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Geochemical signature of yttrium, thorium, uranium and zirconium in selected soils of the Republic of Croatia
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je utvrditi varijabilnost ukupnih koncentracija itrija (Y), torija (Th), uranija (U) i cirkonija (Zr) u odabranim tlima Republike Hrvatske (RH) ovisno o načinima njihova korištenja. Istraživanje se temeljilo na analizi 33 površinska (0-30 cm) uzorka tla prikupljenih u razdoblju 2005.-2023. u sklopu znanstvenih istraživanja djelatnika Zavoda za opću proizvodnju bilja Agronomskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Uzorci su prikupljeni s trinaest lokaliteta (Vukovar, Molve, Zagreb, Potok, Lepoglava, Krapina, Žumberak-Samoborsko gorje, Karlovac, Risnjak, Vodnjan, Gospić, Pag, Mljet) i razlikovali su se po tipu tla, načinima korištenja (obradivo, livada, šuma, voćnjak, urbano uz prometnicu, skijaška staza) i primijenjenoj NPK gnojidbi. Metodom prijenosne rendgenske fluorescencije utvrdile su se ukupne koncentracije Y, Th, U i Zr, a njihova varijabilnost ovisno o lokacijama istraživanja testirana je analizom varijance. Rezultati ukazuju da je sadržaj akumuliranih elemenata značajno varirao ovisno o lokacijama uzorkovanja za svaki pojedini način korištenja tla uz iznimku torija koji nije značajno varirao u urbanim tlima uz prometnicu. Ovisno o načinima korištenja odabranih tala prosječni sadržaj promatranih elemenata opadao je u sljedećem nizu: Y: skijaški spust (33,5 mg kg-1) > obradivo tlo (32,4 mg kg-1) > livada (32,3 mg kg-1) > šuma (32,0 mg kg-1) > voćnjak (26,8 mg kg-1) > urbano tlo uz prometnicu (25,8 mg kg-1); Th: livada (10,3 mg kg-1) > voćnjak (10,0 mg kg-1) > obradivo tlo (7,86 mg kg-1) > šuma (6,33 mg kg-1) > urbano tlo uz prometnicu (4,83 mg kg-1) > skijaški spust (4,0 mg kg-1); U: livada (4,83 mg kg-1) > voćnjak (3,33 mg kg-1) > urbano tlo uz prometnicu (3,00 mg kg-1) obradivo tlo (2,89 mg kg-1) > šuma (2,83 mg kg-1) > skijaški spust (2,00 mg kg-1); Zr: obradivo tlo (333,0 mg kg-1) > šuma (283,6 mg kg-1) > livada (279,1 mg kg-1) > voćnjak (223,2 mg kg-1) > skijaški spust (164,5 mg kg-1) > urbano tlo uz prometnicu (158,8 mg kg-1).The aim of this thesis was to determine the variability of total concentrations of yttrium (Y), thorium (Th), uranium (U), and zirconium (Zr) in selected soils of the Republic of Croatia, depending on their land use. The research was based on the analysis of 33 surface (0-30 cm) soil samples collected between 2005 and 2023 as part of scientific studies conducted by researchers from the Department of General Agronomy at the Faculty of Agriculture in Zagreb. The samples were collected from thirteen locations (Vukovar, Molve, Zagreb, Potok, Lepoglava, Krapina, Zumberak-Samoborsko gorje, Karlovac, Risnjak, Vodnjan, Gospić, Pag, Mljet) and varied by soil type, land use (arable land, meadow, forest, orchard, urban near traffic roads, ski slope), and applied NPK fertilization. Total concentrations of Y, Th, U, and Zr were determined using portable X-ray fluorescence, and their variability across research locations was tested by analysis of variance. The results indicate that the content of accumulated elements significantly varied depending on the sampling locations for each land use type, except for thorium, which did not significantly vary in urban soils near roads. Depending on the land use, the average content of the observed elements decreased in the following order, Y: ski slope (33.5 mg kg⁻¹) > arable land (32.4 mg kg⁻¹) > meadow (32.3 mg kg⁻¹) > forest (32.0 mg kg⁻¹) > orchard (26.8 mg kg⁻¹) > urban soil near roads (25.8 mg kg⁻¹); Th: meadow (10.3 mg kg⁻¹) > orchard (10.0 mg kg⁻¹) > arable land (7.86 mg kg⁻¹) > forest (6.33 mg kg⁻¹) > urban soil near roads (4.83 mg kg⁻¹) > ski slope (4.0 mg kg⁻¹); U: meadow (4.83 mg kg⁻¹) > orchard (3.33 mg kg⁻¹) > urban soil near roads (3.00 mg kg⁻¹) > arable land (2.89 mg kg⁻¹) > forest (2.83 mg kg⁻¹) > ski slope (2.00 mg kg⁻¹); Zr: arable land (333.0 mg kg⁻¹) > forest (283.6 mg kg⁻¹) > meadow (279.1 mg kg⁻¹) > orchard (223.2 mg kg⁻¹) > ski slope (164.5 mg kg⁻¹) > urban soil near roads (158.8 mg kg⁻¹)
Activation of the germination potential of Dalmatian pyrethrum by coherent radiation
