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Hydrogeological properties of Kopački rit Nature Park
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se hidrogeološkim značajkama Kopačkog rita, posebnog
prirodnog rezervata smještenog u Baranji. Cilj istraživanja bio je analizom
geomehaničkih svojstava materijala iz jezgre bušotina odrediti hidrogeološka svojstva
kvartarnih naslaga te ih povezati s rezultatima interpretacije pokusnih crpljenja zdenaca.
Za potrebu određivanja specifične površine i hidrauličke vodljivosti naslaga, korištene su
dvije metode, Kozeny-Carman model i korelacijske analize. Rezultati analiza potvrđuju
predviđenu specifičnu površinu krovinskih naslaga i odgovarajuću hidrauličku vodljivost
kvartarnih naslaga, što značajno utječe na količinu i kvalitetu podzemnih voda u ovom
području. Također, utvrđeno je da polupropusne krovinske naslage pružaju ograničenu
zaštitu od potencijalnog onečišćenja zbog svoje male debljine i niske specifične površine,
što je u skladu s granulometrijskim sastavom materijala. Dobiveni rezultati pružaju
vrijedne informacije za daljnja istraživanja i razvoj strategija za očuvanje i upravljanje
vodnim resursima Kopačkog rita, s posebnim naglaskom na zaštitu od onečišćenja i
održavanje kvalitete podzemnih voda.This master thesis deals with hydrogeological characteristics of Kopački rit, a
special nature reserve located in Baranja. The aim of the research is to analyze
geomechanical properties of the materials from borehole cores in order to determine
hydrogeological properties of the Quaternary deposits and to correlate them with the
results of well pumping test interpretations. Two methods, the Kozeny-Carman model
and correlation analyses, are used to determine the specific surface area and hydraulic
conductivity of the deposits. The results of the analysis confirm the predicted specific
surface area of the covering deposits and the corresponding hydraulic conductivity of the
Quaternary deposits, which significantly affects the quantity and quality of groundwater
in this area. The analysis also shows that the semi-permeable covering deposits provide
limited protection from potential contamination because of their thinness and low specific
surface area, consistent with the granulometric composition of the material. The obtained
results provide valuable information for further research and the development of
strategies for the conservation and management of water resources in Kopački rit, with a
particular emphasis on contamination protection and groundwater quality maintenance
DYNAMICS OF ORGANIC ANTIBIOTIC POLLUTION IN KARST COASTAL AQUIFERS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF SEAWATER INTRUSION
No full textOnečišćenje antibioticima predstavlja veliki problem ako se radi o perzistentnom onečišćenju, iako su u pitanju male koncentracije. Porijeklo im je teško odrediti u blizini naseljenih mjesta s razvijenom poljoprivredom i stočarstvom. Istraživanje je provedeno u Republici Hrvatskoj, u slivu priobalnog krškog vodonosnika koji je ugrožen intruzijom slane morske vode, a analizirani uzorci su uzeti iz zdenaca uključenih u sustav vodoopskrbe stanovništva u čijoj vodozaštitnoj zoni se nalazi i farma goveda. Prikazan je cjelokupan postupak identifikacije i kvantifikacije najčešće korištenih antibiotika u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicini (amoksicilin, azitromicin, eritromicin i gentamicin) te povezivanje prisutnosti i otpornosti (stabilnosti) antibiotika ovisno o salinitetu podzemne vode. Uzorkovana je podzemna voda i morska voda na četiri lokacije u slivu Bokanjac–Poličnik periodično tijekom 36 mjeseci, a uz to su uzeti uzorci vodovodne vode na slavini za ne–ciljanu analizu organskih onečišćivala. Pripremljeni uzorci su najprije miješani s certificiranim standardima navedenih antibiotika i pohranjeni 10 mjeseci na različitim uvjetima, odnosno, na sobnoj temperaturi i prirodnom svijetlu te u hladnjaku. Miješani su uzroci podzemne vode sa 50 % i 75 % morske vode, kao i sa standardima navedenih antibiotika kako bi se vidjelo na koji način povećani salinitet koji simulira intruziju morske vode u podzemnu slatku, utječe na stabilnost (otpornost) antibiotika. Analize su odrađene tekućinskom kromatografijom uz detekciju spektrometrom mase na LC/MS QToF (eng. Liquid Chromatography/mass spectrometry quadrupole time of flight) uređaju. Korišteni su podaci o električnoj vodljivosti i pH mjereni na mjestima uzorkovanja, kao i u uzorcima iz simuliranih uvjeta. Izrađena je i karta opasnosti koja je obuhvatila stočarstvo, a prikazani su i podaci iz Registra onečišćivanja okoliša o ispustima onečišćivala u vodotoke i more na tom području. Prikazana je prirodna ranjivost područja i izrađena karta rizika te je odrađena ne–ciljana analiza organskih onečišćenja na uzorcima podzemne vode, vode iz slavine i morske vode. Detektirani su analizirani antibiotici u uzorcima podzemne vode i mora, prikazan je i objašnjen utjecaj različitih hidroloških uvjeta godišnjih doba na ponašanje antibiotika. Određenim kalibracijskim pravcima kvantificirane su vrijednosti koncentracije, a radi se o niskim koncentracijama