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Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Wild-Living Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Originating from Croatia
No full textThe aim of this study was to determine the effects of sex and hunting location on carcass characteristics and meat quality of wild-living mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) from Croatia. Twenty-eight mallards (14 ♂; 14 ♀) were hunted at two hunting locations (HL I = 8 ♂, 8 ♀; HL II = 6 ♂, 6 ♀) in the Croatian lowlands. The carcasses were eviscerated, dressed, and dissected, and the individual internal organs and carcass parts were weighed. The breast muscle (m. pectoralis major) was sampled and used to determine color, pH, drip loss, cooking loss, shear force, and proximate chemical and fatty acid composition. Sex and HL had a significant effect on the majority of carcass characteristics analyzed, but they had no effect on the physical meat parameters. The protein and ash content of mallard meat was significantly higher in HL II (23.16% vs. 22.67%; 1.45% vs. 1.36%, respectively) and the moisture content in females (72.40% vs. 71.59%). HL had a significant effect on SFA (II 33.96% vs. I 29.91%), PUFA n-3 (II 3.55% vs. I 2.69%), PUFA/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios, and all lipid indices. Females had a significantly higher C22:6n-3 content, a higher PI index and a lower n-6/n-3 ratio. The data presented in this study contribute to a better understanding of game-bird meat quality originating from different regions
Mycorrhizal potential of the microfungus Beauveria bassiana on the growth and development of lettuce
No full textMikrogljiva Beauveria bassiana poznata je kao insekticidno sredstvo, ali novija istraživanja impliciraju da stvara interakciju s biljnim domaćinom sličnu mikorizi. Dosadašnja istraživanja potvrđuju navedenu interakciju u nasadu jagode, grahu, rajčici, kupusu, krastavcima, u usjevima ječma, pšenice i kukuruza, vinove loze, ali istraživanja u uzgoju salate su oskudna. Sukladno navedenom, cilj istraživanja je testirati ''interakciju sličnu mikorizi'' autohtonog izolata B. bassiana na rast i razvoj salate (Lactucae sativa, sorta Ostralie RZ) u uvjetima plastenika.
Višekratna aplikacija suspenzije konidija B. bassiana provedena je u fenofazi razvijena 2-3 lista salate (BBCH 12-13), zalijevanjem biljaka u zonu korijena kroz pet tjedana. Kako bi se kvantificirao potencijal B. bassiana na promociju rasta salate putem potencijalne mikorizne interakcije, izvagana je biomasa te izmjerena površina rozete i korijena svake biljke.
Rezultati potvrđuju značajno povećanje površine korijena biljaka (za 31,6 % i 30,5 %) tretiranih suspenzijom konidija u odnosu na kontrolnu skupinu, kada su biljke tretirane svaki i svaki drugi tjedan. Značajno povećanje biomase biljaka (za 16,7 % i 20 %) zabilježena je u svim test varijantama u odnosu na kontrolu. Površina rozete tretiranih biljaka nije se značajno razlikovala u odnosu na one iz kontrolne skupine. Re-izolacijom mikrogljive iz korijena biljaka tretiranih svaki i svaki drugi tjedan, potvrđen je potencijal B. bassiana da promovira rast salate (kao posljedica interakcije slične mikorizi) u uvjetima plastenika, ali i da nakon 10 tjedana više nije prisutna u koloniziranim biljkama.
Dobiveni rezultati su potvrda suvremenih istraživanja koja pokazuju slične rezultate na raznim biljnim kulturama. Također, B. bassiana pokazuje sposobnost interakcije slične mikorizi s korijenom salate, no potrebna su dodatna istraživanja u uvjetima in vivo u svrhu boljeg razumijevanja ovog oblika interakcije.The microfungus Beauveria bassiana is known as an insecticidal agent, but recent studies imply that it forms a mycorrhiza-like interaction with the plant host. Previous studies confirm the mentioned interaction in strawberry, bean, tomato, cabbage, cucumber, barley, wheat and corn crops, vines, but studies in lettuce cultivation is scarce. The goal of the research is to test the "mycorrhiza-like interaction" of the autochthonous isolate B. bassiana on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactucae sativa, variety Australiae RZ) in greenhouse conditions.
