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The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)—A Major Challenge for Global Plant Production
No full textThe brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855), native to East Asia, is an extremely polyphagous pest that infests more than 300 plant species from 49 families. In Europe and North America, this pest causes enormous damage to the production of economically important crops (tree fruit, vegetables, field crops, and ornamental plants). Global warming favours its spread, as the rise in temperature results in the appearance of further generations of the pest. Halyomorpha halys (nymph and adult) causes damage typical of the Pentatomidae family by attacking host plants throughout their development (buds, stems, fruits, and pods). Ripe fruits are often disfigured, and later suberification and necrotic spots form on the fruit surface, making them accessible to plant pathogens that cause fruit rot and rendering them unmarketable. The increasing global importance of the pest suggests that more coordinated measures are needed to contain its spread. Understanding the biology and ecology of this species is crucial for the development of reliable monitoring and management strategies. Most insecticides available for the control of H. halys have a broad spectrum of modes of action and are not compatible with most integrated pest management systems, so biological control by natural enemies has recently been emphasised. Preventing excessive population growth requires early identification and effective control measures that can be developed quickly and applied rapidly while respecting the environment. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest findings on the global distribution of this important pest, its potential spread, biology and ecology, key host plants of economic importance, monitoring methods, and effective biological control strategies, as well as future perspectives for sustainable H. halys control measures
Toxicological analysis of pesticide residues in samples of Apis mellifera carnica (Pollman, 1879) by multiresidual method
No full textSiva pčela (Apis mellifera carnica) zbog svojih bioloških i proizvodnih osobina smatra se optimalnom pasminom pčela za suvremeno pčelarstvo. Zadnjih godina učestalost pomora pčela je sve veći. Navode se brojni razlozi kolapsa pčelinjih zajednica, a jedan od razloga je raširena uporaba insekticida u poljoprivredi, šumarstvu i komunalnoj higijeni. Cilj rada je utvrditi toksikološke razlike između živih i uginulih pčela s područja gdje je zabilježen masovni pomor. U istraživanju je korištena LC-MS/MS metoda kako bi se utvrdile toksikološke razlike između živih i uginulih uzoraka pčela dobivenih s područja Međimurske županije, u naselju Vučetinec, gdje je 2023. godine zabilježen masovni pomor ove vrste. Uzroci uginulih pčela nasumce su prikupljeni iz najveće skupine otrovanih pčela, dok su uzorci živih pčela uzeti iz iste košnice na području masovnog pomora. Korištena je multirezidualna metoda za određivanje ostataka pesticida plinskom i tekućinskom kromatografijom. Analiza ostataka pesticida pokazala je značajne razlike u koncentracijama određenih tvari između uginulih i živih pčela. Kumafos je u uginulim pčelama bio prisutan u koncentraciji od 0.095 mg/kg, dok je u živim bio ispod granice detekcije. Fipronil je također bio prisutan u oba uzorka, ali u većoj koncentraciji kod uginulih (0,064 mg/kg) nego kod živih pčela (0,010 mg/kg). Difenkonazol je pronađen samo u uginulim pčelama (0,012 mg/kg). Ostali pesticidi bili su ispod granica detekcije. Ovo istraživanje ističe potrebu za boljom komunikacijom između poljoprivrednika koji koriste pesticide i pčelara. Pravovremena razmjena informacija o tretmanima pesticidima omogućava pčelarima da zaštite pčele prilagodbom aktivnosti ili premještanjem košnica. Nedostatak komunikacije može dovesti do neželjenog izlaganja pčela pesticidima i ugroziti njihov opstanak i zdravlje, što naglašava potrebu za boljim sustavima obavještavanja i suradnje u poljoprivredi.The gray bee (Apis mellifera carnica) is considered the optimal bee breed for modern beekeeping due to its biological and production characteristics. In recent years, the frequency of bee deaths has been increasing. There are many reasons for the collapse of bee colonies, and one of the reasons is the widespread use of insecticides in agriculture, forestry and communal hygiene. The aim of the work is to determine the toxicological differences between live and dead bees from the area where mass destruction was recorded. In the research, the LC-MS/MS method was used to determine the toxicological differences between live and dead bee samples obtained from the area of Međimurje County, in the settlement of Vučetinec, where a mass extinction