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Calculation of molecular electronic structure by density functional theory
No full textOvaj rad daje pregled osnovnih postulata i način primjene teorije funkcionala gustoće (DFT) u određivanju elektronske strukture molekula. Za izračun se koristi CP2K, suvremeni kvantno-mehanički programski paket te je dan prikaz instalacije, korištenje i opisa najbitnijih naredbi u CP2K. Teorijski izračuni su pojašnjeni pomoću teorije molekularnih orbitala. Za osnovni primjer je uzeta molekula amonijaka, za koju su proveden izračun optimizacije molekulske strukture. Zatim je na njoj proveden izračun naboja na atomima dušika i vodika pomoću Mulliken populacijske analize i Hirshfeldovih načina određivanja naboja. To je rađeno za različite bazne setove i funkcionale energije izmjene i korelacije. Nacrtane su molekularne orbitale te je prikazan način njihovog formiranja. Dodatno je izračunati rendgenski emisijski spektar za molekulu SO42+ te je uspoređen s eksperimentalnim rezultatima. Na kraju je uzet malo složeniji primjer molekule dibenzil sulfida te su za nju izračunate koordinate atoma, naboj na njima te rendgenski spektar.This bachelor thesis provides an overview of the fundamental postulates and the application of density functional theory (DFT) in determining the electronic structure of molecules. The calculations were made using CP2K, a modern quantum – a mechanical software package, and its installation, usage, and key commands are presented. A molecular orbital theory is used to explain theoretical calculations. The ammonia molecule was taken as a basic example, for which the molecular structure optimization was calculated. Using Mulliken and Hirshfeld population analysis the partial charge calculation on the nitrogen and hydrogen atoms was performed. This was done for different basis sets and exchange – correlation energy functionals. Molecular orbitals were ploted and their formation process was demonstrated. In addition, the X-ray emission spectrum for the SO42+ molecule was calculated and compared with experimental results. Finally, a slightly more complex example of a dibenzyl sulfide molecule was taken, and the atomic coordinates, charges, and X-ray spectrum were calculated
The possibility of reducing biowaste flows
No full textGospodarenje otpadom predstavlja jedan od najvećih izazova suvremenog društva. Cilj
je ovog rada prikazati različite alternativne metode zbrinjavanja biootpada te analizirati
njihov utjecaj na sustav gospodarenja otpadom.
U radu su dane ključne informacije o biootpadu, od njegovog sastava, mogućih načina
obrade te potencijala kao resursa. Opisano je trenutno stanje u Republici Hrvatskoj, s
fokusom na obradi biootpada te aktualnim mjerama za poboljšanje stanja po tom pitanju.
U nastavku su objašnjene metode za smanjenje biootpada koje su usko vezane uz
prehrambene navike stanovništva, kao što je pravilno skladištenje hrane i ispravno
tumačenje deklaracija na proizvodima. U radu se, također, opisuju metode obrade
biootpada kao što je konvencionalno kompostiranje, bokashi kompostiranje,
vermikompostiranje, te je pobliže analizirana mogućnost ugradnje drobilica za hranu kao
načina obrade otpada od hrane u zgradama.
Analizirani su tehnički i ekonomski faktori ugradnje kuhinjskih drobilica za hranu te su
uz pomoć MS Excela izrađena 3 modela, u ovisnosti o postotku korisnika zainteresiranih
za ugradnju drobilica. Rezultat modela 1 pri 30% zainteresiranih korisnika pokazuje da
se količina biootpada prikupljena kamionima godišnje smanji za 534 t, što rezultira
godišnjem smanjenju troškova njegovog prikupljanja i zbrinjavanja od 56.358 €. Rezultat
modela 2 pri zainteresiranosti za ugradnju drobilica od 40% pokazuje smanjenje količina
biootpada od 720 t, rezultirajući uštedom na račun prikupljanja i zbrinjavanja biootpada
od 75.144 €. Rezultat modela 3 koji pretpostavlja najveći interes za ugradnju drobilica od
60% pokazuje da će se količina biootpada smanjiti za 1068 t, čime Čistoća štedi 75.144
€ na račun troškova sakupljanja i zbrinjavanja. Uz sufinanciranje projekta od strane Fonda
od 40% očekuje se povrat investicije za 7 godina. Rezultati su prikazani grafički te je
izveden zaključak s prijedlogom najoptimalnijeg smjera djelovanja.Nowadays, waste management represents one of the biggest challenges we face. The aim
of this paper is to present various alternative methods of biowaste disposal and to analyze
their impact on the waste management system.