Repeated application of B. bassiana conidia suspension was carried out in the phenophase of 2-3 lettuce leaves (BBCH 12-13), by watering the plants in the root zone for five weeks. In order to quantify the potential of B. bassiana to promote lettuce growth through a potential mycorrhizal interaction, the weight and rosette and roots area of each plant were weighed.
The results confirm a significant increase in the root area of the plants (by 31.6% and 30.5%) treated with the conidia suspension, compared to the control group, when the plants were treated every and every other week. Significantly higher biomass of plants (by 16.7% and 20%) was recorded in all test variants compared to the control. The rosette area of the treated plants did not differ significantly compared to those from the control group. By re-isolating the microfungus from the roots of plants treated every and every other week, the potential of B. bassiana to promote the growth of lettuce (as a result of mycorrhizal-like interaction) in greenhouse conditions was confirmed but also that it did not persist in the plants after 10 weeks. The obtained results are a confirmation of modern studies that shows similar results on various plant species. Also, B. bassiana shows the ability to interact like mycorrhizae fungi with lettuce roots, but additional research in in vivo conditions is needed to better understand this form of interaction
Downy mildew of basil
No full textPlamenjaču bosiljka uzrokuje pseudogljiva Peronospora belbahrii Thines (Chromysta, Oomycota). Zabilježena je na svim kontinentima,a u Europi je prvi puta utvrđena u Švicarskoj od kuda se brzo proširila ostatkom Europskog kontinenta. U Hrvatskoj je zabilježena 2015. godine. Najčešće se pojavljuje u uzgoju u zaštićenim prostorima te samom zarazom biljke deplasira sa tržišta. Poseban problem predstavlja u organskoj proizvodnji bosiljka. U ovom radu će se objediniti i iznijeti dosadašnje spoznaje o plamenjači bosiljka i njenom uzročniku, te razmotriti prednosti i nedostatke njegovog suzbijanja. Iscrpno je opisana morfologija, biologija i epidemiologija patogena te simptomatologija i horologija bolesti. Također, kroz različite znanstvene izvore, prikupljene su i obrađene do sada dostupne metode suzbijanja bolesti te se razmotrene njihove prednosti i nedostatci.Downy mildew of basil is caused by the pseudofungus Peronospora belbahrii Thines (Oomycota). It has been recorded worldwide, and in Europe it was firstly found in Switzerland, and from there it quickly spread throughout the rest of the European continent. In Croatia it was recorded in 2015. It most often appears in cultivation in protected areas, and the infection of the plant itself displaces it from the market. A special problem presents in the organic production of basil. This work, will consolidate and present the current knowledge about basil blight and its causative agent,and consider the advantages and disadvantages of its control. The available scientific literature will be used to consolidate the previous knowledge about the causative pathogen and the disease itself. The morphology, biology and epidemiology of the pathogen as well as the symptomatology and horology of the pathogen are described in detail. Also, through various scientific literature sources, the methods of disease control available so far have been collected and processed, and their advantages and disadvantages have been discussed
Holistički plan za profitabilnu regenerativnu poljoprivredu u sušnim sredinama : primjer Iraka
No full textRegenerative agriculture is a comprehensive and sustainable approach to addressing contemporary agricultural challenges, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions like Iraq. These areas face numerous obstacles, emblematic of the wider Global South. This study is grounded in sustainability theory, systems thinking, and adaptive methodologies, aiming to enhance environmental health, economic viability, and social equity. The investigation is structured as a blueprint with two main sections: first, diagnosing the problems in agriculture and their consequences, and second, presenting holistic solutions under the framework of regenerative agriculture. Key issues include the legacy of post-colonialism, neo-imperialism, urbanization, climate change, political instability, and water scarcity, which collectively undermine