of this species was recorded in 2023. The causes of dead bees were randomly collected from the largest group of poisoned bees, while samples of live bees were taken from the same hive in the area of the mass pest. The multiresidue method was used to determine pesticide residues by gas and liquid chromatography. The analysis of pesticide residues showed significant differences in the concentrations of certain substances between dead and alive bees. Coumaphos was present in dead bees at a concentration of 0.095 mg/kg, while in living bees it was below the detection limit. Fipronil was also present in both samples, but in a higher concentration in dead bees (0,064 mg/kg) than in live bees (0,010 mg/kg). Difenconazole was found only in dead bees (0,012 mg/kg). Other pesticides were below detection limits. This research highlights the need for better communication between farmers who use pesticides and beekeepers. Timely exchange of information about pesticide treatments enables beekeepers to protect bees by adjusting activities or moving hives. Lack of communication can lead to unwanted exposure of bees to pesticides and threaten their survival and health, which highlights the need for better information and cooperation systems in agriculture
Food fraud: awareness and experience of Croatian consumers
No full textPrijevare vezane uz hranu su definirane kao mijenjanje svojstava i sastava prehrambenih proizvoda (hrane i pića) korištenjem zamjenskih sirovina, aditiva te nedopuštenih tvari. Prijevare uključuju i obmanjujuće ili lažno označavanje hrane s obzirom na podrijetlo, brand, način proizvodnje, sastojke i sl. Prijevarama i krivotvorenjem se obmanjuju potrošači, a proizvodima se smanjuje prehrambena vrijednost te mogu štetno utjecati na zdravlje. Najčešće vrste prijevara s hranom uključuju razrjeđivanje, patvorenje, zamjenu skupih sastojaka jeftinima, krivo označavanje i sl. Cilj rada je utvrditi upoznatost hrvatskih potrošača s prijevarama vezanih uz hranu te ispitati stavove hrvatskih potrošača o prijevarama s hranom. Provedeno je online anketno istraživanje na uzorku od 236 ispitanika. Rezultati istraživanja potvrđuju kako su ispitanici djelomično upoznati s pojmom lažno označene hrane ili ne znaju ništa o ovome problemu. Nadalje, ispitanici su najviše upoznati s pogrešnim označavanjem organskih proizvoda, prijevarom s datum pakiranja mesa i zlouporabi oznaka zemljopisnog podrijetla (ZOI/ZOZP). Potrošači imaju nisko povjerenje u sve nacionalne institucije i nadležna tijela koja bi ih trebala zaštititi od prijevara s hranom. Za podizanje svijesti potrošača o problemu prijevare s hranom potrebna je edukacija na temu od strane svih sudionika relevantnih institucija.Food fraud is defined as changing the properties and composition of food products (food and beverages) using substitute raw materials, additives and illegal substances. Frauds also include misleading or false labeling of food with regard to the origin, brand, method of production, ingredients, etc. Consumers are deceived by fraud and adulteration, and the nutritional value of the products is reduced and they can have a harmful effect on health. The most common types of food fraud include dilution, adulteration, replacement of expensive ingredients with cheap ones, mislabeling, etc. The aim of the paper is to determine the familiarity of Croatian consumers with food fraud and to examine the experience of Croatian consumers about food fraud. An online survey was conducted on a sample of 236 respondents. The results of the research confirm that the respondents are partially familiar with the concept of falsely labeled food or do not know anything about this problem. Furthermore, the respondents are most familiar with the wrong labeling of organic products, the date of meat packaging and misuse of geographical indications. Consumers have low trust in all national institutions and authorities that should protect them from food fraud. In order to raise consumer awareness of the problem of food fraud, education on the subject is needed by all participants of the relevant institutions
Plan upravljanja istraživačkim podacima
No full textNeretvanska mandarina-kemijska karakterizacija i inovativni tretmani poslije berbeMandarins from Neretva valley-Chemical characterization and Innovative postharvest TREAtment
Effects of the ban of neonicotinoids in the field crop production on pests occurrence, with special emphasis on the condition of bee colonies
No full textZbog sumnje na negativan utjecaj na pčele Europska je unija 2013. privremeno, a potom
2018. godine trajno zabranila uporabu tri djelatne tvari iz skupine neonikotinoida:
imidakloprid, tiametoksam i klotianidin. Zabrana se odnosila na sve načine korištenja, osim
u trajnim staklenicima i za biljke koje cijelu vegetaciju provode u zatvorenom prostoru.
