern production techniques to meet market demand for a standardised product in
terms of consistency and longer shelf life from a sustainability perspective. While the
fermentation process itself is the same for both traditional and commercial kefir production,
their approaches differ significantly in terms of the origin of the culture used, the fermentation
method, the handling of the final product and the distribution strategy. These differences
reflect the balance between tradition and modernity when it comes to meeting the demands
of today's consumer market. Through a review of available literature sources, the article
shows the differences in kefir depending on the production method
Influence of the cultivar on the basic chemical composition and trypsin inhibitor activity in soybeans
No full textKao važan izvor proteina, energije, vitamina i minerala za ljude i životinje, soja je jedna od najznačajnijih mahunarki u svijetu. Uz značajnu nutritivnu vrijednost, zrno soje sadrži i antinutritivne tvari koji imaju negativne učinke na konzumaciju, probavu i apsorpciju hranjivih tvari. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio ispitati kako kultivar utječe na kemijski sastav te na aktivnost tripsin inhibitora. Zrno četiri kultivara soje (Maksimirka, Pedro, RB-31-6 i Zagorka) proizvedeno je u poljskom pokusu prema slučajnom bloknom rasporedu u tri ponavljanja. Nakon žetve soje, zrno je prosušeno te mu je određen sadržaj vlage, sirovog pepela, sirovog proteina, sirovih masti i neutralnih detergent vlakana te aktivnost tripsin inhibitora. Istraživani kultivari su se razlikovali u svim određenim svojstvima osim sadržaju sirovog pepela (P < 0,05). Sadržaj sirovog proteina se kretao od 407,01 do 442,3 g/kg ST, a sadržaj sirovih masti od 206,29 do 235,86 g/kg ST. S vrijednostima od 12,19 do 25,03 mg/kg ST, aktivnost tripsin inhibitora je bila najvarijabilnije svojstvo.As a vital source of protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals for humans and animals, the soybean is one of the most important pulses in the world. In addition to its significant nutritional value, soybean also contains antinutritive factors that have negative effects on consumption, digestion and absorption of nutrients. The aim of this study was to investigate how cultivar affects chemical composition and trypsin inhibitor activity. Grain from four soybean cultivars (Maksimirka, Pedro, RB-31-6 and Zagorka) was produced in a field trial using a randomised block design in three replicates. After harvesting, the grain was dried and the content of moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat and neutral detergent fibres as well as the trypsin inhibitor activity were determined. The investigated cultivars differed in all determined properties with the exception of the crude ash content (P < 0.05). The crude protein content ranged from 407.01 to 442.3 g/kg DM and the crude fat content from 206.29 to 235.86 g/kg DM. With values between 12.19 and 25.03 mg/kg DM, trypsin inhibitor activity was the most variable characteristic
Agro-tourism in the area of Konavle municipality - situation, opportunities and limitations
No full textKonavle su kroz stoljeća bile poznate kao ruralno poljoprivredno područje na krajnjem jugu
Republike Hrvatske, međutim posljednjih 15-ak godina percepcija o Konavlima se mijenja.
Konavle se ubrzano razvijaju kao regija razvijenog ruralnog turizma, posebno agroturizma. To je
uvjetovano značajnim resursima koji omogućavaju promjenu gospodarskog koncepta. Povoljan
smještaj, atraktivan krajolik, bogato kulturno nasljeđe i povoljna struktura lokalnog stanovništva
bili su osnovni preduvjeti koji su utjecali na početak razvoja ruralnog turizma. Od kraja 80-ih
konavoske obitelji počele su otvarati svoje domove posjetiteljima. Najznačajniji impuls razvoju
ruralnog turizma dala je Udruga Agroturizam Konavle koja od 2010. godine aktivno i sustavno
educira i daje podršku lokalnom stanovništvu, organizira manifestacije i događanja kojima se
promiče razvoj ruralnog turizma te stvara pozitivno i poticajno ozračje. Unatoč brojnim
potencijalima, tradicionalna i zatvorena seoska sredina ima i znatna ograničenja, a razvoju
agroturizma prijete i brojne prepreke. U ovom radu daje se prikaz razvijenosti i ponude ruralnog
turizma i agroturizma u Konavlima te istražuju mogućnosti i ograničenja daljnjeg razvoja.Konavle has been known for centuries as a rural agricultural area in the far south of the Republic
of Croatia, but in the last 15 years, the perception of Konavle has changed. Konavle is strongly
developing as a region of developed rural tourism, especially agrotourism. This is conditioned by
the significant resources that enable a change in the economic concept. Favorable geografhic
location, an attractive landscape, a rich cultural heritage and a favorable structure of the local
population were the basic prerequisites that influenced the beginning of the development of rural
tourism. Since the end of the 80s, families from Konavle began to open their homes to visitors.