koje prema trenutno važećim propisima, ne utječu na zdravstvenu ispravnost vode za piće. Potvrđeno je da stabilnost (otpornost) navedenih antibiotika ovisi o salinitetu, odnosno da veća količina morske vode u podzemnoj doprinosi duljoj stabilnosti ovih antibiotika.Antibiotic pollution is a great problem if it is persistent, even though it is a question of small concentrations that are expected and found in the aquatic environment. It is difficult to determine their origin in the vicinity of populated areas with developed agriculture and animal husbandry, and they are mainly the sources of this pollution through urine and faeces from wastewater from settlements or farms. The antibiotics investigated in this study are the most used in human and veterinary medicine, namely Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, Erythromycin and Gentamicin.
The research was carried out in the basin of the karst coastal aquifer, which is threatened by the intrusion of salty seawater in the Republic of Croatia, and the analysed samples were taken from the wells included in the water supply system for city of Zadar and surrounding settlements. Sampling was done periodically within 36 months, once in each season to cover the entire hydrological year in order to show the influence of different seasonal conditions on the detection and quantification of named antibiotics. Also, groundwater and seawater were sampled to see if antibiotics were present in both matrices. Due to the expected low concentrations of the mentioned antibiotics in the samples, they were prepared by the Solid Phase Extraction method in order to concentrate the samples into the appropriate analyte for analysis. Analyses were performed by liquid chromatography in tandem with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry with high resolution and sensitivity (LC/MS QToF).
Optimization of the method was carried out to obtain appropriate chromatograms for each of the analysed antibiotics. With the use of the MassHunter Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis software, the results were presented, and with the help of the Isotope Distribution Calculator software, the normalized decay of each of the analysed antibiotics was obtained to confirm the obtained masses. The samples were also mixed with certified standards of analysed antibiotics and were stored under different conditions, i.e., at room temperature and natural light, as well as in a refrigerator at a constant temperature of 4° C and in the dark. In addition to mixed samples with antibiotic standards, groundwater samples were mixed with 50 % and 75 % sea water and antibiotic standards and stored in the same manner. After mixing, blank samples were taken and analysed immediately. The mixed samples stood for 10 months under the mentioned conditions and were then filtered and analysed using the same methodology as
the blank samples. All four antibiotics were detected in groundwater samples, but in all samples, they were detected only in the summer months, which indicates that hydrological conditions affect the detection of antibiotics in the groundwater of this karst aquifer. Also, all four antibiotics were quantified, and the concentrations were determined and the mean values per sampling location were shown.
The results from simulated conditions show for all four antibiotics that they are present and more stable (resistant) in colder conditions and in the dark than those stored at room temperature and in the light, as well as that in samples with a higher percentage of salty seawater, the analysed antibiotics are more stable. An analysis of the results of electrical conductivity and pH measured at the location and in simulated conditions is also presented, and an analysis of the measured chloride values in the area, as well as the amount of daily precipitation, was performed.
The natural vulnerability of the area is presented, and a hazard analysis related to the polluters of the area from the Register of Environmental Pollution and Animal Husbandry, i.e., farms in the area, is performed. Based on the impact and the size of the farms, a risk map was created that shows where the mentioned antibiotics were detected.
A non – targeted analysis of groundwater, seawater and tap water samples in the area was also performed and the identified pollutants according to the Agilent Water PCDL were presented.
The emphasis is on detected small concentrations that do not affect the healthiness of drinking water but can affect the development of bacteria in the water environment that become resistant and can be considered a threat to the environment
Instrumental methods of sample analysis
No full textInstrumentalne su metode analize uzoraka ključne u modernoj analitičkoj kemiji i
omogućavaju točno određivanje sastava i strukture materijala. Spektrometrijske tehnike,
poput ultraljubičaste vidljive spektrometrije (UV-VIS), infracrvene spektrometrije s
Fourierovom transformacijom (FTIR), Ramanova spektrometrija (RAMAN) koriste
interakciju svjetlosti s materijalima za identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju kemijskih supstanci.