Key information about biowaste is provided, including its composition, processing
methods and potential as a resource. Current situation in the Republic of Croatia is further
described, with emphasis on biowaste disposal strategies and current measures to improve
the situation. The following sections describe methods for reducing biowaste that are
closely related to the dietary habits of population, from proper food storage to correct
interpretation of product labels. The processing methods are then described, including
conventional composting, bokashi composting, vermicomposting, with the possibility of
installing food waste grinders in apartment buildings being further analysed.
Technical and economic factors for the implementation of food waste grinders is further
analysed, from which three models are created using MS Excel, each for different
percentages of interested users. The result of Model 1, with 30% of users interested in
food waste grinders installation, shows that the amount of bio-waste collected by trucks
annually would be reduced by 534 tons, resulting in annual cost savings of €56.358 for
its collection and disposal. The result of Model 2, with 40% interest in the installation of
grinders, shows a reduction in bio-waste of 720 tons, resulting in savings of €75.144 for
the collection and disposal of bio-waste. The result of Model 3, assuming the highest
interest in the installation of grinders at 60%, shows that the amount of bio-waste would
be reduced by 1.068 tons, saving €112.760 in collection and disposal costs. With 40% cofinancing
from the Fund, the investment payback period is expected to be 7 years. The
results are presented graphically, and a conclusion is drawn with a proposal for the most
optimal course of action
Water supply system in the city of Ogulin
No full textIzgradnja vodovodnog sustava na navedenom području započela je krajem 19. stoljeća
kada je 1884. godine izgrađen prvi zahvat vode na izvoru Zdiška te gravitacijski cjevovod
s dvije javne fontane, odakle su se korisnici opskrbljivali vodom. Organizirana
vodoopskrba na području grada Ogulina počinje 1955. godine pregrađivanjem rijeke
Zagorske Mrežnice u svrhu izgradnje akumulacijskog jezera Sabljaci za potrebe
hidroelektrane Gojak.
Za potrebe vodoopskrbe stanovništva na području Grada Ogulina i susjednih mjesta
zahvaćeno je ukupno 8 izvorišta koji su dobro prostorno raspoređeni čime je izbjegnuta
potreba izgradnje vrlo dugih cjevovoda za osiguranje potreba vodoopskrbe.
Pretpostavljena duljina vodoopskrbne mreže svih 7 podsustava iznosi oko 519 km. Na
cjelokupnom sustavu u pogonu je 7 vodocrpilišta, 1 vodozahvat, 19 precrpnih stanica i
17 vodosprema od kojih je 11 većih kapaciteta.The construction of the water supply system in the mentioned area began at the end of the
19th century. In 1884 the first water intake was built at the source of Zdiška together with
a gravity pipeline with two public fountains, which supplied users with water. Organized
water supply in the area of the town of Ogulin began in 1955 when a dam was built on
the Zagorska Mrežnica River for the purpose of building the Sabljaci reservoir for the
needs of the Gojak hydroelectric power plant.
In order to supply the population of the town of Ogulin and neighbouring places with
water, a total of 8 well-distributed springs were affected, which enabled sufficient water
supply without building very long pipelines.
The assumed length of the water supply network of all 7 subsystems is about 519 km.
The entire system consists of 7 water pumping stations, 1 water intake, 19 pumping
stations and 17 water reservoirs, out of which 11 have a larger capacity
Geotechnical characteristics of the Lepoglava - Krapina fast road route
No full textTrasa brze ceste Lepoglava - Krapina prolazi kroz topografski slo~en teren.
