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The importance of subsidies for the income of agricultural holdings with livestock production
No full textU ovom znanstvenom radu prikazan je utjecaj i važnost potpora na dohodak poljoprivrednih gospodarstava. U ovom radu istražili smo utjecaj potpora na dohodak poljoprivrednih gospodarstava sa stočarskom proizvodnjom, preuzeli i prikazali u tablicama podatke iz ministarstva financija i poljoprivrede, Agencije za poljoprivredu i ruralni razvoj, FADN baze podataka. Opisali smo prijašnji program ruralnog razvoja 2014. – 2020. i uvjete prihvatljivosti. Opisane su pojedine mjere izravnih plaćanja koje dobivaju poljoprivrednici upisani u registar, osnovno plaćanje, zeleno plaćanje, preraspodijeljeno plaćanje, plaćanje za mlade poljoprivrednike i proizvodno vezana plaćanja te IAKS mjere vezane uz stočarstvo. Prikazali smo pregled ukupnih potpora i potpora vezanih za stočarstvo u Hrvatskoj za 2021. i 2022. godinu. Rezultati su prikazani u tablicama na kraju rada. Iz sustava FADN izvukli smo podatke o tipovima stočarskih gospodarstava sa povezanim varijablama uz temu ovoga rada za devetogodišnje razdoblje (2013. – 2021.) Podaci se nalaze u tablicama na kraju rada gdje su i opisani. Prikazali smo i odnos poljoprivrednih izravnih potpora bez investicijskih i bruto i neto dohotka. Rezultati koje smo dobili istraživanjem pokazuju da udio potpora u ukupnom prihodu gospodarstva se kreće od 20% do čak i 70 % prihoda, ovisno o tipu farmskog uzgoja i godini. Udio potpora u neto dohotku je još veći i kreće se od 60% do čak i 330% ovisno o tipu farmskog uzgoja i godini. Na temelju provedenih analiza zaključujemo da potpore uvelike utječu na ukupne prihode i dohotke poljoprivrednih gospodarstava sa stočarskom proizvodnjom, jer čine čak i više od polovine ukupnih prihoda gospodarstva što nam govori o produktivnosti ili o neproduktivnosti gospodarstava. Iz rezultata vidimo da se dosta tipova gospodarstava oslanja samo na izravne potpore.This scientific work shows the impact and importance of subsidies on the income of agricultural holdings. In this paper, we investigated the impact of subsidies on the income of farms with livestock production, downloaded and presented in tables data from the Ministry of Finance and Agriculture, Agency for Agriculture and Rural Development, FADN database. We have described the previous rural development program 2014-2020 and the eligibility conditions. Certain measures of direct payments received by registered farmers, basic payment, green payment, redistributed payment, payment for young farmers and production-related payments and IAKS measures related to animal husbandry are described. We presented an overview of the total subsidies and subsidies related to animal husbandry in Croatia for 2021 and 2022. The results are presented in the tables at the end of the paper. From the FADN system, we extracted data on the types of livestock farms with related variables to the topic of this paper for the nine-year period (2013 – 2021). The data are in the tables at the end of the paper where they are described. We also presented the relationship between agricultural direct support without investment and gross and net income. The results obtained from the research show that the share of subsidies in the total income of the farm ranges from 20% to even 70% of the income, depending on the type of farm cultivation and the year. The share of subsidies in the net income is even higher and ranges from 60% to even 330% depending on the type of farm cultivation and the year. Based on the conducted analyses, we conclude that subsidies greatly affect the total incomes and incomes of agricultural holdings with livestock production, because they make up even more than half of the total incomes of the holdings, which tells us about the productivity or non-productivity of the holdings. From the results, we see that many types of farms rely only on direct support
Utjecaj stadija i redosljeda laktacije na broj somatskih stanica i njihova povezanost s količinom i kvalitetom mlijeka u mliječnih krava
No full textSomatske stanice imaju važnu ulogu u održavanju zdravlja vimena i koriste se kao
pokazatelj zdravstvenog stanja mliječne žlijezde i prisutnosti mastitisa. Rano otkrivanje
mastitisa ključno je za održavanje zdravlja vimena i osiguranje optimalne proizvodnje mlijeka.