rural development and economic diversity. The study advocates for regenerative agriculture to foster resilience and sustainability, revitalizing local knowledge and practices. It emphasizes cost-effective techniques, requiring minimal input and aimed at ensuring profitability, creating an adaptable blueprint for sustainable rural development in arid regions globally.Regenerativna poljoprivreda je sveobuhvatan i održiv pristup suočavanju sa suvremenim izazovima u poljoprivredi, posebno u polusušnim i sušnim područjima poput Iraka. Ova područja suočavaju se s brojnim preprekama koje su karakteristične za širi Globalni Jug. Ova studija temelji se na teoriji održivosti, sistemskom razmišljanju i adaptivnim metodologijama, s ciljem poboljšanja zdravlja okoliša, ekonomske održivosti i društvene pravednosti. Istraživanje je strukturirano kao plan s dva glavna dijela: prvo, dijagnoza problema u poljoprivredi i njihovih posljedica, a drugo, predstavljanje holističkih rješenja u okviru regenerativne poljoprivrede. Ključni problemi uključuju naslijeđe postkolonijalizma, neoimperijalizma, urbanizaciju, klimatske promjene, političku nestabilnost i nedostatak vode, koji zajedno ugrožavaju ruralni razvoj i ekonomsku raznolikost. Studija zagovara regenerativnu poljoprivredu kako bi se potaknula otpornost i održivost te obnovilo lokalno znanje i prakse. Naglašava se primjena isplativih tehnika koje zahtijevaju minimalna početna ulaganja, s ciljem osiguravanja profitabilnosti, stvarajući prilagodljiv plan za održivi ruralni razvoj u sušnim regijama širom svijeta
Allergenic and poisonous plant species in kindergartens in Zagreb's Gornja Dubrava district
No full textDječji vrtići su mjesta gdje djeca od najranije dobi provode puno vremena, što u unutrašnjem,
a što u vanjskom prostoru. Iz tog razloga, potrebno obratiti posebnu pozornost pri planiranju
i oblikovanju vanjskog prostora kako bi djeca u svakom trenutku bila sigurna. Cilj ovog rada
bio je inventarizirati sve biljne vrste u sklopu dječjih vrtića na području gradske četvrti Gornja
Dubrava te utvrditi zastupljenost otrovnih i alergenih biljnih vrsta. Istraživanje je provedeno
od svibnja do kolovoza 2024. godine. Prema tipologiji, vrtići su bili podijeljeni na centralne i
područne. U centralnim vrtićima zabilježeno je 87 biljnih vrsta iz 22 različite porodice. Od
ukupnog broja vrsta, 39 je bilo alergenih, a 42 otrovnih. U područnim vrtićima utvrđeno je 30
biljnih vrsta (16 alergenih i 12 otrovnih) iz 14 porodica. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na to da
je potrebno posvetiti veću pažnju pri odabiru biljnog materijala za osjetljiva mjesta kao što su
dječja igrališta.Kindergartens are places where children get a lot of time from an early age, both indoors and
outdoors. For this reason, it is necessary to pay special attention when planning and designing
the outdoor space so that children are safe at all times. The aim of this work was to inventory
all plant species in kindergartens in the area of the city's fourth district of Gornja Dubrava and
to determine the presence of poisonous and allergenic plant species. The research was
conducted from May to August 2024. According to typology, kindergartens were divided into
central and regional ones. 87 plant species from 22 different families were recorded in the
central nurseries. Of the total number of species, 39 were allergenic, and 42 were poisonous.
30 plant species (16 allergenic and 12 poisonous) were identified in regional kindergartens.
The results of the research indicate that it is necessary to pay more attention when choosing
plant material for sensitive places such as children's playgrounds
Morphological properties of the natural populations of the Strawberry tree (Arbutus Unedo L.) from the Zadar County area
