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Analysis of traffic recovery in Europe after the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textCovid pandemija imala je značajan utjecaj na zračni promet. Zbog uvedenih restrikcija putovanja i pandemijskih mjera, uzrokovala je drastični pad u broju letova i broju putnika te je imala negativan učinak na prihod industrije avijacije i zaposlenost. Referentna godina s kojom se uspoređuju prometni podaci za vrijeme i nakon pandemije je 2019. godina jer je ona godina s najvećim brojem operacija zrakoplova u povijesti te rekordna po svim parametrima. Cilj ovog završnog rada je usporediti i analizirati parametre zračnog prometa članica Europske Unije prije i poslije SARS-CoV-2 pandemije koristeći Network Strategic Tool (NEST), tj. alat razvijen od strane EUROCONTOL-a koji služi za uvoz i izvoz podataka, simuliranje, vizualizaciju te analizu podataka o zračnom prostoru, mreži ruta i letovima.The Covid pandemic has had a significant impact on air travel. Due to travel restrictions and lockdown, it caused a drastic decline in the number of flights and passenger numbers and had a negative impact on aviation industry revenue and employment. The reference year with which traffic data are compared during and after the pandemic is 2019 because it is the year with the highest number of aircraft operations in history and a record for all parameters. The aim of this seminar paper is to compare and analyze the air traffic parameters of eu member states before and after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic using the Network Strategic Tool, i.e. a tool developed by EUROCONTOL that serves to import and export data, simulate, visualize and analyze data on airspace, route network and flights
Electric vehicles in the function of sustainable development of road traffic
No full textElektrična vozila nova su vrsta vozila kojima se namjeravaju zamijeniti tradicionalna
vozila s unutarnjim izgaranjem. Električnim vozilima teži se jer su bolji u pogledu kvalitete
zraka, buke, emisije štetnih plinova i prostornom planiranju u odnosu na vozila s unutarnjim
izgaranje. Kod električnih vozila javlja se problem u njihovom dometu s jednim punjenjem i
recikliranju baterija i malim brojem punionica. Električna vozila predstavljaju neizostavan dio
budućnosti cestovnog prometa u smislu individualnog i javnog gradskog električnog prometa,
ali ovise o spremnosti država da ulažu u razvoj infrastrukture, osiguraju ekonomske poticaje
te prilagode zakonske okvire.Electric vehicles are a new type of vehicle intended to replace traditional internal
combustion vehicles. They are preferred because they offer better air quality, noise reduction,
lower emissions of harmful gases, and better spatial planning compared to internal
combustion vehicles. However, electric vehicles face challenges related to their range with a
single charge, battery recycling, and the limited number of charging stations. Electric vehicles
represent an indispensable part of the future of road transport, both in terms of individual
and public urban electric transport, but they depend on the willingness of states to invest in
infrastructure development, provide economic incentives, and adjust the legal framework
Technological Development of Cargo City to Increase Airport Competitiveness
No full textZračne luke imaju jednu od najznačajnijih uloga u razvoju zračnog prometa, a
kako bi se na siguran i učinkovit način zadovoljili sve veći tržišni zahtjevi nužno je da
planiraju i razvijaju svoje tehničke, tehnološke i kapacitivne sadržaje. Robni promet u
zrakoplovstvu nije eksponiran na razini putničkog, međutim, stalnim rastom i razvojem
internetske trgovine, osnivanjem brojnih logističkih kompanija i distributera, robni
prijevoz zrakoplovom dobiva na značaju, a konkurentska prednost prijevoza robe
zrakoplovima očituje se brzinom i visokom razinom sigurnosti. Zračne luke razvojem
infrastrukturnih sadržaja mogu značajno pridonijeti razvoju gradova u kojim se nalaze
i statusu zračnog prometa na tržištu, a upravo je model Airport Cargo City-a suvremen
i efikasan način da zračna luka učvrsti svoj status čvorišta transportnih lanaca i
pridonese industrijskom razvoju regije u kojoj se nalazi. U radu je prikazano na koji se
način zračna luka može razvijati sa stajališta prometne i infrastrukturne učinkovitosti
povećanjem robnog prometa i sadržaja koji to omogućuje s ciljem ukazivanja na ulogu
i vrijednost koju razvoj sadržaja kao što je Cargo City može imati u pogledu prometne,
industrijske, infrastrukturne i regionalne razvijenosti.Airports have a significant role in the development of air traffic, and in order to
meet growing market demands securely and efficiently, it is a necessity that they plan
and develop their technical, technological, and capacity facilities. While cargo traffic
isn't as exposed as passenger traffic, with the continuous growth and advancement of
internet trade, the establishment of numerous logistics companies and distributors, air
cargo transportation is gaining significance. The competitive advantage of air cargo
transportation manifests through its speed and high level of safety. By enhancing their
infrastructure, airports can substantially contribute to the development of the cities they
are situated in and elevate the status of air traffic in the market. The Airport Cargo City
model is a modern and efficient way for the airport to strengthen its status as a hub of
transport chains and contribute to the industrial development of the region it resides in.