Istraživanje je provedeno na 598 mliječnih krava, držanim na istoj farmi (u istim uvjetima) s
poznatim podacima o: broju SS, udjelu DSS u ukupnom broju SS, dnevnoj količini mlijeka i
njegovom kemijskom sastavu, datumu provedene kontrole mliječnosti, stadiju i redoslijedu
laktacije prilikom kontrole. Podaci o mjerenjima prikupljeni su u Središnjem laboratoriju za
kontrolu mlijeka u Križevcima a mjerenja su provođena na farmi na istoku zemlje. Cilj rada bio
je istražiti utjecaj stadija i redoslijeda laktacije kao i sezone na kemijski sastav mlijeka, na broj
somatskih stanica (SS) i udio diferenciranih somatskih stanica (DSS) i njihovu povezanost s
količinom i kvalitetom mlijeka u krava Holstein pasmine. Što se tiče stadija laktacije, u prvih
100 dana broj somatskih stanica iznosio je oko 77 000 ss/mL, udio PMN + LYMF iznosio je oko
60% a udio makrofaga 40%. Sredina laktacije značila je i povećanje broja somatskih stanica na
114 000ss/mL dok se udio PMN + LYMF smanjio na 50% a udio makrofaga povećao na 50%.
Na kraju laktacije došlo je do još izraženijeg povećanja broja somatskih stanica na oko 165
000ss/mL a to je ovećanje pratilo smanjenje udjela diferenciranih somatskih stanica; PMN +
LYMF 40& dok se udio makrofaga povećao na 60%. Govoreći o redsoljedu laktacije u prvoj je
broj somatskih stanica bio 97 000 ss/mL a udio PMN + LYMF 50%, udio makrofaga također
50%, do 4. se laktacije broj somatskih stanica povećavao, da bi se prema 7. laktaciji smanjivao
dok je udio diferenciranih soamtskih stanica bio također znatno niži što se tiče PMN + LYMF,
odnosno udio makrofaga u 7. je laktacji iznosio 60%.
Rezultati ovog istraživanja imaju široku primjenu kod uzgajivača u ranom otkrivanju
mastitisa obzirom da su predmet istraživanja bile somatske stanice koje ukazuju na pojavnost
istog. Ranim otkrivanjem mastitisa omogućava se brže liječenje te se na taj način smanjuje i
potreba za korištenjem antibiotika, čime se smanjuje i pojava rezistencije na antibiotike, a time
se smanjuju i troškovi. Sastav mlijeka osnova je od koje se polazi prilikom formiranja otkupne
cijene mlijeka pa je poznavanje oscilacija u sastavu tijekom različitih sezona, stadija i
redoslijeda laktacije važno za osuvremenjivanje mljekarstva u Hrvatskoj.Somatic cells play a crucial role in maintaining udder health and are used as an indicator
of the health status of the mammary gland (presence of mastitis). Early detection of mastitis
is essential for maintaining udder health and ensuring optimal milk production. The research
was conducted on 598 dairy cows kept on the same farm (under the same conditions) with
known data on: the number of SC, the proportion of DSC in the total number of SC, daily milk
yield and its chemical composition, date of milk yield control, stage and order of lactation at
the time of control.