No full textPlanika (Arbutus unedo L.) je samonikla mediteranska voćna vrsta koja prirodno raste u obalnom dijelu Hrvatske. Pripada u zapostavljene i neiskorištene voćne vrste u svijetu te je malo istraživanja koja se baziraju na morfološka svojstva planike. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrditi morfološke karakteristike ploda (duljina, širina i masa) i površina listova te iz dobivenih podataka utvrditi koje samonikle populacije planike pokazuju najveći potencijal za daljnju selekciju. Odabrano je pet lokacija, Preko, Ugljan, Ždrelac, Sukošan i Petrčane. Na svakoj od navedenih lokacija odabrano je po četiri jedinke iz kojih je uzorkovano četrdeset plodova i listova za analizu. Provedena je jednosmjerna analiza varijance (ANOVA), Tukey test kako bi se utvrdila razlika u mjerenim morfološkim svojstvima s obzirom na lokacije i jedinke. Zaključeno je kako su plodovi na lokacijama Preko i Ugljan pokazuju najveći potencijal zbog najveće utvrđene srednje mase ploda. Na Preku je također utvrđena i najveća srednja vrijednost površine listova. Najveća utvrđena duljina plodova je na lokaciji Ugljan, a najmanja kod Sukošana. Najveće utvrđene širine plodova se nisu statistički razlikovale na lokacijama Ugljan, Preko i Ždrelac dok su ponovno najmanje vrijednosti kao i za duljinu utvrđene za područje Sukošana i Petrčana. Prema dobivenim rezultatima lokacija Ugljan i Preko imaju najveći potencijal, ali budući da su jedinke uzete iz prirode potrebno je provesti daljnja istraživanja u ujednačenim uvjetima kako bi se utvrdio stvarni potencijal i potaknuo interes za kultivirani uzgoj planike.Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is a wild Mediterranean fruit species that grows naturally in the coastal part of Croatia. It belongs to the neglected and unused fruit species in the world, and there is little research based on the morphological properties of the strawberry tree. The aim of the research was to determine the morphological characteristics of the fruit (length, width and mass) and the surface of the leaves, and from the obtained data to determine which wild strawberry tree populations shows the greatest potential for further selection. Five locations were selected, Preko, Ugljan, Ždrelac, Sukošan and Petrčane. At each of the mentioned locations, four specimen were selected, from which forty fruits and leaves were sampled for analysis. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey test was performed to determine the difference in the measured morphological properties with respect to locations and specimen. It was concluded that the fruits at the Preko and Ugljan locations show the greatest potential due to the highest determined mean fruit weight. The highest mean value of the leaf area was also determined on Preko. The largest determined fruit length is at the location Ugljan, and the smallest at Sukošan. The largest determined fruit widths did not differ statistically in the locations of Ugljan, Preko and Ždrelac, while the lowest values, as well as the length, were determined for the area of Sukošan and Petrčani. According to the obtained results, the Ugljan and Preko locations have the greatest potential, but since the specimen were taken from nature, it is necessary to carry out further research in uniform conditions in order to determine the real potential and prompt interest in cultivated strawberry tree farming
Technical availability of harvest residues of wheat and corn in the assessment of the energy potential
No full textNajzastupljenije ratarske kulture u svijetu su kukuruz, riža i pšenica te su od iznimne
važnosti za poljoprivrednu proizvodnju. Nakon žetve pšenice i kukuruza, u polju ostaju žetveni
ostaci kao što su pljeva, stabljika i list te oklasak i kukuruzovina. Navedeni ostaci imaju
određeni energetski potencijal i mogu se iskoristiti kao vrijedna sirovina u proizvodnji energije
iz biomase, a jedan od bitnih faktora predstavlja učinkovitost mehanizacije tijekom procesa
prikupljanja. U prikupljanju žetvenih ostataka moguće je primijeniti nekoliko sustava koji se
mogu podijeliti na broj prohoda, odnosno na jednofazne i višefazne sustave. U ovome
istraživanju za pšenicu su iz literature preuzeta učinkovitost prikupljanja 3 modela, odnosno
model 1. se temelji na simultanoj žetvi zrna uz formiranje zboja od stabljike, lista i pljeve,
model 2. na simultanoj žetvi zrna i prikupljanju pljeve u jednom prohodu te model 3. koji se
bazira na prikupljanju stabljike i lista konvencionalnom, višefaznom tehnikom. Kod kukuruza
je preuzeta učinkovitost prikupljanja za dva modela, od kojih model 1. simultano prikuplja
oklasak u berbi zrna, dok se model 2. bazira na višefaznom prikupljanju kukuruzovine i
podijeljen je na 5 različitih podmodela koje se razlikuju u odnosnu na korištenu tehniku.
Istraživanje je provedeno na sortama pšenice EL NINO i RENATA te hibridima kukuruza KULAK
i OS-515 u svrhu utvrđivanja potencijalno dostupne biomase s ciljem energetske konverzije.