Prilagodba takvome podru ju zahtijeva izgradnju tunela i vijadukata, te izvedbu
usjeka, zasjeka i nasipa. Za kvalitetnu i sigurnu izgradnju ceste i njenih objekata
nu~ni su istra~ni radovi. Istra~ni radovi na temeljnom tlu podrazumijevaju
geolobka i geotehni ka istra~ivanja. Geolobko kartiranje uglavnom je provedeno,
te daje uvid u geolobke i hidrogeolobke uvjete podru ja na kojem se gradi. S
obzirom da detaljna geotehni ka istra~ivanja job nisu izvedena, u ovom radu
preporu uju se metode za dobivanje geotehni kih zna ajki terena. Tako se
preporu a izvođenje geofizi kih istra~ivanja poput seizmi ke refrakcije,
geoelektri ne tomografije i vibekanalne analize povrbinskih valova (MASW).
Nakon geofizi kih istra~ivanja potrebno je provesti istra~no bubenje, stati ki
konusni penetrometar (CPTu), ispitivanje dilatometrom te laboratorijska
ispitivanja uzoraka tla i stijena.The route of the Lepoglava - Krapina fast road passes through a topographically
complex terrain. Adapting to such an area requires the construction of tunnels
and viaducts, as well as the execution of cuttings, incisions and embankments.
Investigative works are necessary to ensure the quality and safe construction of
roads and their structures. Geological mapping has mostly been carried out, and
it provides an insight into the geological and hydrogeological conditions of the
area where the construction is being done. Since detailed geotechnical
investigations have not been performed yet, this paper recommends methods for
obtaining geotechnical characteristics of the terrain such as seismic refraction,
electrical resistivity tomography and multi-channel analysis of surface waves.
After geophysical research, it is necessary to carry out exploratory drilling, testing
with a cone penetrometer and dilatometer, and laboratory tests of soil and rock
samples
The role of hydrogen - a link between sustainable development and energy transition using "electrons and molecules" on the example of the town of Vukovar
No full textCilj ovog rada je prikazati kako obnovljivi izvori energije mogu postati stabilan energent,
ukoliko se vodik upotrijebi za pohranu energije, te na koji način vodik može poslužiti u
zaštiti okoliša. Također, u radu je prikazana upotreba energije kroz ljudsku povijest, te je
pomoću Kardascheve skale prikazano što možemo očekivati u bližoj i daljoj budućnosti
vezano za energetiku. U radu su opisani oblici najčešće proizvodnje vodika, te
mogućnosti njegove implementacije na lokalnoj i globalnoj razini, zajedno sa njihovim
prednostima i nedostatcima. U radu su navedeni zakoni i regulative koji prikazuju u kojoj
mjeri Europska Unija i njezine članice (kao što je Hrvatska) računaju na vodik kao
energent za postizanje ciljeva održivog razvoja, te koje sve korake poduzima EU kako bi
upotreba vodika zaživjela u svim porama društva. Na kraju rada napravljena je studija
slučaja pod nazivom „Grad Vukovar- implementacija vodika“, u kojoj je na osnovu
podataka o obnovljivim izvorima energije na tom području, odabran najpogodniji način
dobivanja energije za proizvodnju zelenog vodika. Također, u obzir su uzeti podatci o
prometnoj važnosti grada Vukovara, broju i vrsti prometnih vozila, geografski podatci,
podatci o gospodarstvu i stanovništvu grada, te trenutna energetska infrastruktura i
projekti vezani uz energetiku na području grada. Na osnovu navedenih podataka dan je
prijedlog moguće implementacije vodika u gradu Vukovaru, te su za isti navedeni mogući
troškovi, ako bi došlo do realizacije. Nužno je napraviti globalnu energetsku tranziciju i
zamijeniti fosilna goriva sa drugim izvorima energije, kako bi se sačuvao okoliš i
osigurala energetska sigurnost. Zeleni vodik se zbog svoje višenamjenske sposobnosti
zadovoljavanja ciljeva održivog razvoja i energetske tranzicije nameće kao mogući dio
rješenja.The aim of this paper is to show how renewable energy sources can become a stable
energy source if hydrogen is used to store energy, and how hydrogen can be used in
environmental protection. The paper also gives an account of the use of energy throughout
human history and by using the Kardaschev scale it shows what we can expect in the near
and distant future related to energy. The paper describes the most common forms of
hydrogen production, the possibilities of its implementation at local and global level as