Data was conducted by Central milk control laboratory in Križevci and was gathered on
a farm in eastern part of the country. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of
order and stage of lactation on the chemical composition of milk, the number of somatic cells
(SC), the proportion of differentiated somatic cells (DSC), and their correlation with the
quantity and quality of milk in Holstein cows. Regarding stage of lactation, in the first 100 days
somatic cell count was around 77 000 sc/mL, PMN + LYMF ratio was 60% and macrophages
ratio was 40%. Middle of lactation lead to increasing SCC to 114 000sc/mL, PMN + LYMF ratio
decreased 50% and macrophages increased to 50%. In the end of lactation there was
significant increase of SCC to 165 000sc/mL and that also led to decreasing of PMN + LYMF
ratio to 40%. Macrophages increased to 60%. Speaking of number of lactation in the first one
SCC was 97 000 sc/mL and PMN + LYMF ratio 50% as well as macrophages. Till 4th lactation
SCC increased and after that it started decreasing. PMN + LYMF was also decreasing,
macrophages ratio increased up to 60%.
The results of this study have a wide application for breeders in early detection of
mastitis since the subject of the research were somatic cells which indicate its occurrence.
Early detection of mastitis allows for quicker treatment, thus reducing the need for antibiotics
use, which in turn decreases the occurrence of antibiotic resistance, thereby reducing costs
Medicinal plants for stress relief
No full textU današnjem dinamičnom načinu života, stres je postao gotovo neizbježan pratilac i ima štetne posljedice na zdravlje i dobrobit organizma. Stres proizlazi iz različitih situacija, kao što su traumatski događaji, životne promjene ili svakodnevne nelagode, a konačno može dovesti i do anksioznosti. U potrazi za efikasnim metodama, interes za alternativne terapijske pristupe, poput uporabe ljekovitog bilja, sve više raste. Ovaj rad prikazuje negativne i pozitivne strane uporabe ljekovitog bilja i njezinih pripravaka u usporedbi sa sintetičkim lijekovima, te prikazuje morfološka, kemijska i ljekovita svojstva najznačajnijih biljnih vrsta. Biljke poput matičnjaka, odoljena, majčine dušice, pasiflore, ginsenga, ashwagandhe i rodiole pokazale su se učinkovitima u ublažavanju stresa i njegovih popratnih poremećaja, uz minimalne nuspojave, te utječu na smanjenje lučenja hormona nadbubrežne žlijezde (kortizola) tzv. hormon stresa, kao i na smanjenje GABA enzima koji smanjuju aktivnost moždanih stanica. Biljke koje su karakteristične za uzgoj u Republici Hrvatskoj uglavnom se upotrebljavaju u obliku čajeva, tinktura, melema, ulja i u kulinarske svrhe, dok biljke koje rastu u drugim zemljama svijeta, nalazimo uglavnom u obliku praha i kapsula.In today's dynamic lifestyle, stress has become an almost inevitable companion and can have harmful effects on the health and well-being of the body. Stress arises from different situations, such as traumatic events, life changes or everyday discomfort, and can ultimately lead to anxiety. In the search for efficient methods, interest in alternative therapeutic approaches, such as the use of medicinal plants, is growing. This paper shows the negative and positive sides of the use of medicinal plants and their preparations in comparison with synthetic drugs, and through the analysis of the literature, it covers the morphological, chemical and medicinal properties of the most important plant species. Plants such as lemon balm, valeriana, thyme, passion flower, ginseng, ashwagandha and rhodiola have been shown to be effective in relieving stress and its associated disorders, with minimal side effects, and affect the reduction of adrenal hormone secretion (cortisol). stress hormone, as well as the reduction of GABA enzymes that reduce the activity of brain cells. Plants that are characteristic for cultivation in the Republic of Croatia are mainly used in the form of teas, tinctures, salves, oils and for culinary purposes, while plants that grow in other countries of the world are found mainly in the form of powders and capsules
Empirical determination of gin price through consumer surveys
