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GNSS Approach Procedure Design
No full textZrakoplovna kultura je od svojih početaka bila kultura osnovana na sigurnosti. Iz ove želje za sigurnosti razvile su se standardizirane prilazne procedure zrakoplova na slijetanju. Prilazne procedure su uglavnom utemeljene na zemaljskim radionavigacijskim sredstvima, koji po načinu izvedbe imaju relativno veliku nepreciznost i ovisne su o pravilnom djelovanju istih sredstava. GNSS sustavi nude gotovo neprekidnu mogućnost vođenja zrakoplova u sve tri dimenzije i po vremenu uz veliku preciznost. Po svijetu se uvodi sve više procedura prilaza pomoću GNSS sustava (RNP prilazi). Ovaj završni rad obuhvaća zahtjeve za procedure sa zemaljskim radionavigacijskim sredstvima i GNSS procedure, uzima u obzir postojeću proceduru na zračnoj luci Lošinj, opisuje izradu i implementaciju nove GNSS procedure te analizira razliku između navedenih prilaza.Aviation culture since its conception was a culture based on safety. Due to this necessity for safety standardised approach procedures were created to guide aircraft to landing. Approach procedures are most often based on ground radio navigation equipment, which due to their construction are inherently inaccurate and dependant on the proper functioning of ground stations. GNSS based systems allow for continuous guidance of aircraft in all three dimensions and through time whilst enabling a high degree of accuracy. Aviation authorities due to this are implementing GNSS approach procedures more over the world. This thesis goes into detail about the requirements for a ground-based approach procedure and GNSS procedure, explains and designs a GNSS procedure for Lošinj airport based on an existing procedure and analyses the differences between each system
Operational Aspects for Transport of Cargo in the Aircraft Passenger Cabin during the COVID-19 Pandemic
No full textPandemija COVID-19 bolesti je najveća gospodarska kriza u novijoj povijesti. Jedna od najpogođenijih gospodarskih djelatnosti je upravo zrakoplovstvo. Iako je pandemija smanjila potražnju za putničkim letovima, povećala je potražnju za prijevozom tereta zrakoplovima zbog povećane potrebe za što bržom isporukom proizvoda neophodnih u borbi protiv širenja bolesti, kao što su medicinske potrepštine, osobna zaštitna oprema i prijeko potrebni lijekovi. Jedna od posljedica izbijanja pandemije jest nedostatak kapaciteta za prijevoz tereta te prenamjena putničkih zrakoplova u teretne, što je zračnim prijevoznicima omogućilo stvaranje dodatnih prihoda jer je potražnja za putničkim letovima bila vrlo niska. Ovaj rad pruža uvid u trenutne regulatorne zahtjeve, procjenu rizika i smjernice za prijevoz tereta na gornjoj palubi putničkog zrakoplova. U radu su također razrađeni regulatorni i operativni elementi koje treba odobriti dražava registracije zrakoplova za prijevoz tereta u putničkoj kabini, bez obzira na to jesu li sjedala uklonjena ili nisu.The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest economic crisis in recent history. One of the most affected economic activities is aviation. Although the pandemic has reduced demand for passenger flights, it has increased air freight demand due to the increased need for delivery of essential products to combat the spread of diseases, such as medical supplies, personel protective equipment and much-needed medicines as quickly as possible. One of the consequences of the outbreak of the pandemic is the lack of capacity for cargo transport and the conversion of passenger aircraft into freighter, which allowed airlines to generate additional revenue sooner because the demand for passenger flights was very low. This paper provides insight into current regulatory requirements, risk assessment and guidance for cargo transportation on the upper deck of a passenger aircraft. The paper also elaborates the regulatory and operational elements to be approved by the state aircraft registration for cargo transport in the passenger cabin, regardless of whether the seats have been removed or not
Cycle and the Scope Proposal for Monitoring Compliance of Air Navigation Service Providers