This thesis demonstrates how an airport can be developed from the standpoint of traffic
and infrastructural efficiency, by increasing cargo traffic and the associated facilities,
with the aim of highlighting the role and value that the development of content like
Cargo City can have in terms of traffic, industrial, infrastructural, and regional
advancement
Analysis of the National Access Point for Exchange of Traffic and Travel Data
No full textDanas inteligentni transportni sustavi koriste napredne tehnologije i digitalizaciju kako bi
optimizirali upravljanje prometom, poboljšali sigurnost i učinkovitost te pružili ažurne
informacije u stvarnom vremenu. Nacionalna pristupna točka predstavlja infrastukturni ključ
inteligentnih transportnih sustava omogućujući centralizirano prikupljanje i razmjenu
prometnih informacija na nacionalnoj razini, što poboljšava koordinaciju među različitim
sustavima i pružateljima usluga. NPT omogućava prikupljanje, pohranu, obradu i distribuciju
prometnih informacija iz različitih izvora poput kamera i senzora, čime se povećava sigurnost, učinkovitost i održivost prometa. NPT standardizira pristup podatcima, olakšavajući njihovu
upotrebu različitim korisnicima, uključujući javne uprave, pružatelje usluga i građane, što
optimizira upravljanje prometnom mrežom i smanjuje operativne troškove. Rad obuhvaća
dubinsku analizu koncepta nacionalne pristupne točke uz strukturalnu i funkcionalnu analizu, te pregled relevantnih protokola, izazova i prilika razvoja nacionalnih pristupnih točaka.Nowadays intelligent transport systems utilize advanced technologies and digitalization to
optimize traffic management, enhance safety and efficiency, and provide up-to-date real- time information. The National Access Point (NAP) represents an infrastructural cornerstone
of intelligent transport systems, enabling centralized collection and exchange of traffic
information at the national level, which improves coordination among different systems and
service providers. The NAP facilitates the collection, storage, processing, and distribution of
traffic information from various sources, such as cameras and sensors, thereby increasing the
safety, efficiency, and sustainability of traffic. The NAP standardizes data access, making it
easier for various users, including public authorities, service providers, and citizens, to utilize
the information, which optimizes traffic network management and reduces operational costs. This paper includes an in-depth analysis of the National Access Point concept, along with a
structural and functional analysis, and a review of relevant protocols, challenges, and
opportunities for the development of National Access Points
Electric Energy Balance for the ZLIN 242 L Airplane
No full textU ovom radu je obrađena električna mreža zrakoplova Zlin 242L te je provedeno
ispitivanje mreže, odnosno električnog napona i jakosti struje izvora električne energije, tokom
5 režima leta; polijetanje, penjanje, krstarenje, spuštanje i slijetanje. Navedenih 5 režima leta
mjereno je u dva moda rada, normalna eksploatacija i eksploatacija sa svim uključenim
električnim potrošačima. Svi podaci korišteni tokom istraživanja su dobiveni tokom stvarne
eksploatacije zrakoplova koji je u vlasništvu Hrvatskog Ratnog Zrakoplovstva. Pomoću
prikupljenih podataka napravljen je dijagram opterećenja električnog izvora te je određena
potrošnja pojedinih potrošača i njihov utjecaj na istrajnost akumulatora. Zatim su dobiveni
podaci uspoređeni s podacima iz AFM-a. Zaključeno je da je potrošnja električne energije,
neovisno o modu rada, u režimima penjanja, krstarenja te spuštanja gotovo ista, a najveća tokom
polijetanja i slijetanja. Međutim, razlika u potrošnji između normalnog moda rada i
maksimalnog opterećenja (simulacija leta noću u uvjetima zaleđivanja) iznosi 90,5 %. Također,
određeno je opterećenje električne mreže od strane pojedinih potrošača te je pomoću toga
izračunata istrajnost akumulatora u slučaju otkaza generatora koja iznosi 3,17 sati pri
normalnom radu, a pri maksimalnom opterećenju 1,06 sati. Time je utvrđeno da akumulator
pruža više nego dovoljno vremena pilotu kako bi osigurao sigurno slijetanje.This paper analyzes the electrical network of the Zlin 242L aircraft and tests electrical
grid, meaning its electrical current and voltage from the power source, during 5 flight regimes:
takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing. Those 5 flight regimes were measured in 2 modes,
during normal operation and with all electrical consumers turned on. All dana used during
research were obtained in real flight with the aircraft owned by Croatian AirForce. Collected
data was then used to make a load diagram of aircraft power source and to determine individual
electrical consumer's onsumption of electrical energy and their impact on battery endurance.