No full textCilj je rada bio utvrditi cjenovnu spremnost potrošača gina na zagrebačkom tržištu. Provedeno je online anketno ispitivanje na uzorku od 102 potrošača gina. Na temelju podataka o cijenama i količinama izračunata je empirijska funkcija potražnje za gin. Na zagrebačkom tržištu je moguće diferencirati cijenu gina prema potrošačkim odsječcima. Trećina ispitanika spremna je platiti premijsku cijenu za domaći gin od 40 EUR/0,7L i više. Međutim, radi se o kupnji za posebne prigode. Rezultati istraživanja daju informacijsku podlogu za određivanje cjenovne strategije domaćim proizvođačima gina.The aim of the work was to determine the willingness to pay of gin consumers in the Zagreb market. An online survey was conducted on a sample of 102 gin consumers. Based on price and quantity data, an empirical demand function for gin was calculated. In the Zagreb market, it is possible to differentiate the price of gin according to consumer segments. A third of respondents are willing to pay a premium price of 40 EUR/0.7L or more for domestic gin. However, this is typically a special occasion purchase. The results of the research provide an informational basis for determining the pricing strategy for domestic gin producers
Artificial intelligence in the production and processing of agricultural products
No full textRad analizira primjenu umjetne inteligencije (UI) u ključnim aspektima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, uključujući optimizaciju uzgoja, preciznu poljoprivredu, prognozu prinosa, kontrolu štetnika i bolesti te transport. Također, obrađena je i primjena UI u procesima dorade i prerade poljoprivredno prehrambenih proizvoda, kao što su sortiranje, pakiranje i praćenje kvalitete, gdje UI doprinosi povećanju učinkovitosti, smanjenju troškova i smanjenju otpada.
Prikazani su primjeri kako su tehnologije UI već počele mijenjati način na koji se poljoprivredna proizvodnja i prerada odvijaju. Posebno se ističe uloga osjetnika u prikupljanju podataka, koje UI potom analizira kako bi se donijele odluke u stvarnom vremenu. Rad također naglašava važnost etičkih i društvenih implikacija primjene UI u poljoprivredi, uključujući pitanja privatnosti i sigurnosti podataka.The paper analyzes in detail the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in key aspects of agricultural production, such as crop optimization, precision agriculture, yield forecasting, pest and disease control and transportation. It also discusses the application of AI in the processing of agricultural products, e.g. in sorting, packaging and quality monitoring, where AI helps to increase efficiency, reduce costs and avoid waste.
Examples are presented of how AI technologies have already started to change agricultural production and processing. In particular, the role of sensors in collecting data, which is then analyzed by AI to make decisions in real time, is highlighted. The paper also discusses the importance of the ethical and social implications of the use of AI in agriculture, including privacy and safety issues
The Use of Sodium Hypochlorite and Plant Preservative Mixture Significantly Reduces Seed-Borne Pathogen Contamination When Establishing In Vitro Cultures of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Seeds
No full textIn vitro plants that are free of pathogens are crucial for biotechnological breeding methods. The present study investigates the effects of sterilization with sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and the addition of Plant Preservative Mixture (PPMTM) to the growth medium on pathogen elimination, germination, and seedling development of the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety Mara. The sterilization treatments differed in the duration of seed sterilization in 4% NaClO and the PPM concentration added to the growth medium. Pathogenic fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Bipolaris were completely eliminated when the seeds were sterilized in NaClO and placed on growth media with the addition of PPM. Extending the duration of the sterilization treatment with NaClO to 50 min reduced Fusarium contamination, while the interaction between the 50 min sterilization treatment with NaClO and the addition of PPM to the growth medium reduced Alternaria contamination. Our results suggest that PPM could complement sterilization procedures with NaClO in the introduction of highly infected wheat seeds in vitro. Seed germination was not affected by sterilization with NaClO or by the addition of PPM. However, PPM at a concentration of 4 mL L−1 had a negative effect on seedling development