Temeljem dobivenih rezultata utvrđen je teoretski, tehnički i energetski potencijal za svaku
kulturu. Najbolji rezultat u pogledu energetskog potencijala pšenice ostvaruje Model 1 koji
prikuplja slamu i pljevu zajedno (87 100 MJ/ha), dok se za kukuruz najboljim pokazao Model
2, odnosno podmodel koji se bazira na Mais Star* Collect hederu (107 078 MJ/ha).The most common agricultural crops in the world are corn, rice and wheat, and they
are extremely important for agricultural production. After the harvest of wheat and corn,
harvest residues remain in the field, such as chaff, stems and leaves, as well as cobs and corn
stover. These residues have a certain energy potential and can be used as valuable feedstock
materials in biomass energy production, with the efficiency of machinery during the collection
process being one of the essential factors. In the collection of crop residues, several systems
can be applied, which can be divided by the number of passes, specifically into single-phase
and multi-phase systems. In this research, the collection efficiency of three models for wheat
was taken from the literature. Model 1 is based on the simultaneous harvesting of grain while
forming a mixture of stems, leaves, and chaff; Model 2 involves the simultaneous harvesting
of grain and collecting chaff in one pass; and Model 3 is based on the collection of stems and
leaves using a conventional multi-phase technique. In the case of corn, the collection
efficiency is taken for two models, of which model 1 simultaneously collects the cobs during
grain harvesting, while model 2 is based on multi-phase collection of corn stover and is divided
into 5 different sub-models that differ in relation to the technique used. The research was
conducted on wheat varieties EL NINO and RENATA and corn hybrids KULAK and OS-515 in
order to determine the potentially available biomass with the aim of energy conversion. Based
on the obtained results, the theoretical, technical and energy potential for each culture was
determined. The best result in terms of energy potential for wheat was achieved by Model 1,
which collects straw and chaff together (87 100 MJ/ha), while for corn, Model 2, i.e. the submodel
based on the Mais Star* Collect header, was the best (107 078 MJ/ha )
Toxic and allergenic species in kindergartens in the Trešnjevka district of Zagreb
No full textDječja igrališta u sklopu vrtića moraju ispunjavati određene uvjete kako bi bila
sigurna za djecu. Jedan od uvjeta je i primjena flore koja ne bi trebala uključivati otrovne ili
alergene biljne vrste. Cilj ovog rada bio je inventarizirati dendrološku floru dječjih vrtića na
području gradske četvrti Trešnjevka-jug te utvrditi zastupljenost otrovnih i alergenih biljnih
vrsta. Istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od ožujka do svibnja 2024. godine u ukupno
deset dječjih vrtića na 18 lokacija koja imaju dječje igralište. Dječji vrtići bili su podijeljeni u
dvije skupine prema tipu vrtića, na centralne i područne. U centralnim vrtićima ukupno je
utvrđeno 13 otrovnih vrsta sa 55 zabilježenih primjeraka drveća (33,95%), 55,82 m2 grmlja
(35,4 %) te 16 alergenih vrsta sa 104 zabilježena primjerka (64,2 %). U područnim vrtićima
ukupno je utvrđeno 11 otrovnih vrsta drveća sa 70 zabilježenih primjeraka drveća (32,11 %),
40,33 m2 grmlja te 15 alergenih vrsta sa 109 zabilježenih primjeraka (50 %). Dobiveni
rezultati ukazuju na to da je u sklopu dječjih vrtića prisutan zamjetan broj otrovnih i alergenih
vrsta te bi u budućnosti svakako trebalo posvetiti puno više pažnje pri odabiru biljnog
materijala za navedene površine.Children's playgrounds in kindergartens must meet certain conditions in order to be
safe for children. One of the conditions is the use of harmless flora, which should not include
poisonous or allergenic plant species. The aim of this work was to inventory the dendrological
flora of kindergartens in the Trešnjevka-jug district and to determine the presence of
poisonous and allergenic plant species. The research was conducted in the period from March
to May 2024 in a total of 18 kindergartens that have a playground. Kindergartens were
divided into two groups according to the type of kindergarten, central and regional. A total of
13 poisonous species with 55 recordered speciment of trees (33,95%), 55,82 m2 of bushes
(35,4 %) and 16 allergenic species with 104 recordered specimens (64,2%) were found in
central kindergartens. A total of 11 poisonous tree species with 70 specimens of trees
(32,11 %), 40,33 m2 of bushes and 15 allergenic species with 109 recordered specimens
(50 %) were found in regional kindergartens. The obtained results indicate that there is a
noticeable number of toxic and allergenic species in kindergartens, and in the future, much