Results were then matched with the data found in AFM. It was conculded that the consumption
of electrical energy, independent of flight mode, was nearly identical during climbing, cruising
and descending, and peaked during take-off and landing. However, the difference in
consumption between normal operation and maximum load (simulated flight at night in icing
conditions) is 90,5 %. Also, the load on the electrical network by individual consumers was
determined, and with this the endurance of the battery, in case of generator failure, was
calculated to be 3,17 h during normal operations, and 1,06 h during maximum load. This
determined that the battery provided more than enough time for the pilot to ensure a safe
landing
Tariffs in Road Transport and their Role in the Overall Transport Activity
No full textTarife u cestovnom prometu važan su element u organizaciji i funkcioniranju
cjelokupnog prometnog sustava. One definiraju strukturu cijena prijevoza robe i
putnika određujući ekonomsku isplativost i učinkovitost prijevoznih usluga. U širem
kontekstu ukupne prometne djelatnosti tarife su usko povezane s održivim razvojem,
konkurentnošću na tržištu, te prilagodbom prema rastućim potrebama modernog
društva. Kako se prometna industrija suočava s dinamičnim promjenama u
tehnologiji, regulaciji i potražnji uloga tarifa postaje sve složenija i zahtijeva stalnu
prilagodbu kako bi se osigurala ravnoteža između interesa prijevoznika, korisnika i
šire zajednice. U cestovnom prometu postoji nekoliko vrsta tarifa koje se određuju
ovisno o vrsti prijevoznog sredstva, vrsti usluge i načinu naplate.Tariffs in road transport are an important element in the organization and functioning
of the entire transport system. They define the price structure for the transportation of
goods and passengers, determining the economic profitability and efficiency of
transportation services. In the broader context of overall transport activities, tariffs are
closely related to sustainable development, competitiveness on the market, and
adaptation to the growing needs of modern society. As the transportation industry
faces dynamic changes in technology, regulation, and demand, the role of tariffs
becomes increasingly complex and requires constant adjustment to ensure a balance
between the interests of carriers, users, and the wider community. In road transport
there are several types of tariffs that are determined depending on the type of means
of transport, the type of service and the method of payment
Analysis of the Traffic Signs Quality on State Roads of Zadar County
No full textOvaj završni rad analizira kvalitetu prometnih znakova na državnim cestama Zadarske
županije, ističući njihovu važnost za sigurnost i učinkovitost prometnog sustava. Rad pokriva razne
teme vezane uz prometne znakove, primjerice njihove materijale, funkcije i utjecaj okolišnih
faktora. Analizirani su i materijali korišteni u izradi znakova, s posebnim naglaskom na
retroreflektirajuće materijale te njihovu otpornost na uvjete okoline kao što su UV zračenje, vlaga
i zagađenje. Rad istražuje metode ispitivanja i održavanja znakova, kao i primjenu naprednih
tehnologija i materijala za poboljšanje njihove kvalitete. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati prometne
znakove na državnim cestama na području Zadarske županije temeljem podataka o tehničkim
karakteristikama prometnih znakova dobivenih ispitivanjem provedenim od strane Zavoda za
prometnu signalizaciju, Fakulteta prometnih znanosti, Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.This thesis analyzes the quality of traffic signs on state roads in Zadar County, highlighting
their importance for the safety and efficiency of the traffic system. The paper covers various topics
related to traffic signs, such as their materials, functions, and the impact of environmental factors.