No full textPraćenje usklađenosti je funkcija koja omogućava odgovorno i sustavno praćenje usklađenosti organizacije s primjenjivim propisima, standardima, smjernicama i primjerenosti postupaka. Donošenjem Provedbene uredbe Komisije (EU) 2017/373 pružatelji usluga zračne plovidbe dužni su uspostaviti praćenje usklađenosti unutar svojih organizacija. Način provođenja praćenja usklađenosti nije definiran propisom, već je ostavljen na izbor pružatelju usluga zračne plovidbe, stoga postoji više načina na koji se može provoditi. Analizom referentne regulative te upoznavanjem s operativnim postupanjima u realnom sektoru, kreiran je prijedlog ciklusa i obuhvata praćenja usklađenosti pružatelja usluga zračne plovidbe putem audita te su definirani potencijalni indikatori praćenja usklađenosti.Compliance monitoring is a function that enables responsible and systematic monitoring of the organization's compliance with applicable regulations, standards, guidelines, and appropriateness of procedures. With the adoption of Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2017/373, air navigation service providers are required to establish compliance monitoring within their organizations. The method of conducting compliance monitoring is not defined by the regulation but is left to the choice of the air navigation service provider, therefore there are several ways in which it can be conducted. By analysing the reference regulation and getting to know operational procedures in the real sector, a proposal was created for the cycle and scope of compliance monitoring of air navigation service providers through audits, and potential compliance monitoring indicators were defined
Adapting Road Infrastructure Design to Autonomous Driving
No full textPromet je brzorastuća grana sama po sebi, no kada se tome pribroji brzi razvitak tehnologija, dobije se strmi rast. Svakim je danom većina ljudske populacije primorana koristiti barem jedan vid prometa. Potražnja raste uz nemogućnost ostvarivanja brze ponude. Velika potražnja = velik broj vozila = velik broj korisnika = velik broj potencijalnih opasnih situacija u prometu, to su problemi s kojima se svakodnevno susreće inženjer prometa. Njihova je odgovornost da njihovi sugrađani stignu sigurni od točke A do točke B. Posao im se može olakšati detaljnim i kvalitetnim zakonima i pravilnicima za projektiranje prometnica, koje Republika Hrvatska trenutno nema. Ovim radom, usporediti će se svjetska praksa projektiranja prometnica s hrvatskom, te će se na temelju usporedbe navesti prijedlozi unaprjeđenja hrvatskih zakona i pravilnika. Zbog ljudskog faktora koji je prisutan u cestovnom prometu, nije moguće svesti broj prometnih nesreća na nulu. Ono što je moguće jest smanjiti težinu ozljeda ukoliko do prometne nesreće dođe., a u čemu ključnu ulogu ima upravo prometna infrastruktura.Traffic is a fast-growing industry in itself, but when You add to thtad the increasingly rapid development of technology, the result is even steeper traffic growth. Every day, the majority of the human population is forced to use at least one type of transport. Paralel with the constant and rapid growth of traffic demand also grows the impossibility of achievning a fast enough offer. High demand = high number of vehicles = high number of users = high number of potential dangerous traffic situations, these are the problems that traffic engineers face every day. It is engineers responsibility that their fellow citizens arrive safely from point A to point B. Their work can be made easier by detailed and high-quality laws and rules for road design, which the Republic of Croatia certainly does not have. This master's thesis will compare the world practice of road design with the Croatian practice, and based on that comparison, proposals for improving Croatian laws and guides will be presented. Due to the human factor present in road traffic, it is not possible to reduce the number of traffic accidents to a complete zero. What is possible is to reduce the severity of injuries if a traffic accident occurs
Organization of Transport of Dangerous Goods on the Example of ENNA Transport
No full textU prometu se često prevoze opasne tvari, od onih koje se koriste za svakodnevnu upotrebu do tvari namijenjenih posebnoj upotrebi i u industriji. Svaki prijevoz takvih tvari uključuje rizik, a nepropisno postupanje s opasnim tvarima može dovesti do štetnih posljedica za ljude, okoliš i materijalna dobra. Ovaj rad prikazuje organizaciju prijevoza opasnih tvari na primjeru tvrtke ENNA Transport. U diplomskim radu prikazati će se organizacija prijevoza sirove nafte željeznicom između dvije INA – ine rafinerije u Sisku i Rijeci. Kao najveći rizik pojavljivanja nezgode navodi se ljudski utjecaj, stoga se istražuje koje su mane i slabosti ljudskog faktora tokom primopredaje vlakova te na koji način se ljudski faktor može unaprijediti.Dangerous substances are often transported in traffic, from those used for everyday use to substances intended for special use in industry. Any transport of such substances involves risk, and improper handling of dangerous substances can lead to harmful consequences for people, the environment and material goods. This paper shows the organization of the transportation of dangerous goods on the example of the company ENNA Transport. The thesis will present the organization of crude oil transportation by rail between two INA refineries in Sisak and Rijeka. Human influence is cited as the greatest risk of an accident, therefore it is being investigated what are the flaws and weaknesses of the human factor during the handover of trains and how the human factor can be improved