more attention should be paid to the selection of plant material for the mentioned areas
The impact of applying an antioxidant agent in the fermentation of pear pomace on the quality of the 'Tepka' pear distillate
No full textNa tradicionalnoj sorti kruške 'Tepka', provedeno je istraživanje u svrhu analize aromatskog profila i kvalitete destilata bez i s primjenom antioksidacijskog sredstva u masulj. Potencijal uzgoja 'Tepke' očituje se u mogućnostima proširenja asortimana alkoholnih pića putem proizvodnje voćnih vina i likera, kao i proizvodnje voćnog octa. Sam plod kruške 'Tepka' obično se podvrgava procesu prerade s ciljem proizvodnje alkoholnih pića u fazi prezrelosti, kada su optimalni sadržaji ukupnih kiselina, topljivih suhih tvari, njihovi omjeri te koncentracija aroma. Praćenje ovih karakteristika imperativno je ne samo tijekom berbe već i nakon nje. Voćne rakije, poznate po svojim jedinstvenim okusima, popularno su piće globalno i često predstavljaju nacionalna pića mnogih zemalja. Na osnovi analize aromatskih spojeva dobivenih primjenom askorbinske kiseline, može se zaključiti da je navedeno antioksidacijsko sredstvo pozitivno utjecalo na masulj, što se manifestiralo i u kvaliteti destilata.Research was conducted on the indigenous pear variety 'Tepka' to analyze its aromatic profile and the quality of distillate with and without the application of an antioxidant agent in the pomace. The cultivation potential of 'Tepka' is evident in the opportunity to expand the range of alcoholic beverages through the production of fruit wines, liqueurs, and fruit vinegar. The pear 'Tepka' is typically subjected to processing for the production of alcoholic beverages during the overripeness phase, when optimal levels of total acids, soluble dry matter, their ratios, and aroma concentrations are achieved. Monitoring these characteristics is imperative not only during but also after the harvest. Fruit brandies, known for their unique flavors, are popular globally and often represent the national drinks of many countries. Based on the analysis of aromatic compounds obtained through the application of ascorbic acid, it can be concluded that the mentioned antioxidant agent positively influenced the pomace, thereby manifesting in the quality of the distillate
Key factors in sheep feeding ethology
No full textCilj rada bio je prikazati znanstveno utemeljene spoznaje o hranidbenom ponašanju ovaca u različitim okolišnim uvjetima. Utvrđeno je da hranidbeno ponašanje ovaca predstavlja složen sustav interakcije između fizioloških potreba, ekoloških čimbenika i socijalne dinamike unutar stada, koji zajednički utječu na procese izbora i uzimanja hrane. Rano izlaganje raznovrsnim krmivima, postupno uvođenje promjena (krmiva, opreme i sl.), te mogućnost socijalizacije i aktivnog učenja od ostalih jedinki, glavni su pozitivni promotori hranidbenog ponašanja. Stresni čimbenici, poput izlaganja ekstremnim vremenskih uvjetima i tragovima predatora, nagle promjene obroka i okruženja, te socijalna izolacija, identificirani su kao glavni negativni čimbenici manifestacije tipično ponašanja ovaca prilikom hranidbe. Uz prezentaciju značaja pojedinih osjeta prilikom hradnibe, istaknute su i neke dileme etologa vezane uz kompleksne aspekte hranidbenog ponašanja. Svojim sadržajem, rad predstavlja prvi opsežniji uvid u bitne čimbenike hranibenog ponašanja ovaca na hrvatskom jeziku, a načinom na koji je napisan, prvi opsežan set smjenica za upravljanje hranidbom ovaca u skladu s osnovnim načelima dobrobiti.The aim of the study was to present scientifically based knowledge about the feeding behavior of sheep in different environmental conditions. It was determied that the feeding behavior of sheep represents a complex system of interaction between physiology, ecology and social dynamics, which jointly affect the processes of feed selection and intake. Early exposure to various feeds, gradual introduction of changes (feed, equipment, etc.), and the possibility of socialization and active learning from conspecifics, are the main positive promoters of feeding behavior in sheep. Stressful factors, such as exposure to extreme weather conditions and traces of predators, sudden changes in diet and environment, and social isolation, have been identified as the main obstacles for the manifestation of typical sheep feeding behavior. In addition to the presentation of the significance of certain senses in sheep feeding, some dilemmas of ethologists related to complex aspects of feeding behavior were highlighted. The study represents the first comprehensive insight into the important factors of the feeding behavior of sheep written in the Croatian language, and the first comprehensive guidelines for managing the feeding of sheep in accordance with the basic principles of wellfare