Elektroanalitičke metode, kao što su voltametrija i potenciometrija, koriste električne
osobine uzoraka za analizu njihovog sastava. Ove su metode nezamjenljive u proučavanju
redoks reakcija i određivanju koncentracija iona, posebno u vodenim otopinama.
Toplinske metode, kao što su diferencijalna skenirajuća kalorimetrija (DSC) i
termogravimetrijska analiza (TGA), ispituju promjene u fizičkim i kemijskim svojstvima
materijala pod utjecajem temperature. Ove tehnike korisne su za proučavanje stabilnosti,
faznih prelaza i termičkih svojstava materijala. Kromatografske metode, uključujući
plinsku kromatografiju (GC) i tekućinsku kromatografiju visokog pritiska (HPLC),
razdvajaju komponente složenih smjesa za dalju analizu. Elektroforeza razdvaja molekule
na osnovu njihove veličine i elektronskog potencijala, što je posebno korisno u biokemiji
za analizu proteina i nukleinskih kiselina. Kako bi se uzorak mogao analizirati potrebno
je uzorkovanje, odnosno pravilno prikupljanje uzoraka koji će biti reprezentativni za
cjelokupnu populaciju ili materijal. Priprema uzorka može uključivati homogenizaciju,
ekstrakciju, filtraciju i sušenje kako bi se uzorak pripremio za analizu. Pravilan postupak
uzorkovanja i pripreme uzoraka je ključan za točnost i ponovljivost rezultata analize.
Kombinacija ovih metoda omogućava sveobuhvatnu analizu uzoraka, pružajući detaljne
informacije o njihovom kemijskom sastavu, strukturi i svojstvima, što je od temeljnog
značaja za znanstvena istraživanja, industriju i medicinsku dijagnostiku.Instrumental methods of sample analysis are crucial in modern analytical chemistry, and
they enable precise determination of the composition and structure of materials.
Spectrometric techniques, such as ultraviolet-visible spectrometry (UV-VIS), Fouriertransform
infrared spectrometry (FTIR), and Raman spectrometry (RAMAN), use the
interaction of light with materials to identify and quantify chemical substances.
Electroanalytical methods, such as voltammetry and potentiometry, use the electrical
properties of samples to analyze their composition. These methods are indispensable in
studying redox reactions and determining ion concentrations, especially in aqueous
solutions. Thermal methods, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), examine changes in the physical and chemical
properties of materials under the influence of temperature. These techniques are useful
for studying stability, phase transitions, and thermal properties of materials.
Chromatographic methods, including gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC), separate the components of complex mixtures for further
analysis. Electrophoresis separates molecules based on their size and charge, which is
particularly useful in biochemistry for the analysis of proteins and nucleic acids.
Sampling is the first step in analysis, and it involves proper collection of samples that will
be representative of the entire population or material. Sample preparation can include
homogenization, extraction, filtration, and drying to prepare a sample for analysis. Proper
sampling and sample preparation procedures are crucial for the accuracy and
reproducibility of analysis results.
The combination of these methods allows comprehensive sample analysis, providing
detailed information about their chemical composition, structure, and properties, which
is of fundamental importance for scientific research, industry, and medical diagnostic
The analysis of energy consumption and proposed energy efficiency measures for a family house
No full textObiteljske kuće čine 65% stambenog fonda u Hrvatskoj i odgovorne su za 40% ukupne
energetske potrošnje, pri čemu troše čak 70% energije na grijanje., hlađenje i pripremu
tople vode. Većina tih kuća, izgrađenih prije 1998. godine, nema adekvatnu toplinsku
izolaciju, što ih svrstava u energetski razred E ili lošiji. Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se
analizom potrošnje energije u kućanstvu i prijedlogom mjera za poboljšanje energetske
učinkovitosti.
Rad analizira trenutnu potrošnju energije i vode u odabranom kućanstvu koje je već
implementiralo neke mjere energetske učinkovitosti, kao što su dizalice topline i
poboljšana izolacija vanjskih zidova. Uspoređujući potrošnju prije i nakon uvođenja ovih
mjera, rad procjenjuje učinkovitost postojećih rješenja i identificira područja za dodatna
poboljšanja.