The most significant impetus for the development of rural tourism was given by the Udruga
Agroturizam Konavle, which since 2010 actively and systematically educates and supports the
local population, organizes events that promote the development of rural tourism and creates a
positive and encouraging atmosphere. Despite numerous potentials, the traditional and closed
countryside has significant limitations, and the development of agritourism is threatened by
numerous obstacles. This paper describes the development and offer of rural tourism and
agrotourism in Konavle and explores the possibilities and limitations of further development
The relationship between nostalgia and consumer behavior in the purchase and consumption of food
No full textPotrošačke navike se neprestano mijenjaju s obzirom na različite prehrambene trendove i dostupnost nove hrane. Proizvođači hrane svakodnevno povećavaju asortiman prehrambenih proizvoda kako bi opstali na tržištu. Između ostalog na tržište stavljaju i prehrambene proizvode koji se više ne proizvode ili kojih više nema u originalnom pakiranju, kako bi potaknuli osjećaj nostalgije kod krajnjeg kupca. Glavni cilj rada bio je utvrditi postoji li povezanost između nostalgije i ponašanja potrošača u kupnji i konzumaciji prehrambenih proizvoda. Provedeno je on-anketno ispitivanje na prigodnom uzorku od 150 ispitanika u Hrvatskoj. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da visoki udio ispitanika kupuje prehrambene proizvode zbog osjećaja nostalgije. Pri konzumaciji prehrambenih proizvoda koji ih podsjećaju na djetinjstvo ili prošlost najveći udio ispitanika osjeća se sretno. Slatkiši su kategorija prehrambenih proizvoda koji se najčešće kupuju zbog osjećaja nostalgije. Ispitanici koji su spremni platiti više za prehrambene proizvode koji u njima izazivaju nostalgiju u najvećem udjelu spremni su platiti 10% višu cijenu. Okus, miris i pakiranje prehrambenih proizvoda u potrošačima najviše izazivaju osjećaj nostalgije. Ispitanici imaju neutralne stavove o „retro“ prehrambenim proizvodima u odnosu na današnje proizvode. Ispitanici koji imaju višu razinu nostalgije u većem udjelu kupuju određene prehrambene proizvode zbog osjećaja nostalgije. Rezultati provedenog istraživanja važni su za stručnjake u marketingu hrane kako bi se uspješnije kreirale marketinške strategije za „retro“ prehrambene proizvode.Consumer habits are constantly changing due to various food trends and the availability of new foods. Food manufacturers are expanding their range of foods every day in order to survive on the market. Among other things, they are also launching foods that are no longer produced or are no longer in their original packaging in order to evoke a sense of nostalgia in the end consumer. The main aim of the work is to determine whether there is a relation between nostalgia and consumer behavior when buying and consuming food. A survey was conducted among a suitable sample of 150 respondents in Croatia. The results of the survey show that a high proportion of respondents buy food because of a feeling of nostalgia. When eating foods that remind them of their childhood or past, the majority of respondents feel happy. Sweets are a category of food that is most often bought out of a feeling of nostalgia. Respondents who are willing to pay more for foods that evoke nostalgia are mostly willing to pay a 10% higher price. The taste, smell and packaging of food evoke the feeling of nostalgia in consumers the most. Respondents have a neutral attitude towards “retro” food products compared to today's products. Respondents who have a higher level of nostalgia are more willing to buy certain foods because of the feeling of nostalgia. The results of the study are important for food marketing experts in order to develop more successful marketing strategies for "retro" food products
MedUng – Uloga lova i lovnog gospodarenja u širenju novonastalih populacija divljih papkara na Mediteranu
No full textPlan upravljanja istraživačkim podatcima za projekt HRZZ MedUng – Uloga lova i lovnog gospodarenja u širenju novonastalih populacija divljih papkara na
Mediteran
Diseases of the digestive system of warm-blooded horses