Classification of Transport Modes Using Multilevel Method Based On Transition State Matrices and Decision Trees in Real Time
No full textPoznavanje mobilnosti korisnika prometne mreže osnova je za određivanje prometne potražnje i planiranje transporta. Podatci s mobilnih uređaja postali su vrijedan izvor prometnih podataka o mobilnosti korisnika u prometnoj mreži. Za prikupljanje dodatnih informacija tijekom kretanja korisnika prometnom mrežom, poput modova prijevoza, koriste se razne metode kojima se iz prikupljenih podataka određuju informacije koje se ne mogu automatski prikupljati. Za detekciju moda prijevoza koriste se metode klasifikacije trajektorije, pri čemu se klasificira dio trajektorije u kojem je korišten jedan mod prijevoza. Trajektoriju je prije klasifikacije potrebno podijeliti na segmente koji sadrže jedan mod prijevoza. U literaturi su zastupljene mnogobrojne metode za klasifikaciju modova prijevoza koje se najčešće zasnivaju na metodama strojnog učenja dok su za segmentaciju trajektorije zastupljene metode koje se zasnivaju na nizu iskustveno postavljenih pravila. Nedostatak tako generiranih pravila je što su često prilagođena skupu podataka nad kojim su razvijena i nisu jedinstveno primjenjiva s jednakom točnošću na druge skupove podataka. U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je razvijena višerazinska metoda za segmentaciju trajektorije i klasifikaciju modova prijevoza u stvarnom vremenu. Za odlučivanje se koriste matrice prijelaznih stanja i algoritam slučajnih šuma. Metoda je razvijena i testirana koristeći objavljene skupove podataka, a za validaciju je korišten novi skup podataka prikupljen u sklopu ovog istraživanja. U prvom dijelu doktorske disertacije detaljno je opisana implementacija višerazinske metode za segmentaciju i klasifikaciju trajektorije. Također, opisan je postupak obrade podataka koji uključuje podjelu sirovih podataka u vremenske prozore te preslikavanje podataka iz vremenske u frekvencijsku domenu. Na kraju prvog dijela doktorske disertacije analizirani su rezultati klasifikacije trajektorije razvijenom metodom i uspoređeni su s rezultatima postignutim na testnom skupu podataka dostupnom u literaturi. U drugom dijelu doktorske disertacije opisan je novi skup podataka prikupljen u sklopu ovog istraživanja s naglaskom na mobilnu aplikaciju i način prikupljanja podataka te distribuciju modova prijevoza u skupu podataka. Prikupljeni skup podataka korišten je za validaciju metode čiji su rezultati prikazani na kraju ovog dijela.This doctoral dissertation is organized into five chapters, and the first three provide the introduction and motivation for developing a multilevel method for real-time trajectory segmentation and classification. The fourth chapter describes the newly developed multilevel method for trajectory classification and segmentation, and presents the results achieved on the publicly available test dataset. The fifth chapter describes the developed mobile application for collecting data and newly collected dataset. In the same chapter, validation results for the multilevel method on the newly collected dataset are presented. Finally, the conclusion of the paper and topics for future work are given in the last chapter. The first introductory chapter gives an overview of the area of urban mobility to which the problem of trajectory segmentation and classification according to transport mode belongs. It provides the motivation for this research and an overview of the main scientific contributions in this research. The second chapter describes the problem of transport mode classification, emphasizing the classification of segmented and non-segmented trajectories. The most frequently used data are described, and an overview of public and private datasets used in the literature is given. Also, relevant features used in the literature to classify transport modes are presented. The emphasis of the third chapter is on methods for solving the problem of transport mode classification. Basic trajectory segmentation methods from the supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised methods are described. Also, an overview of data-driven methods for transport mode classification is given. At the end of the chapter, the structure of the test