Na temelju analize, predložene su dodatne mjere energetske učinkovitosti, uključujući
unapređenje izolacije modernizaciju sustava grijanja i hlađenja, te integraciju obnovljivih
izvora energije. Ove mjere imaju potencijal za smanjenje potrošnje energije do 60%, što
doprinosi smanjenju emisija CO₂ i smanjenju mjesečnih troškova za energente. Rad pruža
sveobuhvatan pregled strategija za poboljšanje energetske učinkovitosti u kućanstvu s
ciljem postizanja održivog i ekonomičnijeg stanovanja.Family houses constitute 65 % of the housing stock in Croatia and are responsible for
40% of the total energy consumption, with 70% of the energy being used for heating,
cooling, and domestic hot water preparation. Most of these houses, built before 1998, lack
adequate thermal insulation, which is why they are placed in energy class E or lower. This
thesis focuses on analyzing household energy consumption and proposing measures for
improving energy efficiency.
The master thesis analyzes the current energy and water consumption in a selected
household that has already implemented some energy efficiency measures, such as heat
pumps and improved insulation of exterior walls. By comparing consumption before and
after the implementation of these measures, the effectiveness of existing solutions is
evaluated and areas of improvement are identified
Based on the analysis, additional energy efficiency measures are proposed, including the
enhancement of insulation, modernization of heating and cooling systems, and the
integration of renewable energy sources. These measures have the potential to reduce
energy consumption by 60 %, which contributes to improving household energy
efficiency and achieving sustainable and more economical living
Determining the presence of micropollutants in the Bednja River Basin
No full textRast populacije ljudi i razvoj industrija dovodi do eksponencijalne potrebe za potražnjom i potrošnjom lijekova, pesticida, kemikalija u proizvodnim procesima, što rezultira učestalijim pojavama raznih onečišćujućih tvari u okolišu. Kako rastu potrošačke navike ljudi tako dolazi i do pojave divljih odlagališta zbog nesavjesno odbačenog opada, prekomjerne upotrebe pesticida i drugih tvari što doprinosi širenju mikroonečišćivala (u nastavku: MO) u okolišu.
Konvencionalne metode pročišćavanja otpadnih voda često nisu dovoljno učinkovite u uklanjanju MO tvari zbog strukture samih spojeva i njihovih niskih koncentracija. MO se definiraju kao biološka ili kemijska onečišćenja prisutna u podzemnim i površinskim vodama u koncentracijama izraženim u mikrogramima po litri (μg/L) i nanogramima po litri (ng/L).
U ovom istraživanju, provedena je identifikacija MO tvari prisutnih u slivu rijeke Bednje. Uzorci su prikupljeni na sedam različitih lokacija u veljači i travnju 2024. godine radi usporedbe pojavljivanja određenih spojeva. Također, uzeti su u obzir i podaci prikupljeni u istom periodu 2023. godine. Analiza sastava vodenog okoliša provedena je primjenom tekućinske kromatografije spregnute s tandemskom masenom spektrometrijom kvadrupola i analizatora vremena leta.Human population growth and industrial development have led to an exponential need for demand and consumption of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, chemicals in production processes which results in more frequent occurrence of various pollutants in the environment. Excessive consumption has caused an increase in illegal dumping sites as well as the heavy use of pesticides and other substances, which contribute to the spread of micropollution (next: MP) in the environment.
Conventional wastewater treatment methods are often not effective enough in removing MPs due to the dimensions of the compounds and their low concentrations. MPs are defined as biological or chemical contaminants present in groundwater and surface water in concentrations expressed in micrograms per liter (μg/L) and nanograms per liter (ng/L).
In this research, the identification of MPs present in the Bednja river basin was carried out. Samples were collected at seven different locations in February and April 2024 in order to compare the occurrence of certain compounds. Data collected in the same period in 2023 were also taken into account. The analysis of the composition of the aquatic environment was carried out using the hybrid LC/MS Q-TOF (liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry) methodology. This technique uses a device that combines mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography
Mathematical models in wastewater analysis
No full textKvaliteta vode odnosi se na fizičke, kemijske i biološke karakteristike vode koje određuju njezinu prikladnost za različite namjene, poput pića, rekreacije i zdravlja ekosustava.
Praćenje i održavanje kvalitete vode ključno je za osiguravanje javnog zdravlja i održavanje ekosustava. U upravljanju otpadnim vodama, usklađenost osigurava da se ispunjavaju granice ispuštanja, sprječavajući štetu okolišu i štiteći javno zdravlje.