Nedostatak alternativnih, ekotoksikološki povoljnijih insekticida učinkovitih u tretiranju
sjemena ratarskih kultura, doveo je do povećane folijarne primjene insekticida iz starijih
skupina, pa se stoga opasnost za pčele nije smanjila. Upravo se zato istraživanja
provedena u sklopu ove disertacije temelje na dvije hipoteze. Prva je hipoteza da zabrana
neonikotinoida u Hrvatskoj, u područjima u kojima prevladava ratarska proizvodnja, neće
rezultirati pozitivnim učincima na pčelinje zajednice jer su gubitci pčelinjih zajednica u tim
područjima u granicama uobičajenih i prihvatljivih sa stajališta pčelarske proizvodnje (do 10
% godišnje). Druga je hipoteza da su alternativni insekticidi spinosad, klorantraniliprol i
azadiraktin, primijenjeni tretiranjem sjemena kukuruza i šećerne repe, zbog dobrog učinka
na štetnike prihvatljivi kao zamjena za neonikotinoide. Anketnim istraživanjem u Tovarniku,
među ratarima i pčelarima od 2014. do 2016. godine, između ostalih prikupljeni su i podatci
o korištenim insekticidima prije i nakon zabrane neonikotinoida, te o zimskim gubitcima
pčelinjih zajednica i gubitcima tijekom vegetacije. Tijekom 2015. godine u Tovarniku je došlo
do pomora pčela. Podatci o uzrocima pomora dobiveni su od ovlaštenog laboratorija za
određivanje rezidua Hrvatskog veterinarskog instituta u Zagrebu. Temeljem podataka o
količinama primjenjenih insekticida po jedinici površine, izračunati su i indeksi tretiranosti
insekticidima za sve zasijane kulture. Učinkovitost alternativnih insekticida primijenjenih
tretiranjem sjemena kukuruza i šećerne repe na štetnike ratarskih kultura utvrđivana je
laboratorijski. Rezultati anketa obrađeni su standardnim statističkim metodama utvrđivanja
srednje vrijednosti i varijabilnosti (ANOVA) (ARM 9, Gylling Data Management), a
učinkovitost alternativnih insekticida na žičnjake izračunata je po Abbottu (1925) na temelju
mortaliteta kukaca. Podaci o učinkovitosti obrađeni su statistički faktorijelnom analizom uz
pomoć ANOVE i rangirani testom rangova po Duncanu (ARM 9, Gylling Data Management).
S obzirom da je mortalitet pipa i repina buhača u pokusima očitavan u vremenskim
intervalima od 24 sata, podaci o broju živih jedinki izloženih djelovanju korištenih insekticida
obrađeni su primjenom metoda analize preživljavanja Kaplan Majerovom metodom u R
programskom okruženju, korištenjem specijaliziranih paketa za deskriptivnu i inferencijalnu
statističku analizu (paketi „survival“, „ggsurvfit“ i „survminer“) . Podatci dobiveni anketama
pokazuju da je na području Tovarnika dominantna ratarska proizvodnja (na 97,32 %
površina) te da je samo sjeme šećerne repe kroz sve godine provedbe ankete tretirano
neonikotinoidima (privremena se zabrana nije odnosila na ovu kulturu), dok je sjeme
suncokreta neonikotinoidima tretirano u vegetacijskoj sezoni 2012/2013. godine, prije
njihove zabrane. Također, podatci pokazuju značajno veće prinose kod suncokreta
posijanog iz tretiranog sjemena (4,20 t/ha) u odnosu na suncokret posijan iz netretiranog
sjemena (2,56 t/ha). Pojavom visokih populacija štetnika povećani su i indeksi tretiranosti
insekticidima kod šećerne repe (2,9) u 2012/2013. i 2013/2014., strnih žitarica (0,97) u
2012/2013. i (0,99) u 2014/2015. te uljane repice (2) u 2014/2015. Ekspertne procjene
indeksa tretiranosti za ove kulture su 2,5; 0,2; 1. Zimski su gubitci pčelinjih zajednica bili u
skladu s očekivanim i prihvatljivim gubitcima (6,02 % u 2013/2014., 8,79 % u 2014/2015. i
11,54 % u 2015/2016). Do pomora 33 % pčelinjih zajednica u Tovarniku tijekom paše u
2015. godini došlo je zbog tretiranja suncokreta pripravkom na osnovu djelatnih tvari
klorpirifos i cipermetrin, koje nisu imale dozvolu za primjenu na ovoj kulturi. Faktorijelna
analiza pokazala je da učinkovitost ovisi o vrsti insekticida, dozi i o vremenu tijekom kojeg
su kukci izloženi insekticidima. Od alternativnih insekticida primijenjenih tretiranjem
sjemena, klorantraniliprol, spinosad i azadiraktin su pokazali zadovoljavajuću učinkovitost
na repina buhača. Zadovoljavajuća je i učinkovitost spinosada na žičnjake u kukuruzu.Neonicotinoids have been used since the 1990s to protect against pests and are now the
most widely used insecticides in the world. This group of insecticides includes seven active
ingredients: imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram
and dinotefuran. They are applied foliar over the leaves, by seed treatment and application
in the form of granules. About 60% of the neonicotinoids produced are used specifically for
seed treatment and in the form of granules. Although the insecticides in this group have low
acute toxicity to mammals, birds, and fish, negative phenomena are associated with the use
of neonicotinoids on bees. Bees exposed to sublethal doses of this insecticide may develop
various problems (e.g., flight and orientation problems, loss of sense of taste and foraging
ability), and their ability to overwinter is reduced. The active ingredients imidacloprid,
clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam are very toxic to bees, while the active
ingredients thiacloprid and acetamiprid are moderately toxic to bees. The problem of the
decline or loss of bee colonies is present worldwide. For example, between 1981 and 2005,
the number of bee colonies in the United States declined from 4.2 to 2.4 million, and in
southern Europe there was a loss of about 40% of bee colonies. Colony Collapse Disorder
(CCD) is also associated with the use of insecticides from the group of neonicotinoids, such