problem is described based on the Sussex-Huawei Locomotion (SHL) dataset used in this research for method training and testing. Accuracy is measured by the recall and precision ratio and the overall accuracy of the method. The fourth chapter provides a detailed description of the multilevel method for real-time trajectory segmentation and classification. The method includes four basic components: (i) data preprocessing, (ii) method for trajectory segmentation, (iii) transport mode classification method, and (iv) rules in the multilevel method. During data preprocessing, the data are divided into time windows to simulate a real-time environment, and the features that are the input data for the multilevel method are calculated. In order to discover information from raw data, the discrete Fourier transform procedure was used to transform data from the time domain to the frequency domain. Transition state matrices are used to segment the trajectory. Processes of development, testing, and reducing the required number of features in transition state matrices are described in detail in this chapter. Data discretization for transition state matrices development can be done in several ways. Three techniques were applied in this research: discretization by the method of equal spacing, equal frequency and k means method. The method for classifying transport modes is described through a random forest algorithm and an algorithm for hyperparameters optimization. Finally, the multilevel method for trajectory segmentation and classification is presented. At the end of the fourth chapter, the test results of the multilevel method on the test problem are presented. Mobile application "Collecty" for collecting data from the mobile device’s sensors, the basic structure and distribution of transport modes in the collected dataset are presented in chapter five. The mobile application contains introductory activities for login and reading the terms of use, the central part for transport mode selection, and the last part for trajectory validation by the user. The collected dataset contains 8 different transport modes and was collected by 15 users. One of the transport modes contained in the dataset is the electric scooter, for which no publicly available data are available in the literature. At the end of the fifth chapter, the validation results of the multilevel method for trajectory segmentation and classification on the collected dataset are presented. In the final chapter, the basic conclusions of the doctoral dissertation are given, and the original scientific contributions achieved through the dissertation are highlighted. At the end of the conclusion chapter, a review of topics for future research is given
Remediation of Dangerous Places as an Element of Increasing Road Safety
No full textProblem sigurnosti cestovnog prometa javlja se kao posljedica ubrzanog razvoja prometnog sustava, što je u konačnici imalo negativan efekt na broj prometnih nesreća koji je u stalnom rastu. Temelj ovog rada je prikaz uspješnosti provedenih mjera sanacija opasnih mjesta na različitim lokacijama državnih cesta u Republici Hrvatskoj. Opasna mjesta su lokacije na cestovnoj mreži ili u mreži ulica gdje postoji veća vjerojatnost da će doći do prometne nesreće, ovisno o drugim elementima mreže. Uspješnost sanacije opasnih mjesta predstavlja smanjenje broja prometnih nesreća na promatranoj dionici ceste, što je bio i razlog njene primjene. Na temelju poznavanja podataka o broju prometnih nesreća na određenom području, analizi postojećeg stanja identificirane lokacije te mogućnosti za rekonstrukciju navedene dionice ceste se može odraditi izuzetno kvalitetna sanacija opasnog mjesta. Podaci o prometnim nesrećama te postojeće stanje lokacije su ključni prilikom donošenja svih odluka.The problem of road safety arises because of the accelerated development of the transport system, which ultimately had a negative effect on the number of traffic accidents, which is constantly growing. The basis of this diploma is a review of the success of the implemented measures for the remediation of hazardous locations at various locations of state roads in the Republic of Croatia. Black spots are locations on the road network or in the street network where there is a higher probability of a traffic accident, depending on other elements of the network. The success of the remediation of hazardous locations is the reduction of the number of traffic accidents on the observed section of the road, which was the reason for its application. Based on the knowledge of the data on the number of traffic accidents in a certain area, the analysis of the current situation from the identified location and the possibilities for the reconstruction of the said section of the road, a high-quality remediation of the dangerous place can be done. Data on traffic accidents and the current situation of the location are crucial in making all decisions