Matematičko modeliranje koristi matematičke jednadžbe i algoritme za reprezentiranje i simuliranje stvarnih procesa i fenomena. Ovi modeli pomažu u razumijevanju složenih interakcija, predviđanju rezultata i donošenju informiranih odluka za poboljšanje kvalitete vode i operativne učinkovitosti.
U radu su analizirani sljedeći parametri otpadne vode pomoću LCK kivetnih testova; pH, temperatura, ukupni dušik, fosfati, kloridi, kemijska potrošnja kisika, anionski i neionski deterdženti, amonijak, nitrati, nitriti, sulfati i fenoli. Nadalje, provedena je korelacijska analiza svih analiziranih parametara otpadne vode te su odabrani parametri najznačajnijih Pearsonovih koeficijenta korelacije. Korišten je model višestruke linearne regresije, za zavisnu varijabla je uzeta koncentracija kemijske potrošnje kisika, dok su nezavisne varijable koncentracije klorida, fosfata, ukupnog dušika, fenola, te mutnoća. Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na postojanje povezanosti između nezavisnih varijabli koncentracija klorida, fosfata, ukupnog dušika, fenola, mutnoće i zavisne varijable koncentracije kemijske potrošnje kisikaWater quality refers to the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water that determine its suitability for various uses, such as drinking, recreation, and ecosystem health. Monitoring and maintaining water quality is essential to ensure public health and maintain ecosystems. In wastewater management, compliance ensures that discharge limits are met, preventing environmental damage and protecting public health. Mathematical modeling uses mathematical equations and algorithms to represent and simulate real-world processes and phenomena. These models help to understand complex interactions, predict outcomes, and make informed decisions to improve water quality and operational efficiency. In this paper, the following wastewater parameters were analyzed using LCK cuvette tests; pH, temperature, total nitrogen, phosphates, chlorides, chemical oxygen demand, anionic and non-ionic detergents, ammonia, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates and phenols. Furthermore, a correlational analysis of all analyzed wastewater parameters was carried out and the parameters of the most important Pearson correlation coefficients were selected. A multiple linear regression model was used, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand was taken as the dependent variables, while the independent variables were the concentrations of chloride, phosphate, total nitrogen, phenol, and turbidity. The obtained results indicate the existence of a correlation between the independent variables of chloride, phosphate, total nitrogen, phenol, turbidity and the dependent variable of chemical oxygen demand concentration
State of the environment in northwestern Croatia - an overview
No full textTema završnog rada je uvid u stanje okoliša u Varaždinskoj, Međimurskoj te
Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji u periodu od 2016. do 2021. godine. Podaci su
dobiveni istraživanjem, mjerenjem i uzorkovanjem parametara za vodu, zrak i tlo te
su prikazani u Izvješćima o stanju okoliša za pojedinu županiju. Mjerenja i
uzorkovanja su provodile nadležne institucije odgovorne za to područje. Dobiveni
podaci prikazuju stanje vode, zraka i tla na područjima Županija. Stanje kakvoće
vode određuje se pomoću ekološkog i kemijskog stanja vode. Kvaliteta zraka
uvjetovana je razinama onečišćujućih tvari u zraku i određuje se: gornjim i donjim
pragovima procjene, ciljanim vrijednostima određenog parametra te dugoročnim
ciljevima. Na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske stanje kakvoće zraka
zadovoljavajuće je za sve parametre osim prizemnog ozona O3 čija ocjena pripada
drugoj kategoriji kvalitete zraka. Tlo ima zadovoljavajuće stanje ako su kemijski,
biološki i fizikalni parametri unutar dopuštenih granica. Erozija tla je najveći uzročnik
oštećenja tla, glavni je uzrok pojave klizišta i predstavlja značajan problem na
području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Onečišćenje tla većinski je uzrokovano
prekomjernom upotrebom mineralnog i organskog gnojiva u poljoprivredi. U radu su
prikazane tablice s podacima koje prikazuju vrijednosti pojedinih parametara koji
narušavaju stanje kakvoće vode, zraka i tla. Izrađena su ili se radi na riješenjima za
parametre koji nisu sukladni s granicama propisanim u zakonu.The subject of the final paper is an overview of the environmental state in Varaždin,
Međimurje and Krapina-Zagorje counties in the period from 2016 to 2021. The data
were obtained by research, measurement and sampling of parameters for water, air
and soil and are presented in Environmental Status Reports for each county.