No full textCilj istraživanja je utvrditi utjecaj različitih laserskih tretmana na aktivaciju potencijala klijavosti sjemena dalmatinskog buhača. Prosječna vrijednost energije klijanja kontrolnog uzorka iznosila je 2,00 %. Nakon provedenih tretmana porast energije klijanja zabilježen je kod svih uzoraka tretiranih 100 mW i 500 mW laserom. Kod uzoraka tretiranih 200 mW laserom porast energije klijanja zabilježen je kod uzoraka tretiranih 60 i 120 s, dok kod uzoraka tretiranih 30 s nije zabilježena promjena energije klijanja u odnosu na kontrolni uzorak. Prosječna vrijednost standardne klijavosti kod kontrolnog uzorka iznosila je 6,00 %. Kao i kod energije klijanja, povećanje klijavosti zabilježeno je kod gotovo svih tretiranih uzoraka osim kod uzoraka koji su tretirani 500 mW laserom tijekom 60 sekundi gdje je došlo do smanjenja standardne klijavosti od 0,33 %. Uzevši u obzir izlazne snage lasera vidljivo je da je tretman od 120 s 100 i 500 mW laserom uzrokovao najveći porast energije klijanja u iznosu od 2,00 %, dok je najveći porast standardne klijavosti od 4,00 % zabilježen kod tretmana 100 mW laserom u trajanju od 120 s. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je intenzitet zračenja po sjemenki relativno nizak što sugerira da učinak lasera na biljni materijal prvenstveno djeluje putem biostimulacije.The aim of the study is to determine the influence of different laser treatments on the activation of the germination potential of Dalmatian pyrethrum seeds. The average value of the germination energy of the control sample was 2.00 %. After the treatments, an increase in germination energy was observed in all samples treated with a 100 mW and a 500 mW laser. In the samples treated with a 200 mW laser, an increase in germination energy was observed in the samples treated for 60 and 120 s, while no change in germination energy was observed in the samples treated for 30 s compared to the control sample. The average value of standard germination for the control sample was 6.00 %. As with the germination energy, an increase in germination was observed in almost all treated samples, except for the samples treated for 60 s with a 500 mW laser, which showed a decrease in standard germination of 0.33 %. Considering the output power of the laser, it is observed that the treatment of 120 s with 100 and 500 mW lasers caused the highest increase in germination energy of 2.00 %, while the highest increase in standard germination of 4.00 % was recorded when treated with a 100 mW laser for a duration of 120 s. The research results show that the radiation intensity per seed is relatively low, indicating that the effect of the laser on the plant material is primarily through biostimulation
Overview of new tools and technologies for application in precision viticulture
No full textPojava tehnologija precizne poljoprivrede i sve veća potražnja za kvalitetnijim proizvodima od grožđa doveli su do rastućeg interesa za praksu preciznog vinogradarstva te za praćenje i upravljanje prostornim varijacijama i varijablama povezanim s produktivnošću unutar pojedinačnih blokova vinograda. Precizno vinogradarstvo ima za cilj upotrijebiti enološke potencijale vinograda na maksimalno učinkovit način. Uvođenje novih tehnologija kao podršku upravljanja vinogradima pruža znatne mogućosti poboljšane učinkovitosti i kvalitete proizvodnje uz istovremeno smanjenje negativnog utjecaja na okoliš. Brza i neprestano promjenjiva evolucija informacijsko komunikacijskih tehnologija pruža ogroman potencijal za razvoj tehnoloških rješenja za potrebe preciznog vinogradarstva. Općenito govoreći, precizno vinogradarstvo nastoji iskoristiti veliki raspon dostupnih rješenja s visokom rezolucijom za učinkovito upravljanje vinogradima u smislu kvalitete, proizvodnje i održivosti. Ovaj rad daje pregled koncepta i tehnologija preciznog vinogradarstva – sustave globalnog pozicioniranja, daljinsko praćenje, tehnologije s promjenjivom brzinom te geografski informacijski sustav.The emergence of precision agriculture technologies and the increasing demand for higher quality grape products have led to a growing interest in the practice of precision viticulture and in monitoring and managing spatial variations and variables related to productivity within individual vineyard blocks. Precision viticulture aims to exploit the oenological potential of the vineyard in a maximally