Inventory of the tree avenue in the Zagreb settlement Retkovec
No full textU razdoblju od svibnja do lipnja 2024. godine provedeno je terensko istraživanje drvenastih vrsta zasađenih u drvorede na području Starog Retkovca i Novog Retkovca koji zajedno čine naselje Retkovec na području gradske četvrti Dubrava u Zagrebu. Istraživanje je provedeno na 21 mikrolokaciji na području Retkovca u kojima su zastupljeni drvoredi. Tijekom istraživanja utvrđena je botanička pripadnost pojedinih drvorednih stabala i njihova zastupljenost u ukupnom broju stabala istraživanih drvoreda. Daljnja analiza obuhvatila je razdiobu prisutnih vrsta na alohtone i autohtone vrste, te opis ekološke, ekonomske i socijalne uloge najzastupljenijih vrsta. Ukupno su na istraživanim lokacijama determinirane 22 drvenaste vrste. Pri tome su najbrojnije bile vrste iz porodice Malvaceae (23,9 %), a zatim one iz porodica Sapindaceae (20 %), Betulaceae (19,6 %) i Platanaceae (16,9 %). Zatupljenost autohtonih vrsta spram alohtonih je bila nešto veća te je iznosila 69,3 %. Od autohtonih vrsta najzastupljenija je bila vrsta Tilia platyphyllos L., a od alohtonih Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willd.In the period from May to June 2024, a field survey was conducted of woody species planted in tree avenue in the area of Stari Retkovec and Novi Retkovec, which together form the settlement of Retkovec in the area of the city district of Dubrava in Zagreb. The research was conducted to 21 microlocations in the area of Retkovac in which tree avenues are represented. During the research, the botanical affiliation of individual avenue trees and their representation in the total number of trees of the investigated avenues was determined. Further analysis included the division of the present species into allochthonous and autochthonous species, and the description of the ecological, economic and social role of the most common species. 22 woody species were determined at the investigated locations. The most numerous species were from the Malvaceae family (23.9 %), followed by Sapindaceae (20%), Betulaceae (19.6 %) and Platanaceae (16.9 %). The dullness of autochthonous species in relation to allochthonous species was slightly higher and amounted to 69.3 %. Of the autochthonous species, the most common was the species Tilia platyphyllos L., and of the allochthonous Platanus × acerifolia (Aiton) Willd
Marigold extract (Tagetes Erecta L.) in layer hen diets : impact on egg quality and yolk oxidative stability
No full textPrirodni dodaci hrani nesilica poput ekstrakta kadifice mogu pridonijeti oksidacijskoj
stabilnosti žutanjka jaja, ali su bioaktivni spojeva tih dodataka nestabilni. Cilj ovog istraživanja
bio je usporediti učinak inkapsuliranih karotenoida ekstrahiranih iz cvijeta kadifice (Tagetes
erecta L.) sa sintetskim pigmentom (kantaksantinom) na kvalitetu jaja i oksidacijsku stabilnost
žutanjka. Karotenoidi iz praha kadifice ekstrahirani su acetonom, otopljeni u suncokretovom
ulju i inkapsulirani ionskim geliranjem s pomoću natrijevog alginata i kalcijevog klorida.
Nakon sušenja, mikrokapsule su dodane u potpune krmne smjese za nesilice u koncentraciji od
0,5% i 1%. Pokus je proveden prema potpuno nasumičnom rasporedu s tri različita tretmana
[T0 – kontrola standardna smjesa, T1 – 0,5%, T2 – 1% (3 tretmana × 5 kaveza, po 3 kokoši u
svakom)]. Jaja su sakupljena 19., 20., 21. i 22. dana pokusa. Nakon analize kvalitete, žutanjci
su korišteni za određivanje oksidacijske stabilnosti uvjetima željezom inducirane oksidacije
dok su cijela jaja korištena za oksidacijsku stabilnost u različitim uvjetima skladištenja.
Dodatak mikrokapsula ekstrakta kadifice imao je minimalan utjecaj na parametre kvalitete jaja.