No full textU ovom radu će biti opisan probani sustav konja te njegove specifičnosti u odnosu na druge kategorije životinja. One uz način držanja, hranidbu i još mnogobrojne čimbenike okoline nerijetko uzrokuju razne bolesti probavnog sustava. U radu će biti navedene razlike u hranidbi pojedinih kategorija konja od ždrebadi do sportskih konja. Najčešći problem koji se javlja kod svih kategorija konja su kolike. U ovom će radu biti prikazano kako ih prepoznati, prevenirati i liječiti. Osim kolika spomenut će se ostale bolesti probavnog sustava koje mogu uzrokovati ozbiljne probleme za sve kategorije konja.This paper will describe the digestive system of horses and its particularities in comparison to other animal categories. These particularities, in addition to keeping, feeding and numerous other environmental factors, are often responsible for various diseases of the digestive system. The paper will outline the differences in feeding individual categories of horses, from foals to sports horses. The most common problem that occurs in all categories of horses is colic. This paper will show how to recognize, prevent, and treat it. In addition to colic, a few other diseases that can create serious problems for all categories of horses will be mentioned
Nutritional analysis of cat food in Croatia
No full textU današnje vrijeme vlasnici pridaju sve više pažnje odabiru kvalitetne hrane za mačke. Na tržištu postoji široki izbor hrana koje se razlikuju ne samo po kemijskom i sirovinskom sastavu, već i po samom pristupu hranidbi. Dolaskom novih trendova na tržište nailazimo i na kontroverze pojedinih proizvođača hrana. Naglasak je da su mačke mesojedi i imaju jedinstvene hranidbene potrebe koje zahtijevaju visok udio proteina u hranidbi. Posebno su važni nutrijenti poput arginina i taurina, koje mačke ne mogu sintetizirati u dovoljnim količinama i stoga ih moraju dobiti iz hrane. Također se govori o važnosti vitamina i minerala u hranidbi mačaka, uključujući vitamin A, vitamin D i niacin. Kroz sve ovo istraživanje, ističe se važnost kvalitetnog sastava hrane za mačke i kako odabrati komercijalne hrane koje ispunjavaju standarde i smjernice za hranidbu. Nakon definiranja hranidbenih potreba i hranidbenog ponašanja mačaka opisane su najčešće vrste hrana za mačke te je na temelju dostupne literature i proučavanjem deklaracija statistički analiziran kemijski i sirovinski sastav nekoliko proizvođača. U konačnici, rad naglašava da je pravilna hranidba od vitalne važnosti za zdravlje i dobrobit mačaka te da se preporučuje odabir hrane koja je formulirana kako bi zadovoljila hranidbene potrebe ovih jedinstvenih mesojeda.In today's world, owners are paying increasingly more attention to choosing quality cat food. The market offers a wide range of foods that differ not only in their chemical and ingredient composition but also in their approach to nutrition. With the advent of new trends in the market, controversies among certain food manufacturers also arise. It is emphasized that cats are carnivores and have unique dietary requirements that demand a high protein content in their diet. Nutrients like arginine and taurine, which cats cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts and must, therefore, obtain from food, are of particular importance. The importance of vitamins and minerals in a cat's diet is also discussed, including vitamin A, vitamin D, and niacin. Throughout this research, the importance of the quality of cat food is highlighted, and how to choose commercial foods that meet the standards and guidelines for nutrition is discussed. After defining the dietary needs and feeding behavior of cats, the most common types of cat food are described, and based on available literature and label analysis, the chemical and ingredient composition of several manufacturers are statistically analyzed. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes that proper nutrition is vital for the health and well-being of cats and recommends choosing food formulated to meet the dietary needs of these unique carnivores
Landscape design of the middle course of the Ljuta River
No full textRijeka Ljuta je rijeka ponornica koja se nalazi u općini Konavle u Dubrovačko- neretvanskoj
županiji. Jedina je rijeka koja na tom području ima stalan vodni tok tijekom cijele godine. Izvor
rijeke pripada slivu sjevernog dijela Konavoskog polja kod sela Ljuta gdje voda izvire između
kamenih blokova. Površinski tok rijeke dug je 6 kilometara, a završava na južnom rubu
Konavoskog polja gdje ponire i nastavlja otjecati podzemnim vezama prema moru, gdje
ponovno izvire u konavoskim stijenama te se ulijeva u more. Analizom šireg područja
ustanovljeno je da na području Konavala u segmentu javnih sadržaja nedostaje javni prostor,
park s raznolikim sadržajima, društveno središte s funkcijom organiziranja i održavanja javnih