The materials used in the production of signs are also analyzed, with a particular emphasis on
retroreflective materials and their resistance to environmental conditions such as UV radiation,
moisture, and pollution. The study explores methods for the inspection and maintenance of signs,
as well as the application of advanced technologies and materials to improve their quality. The aim
of this paper is to analyze traffic signs on state roads in Zadar County based on data on the technical
characteristics of traffic signs obtained from tests conducted by the Department of Traffic
Signalization, Faculty of Transport and Traffic Sciences, University of Zagreb
A generic model for evaluation of vertical flight efficiency in climb and descent phases
No full textVertikalna učinkovitost leta zrakoplova ključna je za procjenu ekonomskih i okolišnih utjecaja
sustava upravljanja zračnim prometom (Air Traffic Management - ATM). Vertikalne
neučinkovitosti leta rezultiraju povećanim utjecajem na okoliš i nameću financijske terete
korisnicima zračnog prostora. Operacije kontinuiranog penjanja i poniranja se preporučuju
kako bi se riješili ovi problemi. Ovaj rad predstavlja generički model za kvantificiranje
vertikalnih neučinkovitosti leta i predstavlja empirijske rezultate koji ilustriraju njihov
ekonomski i ekološki utjecaj. Osim toga, detaljno opisuje pozadinu istraživanja, konceptualni
i metodološki okvir, te predstavlja rezultate provedene studije slučaja za prikaz primjene
modela. Model pomaže identificirati optimalne strategije za poboljšanje učinkovitosti leta,
promičući održivi razvoj ATM sustava, što je prikazano u sažetku rezultata ovog rada.Vertical flight efficiency is crucial for assessing the economic and environmental impacts of
Air Traffic Management (ATM) systems. Vertical flight inefficiencies result in increased
environmental impact and impose financial burdens on airspace users. Continuous climb and
descent operations are recommended to address these issues. This paper introduces a generic
model for quantifying vertical flight inefficiencies and presents empirical results illustrating
their economic and ecological impact. Additionally, it details the research background,
conceptual and methodological framework, and presents case study results to demonstrate the
model's application. The model helps identify optimal strategies for improving flight efficiency,
promoting the sustainable development of the ATM system, as summarized in the paper's
findings
An overview of postal equipment functional and operational features
No full textU radu je prikazana poštanska tehnika, odnosno tehnička sredstva koja se koriste u
svakoj fazi prijenosa poštanskih pošiljaka. Sva navedena tehnička sredstva u ovom radu
pomažu poštanskim operatorima u pružanju njihovih poštanskih usluga. Najbolji primjeri su
poštanske vage, strojevi za automatsku razradu pismovnih i paketskih pošiljaka, električni
tricikl, dronovi i paketomati. Jedna od novijih tehničkih sredstava koja se koriste u poštanskom
prometu su automatizirani paketomati i dronovi za dostavu paketa. U radu su prikazane njihove
prednosti i nedostaci. Svako navedeno tehničko sredstvo poboljšava kvalitetu poštanskih
usluga.In this paperwork are reviewed postal tehnicques, focusing on the tehnical means
which are used in every phase of distribution of postal items. All these tehnical means assist
postal operators in providing their postal services. The best examples include postal scales,
automated letter sorting machines, automated parcel sorting machines, electric tricycles,
drones and parcel lockers. Some of the new ones are automated parcel machines and package
delivery drones. Their advantages and disadvantages are also reviewed in this paperwork. Each
of the mentioned technical means improves the quality of postal services
Analysis of the effects of fatigue and circadian rhythm on air traffic controller work
No full textCirkadijski sat na temelju ciklusa dana i noći upravlja psihičkim i fizičkim promjenama
kod ljudi. Sve te promjene do kojih svaki dan dolazi kod ljudi, utječu i na njihovu sposobnost
izvršavanja raznih zadaća. Dužnosti koje kontrolori zračnog prometa izvršavaju tijekom svog
rada zahtijevaju dostatnu razinu znanja, vještine i kvalitete rada. Umor ima degradirajući
utjecaj, ne samo na rad ljudi, već i na njihovo dugoročno zdravlje. Rizik koji je povezan s njim
je neizbježan, stoga ga je potrebno prepoznati i upravljati njime na način da se svede na što
manju moguću razinu kako bi se svakodnevne zrakoplovne operacije odvijale sigurno. Cilj
ovog diplomskog rada je da se analizira kako i u kojoj mjeri umor utječe na rad oblasnih
kontrolora zračnog prometa.The circadian clock manages human mental and physical changes based on the day
and night cycle. All those changes which happen every day with humans, affect their ability
to perform different tasks. The duties which air traffic controllers perfom during their work
demand sufficient knowledge, skill and quality of work. Fatigue has a degrading effect, not
only on people's work, but also on their longterm health. The risk which is associated with it
is inevitable, therefore it is neccessary to identify it and manage it in a way that it is reduced
to the lowest possible level so that daily aviation operations can happen safely. The goal of
this thesis is to analyse how and to what extent fatigue affects area air traffic controller's
work