well as its advantages and disadvantages. The paper lists laws and regulations that show
the extent to which the European Union and its members (such as Croatia) count on
hydrogen as an energy source to achieve the goals of sustainable development. Also, it
shows what steps the EUis taking in order to achievetheirgoal of making use of hydrogen
in all aspects of everyday life. At the end of the paper a case study “The town of Vukovar-
Implementation of Hydrogen “is presented. Based on data on renewable energy sources
in that area, the most suitable way of obtaining energy for the production of green
hydrogen was selected. Also, the case study takes into account data on the traffic
importance of the town of Vukovar, the number and type of traffic vehicles, geographic
data, data on the economy and population of thetown as wellcurrent energy infrastructure
and projects related to energy in the area around the town. Based on these data a proposal
was made for the possible implementation of hydrogen in the town of Vukovar and costs
were also indicated. It is necessary to make a global energy transition from fossil fuels to
other energy sources in order to preserve the environment and ensure energy security.
Due to its multi-functional ability to meet the goals of sustainable development and
energy transition, green hydrogen is emerging as a possible part of the solution to this
problem
The development of a hydrological model of the Bednja river based on a recurrent neural network
No full textHidrologija je znanost koja proučava distribuciju i kretanje vode na površini i ispod
površine Zemlje te u njezinoj atmosferi. Informacije dobivene analizom ponašanja i
kretanja vode kroz hidrološki ciklus od velike su važnosti u područjima kao što su
upravljanje vodnim resursima, upravljanje rizicima od opasnosti povezanih s vodom,
projektiranje infrastrukture, proizvodnja električne energije i zaštita okoliša.
Hidrološko modeliranje moćan je alat koji omogućava simulaciju i razumijevanje
interakcija između različitih komponenti hidrološkog ciklusa, a odabir vrste modela ovisi
o ciljevima istraživanja, dostupnim podacima, računalnim resursima i karakteristikama
hidrološkog sustava koji se modelira.
U hidrološko modeliranje sve se više integrira umjetna inteligencija, kako bi se
prevladala ograničenja klasičnih modela te poboljšala njihova točnost i mogućnosti
predviđanja. Jedno od potpolja umjetne inteligencije su umjetne neuronske mreže, koje
se koriste za određivanje nelinearnih odnosa i vremenskih ovisnosti u hidrološkim
podacima.
U ovom radu korišten je programski jezik Python za razvoj i implementaciju
hidrološkog modela baziranog na povratnoj neuronskoj mreži. Ova specifična arhitektura
neuronske mreže odabrana je zbog svoje sposobnosti hvatanja uzoraka i vremenskih
ovisnosti u nizovima podataka.
Izrađen je model sliva Bednje, koji ima bujični režim ovisan o količini oborina. Model
predviđa protoke na hidrološkoj postaji Ludbreg, na temelju prethodnih podataka o
oborinama i protocima s uzvodnih postaja.The development of a hydrological model of the Bednja River based on a
recurrent neural network
Hydrology is a science that studies distribution and movement of water below and
above the Earth's surface and in its atmosphere. The information obtained from the
analysis of the behaviour and movement of water through the hydrological cycle is of
great importance in areas such as water resources management, risk management of
water-related hazards, infrastructure design, electricity generation and environmental
protection.
Hydrological modelling is a powerful tool that enables simulation and understanding
of interactions between different components of the hydrological cycle, and the choice of
a model type depends on the research objectives, available data, computer resources and
characteristics of the hydrological system that is being modelled.
Artificial intelligence has been increasingly integrated into hydrological modelling, in
order to overcome the limitations of classic models and enhance their accuracy and
predictive capabilities. One of the subfields of artificial intelligence are artificial neural
networks, which are used to determine nonlinear relationships and time dependencies in
hydrological data.
