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Comparison of Air Traffic Complexity and Variability in the Countries of Central and Southeast Europe
No full textOvaj rad se bavi temom kompleksnosti i varijabilnosti zračnog prometa zemalja Srednje i Jugoistočne Europe u koje su svrstane Austrija, Mađarska, Slovačka, Češka, Hrvatska, Slovenija, Bosna i Hercegovina, Srbija, Crna Gora, Albanija, Sjeverna Makedonija, Bugarska i Rumunjska. Analizira se njihov zračni prostor te pripadnost europskim organizacijama i inicijativama usko vezanim za pružanje usluga zračne plovidbe. Objašnjava se izračun kompleksnosti zračnog prometa korištenjem PRU modela u NEST softveru te način računanja varijabilnosti. Prikazan je postupak vađenja podataka iz NEST-a .potrebnih za izračun obiju vrijednosti. Mjeseci veljača, svibanj i kolovoz 2019. godine su definirani period, uzet za potrebe računanja i prikazivanja rezultata konačnih izračuna u radu. Konačni rezultati kompleksnosti i varijabilnosti prometa se uspoređuju među državama.This paper deals with the topic of air traffic complexity and variability in the countries of Central and Southeast Europe implying Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, The Czech Republic, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Romania. Their airspace is analyzed as well as their involvement in European organizations and initiatives, which are closely related to providing air navigation services. It is explained how air traffic complexity is calculated with the usage of the PRU model in the NEST software and how air traffic variability is calculated. For both of those values, the procedure of extraction of required data from the NEST software for mentioned calculations is explained. Months February, May and August of the year 2019 are the defined period, taken for computing needs and the representation of final results of the calculation in this paper. The final results o fair traffic complexity and variability are comapred between countries
Traffic Analysis of Extented Vrapčanska Street in the City of Zagreb
No full textSvrha istraživanja diplomskog rada je kroz provedbu detaljne prometne analize ustvrditi prometnu opravdanost novog prometnog pravca produžene Vrapčanske ulice. Zapadnom dijelu Grada Zagreba nedostaje povezanost sjever-jug i obrnuto, također nedostaje most preko rijeke Save te spoj na zagrebačku obilaznicu. Prema generalnom urbanističkom planu (GUP-u) Grada Zagreba definirane su nove trase cestovnih prometnica i pripadajućih raskrižja. Produžena Vrapčanska od iznimne je važnosti za povezivanje zapadnog dijela grada u smjeru sjever-jug i obrnuto. Analizirana je trenutna i buduća prijevozna potražnja na trasi, te prometni parametri raskrižja: razina usluge, stupanj zasićenja, vrijeme čekanja i repovi čekanja. U diplomskom radu će se dati idejno rješenje kako postojećih tako i novih raskrižja. Posebna pozornost obratit će se na lokaciju novog mosta.The purpose of this research othesis is to establish the traffic justification of the new traffic route of the extended Vrapčanska Street through the implementation of a detailed traffic analysis. The western part of the City of Zagreb lacks a north-south connection and vice versa, it also lacks a bridge over the Sava River and a connection to the Zagreb bypass. According to the General Urban Plan (GUP) of the City of Zagreb, new routes of roads and associated intersections have been defined. The extended Vrapčanska is extremely important for connecting the western part of the city in the north-south direction and vice versa. The current and future transport demand on the route is analyzed, as well as the traffic parameters of the intersection: service level, degree of saturation, waiting time and waiting tails. The thesis will provide a conceptual solution for both existing and new intersections. Special attention will be paid to the location of the new bridge
Relationship Between the Retroreflectivity of Road Markings and the Frequency of Traffic Accidents During Night-time
No full textOznake na kolniku predstavljaju horizontalnu prometnu signalizaciju koja korištenjem i kombinacijom crta, natpisa i simbola oblikuje prometnu površinu. Njihova je osnovna svrha vizualno vođenje i upozoravanje sudionika u prometu osiguravajući im pravovremeno uočavanje prometne situacije na svakom dijelu prometnice. Posebno je važno da su oznake na kolniku jasno i dovoljno vidljive u noćnim i uvjetima slabe vidljivosti što dodatno povećava razinu sigurnosti u prometu. Vidljivost oznaka na kolniku postiže se retroreflektirajućim materijalima, odnosno staklenim perlama. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada je utvrditi vezu između kvalitete retrorefleksije oznaka na kolniku i učestalosti nastanka prometnih nesreća u noćnim uvjetima. U detaljnoj analizi obrađeni su podaci o prometnim nesrećama koje su se dogodile u noćnim uvjetima s vrstom i posljedicama prometnih nesreća, stanjem površine kolnika i retrorefleksijom oznaka na kolniku. Dobivenim rezultatima potvrđena je pretpostavka kako se smanjenjem vrijednosti retrorefleksije oznaka na kolniku, ali i uz djelovanje drugih čimbenika smanjuje njihova vidljivost što u konačnici može dovesti do povećanja broja prometnih nesreća uzrokovanih slijetanjem vozila s kolnika i udarom vozila na/u objekt kraj/na cesti.Road markings represent horizontal signalling which by using and combining lines, inscriptions and symbols shape the traffic area. The main purpose is to visually guide and warn traffic participants ensuring them timely observation of the traffic situation on every part of the road. It is especially important that the road markings are clearly and sufficiently visible at night and in low visibility conditions which further increases the level of traffic safety. The visibility of the road markings is achieved by retroreflective materials, that is glass beads. The aim of this thesis is to determine the relationship between the quality of retroreflection of road markings and the frequency of traffic accidents during night-time. In a detailed analysis, the data of traffic accidents that occurred during night-time with the type and consequences of traffic accidents, the condition of the road surface and the retroreflection of road markings were processed. The obtained results confirmed the assumption that reducing the value of retroreflection of markings on the road, but also with the action of other factors reduces their visibility, which may ultimately lead to an increase in traffic accidents caused by vehicles landing from the road and hitting on/into the object near/on the road
Comparison of Charging and Billing Systems in Mobile Communications Networks
No full textProces naplate u pokretnim komunikacijskim mrežama predstavlja skup procesa koji su odgovorni za prikupljanje podataka o korištenju, računanju troškova, izdavanje računa za korisnike, procesiranje plaćanja, te upravljanje naplatom duga. U radu su prikazani navedeni procesi, sudionici u pružanju/korištenju usluga i naplati korištenja, te različita standardizacijska tijela koja sudjeluju u reguliranju sustava terećenja i naplate. Posebna pozornost je na navedenim standardizacijskim tijelima koji donose odluke vezano za terećenje i naplatu, ali ne rade uvijek zajedno, tj. ne dijele iste poslovne modele. Zbog toga su prikazane različite arhitekture terećenja i naplate, ali i prijedlozi poboljšanja postojećih poslovnih modela.The billing process in mobile communications networks is a set of processes that are responsible for collecting usage data, calculating costs, issuing invoices to customers, processing payments, and managing debt collection. The paper presents the mentioned processes, participants in the provision/use of services and charging of use, and also various standardization bodies that participate in the regulation of the charging and billing system. Special attention is paid to the above standardization bodies that make decisions regarding charging and billing, but do not always work together, i.e. do not share the same business models. Therefore, different charging and billing architectures are presented, as well as suggestions for improving existing business models
Analysis of driver information on the operation of advanced road vehicle safety systems
No full textADAS sustavi predstavljaju modernizaciju korištenja konvencionalnog osobnog automobila i pospješuje povećanje cestovne sigurnosti. Kombinacijom standardnih i ADAS sustava, može se reći da nastaje polu-autonomno vozilo koje svojim načinom rada, radarima i senzorima pomaže vozaču i upozorava ga na opasnosti koje prijete u cestovnom prometu te smanjuje nastale posljedice od neizbježnih prometnih nesreća. U Hrvatskoj je stopa smrtnih slučajeva u prometnim nesrećama u padu, a integracijom vozila sa naprednim sustavima za pomoć vozaču te odgovarajućom edukacijom postojećih i novih vozača, navedena stopa bi rapidno došla do nule stvarajući tako sigurniju sliku prometne sigurnosti i smanjenje smrtnosti na cestama. Napredni sustavi za pomoć vozaču funkcioniraju na individualne načine preko radara, senzora, kamera, sustava integriranih u interijer vozila te provjerom stanja vozača. Ukoliko sustav prepozna da vozaču prijeti opasnost, može preuzeti apsolutnu kontrolu nad vozilom kako bi preventivno ili korektivno uklonilo opasnost ili može obavijestiti vozača vizualnim ili auditivnim signalima da poduzme odgovarajuće radnje. Stanje educiranosti i razmišljanja o ADAS sustavima u Hrvatskoj dobit će se provođenjem anketnog upitnika na mlađu i stariju populaciju vozača u Hrvatskoj te će se statističkom obradom istih rezultata utvrditi trenutno stanje i mogući postupci povećanja osviještenosti o dobrim stranama ADAS sustava.ADAS systems represent a modernization of the use of a conventional passenger car and contribute to the improvement of road safety. By combining standard and ADAS systems, we can say that a semi-autonomous vehicle is created that with its mode of operation, radars