as the negative effects of harmful organisms on bees Varroa destructor Oudemans, the
appearance of fungal diseases and viruses, the reduction of pasture area and problems
with the queen. In 2013, the European Commission temporarily banned the use of three
insecticidal active ingredients from the neonicotinoid group (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam
and clothianidin) for two years due to suspicions that insecticides from this group have
harmful effects on bees. The ban covered the treatment of seeds and soils for crops that
attract bees and spring cereals, while the authorization remained valid for the treatment of
winter cereals and sugar beet seeds and for use in protected areas, as well as for foliar
treatment after flowering. The final ban was issued by the European Commission on April
27, 2018, on the recommendation of the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) based on
a thorough review of all relevant research. The decision refers to a complete ban on the use
of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin, except in permanent greenhouses, and the
plants obtained in this way remain in a permanent greenhouse throughout their lifetime. The
ban on the use of three insecticidal active ingredients from the neonicotinoid group has
raised concerns about the potential impact on agricultural production.
Surveys conducted immediately after the temporary ban showed that in some crops, such
as oilseed rape, pest infestations increased significantly, more insecticides (mainly from the
pyrethroid group) were applied foliar, and yields decreased significantly (by up to 15%).
The main aim of this doctoral thesis was to determine the impact of the ban on the use of
active substances from the group of neonicotinoids, widely used as insecticides in seed
treatment, on the occurrence of pests in agricultural production and on the condition of bee
colonies in eastern Slavonia, a part of Croatia with intensive arable production. Because
there are few insecticidal active ingredients that can be used for seed treatment of field
crops, it was necessary to investigate the efficacy of alternative, more ecotoxicologically
favourable insecticides that could be considered as substitutes for the banned
neonicotinoids. Precisely for this reason, the research conducted in this dissertation is
based on the main hypothesis that the ban of neonicotinoids in Croatia does not have a
positive impact on bee colonies in areas where arable production is predominant, because
the losses of bee colonies in these areas are within normal and acceptable limits from the
point of view of bee production (up to 10% per year). The second hypothesis was that the
alternative insecticides spinosad, chlorantraniliprole and azadirachtin, used in seed
treatment of corn and sugar beet, are acceptable substitutes for neonicotinoids due to their
good effect on pests. To prove the established hypotheses, the following objectives were
set for this study: (a) Analysis of data on crop area, pest incidence and damage, crop
protection measures, insecticide treatment index, and type of insecticides used before and
after the ban on neonicotinoids; (b) Analysis of data on the number of bee colonies, type of
bee pasture and supplemental feeding, treatment of bee colonies for diseases and pests,
number of bee colonies in the fall and number of bee colonies after wintering in the spring
during the period studied, and losses and causes of losses of bee colonies during wintering
and vegetation, (c) Determination of the type and level of insecticide residues in dead bees
in pest infestations associated with insecticide use, (d) Determination of the efficacy of
spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, and azadirachtin in seed treatments against important pests
of arable crops: corn and sugar beet.
In Croatia, arable crops and gardens account for more than half of the total arable land, and
the main agricultural crops considered in this study are wheat, barley, corn, sugar beets,
oilseed rape, sunflower, and soybeans. Since pests have the highest damage potential
(18%) next to weeds, the dissertation also deals with the most important pests of arable
crops, paying special attention to the wireworms, the sugar beet weevils and the sugar beet
flea beetles as pests that were used in laboratory trials during the research. In addition to
agricultural production, beekeeping is also of great importance. In addition to the direct
benefits that bees bring through the production of honey and other bee products, they also
create indirect benefits through the pollination of plants (they pollinate about 80% of
flowering plants and, together with other pollinators, more than 70% of the plants that feed
humans). In addition to the negative effects of pesticides, bees are susceptible to various
diseases and pests, and poor beekeeping practices, queen problems, and a lack of highquality
forage and less pasture (nectar and pollen) can also negatively impact bees. Losses
of bee colonies can occur in winter or during the season, i.e. during grazing. In 2008/2009,
winter losses in Croatia amounted to 13.16%, in 2012/2013 to 9.5% and in 2015/2016 to
16.4%. After the ban on neonicotinoids, the number of insecticides for seed treatment and
foliar application declined, so that today there are no approved insecticides for treating
sunflower seed to protect against wireworm, for treating corn seed to protect against
western corn rootworm, and for treating sunflower and sugar beet seed to control aphids.