efficient manner. The introduction of new technologies to support vineyard management offers significant opportunities for improved efficiency and quality of production while simultaneously reducing the negative impact on the environment. The rapid and constantly changing evolution of information and communication technologies provides enormous potential for the development of technological solutions for the needs of precision viticulture. Generally, precision viticulture seeks to take advantage of the wide range of high-resolution solutions available for effective vineyard management in terms of quality, production and sustainability. This paper provides an overview of the concepts and technologies of precision viticulture - global positioning systems, remote monitoring, variable speed technologies and geographic information systems
Water features in parks - revitalization of park Zvonko Špišić
No full textDiplomski rad bavi se problemom vodenih površina u gradovima na primjeru Parka Zvonka
Špišića. Razvojem grada dolazi do smanjenja važnosti parka i vodene površine koja je nekada
imala važnu ulogu u njegovom oblikovanju i ekološkom balansu, naglašavajući potrebu za
revitalizacijom. Razmatranjem drugih povijesnih parkova s vodenim površinama pokazat će se
mogućnost integriranja vode u parkove uzimajući u obzir estetiku i funkcionalnost. Raznim
istraživanjima i analizama naglasit će se funkcija i značaj vodene površine u parkovima te će se
uz dobivene spoznaje i razne prostorne analize oblikovati nova funkcionalna prostorna cjelina u
kojoj su iskorišteni prostorni i estetski potencijali parka. Uređenjem bi se podigla kvaliteta života
okolnog stanovništva te bi se zadovoljile potrebe korisnika parka svih dobnih skupina. Zelenilo i
atraktivna vodena površina privući će posjetitelje koji će moći uživati u parku na razne načine.The thesis deals with the problem of water features in cities using the example of Zvonko Špišić
Park in Zagreb. With the development of the city, the importance of the park and its water feature
that once played an important role in its design and ecological balance is decreasing, thus
emphasizing the need for revitalization. By considering other historic parks with water features,
the possibility of integrating water into parks will be demonstrated, taking into account aesthetics
and functionality. The function and significance of water features in parks will be emphasized
through various research and analyses, and with the knowledge obtained and various spatial
analyses, a new functional spatial unit will be formed in which the spatial and aesthetic potentials
of the park are used. The revitalization would raise the quality of life of the surrounding
neighbourhood and meet the needs of park users of all age groups. Greenery and an attractive water
feature would attract visitors who will be able to enjoy the park in various ways
Contribution of complementary farm activities to the development of rural areas in Koprivnica-Križevci county
No full textDopunske djelatnosti obiteljskog poljoprivrednog gospodarstva definirane su Pravilnikom o Upisniku obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava (NN 80/2023-1267) te obuhvaćaju pet poddjelatnosti: (a) proizvodnja poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda, (b) proizvodnja neprehrambenih proizvoda i predmeta opće uporabe, (c) pružanje usluga na OPG-u, (d) pružanje ugostiteljskih turističkih usluga i (e) pružanje ostalih sadržaja i aktivnosti na OPG-u. Dopunske djelatnosti OPG-a doprinose povećanju prihoda, ali i ruralnoj zaposlenosti, očuvanju kulturne baštine, identiteta i zaštiti okoliša u ruralnim područjima. Cilj rada je primjenom višekriterijske metode Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) ocijeniti ulogu dopunskih djelatnosti u postizanju specifičnih ciljeva ruralnog razvoja Koprivničko-križevačke županije. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo pet stručnjaka iz područja ruralnog razvoja koji su vrednovali dopunske djelatnosti sukladno pravilima SMART metode. Rezultati su pokazali da proizvodnja poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda najviše doprinosi ruralnom razvoju, dok je proizvodnja neprehrambenih proizvoda i predmeta opće uporabe ocijenjena kao najmanje značajna.The complementary activities of a family farm are defined in the Regulation on the Register of Family Farms (Official Gazette 80/2023-1267) and include five sub-activities: (a) production of agricultural and food products, (b) production of non-food products and articles for general use, (c) provision of services on the farm, (d) provision of catering and tourism services and (e) provision of other content and activities on the farm. Additional activities of the farm contribute to the increase of income, but also to employment in rural areas, preservation of cultural heritage, identity and environmental protection in rural areas. The aim of this work is to assess the role of additional activities in achieving the specific rural development objectives of Koprivnica-Križevci County by applying the Simple Multi Attribute Rating Technique (SMART) multi-criteria method. Five experts from the field of rural development participated in the research and evaluated complementary activities according to the rules of the SMART method. The results showed that the production of agricultural and food products contributes the most to rural development, while the production of non-food products and general needs items was rated as the least important
The quality of sour cream in the marcets of the city Zagreb
No full textPoštivanje higijenskih standarda u proizvodnji mlijeka osnovni je preduvjet za pravljenje kiselog vrhnja visoke kvalitete, što je presudno prilikom upotrebe sirovog mlijeka. Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi fizikalno-kemijska svojstva, mikrobiološku i senzorsku kvalitetu kiselog vrhnja prikupljenog s većih tržnica na širem području grada Zagreba. Prosječni udio mliječne masti iznosio je 27,99%, proteina 3,30%, suhe tvari 34,29%, suhe tvari bez masti 6,51%, a laktoze 3,00% uz izrazito veliku varijabilnost svih sastojaka vrhnja. S. aureus utvrđen je u 35,30% uzoraka, Enterobacteriaceae u76,47%, E. coli u 94,11% i Bacillus spp. u 23,53% te kvasci u 100% uzoraka dok u vrhnju nije utvrđena prisutnost L. monocytogenes i Salmonella spp.. Senzorskom analizom teksturnih svojstava utvrđena je primjetna varijabilnost u čvrstoći, ljepljivosti, gustoći, punoći i pjenušavosti uzoraka. Uzorci s većim sadržajem mliječne masti i suhe tvari ocijenjeni su bolje za svojstva punoće, gustoće i čvrstoće u ustima, a što je rezultiralo višom ukupnom ocjenom teksture. Ocjene za aromu po vrhnju i diacetilu bile su u širokom rasponu vrijednosti. Ovi rezultati ukazuju na kompleksnost senzorskih karakteristika kiselog vrhnja te na važnost njegovih sastojaka i tehnoloških postupaka u oblikovanju izgleda, mirisa, teksture, okusa i arome.Compliance with hygiene standards in milk production is a basic prerequisite for the production of high-quality sour cream, which is of crucial importance in the traditional production of cream from raw milk. The aim of this work was to determine the physico-chemical properties, microbiological and sensory quality of sour cream collected from larger markets in the wider Zagreb area. The average percentage of milk fat was 27.99%, protein 3.30%, dry matter 34.29%, dry matter without fat 6.51% and lactose 3.00%, with extremely high variability in all cream components. S. aureus was found in 35.30% of the samples, Enterobacteriaceae in 76.47%, E. coli in 94.11% and Bacillus spp. in 23.53% and yeasts in 100% of the samples, while the presence of L. monocytogenes in the cream and Salmonella spp. was not found. The sensory analysis of the textural properties revealed noticeable variability in terms of firmness, stickiness, density, fullness and foaminess of the samples. Samples with a higher milk fat and dry matter content were rated better for mouthfeel, density and mouth firmness, resulting in a higher overall texture score. The scores for cream and diacetyl flavour were in a wide range. These results indicate the complexity of the sensory properties of sour cream and the importance of its ingredients and technological processes in shaping appearance, odour, texture, taste and flavour
Hydrothermal carbonization of agricultural energy crops