Concepts of connecting the port hinterland
No full textMorske luke postale su nezaobilazna karika u globalnom opskrbnom lancu. Najveći postotak robe u međunarodnoj razmjeni dobara dolazi do krajnjih kupaca preko morskih luka. Zbog toga uloga morskih luka u globalnom opskrbnom lancu zauzima veliku važnost. Može se zaključiti da efikasnost opskrbnog lanca ovisi o efikasnosti i produktivnosti morskih luka. Povezivanje luke s njezinim zaleđem predstavlja bitnu komponentu u lučkom i globalnom opskrbnom lancu. Ovaj završni rad prikazuje važnost povezanosti morskih luka s njezinim zaleđem, te koncepte povezivanja lučkog zaleđa i njihovu ulogu u globalnom opskrbnom lancu.Seaports have become an indispensable link in the global supply chain. The largest percentage of goods in the international exchange comes to end customers through seaports. Therefore, the role of seaports in the global supply chain is of great importance. It can be concluded that the efficiency of the supply chain depends on the efficiency and productivity of seaports. Connecting the port with its hinterland is an essential component in the port and global logistics systems. This final paper shows the importance of the connecting the seaports with their hinterland, and the concepts of connecting the port hinterland and their role in the global supply chain
Preliminary Traffic Solution of the Section from Street City of Vukovar to Avenue Dubrovnik in Zagreb
No full textTijekom jutarnjih i popodnevnih vršnih sati na dionici koja se pruža od Ulice grada Vukovara do Avenije Dubrovnik uočena su velika prometna zagušenja, a koja se očituju u dugim repovima čekanja. Svrha ovo diplomskog rada je pronaći problem zbog kojeg dolazi do prometnog zagušenja na predmetnoj dionici. Kako bi se pronašao problem zbog kojeg dolazi do zagušenja provedena je analiza postojećeg stanja. Cilj diplomskog rada je predložiti optimalno idejno prometno rješenje koje je temeljeno također na analizi postojećeg stanja, a kojim će se riješiti problem prometnog zagušenja i samim time smanjiti repovi čekanja.During the morning and afternoon peak hours, high traffic congestion was observed on the section from the street of the city of Vukovar to the Dubrovnik Avenue, which can be seen in long waiting tails. The purpose of this graduate thesis is to find a problem that causes traffic congestion on the segment concerned. In order to find the problem leading to congestion, an analysis of the existing condition was carried out. The aim of the graduate thesis is to propose an optimal traffic solution based also on an analysis of the existing situation, which will solve the problem of traffic congestion, thus reducing waiting tails
Life Cycle and Maintenance of Modern Smart Terminals
No full textU završnom radu je napravljena analiza najčešćih kvarova suvremene pametne fiskalne bla-gajne, navedeni su načini održavanja i popravaka pametnih fiskalnih blagajni, te je ukratko opisan njihov rad u korisničkom okruženju. Opisano je što su i kako funkcioniraju terminalni uređaji, te što za terminalne uređaje znače pojmovi održavljivost i pouzdanost. Blagajna koja je služila kao primjer je Maxi fiskalna blagajna koju kao uslugu prodaje tvrtka Hrvatski Tele-kom1. Također, navedena blagajna je uspoređena s ostalim blagajnama (s onima koje se mogu pronaći na području Republike Hrvatske), te su kao primjer navede i blagajne koje se koriste diljem svijeta i ukratko opisane. Analiza je provedena na način da je kroz godine praćen rad, održavanje i pouzdanost rada Maxi fiskalne blagajne.In the undergraduate thesis, an analysis of the most common failures of the modern smart fiscal cash register is made, the ways of maintenance and repairs of smart fiscal cash registers are stated, and their work in the user environment is briefly described. It describes what and how terminal devices work, and what the terms statehood and reliability mean for terminal devices. The cash register that served as an example is the Maxi fiscal cash register, which is sold as a service by the company Hrvatski Telekom. Also, the mentioned cash registers were compared with other cash registers (with those that can be found in the territory of the Republic of Croa-tia), and as an example, the cash registers used around the world are also briefly described. The analysis was conducted in a way that over the years the work, maintenance and reliability of the work of the Maxi fiscal cash register were monitored