Alternative insecticides, i.e., candidates that could replace the banned neonicotinoids, are
chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, and azadirachtin. Chlorantraniliprole is a systemic insecticide
with low bioconcentration potential and low toxicity that is selective for beneficial arthropods,
making it suitable for use in integrated pest management. Spinosad is a fermentation
product from the soil bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa Mertz and Yao. It belongs to
the group of biological insecticides, naturalites, and is less toxic to beneficial insects than
other insecticides. It has low toxicity to mammals and the environment. Azadirachtin is a
biological insecticide obtained as a product from the neem plant (Azadirachta indica Juss).
It has a negative effect on the feeding, development, and reproduction of pests, and when
used properly, it is not expected to have harmful effects on humans, wildlife and the
environment, as well as on other beneficial insects.
The dissertation included surveys of farmers and beekeepers, as well as laboratory testing
of the efficacy of alternative insecticides and analysis of data on the causes of bee mortality
obtained from an approved laboratory for residue determination. In Tovarnik, a town in
eastern Croatia, a survey of farmers and beekeepers was conducted from 2014 to 2016.
Since bee losses occurred in Tovarnik during the 2015 growing season, data on the causes
of the losses were analysed, which came from the approved laboratory for residue
determination, the Croatian Veterinary Institute in Zagreb. Laboratory investigations were
carried out in 2016 and 2017 to assess the effectiveness of spinosad, chlorantraniliprole,
and azadirachtin as treatments for corn seeds against wireworms. Additionally, in 2017, the
same compounds were examined for their efficacy in treating sugar beet seeds against the
sugar beet weevil and sugar beet flea beetle. The results of the surveys were processed
using standard statistical methods to determine mean and variability (ANOVA) (ARM 9,
Gylling Data Management), and the efficacy of the alternative insecticides was calculated
on the basis of wireworm mortality according to Abbott (1925). The efficacy data were
processed using statistical factor analysis (ANOVA) and ranked using the Duncan rank test
(ARM 9, Gylling Data Management). Since the mortality of sugar beet weevil and sugar
beet flea beetle in the experiments was read in 24-hour time intervals, the data on the
number of living individuals exposed to the effects of the insecticides used were processed
with the Kaplan-Mayer method of survival analysis in the R programming environment using
special packages for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (packages "survival",
"ggsurvfit" and "survminer").The results of the surveys among farmers show that agricultural
production dominates in the Tovarnik region (on 97.32% of the total agricultural area), and
the questionnaire covered most of this area (71.87% in 2012/2013, 72.38% in 2013/2014
and 90.36% in 2014/2015). In all survey years, only sugar beet seed was treated with
insecticides from the neonicotinoid group on all croplands (the temporary ban did not apply
to this crop), while sunflower seed was treated with the same insecticides in the 2012/2013
cropping season (on 73.99% of the croplands of this crop), before the ban on the use of
insecticides from this group came into effect. Of the other active substances, during the ban
on the use of neonicotinoids, corn seeds was treated with an insecticide from the pyrethroid
group (e.g. tefluthrin) and sugar beet seed was treated with a combination of neonicotinoids
(the ban on use did not apply to this crop) and pyrethroids.Appropriate pneumatic seeder
were used for sowing neonicotinoid-treated seed in both crops (an exception was sugar
beet seed in a 4-ha plot in 2014, where a mechanical seeder was used). In certain growing
seasons, pests of small grains (cereal leaf beetle), sugar beets (sugar beet weevil),
soybeans (painted lady) and oilseed rape (cabbage stem weevil, common pollen beetle)
were controlled on a leaf-by-leaf basis, with preparations containing active ingredients from
the neonicotinoid group not being used. Due to the occurrence of high pest populations,
insecticide treatment indices increased in the 2012/2013 and 2014/2015 growing season in
sugar beets (2,9), small cereals (0,97) in 2012/2013 and (0,99) in 2014/2015, and canola
(2) in 2014/2015. Expert estimates of the treatment index for these crops are 2.5; 0.2; 1.