and sensors helps the driver and warns him of the dangers that threaten road traffic and reduces the consequences of unavoidable accidents. In Croatia, the death rate in traffic accidents is declining, and by integrating vehicles with advanced driver assistance systems and appropriate education of existing and new drivers, this rate would rapidly reach zero, thus creating a safer picture of road safety and reducing road deaths. Advanced driver assistance systems operate in individual ways via radar, sensors, cameras, systems integrated into the vehicle's interior and by checking the driver's condition. If the system recognizes that the driver is in danger, it can take absolute control of the vehicle to remove the danger preventively or correctively, or it can inform the driver by visual or auditory signals to take appropriate action. The state of education and opinions about ADAS systems in Croatia will be obtained by conducting a survey questionnaire on the younger and older population of drivers in Croatia and statistical processing of the same results will determine the current situation and possible procedures to increase awareness of the benefits of ADAS
Transport Processes Improving According E-commerce Characteristics
No full textU ovom radu se obrađuje pojam elektroničke trgovine, njegove značajke poslovanja i njegov utjecaj na prijevozne procese. Zbog aktualnosti interneta sve više poduzeća svoje poslovanje okreće prema e-trgovini, pa zbog toga internet trgovine bilježe rast prodaje što znači da ima sve više korisnika koji koriste e-trgovinu. Analiziraju se robni tokovi kroz koje roba prolazi da bi došla do krajnjeg korisnika. Internet trgovina je omogućila pojavu virtualnih prodavaonica i novog, virtualnog tržišta koje ne poznaje granice. Istražuju se strategije optimizacije prijevoza u skladu s potrebama elektroničkog poslovanja i elektroničke trgovine. S time, u svezi je uzet primjer Mall.hr.This paper deals with the concept of electronic commerce, its business characteristics and its impact on transport processes. Due to the topicality of the Internet, more and more companies are turning their business to e-commerce, which is why online stores are recording sales growth, which means that there are more and more users who use e-commerce. The goods flows through which the goods pass in order to reach the end user are analyzed. Internet commerce has enabled the emergence of virtual stores and a new, virtual market that knows no boundaries. Transport optimization strategies in line with the needs of e-business and e-commerce are explored. In this regard, the example of Mall.hr was taken in this regard
Analysis of autonomy levels in road transportation vehicles
No full textU ovom radu prikazan je početak razvoja autonomnih vozila počevši od prvog preuređenog vozila kojim se uspjelo upravljati putem računalnih naredbi. Zatim je definirano šest razina autonomnosti vozila koje započinju od nulte razine koja nema automatizacije do pete razine koja predstavlja potpunu automatizaciju vozila što znači da vozač više nije potreban. Danas se najčešće koriste vozila prve i druge razine automatizacije. U radu su opisana dva vozila Tesla i Audi A8 koji spadaju u razinu dva, te prvi automobil treće razine Honda Legend. Nadalje su objašnjeni glavni sustavi, koji pokreću vozilo i omogućuju mu prepoznavanje i snalaženje u okolini, kao što je radar, lidar sustav, gps, računalni vid, klijentski i akcijski sustav. Razvoj autonomnih vozila uporabom novih tehnologija ima veliki utjecaj na mobilnost i sigurnost u cestovnom prometu.This paper presents the beginning of the development of autonomous vehicles starting from the first redesigned vehicle that was managed to be controlled by computer commands. Then, six levels of vehicle autonomy are defined, starting from the zero level, which has no automation, to the fifth level, which represents the complete automation of the vehicle, which means that the driver is no longer needed. Today, vehicles of the first and second level of automation are most often used. The paper describes two vehicles Tesla and Audi A8 that belong to level two, and the first car of the third level Honda Legend. The main systems that drive the vehicle and enable it to recognize and navigate the environment, such as radar, lidar system, gps, computer vision, client and action system, are further explained. The development of autonomous vehicles using new technologies has a major impact on mobility and road safety
Analysis of Urban Mobility for People with Disabilities