Utjecaj na sadržaj malondialdehida (MDA) u žutanjcima tijekom skladištenja jaja nije utvrđen,
ali je dodatak mikrokapsula poboljšao oksidacijsku stabilnost žutanjaka u induciranim
uvjetima. U žutanjcima kontrolne skupine zabilježen je najveći porast sadržaja MDA (288,42
ng/g) nakon 200 minuta inkubacije, dok su tretmani T1 i T2 imali značajno niži sadržaj MDA
(P = 0,0042; redom 184,42 i 187,37 ng/g). Dodatak od 0,5% mikrokapsula u hranu nesilica
pokazao se dovoljnim za očuvanje oksidacijske stabilnosti žutanjka jaja.Natural additives, such as marigold extract, can contribute to the oxidative stability of egg yolk,
but the bioactive compounds in these additives are unstable. The aim of this study was to
compare the effect of encapsulated carotenoids extracted from marigold flowers (Tagetes erecta
L.) with synthetic pigment (canthaxanthin) on egg quality and the yolk oxidative stability.
Carotenoids from marigold meal were extracted with acetone, dissolved in sunflower oil and
encapsulated by ionic gelation with calcium alginate. After drying, the microcapsules were
added to laying hen diet at proportions of 0.5% and 1%. The experiment was carried out
according to a completely randomised design with three different treatments [T0 – control, T1
– 0.5%, T2 – 1% (3 treatments × 5 cages, with 3 hens per cage)]. Eggs were collected on days
19, 20, 21 and 22 of the experiment. After analysing the egg quality, the yolks were used to
determine the oxidative stability under iron-induced oxidation conditions, while the whole eggs
were used to determine the oxidative stability under different storage conditions. The addition
of marigold extract microcapsules had a minimal effect on egg quality. The effect on the
malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the yolk during egg storage was not determined, but the
microcapsule supplementation improved the oxidative stability of the yolk under induced
conditions. The highest increase in MDA content after 200 minutes of incubation was recorded
in the control group (288.42 ng/g), while treatments T1 and T2 had significantly lower MDA
content (P = 0.0042; 184.42 ng/g and 187.37 ng/g, respectively). The addition of 0.5%
microcapsules to the laying hen diet proved to be sufficient to maintain the oxidative stability
of the egg yolk
Comparison of the Nutritional Composition of Meat Products Derived from Croatian Indigenous Pig Breeds
No full textThere is a growing interest in the preservation of indigenous pig breeds, as they serve as a valuable genetic reserve. Pork meat products are widely consumed due to their desirable flavor, which is largely influenced by their chemical composition and the production processes employed. The aim of this study was to characterize and compare the nutritional composition, mineral content, and fatty acid profile of meat products derived from indigenous Croatian pig breeds. Three types of meat products, including bacon, dry-cured ham, and dry-fermented sausages, originating from the Turopolje pig, Black Slavonian pig, and Banijska šara, were collected and analyzed for proximate composition, fatty acid profile, and mineral content. Concerning the proximate analysis, statistically significant differences were found in the water and fat content in bacon and dry-fermented sausages, while the mineral analysis revealed differences in iron content. The fatty acid profile of the tested products was found to be in accordance with previously reported data. The results indicated similarities in chemical composition, mineral content, and fatty acid profile between meat products from different pig breeds; however, performing PCA analysis revealed that the major influence on product and breed characterization could be attributed to differences in fatty acid composition
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT INOCULANT CONCENTRATION APPLICATION ON CHANGES IN ACID CONTENT AND MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF ALFALFA SILAGE DURING AERATION