aktivnosti na otvorenom, a koji bi bili dostupni lokalnom stanovništvu i posjetiteljima. Predmet
krajobraznog uređenja nalazi se u središnjem dijelu toka navedene rijeke. Prostor trenutno
karakterizira zelena površina koja nudi veliki potencijal, ali trenutno bez specifičnih elemenata
i funkcija. Prirodne karakteristike prostora zahtijevaju uključivanje prirodnih elemenata i
materijala koji će doprinijeti ekološkim vrijednostima i povećanju biološke raznolikosti. Na
temelju analiza prikupljene dokumentacije i literature predložene su smjernice za uređenje
ekološkog parka na rijeci Ljutoj. Prijedlog uređenja ekološkog parka razvijen je do
konceptualnog rješenja.The Ljuta River is a karst river located in the municipality of Konavle in the Dubrovnik-Neretva
County. It is the only river in the area with a continuous water flow throughout the year. The
river's source is part of the northern section of the Konavle Field watershed, near the village of
Ljuta, where the water emerges between stone blocks. The surface flow of the river is 6
kilometers long and ends at the southern edge of the Konavle Field, where it disappears
underground, continuing its flow through subterranean channels towards the sea. It re-emerges
in the Konavle cliffs before emptying into the sea. An analysis of the broader area revealed a
lack of public spaces in Konavle, particularly a park with diverse amenities, a community center
for organizing and hosting outdoor public activities, which would be accessible to both local
residents and visitors. The landscape design project focuses on the central part of the Ljuta
River’s course. Currently, this area is characterized by green spaces with great potential but
lacks specific elements and functions. The natural characteristics of the site call for the
incorporation of natural elements and materials that will enhance ecological value and increase
biodiversity. Based on the analysis of collected documentation and literature, guidelines were
proposed for the development of an ecological park along the Ljuta River. The proposed design
for the ecological park has been developed to the conceptual level
Impact of use of liming materials on the soil pollution by heavy metals
No full textPrekomjerna kiselost tla je faktor ograničenja koji određuje učinkovitost biljno-uzgojnih zahvata na mnogim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Hrvatskoj. Kao rješenje provodi se vapnjenje koje uz pozitivne strane (ovisno o podrijetlu vapnenih materijala) može imati i negativne implikacije na okoliš, osobito s aspekta akumulacije teških metala u tlu. Cilj diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi utjecaj šestogodišnje primjene rastućih doza različitih materijala za vapnjenje na akumulirani sadržaj kroma, bakra, nikla, olova, cinka i kobalta u tlu. Istraživanje je uključivalo analizu 20 arhiviranih uzoraka tla (5 tretmana i 4 ponavljanja) prikupljenih 2020. godine sa stacionarnog poljskog pokusa smještenog u središnjem dijelu Hrvatske (lokalitet Popovača) nakon šestogodišnje primjene rastućih doza (0, 2 i 4 t/ha) različitih vapnenih materijala (agrovapno i hidratizirano vapno). Sadržaj Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn i Co utvrđen je pXRF metodom, reakcija tla se utvrdila potencijometrijom, a metodom po Sokolovu sadržaj mobilnog aluminija. Nakon šestogodišnje primjene materijala za vapnjenje, reakcija tla (pH vrijednost) značajno se povisila s 4,53 na 5,85, dok se istovremeno sadržaj mobilnog aluminija smanjio s 2,28 mg/100 g tla na 0,23 mg/100 g tla. Sadržaj promatranih metala u tlu dodatkom primijenih materijala za vapnjenje nije značajno varirao u odnosu na kontrolu i kretao se u rasponu od: 99,3 mg Cr/kg do 115,5 mg Cr/kg; 18,8 mg Cu/kg do 23,3 mg Cu/kg; 31,8 mg Ni/kg do 40,8 mg Ni/kg; 18,8 mg Pb/kg do 20,8 mg Pb/kg; 81,5 mg Zn/kg do 87,0 mg Zn/kg; 28,4 mg Co/kg do 23,1 mg Co/kg. Ukupna šestogodišnja primjena agrovapna i hidratiziranog vapna u rasponu od 10-30 t/ha mogla je doprinijeti neznatnim količinama akumuliranih metala u tlu (0,027-0,082 mg Cr/kg; 0,006-0,018 mg Ni/kg; 0,008 – 0,024 mg Cu/kg; 0,014 – 0,041 mg Pb/kg; 0,024-0,071 mg Zn/kg) i rezultati ukazuju da je primjena materijala za vapnjenje doprinijela relativnom smanjenju sadržaja olova, cinka i kobalta tlu. Istraživano tlo u cijelosti je onečišćeno kromom, a dijelovi pokusne površine pod kontrolnim tretmanom i tretmanom s ukupno primijenjenih 10 t/ha agrovapna onečišćeni su niklom i cinkom.Excessive soil acidity is a limiting factor that affects