No full textU završnom radu razradit će se pojam analize mobilnosti osoba s invaliditetom u gradovima te će se kroz empirijski dio rada pobliže analizirati zakonske propise Republike Hrvatske koji se tiču mobilnosti osoba s invaliditetom. Cilj je ovoga rada, temeljem iznešenih podataka donijeti zaključke, odnosno rješenja i prijedloge za poboljšanje uvjeta mobilnosti osoba s invaliditetom u gradovima. U svrhu izrade završnog rada, koriste se deduktivne metode analize i deskripcije. Njima se definiraju pojmovi mobilnosti, invaliditeta, sigurnosti u prometu te se uz navedene pobliže i pojašnjavaju zakonski propisi o prijevozu i mobilnosti osoba s invaliditetom u Republici Hrvatskoj. Kroz rad se analiziraju teorijska razmatranja raznih autora pomoću kojih se pobliže pojašnjavaju navedeni pojmovi i temeljem kojih se donose rješenja i zaključci.This undergraduate thesis covers the topic of urban mobility for people with disabilites. In the empirical part of the paper, the legislation of the Republic of Croatia related to the mobility of people with disabilities is analyzed thoroughly. The aim of this paper, based on the presented data, is to present conclusions, i.e. solutions and proposals for improving mobility for people with disabilities in cities. For this undergraduate thesis, deductive methods of analysis and description are used. They define the concepts of mobility, disability, road safety and, in addition to the above, legal regulations on transport and mobility for people with disabilities in the Republic of Croatia are stated. This undergraduate thesis also analyzes theoretical considerations of various authors, which are used to clarify the mentioned concepts and based on these, solutions and conclusions are presented
Overview of the Development and Application of Wireless Communication Technologies for IoT
No full textKoncept interneta stvari u stalnom je razvoju s ciljem poboljšanja kvalitete života. Osnovni primjer takvih uređaja može se vidjeti kod raznih kućanskih aparata, rasvjete ili drugih uređaja u brojnim pametnim kućanstvima. Osim toga, postoje i druga razna područja primjene internet stvari poput pametnog grada, zdravstva, transporta, okoliša, energije i proizvodnje. U ovom završnom radu definiran je pojam koncepta internet stvari i dati osvrt na područja primjene ovog koncepta. Analizirane su najznačajnije bežične komunikacijske tehnologije primjenjive u spomenutom konceptu, koje smo podijelili na tehnologije dugog i kratkog dometa. Ključni sigurnosni problemi unutar IoT sustava su povjerljivi podaci i provjera identiteta. Završno su istaknuti najvažniji izazovi komunikacije u konceptu IoT, od kojih je ključan izazov sigurnost.The concept of the Internet of Things is constantly evolving with the aim of improving the quality of life. A basic example of such devices can be seen in various household appliances, lighting or other devices in many smart households. In addition, there are other various areas of application of the Internet of Things like smart city, healthcare, transportation, environment, energy and manufacturing. In this final paper, the concept of the Internet of Things concept is defined and a review of the areas of application of this concept is given. The most significant wireless communication technologies applicable in the mentioned concept are analyzed, which we have divided into long-range and short-range technologies. Key security issues within the IoT system are confidential data and authentication. Finally, the most important communication challenges in the IoT concept are highlighted, of which the key challenge is security
Optimization of the Transport Logistics Process Using E-documents
No full textProvedba međunarodnog i domaćeg prijevoza nije izvediva bez prateće dokumentacije. Ručni način obrade i prijenosa prijevoznih isprava u logističkim tvrtkama se sve više smanjuje, no napretkom tehnologije sve više se koristi elektronički način obrade i prijenosa kako bi se smanjila papirnata dokumentacija. U tome je najviše pomogla elektronička razmjena podataka (engl. EDI- Electronic Data Interchange) koja omogućuje prijenos i obradu na moderan i automatiziran način. Učinkoviti elektronički i automatizirani sustavi poboljšavaju brzinu prijenosa i čine regulacijski sustav transparentnim i predvidljivim. Jedan od tih sustava je blockchain za koji se vjeruje da je tehnologija 21. stoljeća, te da će doprinijeti brojnim poboljšanjima. Blockchain omogućuje prijenos prava vlasništva nad teretom sigurno i transparentno, u puno kraćem roku nego što je trenutno potrebno.The implementation of international and domestic transport is not feasible without supporting documentation. The manual method of processing and transmission of transport documents in logistics companies is decreasing, but with the advancement of technology, the electronic method of processing and transmission is increasingly used to reduce paper documentation. This was mostly helped by Electronic Data Interchange, which enables transmission and processing in a modern and automated way. Efficient electronic and automated systems improve transmission speed and make the control system transparent and predictable. One of these systems is Blockchain, which is believed to be 21st century technology, and will contribute to a number of improvements. Blockchain enables the transfer of ownership of cargo safely and transparently, in a much shorter period of time than is currently required