In this paper, the Python programming language was used for the development and
implementation of a hydrological model based on a recurrent neural network. This
specific neural network architecture was chosen for its ability to capture patterns and
temporal dependencies in data sets.
A model of the Bednja basin was created, which has a flood regime dependent on the
amount of precipitation. The model predicts flows at the Ludbreg hydrological station,
based on previous data on precipitation and flows from upstream stations
The geostatistical model of spatial distribution of mean daily air temperature in the Republic of Croatia
No full textGeostatistika spada u granu geomatematike koja se bavi analizom prostornih podataka
u svrhu kvantificiranja i modeliranja njihove prostorne korelacije. U geostatistici, a
katkad uz određene prilagodbe i u meteorologiji, računalni programi poput Surfera,
ArcGIS-a itd. koriste se za analizu prostorne distribucije meteoroloških elemenata.
Prostornu distribuciju meteoroloških elemenata moguće je grafički prikazati izradom
variograma i konturnih karata u računalnom programu Surfer.
Osnovni cilj ovog istraživanja je proučavanje prostorne raspodjele srednjih dnevnih
temperatura zraka u Republici Hrvatskoj (RH) u dva 30 - godišnja klimatska razdoblja:
1961. – 1990. i 1991. – 2020. Podaci o vrijednostima srednjih dnevnih temperatura zraka
na 30 promatranih meteoroloških postaja, preuzeti su iz Državnog hidrometeorološkog
zavoda Republike Hrvatske (DHMZ).
Variografska analiza srednjih godišnjih temperatura zraka u primorskoj, nizinskoj i
gorskoj regiji RH provedena je u računalnom programu Surfer. Izrađene su konturne karte
pomoću kojih će se pokušati ustvrditi postoji li porast ili opadanje godišnjih prosjeka
temperature zraka između dva navedena razdoblja. Rezultati geostatističkog modela
uspoređeni su s rezultatima regionalnog klimatskog modela (RegCM).
Također, testirana je hipoteza o statističkoj značajnosti trenda porasta srednje dnevne
temperature zraka za meteorološku postaju u Ogulinu za razdoblje 1961. – 2021.Geostatistics is a branch of geomathematics that deals with the analysis of spatial data
for the purpose of quantifying and modeling their spatial correlation. In geostatistics, and
sometimes with certain adjustments in meteorology, computer programs such as Surfer,
ArcGIS, etc. are used to analyze the spatial distribution of meteorological elements. The
spatial distribution of meteorological elements can be displayed graphically by creating
variograms and contour maps in the Surfer computer programme..
The main goal of this research is to study the variability of mean annual air
temperatures in two 30-year-long periods: 1961 – 1990 and 1991 – 2020 in the territory
of the Republic of Croatia. The data on mean daily air temperatures at 30 observed
meteorological stations were taken from the Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological
Service (CMHS).
A variographic analysis of annual average air temperatures in the Republic of Croatia's
coastal, lowland and mountainous regions was carried out in the Sufer computer
programme. Contour maps were created to determine whether there was an increase or
decrease in annual average air temperatures between the two mentioned periods. The
results of the geostatistical model created in Surfer were compared with the Regional
Climate Model (RegCM) results.