No full textPrilikom izuzimanja silaža i aeracije, dolazi do aktivnosti aerobnih mikroorganizama i kvarenja silaže, što se očitava razgradnjom mliječne kiseline i hranjivih tvari te povećanjem temperature silaža. Cilj rada bio je istražiti mikrobiološke karakteristike te promjene sadržaja mliječne kiseline i HMK u silaži lucerne siliranoj bez i s tri različite koncentracije inokulanta bakterija mliječne kiseline (BMK) tijekom sedmodnevne aeracije silaže. Silaža lucerne silirana je s tri koncentracije inokulanta koji je kombinacija homofermentativnih i heterofermentativnih BMK (T2: standardna, T3: 1,5x standardne i T4: 2x standardne) te kontrola bez dodatka BMK (T1) u vakuum vrećicama (SmartVac, Status d.o.o.) u peteroplikatu. Nakon 124. dana siliranja, silaže su aerirane tokom 7 dana. Promjena temperature u silažama mjerena je svakih 15 min tijekom cijelog razdoblja aeracije, dok su silaže uzorkovane 0., 3. i 7. dan i analizirane na broj BMK, kvasaca, plijesni i spora bakterija maslačne kiseline (BAB) te sadržaje fermentacijskih parametara. U cijelom periodu aeracije sve testirane silaže ostale su aerobno stabilne. Međutim, T1 i T4 na kraju aeracije imale su 3x veće vrijednosti mliječne kiseline nego T2 i T3 ukazujući na neočekivanu izrazitu homofermentativnu aktivnost u T4. Primjena inokulanta na silaže imala je pozitivan utjecaj na sadržaj octene kiseline na kraju aeracije u usporedbi s kontrolom (38 – 47 g/kg ST u T2 – T4 vs. 30 g/kg ST u T1) i sadržaj propionske kiseline (0,83 – 3,32 g/kg ST u T2 – T4 vs. 0,76 g/kg ST u T1). Najveći sadržaj maslačne kiseline na kraju aeracije bio je u T3 u kojem je bio i najveći broj BAB. Primjena inokulanta imala je pozitivan utjecaj na broj BMK na kraju aeracije (oko 1,16x više BMK u T2 – T4), dok su kvasci i plijesni bili ispod prosjeka u svim testiranim silažama (kvasci < 3,1 log10 CFU/g, plijesni < 4,1 log10 CFU/g). Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako je inokulant poželjno koristiti u koncentraciji preporučenoj od strane proizvođača jer ta koncentracija omogućava optimalnu aktivnost homofermentativnih i heterofermentativnih BMK te proizvodnju silaže s optimalnim sadržajem mliječne kiseline i HMK za aerobnu stabilnost.During silage sampling and aeration, the activity of aerobic microorganisms leads to silage deterioration which is indicated by the degradation of lactic acid, nutrient loss and an increase in silage temperature. This study aimed to investigate microbiological characteristics as well as changes of content in lactic acid and VFA in alfalfa silage ensiled without and with three different concentrations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant during a seven-day silage aeration. Alfalfa silage was ensiled with three combined concentrations of homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB inoculant (T2: standard, T3: 1.5x standard and T4: 2x standard) and control without LAB inoculant (T1) in vacuum bags (SmartVac, Status d.o.o.). All of the treatments were sampled in five repetitions. After 124 days of ensilling, the silages were subjected to aeration for 7 days. The change in silage temperatures were measured every 15 minutes during the whole aeration period and were sampled 0th, 3rd and 7th day to determine the number of LAB, yeasts, moulds, and spores of butyric acid (BAB), as well as fermentation parameters. During the entire period of aeration, all the tested silages remained aerobically stable. However, T1 and T4 had 3x higher lactic acid values when compared to T2 and T3, thus showing an unexpectedly pronounced homofermentative activity in T4. Inoculant application had a positive influence on acetic acid content at the end of aeration when compared to the control group (38 – 47 g/kg DM in T2 – T4 vs. 30 g/kg DM in T1) and propionic acid (0.83 – 3.32 g/kg DM in T2 – T4 vs. 0.76 g/kg DM in T1). The highest butyric content was in T3, which also had the highest number of BAB. Inoculant application showed a positive effect on LAB numbers at the end of aeration (about 1.16x more LAB in T2 – T4 ) while yeasts and moulds were below average in all tested silages (yeasts < 3.1 log10 CFU/g, moulds < 4.1 log10 CFU/g). The results show when using an inoculant, it is preferred to use the concentration recommended by the producer, because that concentration enables the optimal activity of homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB and the production of silage with an optimal content of lactic acid and VFA for aerobic stability