No full textGlobana svijest o klimatskim promjenama dovela je do značajnog pomaka prema obnovljivim izvorima energije. Biomasa energetskih kultura predstavlja velik potencijal kao sirovina za proizvodnju energije. Kulture poput miskantusa, divovske trske i divljeg prosa dijele nekoliko ključnih karakteristika koje ih čine savršenim energetskim usjevima. Jedna od najvažnijih jest da su kulture bogate ligninom i celulozom te su pogodne za pretvorbu u goriva. Jedan od tih procesa pretvorbe biomase u gorivo jest hidrotermalna karbonizacija koja se odvija u prisutnosti vode pod visokom temperaturom i tlakom u određenom vremenu. Nastali produkt je hidrougljen koji je bogat ugljikom, a može se koristiti kao kruto gorivo, poboljšivač tla, adsorbent zagađivača itd. U radu je utvrđena mogućnost hidrotermalne karbonizacije Miskantusa, Divljeg prosa i Divovske trske te je analiziran nastali hidrougljen. Isti se ističe kao koristan proizvod jer uključuje vrlo dobre karakteristike npr. sadržaj ugljika u prosjeku 50,07
% i prinos hidrougljena u prosjeku od 55,57 %.Global awareness of climate change has led to a significant shift towards renewable energy sources. Biomass of energy crops represents a great potential as a raw material for energy production. Crops like Miscanthus, Arundo donax and Panicum virgatum share several key characteristics that make them perfect energy crops. One of the most important is that the cultures are rich in lignin and cellulose and are suitable for conversion into fuels. One of these processes of converting biomass into fuel is hydrothermal carbonization, which takes place in the presence of water under high temperature and pressure for a certain time. The resulting product is hydrochar, which is rich in carbon, and can be used as a solid fuel, soil improver, pollutant adsorbent, etc. The paper determined the possibility of hydrothermal carbonization of Miscanthus, Arundo donax and Panicum virgatum, and analyzed the resulting hydrochar. It stands out as a useful product because it includes very good characteristics, for example carbon content of 50,07 % on average and hydrocarbon yield on average of 55,57 %
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato: Pathogen model for disease determination and the phytopathogen mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana
No full textPseudomonas syringae pv. tomato je biljni patogen koji može živjeti kao epifit na površini lista ili unutar apoplasta biljke prilikom čega uzrokuje infekciju i bolest. Najčešći domaćin ovog patogena u prirodnom staništu je rajčica, ali i biljka model uročnjak (Arabidopsis thaliana) u laboratoriju. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je kroz pregled najnovije bibliografije opisati mikrobiološku aktivnost patogena Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato, te istražiti i prezentirati mehanizme kojima uzrokuje bolesti u poljoprivredno važnim biljkama, te iznijeti komparativne studije o razvoju simptoma, molekularnoj signalizaciji i obrambenim odgovorima kod uročnjaka. Ova interakcija je od velikog znanstvenog interesa u molekularnom karakteriziranju mehanizama kojima Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato uzrokuje bolest u biljci domaćinu. Dostupnost sofisticiranih molekularnih alata i resursa (sekvencionirani genom) olakšava dubinska istraživanja mehanizama na kojima se temelji ova interakcija biljaka-patogen.Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato is a plant pathogen that can live as an epiphyte on the surface of the leaf or inside the apoplast of the plant, causing infection and disease. The most common host of this pathogen in its natural habitat is the tomato, but also the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, in the laboratory. The aim of this thesis is to describe the microbiological activity of the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato through a review of the latest bibliography, and to investigate and present the mechanisms by which it causes diseases in agriculturally important plants, and to present comparative studies on the development of symptoms, molecular signaling and defense responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. This interaction is of great scientific interest in the molecular characterization of the mechanisms by which Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato causes disease in the host plant. The availability of sophisticated molecular tools and resources (the sequenced genome) facilitates in-depth investigations of the mechanisms underlying this plant-pathogen interaction
Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855)) as a vector of mycotoxigenic fungal spores
No full textSmeđa mramorasta stjenica (Halyomorpha halys) je invazivna vrsta azijskog podrijetla. Osim izravnih šteta, može poslužiti kao potencijalni vektor za prijenos spora mikotoksigenih gljiva. Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti gljiva koji kontaminiraju hranu i stočnu hranu, uzrokujući zdravstvene probleme kod ljudi i životinja te ekonomske gubitke u poljoprivredi. Najznačajniji su aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A. S ciljem istraživanja potencijala H. halys kao prijenosnika mikotoksigenih spora, prikupljeno je 100 odraslih jedinki na pokusnom polju kukuruza u Osijeku. Uzorci su isprani u destiliranoj vodi, inokulirani na hranjive podloge te inkubirani. Izolirane su čiste kulture gljiva koje su morfološki determinirane. Potencijalni proizvođači mikotoksina inokulirani su na tekuće hranjive podloge, ekstrahirani i dokazani TLC metodom. Rezultati su dokazali potencijal H. halys kao vektora spora gljive Aspergillus flavus, proizvođača aflatoksina B1, što predstavlja rizik od kontaminacije usjeva.The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) is an invasive species of Asian origin. Besides causing direct damage, it can serve as a potential vector of mycotoxigenic fungal spores. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites that contaminate food and animal feed, causing health problems in humans and animals and economic losses in agriculture. The most significant mycotoxins are aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. To study the potential of H. halys as a vector of mycotoxigenic fungal spores, 100 adult H. halys were collected from maize test field in Osijek. The samples were washed in distilled water, inoculated on nutrient media and incubated. Pure fungal cultures were isolated and morphologically identified. Potential mycotoxin producers were inoculated in liquid nutrient media, extracted, and confirmed using TLC method. The results confirmed the potential of H. halys as a vector of Aspergillus flavus, a producer of aflatoxin B1, which represents a risk of crop contamination
New trends in the production of fortified wines
No full textLikerska vina se proizvode od fermentiranog, polu-fermentiranog ili nefermentiranog mošta uz dodatak destilata vinskog porijekla. Tijekom procesa proizvodnje dopušteno je dodavanje neutralnog alkohola vinskog podrijetla, vinskog destilata, koncentriranog mošta ili djelomično fermentiranog mošta. Alkoholna jakost kreće se od 15-22 % vol. stvarnog alkohola. Likerska vina potječu s europskog kontinenta, iako se danas proizvode diljem svijeta. Najpoznatija likerska vina su: Sherry, Porto, Madeira i Marsala. Većinom se proizvode tradicionalnim metodama, uz tehnološka poboljšanja. U radu je opisana povijest, tehnologija proizvodnje i svojstva spomenutih likerskih vina. Važan aspekt u proizvodnji likerskih vina je dodatak destilata vinskog podrijetla u mošt i proces dozrijevanja, koji ova vina čini jedinstvenim. Prikazuju se provedena znanstvena istraživanja, s naglaskom na aromatski profil vina, koja su u proteklih godina doprinijela inovacijama u njihovoj proizvodnji.Fortified wines are produced from fermented, partially fermented, or unfermented must with the addition of wine distillate. During the production process, the addition of neutral alcohol of wine origin, wine distillate, concentrated must, or partially fermented must is permitted. The alcohol content ranges from 15 to 22% vol. actual alcohol. Fortified wines originate from the European continent, although they are now produced worldwide. The most famous fortified wines are: Sherry, Porto, Madeira and Marsala. They are mostly produced using traditional methods, with technological improvements. The history, production technology, and characteristics of the mentioned fortified wines are described in the paper. An important aspect in the production of fortified wines is the addition of wine distillate to the must and the aging process, which makes these wines unique. The scientific researches carried out, with an emphasis on the aromatic profile of wines, which has contributed to innovations in their production in recent years, are presented