Also, a hypothesis about the statistical significance of the trend for an average daily
increase in an air temperature at the meteorological station in Ogulin in the period from
1961 to 2021 was tested
Methods for calculating sediment transport in the Drava River
No full textTransport riječnog nanosa ima vitalnu ulogu u oblikovanju riječne morfologije, te utječe
na različite obrasce tečenja i stvara raznolike ekosustave duž riječnog toka. Najvažniji
čimbenici koji utječu na transport nanosa su: brzina toka, veličina i sastav nanosa, oblik i hrapavost riječnog korita te sama količina nanosa u uzvodnim dijelovima sliva i
prisutnost prepreka i promjena u riječnom toku. Rijeka Drava svojim tokom kroz srednju i jugoistočnu Europu prenosi velike količine suspendiranog i koritoformirajućeg
(vučenog) nanosa. U ovom radu pobliže su objašnjene hidrološke, geološke i
hidrogeološke karakteristike rijeke Drave, vrste i važnost nanosa u rijeci te je dan
pregled metoda za izračun pronosa suspendiranog nanosa unjoj. U radu su analizirani
podaci s četiri hidrološke postaje na rijeci Dravi, a to su: Varaždin, Donja Dubrava, Botovo i Terezino Polje. Prikazano je višegodišnje kretanje vodostaja, protoka i pronosa suspendiranog nanosa te njihova povezanost s klimatskim (količinom oborina) i
antropogenim (gradnja hidroelektrana) čimbenicima. Prikazane su metode za izračun
pronosa nanosa na primjeru rijeke Drave, a metode su: izračun koncentracije suspendiranog nanosa na temelju diskretnih uzoraka vode, izračun srednje profilske koncentracije i određivanje koeficijenta korekcije za dnevne diskretne uzorke, izračun
dnevnog, mjesečnog i godišnjeg pronosa suspendiranog nanosa za mjernu postaju
Botovo, definiranje krivulje nanosa na mjernim postajama na Dravi, trendovi promjena u režimu pronosa suspendiranog nanosa u zavisnosti od antropogenih i klimatskih utjecaja te opis metoda proračuna vučenog nanosa primjerom izračuna po Einstein -
Brown metodi.Methods for calculating sediment transport in the Drava River River sediment transport plays a vital role in shaping river morphology, and it also
influences different flow patterns and creates diverse ecosystems along the river course. The most important factors affecting sediment transport are: flow speed, size and
composition of sediment, shape and roughness of the river bed, and the amount of sediment in the upstream parts of the basin as well as the presence of obstacles and
changes in the river flow. The Drava River transports large amounts of suspended and
bed load in its flow through Central and South - Eastern Europe. In this paper the hydrological, geological and hydrogeological characteristics of the Drava River and the types and importance of sediment in the River are explained, and an overview of
methods for calculating suspended sediment transport in it are given. In the paper, data from four hydrological stations on the Drava River were analyzed, and they are :
Varaždin, Donja Dubrava, Botovo and Terezino Polje. The long-term distribution of water level, flow and sediment transport and their connection with climatic
(precipitation) and anthropogenic (hydroelectric power plant construction) factors are presented. The methods of suspended sediment transport calculations are shown on the
example of the Drava River, and they include: calculation of the concentration of suspended sediment based on discrete water samples, calculation of the average profile concentration and determination of the correction coefficient for daily discrete samples, calculation of daily, monthly and annual sediment transport for the measuring station
Botovo, definition of the sediment curve at the measuring stations on the Drava River,
trends of changes in the sediment transport regime depending on anthropogenic and climatic influences as well as the description of the bed load transport calculation
methods with an example of calculation based on Einstein – Brown method
The use of energy resources throughout the history
No full textDanas kada razmišljamo o izvorima energije, najčešće spominjemo ugljen, naftu, plin,
nuklearnu energiju, hidroenergiju, solarna energiju, energija vjetra i bio gorivo. Nekoliko
stoljeća unatrag vidljivo je da smo se oslanjali na samo jedan ili dva ključna izvora
energije. U ovom radu istražiti će se povijesni prikaz korištenja energetskih resursa u
prošlostiali i predviđanja korištenja energije u budućnosti. Energija je ključ za postizanje
ekonomskih, društvenih iekoloških ciljeva čovječanstva, a količina potrošnje , nestajanje
rezervi i metode proizvodnje energije najkontroverznija su tema u današnjem svijetu.