Yield data for sunflower sown from neonicotinoid-treated seed only showed significantly
higher yields (4.20 t/ha) compared to sunflower sown from untreated seed (2.56 t/ha).
The survey of beekeepers included most colonies in Tovarnik (83.52% in 2013, 90.32% in
2014 and 86.67% in 2015). The bees collected nectar and pollen according to the pasture
plan in the area, and the beekeepers fed with sugar syrup and sugar cakes. Winter losses
of bee colonies were in accordance with expected and acceptable losses of bee colonies
(6.02% in 2013/2014, 8.79% in 2014/2015 and 11.54% in 2015/2016). In the 2013 season,
the loss of three bee colonies was reported, and in 2015, the death of 33 % bee colonies
was reported. The results of the approved laboratory show that the cause of the loss of bee
colonies during grazing in 2015 was the treatment of sunflowers with the product in a
combination of the active ingredients chlorpyrifos from the group of organophosphorus
insecticides and cypermethrin from the group of pyrethroids, although this product
(Chromorel-D) had no approval for use on sunflowers.
Laboratory studies show that chlorantraniliprole (efficacy less than 15%) and azadirachtin
showed no efficacy against wireworms in the treatment of corn seed, while spinosad is very
effective at dosages of 3.5 and 5 mg/kg seed (efficacy about 70%). Chlorantraniliprole,
spinosad, and azadirachtin showed low efficacy against sugar beet weevil (in terms of pest
mortality). Chlorantraniliprole showed good efficacy against the sugar beet flea beetle in
treating sugar beet seed (pest mortality at a dose of 0.2 mg and at a dose of 0.6 mg).
Spinosad also showed excellent results against this pest at all doses. In addition,
azadirachtin also showed excellent efficacy against sugar beet flea beetle at all doses.
Factorial analysis of laboratory test results has shown that insecticide efficacy depends on
the type of insecticide, dose, and duration of insecticide exposure
The most important bacterial diseases of hunting dogs
No full textLovački psi svojim kretanjima u šumskim područjima u lovu na divlje životinje vrlo često su izloženi raznim bakterijskim bolestima. One su zastupljene u okolišu, ali i divlje životinje mogu u sebi nositi zarazu pa ih prenijeti na pse. Najčešće bakterijske bolesti koje zahvaćaju lovačke pse su leptospiroza, bruceloza, salmoneloza, yersinioza, bakterijski dermatitisi te bakterijske bolesti koje prenose krpelji. Osim za pse bolesti su opasne i za čovjeka jer su zoonoze skupine zaraznih bolesti koje su zajedničke ljudima i pojedinim životinjskim vrstama, a mogu se prenositi sa životinja na ljude i s ljudi na životinje. Prijenosnici ne moraju biti samo divlje životinje, već to mogu biti i domaće životinje. Vrlo važno je pravovremeno reagirati, utvrditi izvor infekcije, dijagnozu i spriječiti širenje bolesti, ali i ispravno liječiti zaraženu životinju kako ne bi došlo do smrtnih ishoda. U današnje vrijeme su vrlo raširena raznorazna istraživanja kao i razvoj medicine pa se vrlo često i pravovremeno otkrivaju bolesti čije je liječenje i provođenje preventivnih mjera vrlo uspješno. Pravovremenom reakcijom bakterijske bolesti u većini slučajeva se liječe bez većih posljedica za ljude i životinje.Hunting dogs are very often exposed to various bacterial diseases due to their movements in forest areas hunting wild animals. Bacterial diseases are present in the environment, but wild animals can also carry the infection and pass it on to dogs. The most common bacterial diseases affecting hunting dogs are: leptospirosis, brucellosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, bacterial dermatitis and bacterial diseases transmitted by ticks. In addition to dogs, diseases are also dangerous for humans because zoonoses are a group of infectious diseases that are common to humans and certain animal species, and can be transmitted from animals to humans and from humans to animals. The vectors do not have to be only wild animals, they can also be domestic animals. It is very important to react in a timely manner, determine the source of infection, diagnosis and prevent the spread of the disease, but also treat the infected animal correctly in order to avoid fatal outcomes. Nowadays, various researches and the development of medicine have been greatly expanded, so diseases whose treatment and implementation of preventive measures are very successful are discovered very often and in a timely manner. With a timely reaction, bacterial diseases are in most cases treated without major consequences for humans and animals
The effect of stabulation on the composition and sensory properties of Malvasia dubrovačka wine