the effectiveness of agricultural practices on many farms in Croatia. As a solution, liming is implemented, which can have both positive (depending on the origin of the liming materials) and negative implications for the environment, especially regarding the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil. The aim of the research was to determine the six years impact of application of increasing doses of different liming materials on the accumulated content of chromium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, and cobalt in the soil. The study included 20 archived soil samples (from 5 treatments and 4 replication) collected in 2020 from a stationary field experiment located in central Croatia (Popovača site) after six years of applying increasing doses (0, 2, and 4 t/ha) of various liming materials (agricultural lime and hydrated lime). The content of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Co was determined using pXRF (portable X-ray fluorescence) method, soil reaction (pH value) was assessed by potentiometric method, and the mobile aluminium content was determined by the Sokolov method. After six years of liming materials application, the soil pH significantly increased from 4.53 to 5.85, while the mobile aluminium content simultaneously decreased from 2.28 mg/100 g soil to 0.23 mg/100 g soil. The content of observed metals in the soil did not significantly vary compared to the control and ranged as follows: 99.3 mg Cr/kg to 115.5 mg Cr/kg; 18.8 mg Cu/kg to 23.3 mg Cu/kg; 31.8 mg Ni/kg to 40.8 mg Ni/kg; 18.8 mg Pb/kg to 20.8 mg Pb/kg; 81.5 mg Zn/kg to 87.0 mg Zn/kg; 28.4 mg Co/kg to 23.1 mg Co/kg. The total six-year application of agricultural lime and hydrated lime in the range of 10-30 t/ha could contribute to minimal amounts of accumulated metals in the soil (0.027-0.082 mg Cr/kg; 0.006-0.018 mg Ni/kg; 0.008 – 0.024 mg Cu/kg; 0.014 – 0.041 mg Pb/kg; 0.024-0.071 mg Zn/kg), and the results indicate that liming materials application led to a relative reduction in lead, zinc, and cobalt content in the soil. The soil in investigation location is contaminated with chromium, while parts of the experimental area under control treatment and treatment with a total application of 10 t/ha of agricultural lime are contaminated with nickel and zinc
Landscape analysis of the Mokošica settlement in Dubrovnik and possible scenarios for urban rehabilitation
No full textNagli razvoj naselja Mokošica, popraćen neadekvatnom i stihijskom urbanizacijom, započinje
80-ih godina dvadesetog stoljeća i posljedično kulminira pojavom brojnih urbanih, okolišnih i
organizacijskih problema područja. Sve naglašeniji problemi iz sektora prometa uz izostanak
osnovnih sadržaja i funkcija naselja te zapuštenost javnih prostora, bitno su narušili identitet
mjesta, smanjili kvalitetu života i u konačnici doveli do stagnacije urbanog razvoja naselja. Rad
za cilj ima determinrati postojeće probleme naseljenog mjesta i formirati smjernice za njegov
kvalitetan budući razvoj. Prostornim analizama zaključuje se o mogućim rješenjima problema
iz sektora prometa, izgradnje, sadržaja i zelene infrastrukture. Kao rezultat provedenih analiza
ističu se smjernice budućeg razvoja te dva konceptualna prijedloga uređenja brodogradilišta u
Staroj Mokošici i središnjeg dijela Nove Mokošice u kojem se planira izgradnja garaže i
popratnih sadržaja.The sudden development of the Mokošica settlement, accompanied by inadequate and
spontaneous urbanization, began in the 80s of the twentieth century and consequently
culminated in the appearance of numerous urban, environmental and organizational problems
in the area. Increasingly pronounced problems from the transport sector, along with the absence
of basic contents and functions of the settlement and the neglect of public spaces, significantly
damaged the identity of the place, reduced the quality of life and ultimately led to the stagnation
of the urban development of the settlement. The aim of the work is to determine the existing
problems of the inhabited place and to form guidelines for its quality future development.
Spatial analyzes conclude on possible solutions to problems in the transport, construction,
content and green infrastructure sectors. As a result of the conducted analyses, the guidelines
for future development and two conceptual proposals for the arrangement of the shipyard in
Stara Mokošica and the central part of Nova Mokošica, in which the construction of a garage
and related facilities are planned, stand out