Znanstvenici, vlade, tvrtke i društva traže rješenje za zadovoljenje rastuće potražnje za
energijom u svijetu koji se brzo industrijalizira. Svi ovi napori usmjereni su na postizanje
globalnog gospodarskog rasta na način koji ne šteti okolišu. Kako se potrošnja energije u
cijelom svijetu povećava, novi pojmovi kao što su održivost i učinkovitost energije,
ranjivost u opskrbi i utjecaj na okoliš postaju sve popularniji. Predviđanje rezultata
nadolazećih izazova poput klimatskih promjena i potraga za pristupačnom energijom uz
razumnu cijenu s prosvjetiteljskim politikama najatraktivniji su predmeti istraživanjaNowadays, when we mention energy sources, we most often think about coal, oil, gas,
nuclear energy, hydropower, solar energy, wind energy and biofuel. A few centuries ago,
it was evident that we relied on only one or two key sources of energy. The master thesis
gives an overview on the use of energy throughout the history and makes predictions of
its future use. Energy is the key to achieving the economic, social, and environmental
goals of humanity, and the amount of energy consumption, the depletion of energy
reserves as well as production methods are the most controversial topics in today's world.
Scientists, governments, companies, and societies are looking for a solution to meet the
growing demand for energy in the rapidly industrializing world. All of these efforts are
aimed at achieving global economic growth in an environmentally friendly way. As
energyconsumption increases worldwide, new concepts such as sustainabilityand energy
efficiency, supply vulnerability and environmental impact are becoming increasingly
popular. Predicting the results of upcoming challenges such as climate change and the
search for affordable energy at a reasonable price with enlightening policies are the most
attractive research subjects
The protection of a construction pit by using reinforced concrete piles of the Srebrnjak Hospital
No full textNa lokaciji postojeće Dječje bolnice Srebrnjak u Zagrebu,
predviđana je dogradnja bolnice građevinom na istočnoj strani
postojeće zgrade. Zbog brežuljkastog karaktera topografije terena i
prosječnog nagiba ~26°, podzemni dio novoplaniranog dogradnog
objekta će se nalaziti u zasjeku koji će biti dubok i preko 12 m, te je
postojeću zgradu i iskop, odnosno građevinsku jamu, potrebno
zaštiti i osigurati stabilnost kosina.
Građevinske jame su iskopi u zemlji kojima se olakšavaju
građevinske aktivnosti kao što su radovi temeljenja, radovi na
podzemnim instalacijama, gradnja podruma i sl. Mogu biti plitke ili
duboke te mogu predstavljati značajne rizike za radnike, okolne
zgrade i okoliš ako nisu pravilno poduprte i zaštićene. Jedna od
učinkovitih metoda zaštite građevinskih jama je korištenjem pilota.
Piloti se postavljaju po obodu građevinske jame da bi se osigurala
bočna potpora i spriječilo urušavanje tla ili kosine. Piloti su
konstrukcijski elementi koji se koriste za prijenos opterećenja s
konstrukcije na tlo. Obično se koriste u geotehničkom inženjerstvu
za duboko temeljnje tj. podupiranje zgrada, mostova i drugih
struktura koje su izgrađene na mekom, slabom ili kolapsibilnom tlu.
Postoji nekoliko vrsta pilota, a izbor vrste ovisi o čimbenicima kao
što su uvjeti tla (čvrstoća, krutost, stišljivost), potrebna nosivost i
ograničenja konstrukcije.The existing Srebrnjak Children's Hospital in Zagreb is going
to be expanded a with a building on its eastern side. Due to the hilly
character of the topography of the terrain and the average slope of
~26°, the underground part of the newly planned building will be
located in a cut that will be more than 12 m deep. Therefore, it is
necessary to protect the existing building and the excavation, i.e.
the construction pit, as well as to ensure the stability of the slope.
Construction pits are excavations in the ground that facilitate
construction activities such as foundation work, work on
underground installations, construction of basements, etc. They can
be shallow or deep and they can pose significant risks to workers,
surrounding buildings and the environment if they are not properly
supported and protected. Using piles is one of effective methods of
protecting construction pits.. Piles are placed around the perimeter
of a construction pit to provide lateral support and to prevent soil or
slope collapse.. Piles are structural elements used to transfer loads
from a structure to the ground. They are usually used in geotechnical
engineering for deep foundations, i.e. supporting buildings, bridges
and other structures that are built on soft, weak or collapsible soil.
There are several types of piles, and the choice of type depends on
factors such as soil conditions (strength, stiffness, compressibility),
required load capacity, and structural limitations