No full textAktualni trendovi u potrošnji vina nameću potrebu za proizvodnjom laganijih, svježih i aromatičnih bijelih vina, što uz nižu alkoholnu jakost, podrazumijeva optimalnu kiselost te intenzivne primarne ili sekundarne arome. Kao najjednostavnija rješenja u proizvodnji takvog stila vina, koriste se različite selekcije kvasaca koje pridonose poželjnim senzornim svojstvima vina kroz sintezu i oslobađanje različitih grupa aromatskih spojeva. Kao jedna od alternativnih tehnologija proizvodnje, koristi se i stabulacija, miješanje mošta s talogom pri 0-2 °C u trajanju 4-21 dana, prije početka alkoholne fermentacije. Cilj postupka je ekstrahirati prekursore tiola i estera, koji tijekom fermentacije doprinose razvoju voćnih aroma vina. U ovom radu primijenjena je tehnika stabulacije u proizvodnji vina ´Malvasija dubrovačka´, nakon čega su kemijski sastav i senzorna svojstva uspoređeni s vinima dobivenim standardnom preradom uz upotrebu različitih komercijalnih kvasaca.Current trends in wine consumption demand the production of light, fresh, and more aromatic white wines. This, along with lower alcoholic strength, implies optimal acidity and intense primary or secondary aromas. The simplest solutions in producing such wine styles involve using different yeast selections that contribute to the desired wine sensory properties through the synthesis and release of different groups of aromatic compounds. As an alternative production technology, stabulation is also used, which involves mixing the must with sediment at 0-2°C for 4-21 days before fermentation begins. The process aims to extract precursors of thiols and esters, which contribute to fruity aroma development during the fermentation. In this study, the stabulation technique was applied in the production of 'Malvasia dubrovačka' wine, after which the chemical composition and sensory properties were compared with wines obtained by standard processing using different commercial yeasts
The influence of the degree of turbidity on the quality of 'Kujundžuša' wine
No full text'Kujundžuša' je bijela autohtona sorta Imotskog vinogorja koja se uzgaja isključivo na
području Imotske krajine. Njezin aromatski profil dosada nije u potpunosti istražen, pa je cilj
ovog rada doprinos proširenju znanja u tom području. Postoji dosta čimbenika koji utječu na
zastupljenost pojedinih hlapljivih spojeva arome vina, a jedan od tih je mutnoća mošta. Stoga
je cilj ovog rada bio utvrditi utjecaj različitih stupnjeva mutnoće 50, 100, 200, i 300 (NTU) na
aromatski profil i senzorna svojstva vina 'Kujundžuša'. Osnovne kemijske analize provedene su
standardnim metodama prema O.I.V., dok je analiza hlapljivih spojeva provedena primjenom
plinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti. Nakon provedenog istraživanja utvrđena je različitost
u koncentracijama viših alkohola, masnih kiselina, terpena i C13 norizoprenoida među
analiziranim vinima, te da su te razlike povezane s promjenama u senzornim svojstvima vina.Kujundžuša is a white autochthonous variety of the Imotski vineyard that is grown exclusively
in the sub-basin of the Imotska krajina. Its aroma profile has not been fully explored
so far, so the aim of this paper is to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in this area.
There are many factors that affect the aroma profile of a wine, and one of them is the turbidity
of the must. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the influence of different levels
of turbidity 50, 100, 200, and 300 (NTU) on the aromatic profile and sensor properties of
Kujundžuša wine. Basic chemical analyzes were performed using standard O.I.V. methods,
while the analysis of volatile compounds was performed using a GC-MS device. After the research
conducted, it was determined that there were differences in the concentrations of
higher alcohols, fatty acids, terpenes and C13 norisoprenoids among the analyzed wines, and
that these differences were related to changes in the sensory properties of the wine
Applicability of the concept of "Smart Villages" in the development od the municipality of Kalnik
No full textInicijativa „Pametna sela” pokrenuta je u Europskom parlamentu 2017. godine s ciljem zaustavljanja ruralne depopulacije te iseljavanja mladih i obrazovanih stanovnika iz sela u gradska područja. Formalizirana je u travnju 2017. godine donošenjem Akcijskog plana EU za pametna sela. Rad pruža sveobuhvatan pregled koncepta „Pametnog sela“ u kontekstu europskih ruralnih područja, s posebnim fokusom na prevladavanje postojećih gospodarskih, infrastrukturnih i društvenih izazova. Prezentira rješenja koja su proizašla iz europskog projekta „Smart Rural 21”. U sklopu rada provedena je anketa među stanovnicima Općine Kalnik kako bi se utvrdilo koje sastavnice koncepta „Pametna sela" smatraju važnima za rješavanje svojih specifičnih problema i potreba. Rezultati ankete pokazuju da su stanovnici osrednje zadovoljni sadašnjom kvalitetom života i da žele unaprijediti lokalnu infrastrukturu i kvalitetu života korištenjem digitalnih tehnologija. Uočavaju potencijal svoje zajednice kao primjera pametnog sela, ističući da će im u tom procesu ponajprije pridonijeti energetska obnova kućanstava, uspostava pametne LED javne rasvjete te osmišljavanje aktivnosti i sadržaja za građane treće životne dobi i osoba s invaliditetom.The "Smart Villages" initiative was launched in the European Parliament in 2017 with the aim of halting the depopulation and migration of young and educated residents from rural areas to urban centers. It was formalized in April 2017 with the adoption of the EU Action Plan for Smart Villages. This paper provides an overview of the concept of developing and becoming a smart village in the context of addressing the economic, infrastructural, and social lag of rural areas in the EU and presents solutions derived from the European project "Smart Rural 21." As part of the study, a survey was conducted among the residents of the Municipality of Kalnik to determine which components of the "Smart Villages" concept they consider important for addressing their specific problems and needs. The survey results show that residents are moderately satisfied with their current quality of life and wish to improve local infrastructure and quality of life through the use of digital technologies. They recognize the potential of their community as an example of a smart village, highlighting that energy renovation of households, the establishment of smart LED public lighting, and the development of activities and facilities for elderly citizens and people with disabilities will primarily contribute to this process
Morphological variability of the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae (Rossi, 1790))
No full textMaslinina muha najopasniji je štetnik ploda masline. Napad maslinine muhe smanjuje kvalitetu i urod masline te posljedično i kakvoću maslinovog ulja. U Republici Hrvatskoj se uz domaće, uzgajaju i udomaćene sorte masline koje su različito osjetljive na napad ovog štetnika. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi morfološku varijabilnost populacija maslinine muhe metodom geometrijske morfometrije na krilima jedinki štetnika prikupljenih s domaćih i udomaćenih sorata masline u primorskim uzgojnim područjima u Republici Hrvatskoj. U maslinicima na području Istre (Vodnjan) i sjeverne Dalmacije (Benkovac) skupljeni su plodovi različitih sorata masline (domaćih – 'Oblica' i 'Istarska bjelica' te udomaćenih – 'Ascolana tenera', 'Frantoio', 'Leccino' i 'Pendolino'). Uzorci maslinine muhe skupljeni su iz prikupljenih plodova masline. Ukupno su prikupljene 664 jedinke maslinine muhe, kojima su uklonjena i preparirana krila prema standardnom postupku. Preparati krila su zatim fotografirani, a na fotografije krila postavljeno je 20 jedinstvenih točaka na sjecištima i krajevima ţila u svrhu provođenja geometrijsko morfometrijskih analiza. Primjenom standardnih analiza geometrijske morfometrije na krilima maslinine muhe utvrđene su značajne razlike u obliku krila između ženki i mužjaka analiziranih populacija čime je spolni dimorfizam vrste jasno dokazan. Nadalje, utvrđene su značajne razlike u obliku krila maslinine muhe između različitih sorata masline. Rezultati ovog istraživanja potvrđuju kako su analize geometrijske morfometrije krila prikladne za identifikaciju specifičnih fenotipova štetnika koji se uspješno razmnoţava i širi u različitim sortama masline.The olive fly is the most dangerous pest of the olive fruit. Infestation with the olive fly reduces the quality and yield of the olives and thus also the quality of the olive oil. In the Republic of Croatia, domesticated olive varieties are grown alongside native olives, which can be infested by this pest to varying degrees. The aim of the work was to determine the morphological variability of olive fly populations using the method of geometric morphometrics on the wings of pests collected on native and domesticated olive varieties in coastal cultivation areas in the Republic of Croatia. In olive groves in Istria (Vodnjan) and northern Dalmatia (Benkovac), the fruits of different olive varieties (indigenous – 'Oblica' and 'Istarska bjelica' - and domesticated – 'Ascolana tenera', 'Frantoio', 'Leccino' and 'Pendolino') were collected. The olive fly samples were taken from collected olive fruits. A total of 664 olive fly individuals were collected and their wings were removed and slide-mounted according to the standard procedure. The wings were then photographed, and 20 landmarks at the intersections and ends of the veins were digitized on each image to perform geometric morphometric analyzes. When standard geometric morphometric analyzes were applied to the wings of the olive fly, significant differences in the shape of the wings were found between the females and males of the populations studied, clearly demonstrating the sexual dimorphism of the species. In addition, significant differences in the shape of the wings of the olive fly were found between different olive varieties. The results of this study confirm that the analysis of the geometric morphometry of the wings is suitable to identify specific phenotypes of a pest that successfully reproduces and spreads in different olive cultivars