Measurements and sampling were conducted by competent institutions responsible
for that area. The obtained data depicts the state of water, air and soil in the areas
of these counties. The water quality is determined by the ecological and chemical
state of the water. Air quality is conditioned by the levels of pollutants in the air and
is determined by: upper and lower assessment thresholds, target values of a certain
parameter and long-term goals. In northwestern Croatia, the air quality is
satisfactory for all parameters except for ground-level ozone (O3), which falls into
the second category of air quality. The soil is in a satisfactory condition if its
chemical, biological and physical parameters are within the permissible limits. Soil
erosion is the leading cause of soil degradation, is the main cause of landslides and
represents a significant problem in northwestern Croatia. Soil pollution is mainly
caused by excessive use of mineral and organic fertilizers in agriculture. The paper
includes tables showing the values of individual parameters that deteriorate the
state of water, air and soil quality. Solutions have been developed or are being
worked on for parameters that do not comply with the legally prescribed limits
The impact of household composting on acheiving the goals of the circular economy
No full textOvaj rad istražuje ulogu kućnog kompostiranja u kružnom gospodarstvu, modelu
proizvodnje i potrošnje koji predstavlja dugotrajno korištenje proizvoda putem dijeljenja,
popravljanja, recikliranja i ponovne uporabe, s ciljem smanjenja otpada i očuvanja
resursa. Kompostiranje biorazgradivog otpada kod kuće može značajno smanjiti količinu
otpada koja završava na odlagalištima, dok istovremeno proizvodi prirodno gnojivo koje
poboljšava kvalitetu tla. Istraživanje je pokazalo da bi povećanje broja građana koji
prakticiraju kućno kompostiranje rezultiralo značajnim ekološkim i ekonomskim
koristima. Za postizanje ovih koristi, potrebno je kontinuirano educirati građane o
važnosti i prednostima kućnog kompostiranja te osigurati zadovoljavajuću infrastrukturu
i podršku za primjenu ovih praksi. Kroz zajednički trud svih sudionika, može se postići
napredak u ostvarivanju ciljeva kružnog gospodarstva i osigurati budućnost koja je više
održiva.This work explores the role of home composting in a circular economy, a production and
consumption model which represents a long-term use of products through sharing,
repairing, recycling and reuse, with the intent of decreasing waste and conservation of
resources. Composting biodegradable waste at home can significantly reduce the amount
of waste ending up in landfills, while simultaneously producing natural fertilizer that
improves soil quality. Research has shown that increasing the number of citizens
practicing home composting would result in significant environmental and economic
benefits. To achieve these benefits, it is necessary to continuously educate citizens about
the importance and advantages of home composting and to ensure satisfactory
infrastructure and support for the implementation of these practices. Through the
collective effort of all participants, progress can be made in achieving the goals of the
circular economy and ensuring a more sustainable future
The development strategy of green cities
No full textPosljedice klimatskih promjena su sve više prisutne u našim životima i neizbježno
je da ćemo se morati prilagoditi. Ta prilagodba mora biti brza i proaktivna. Zato je
Europska Unija odlučila ubrzati proces prilagodbe i u skladu s Pariškim
sporazumom donijela Europski Zeleni plan koji predstavlja smjernice za ispunjenje
glavnog cilja Europske Unije, a taj je do 2050. postati klimatsko neutralni kontinent.
Ovdje u fokus dolaze gradovi i urbana područja, koja iako zauzimaju samo 4 %
površine Europske Unije, u njima živi 75 % stanovništva. Gradovi proizvode više od
65 % svjetske energije i broje više od 70 % svjetskih emisija stakleničkih plinova.
Sukladno navedenom, ovaj diplomski rad sagledat će ulogu gradova u smanjenju
emisija stakleničkih plinova i negativnog utjecaja na okoliš. Dat će pregled područja
na koja gradske vlasti imaju utjecaja i kojima mogu upravljati kako bi potakli održivi
urbani razvoj. Također će se analizirati postojeće metodologije za izradu strategija
razvoja zelenih gradova kao ključnog pristupa za stvaranje održivog urbanog
okoliša. Istražit će se smjernice u raznim sektorima koje je postavila Europska Unija
i Europska banka za obnovu i razvoj. Rad će se tako fokusirati na strategije koje su
primijenjene u različitim gradovima širom svijeta, istraživanjem će se analizirati
učinkovitost ovih strategija, identificirati njihove prednosti i nedostatke te razmotriti
izazove u implementaciji.The consequences of climate change are increasingly present in our lives, and it is
inevitable that we will have to adapt. This adaptation must be swift and proactive.
That is why the European Union has decided to accelerate the adaptation process
and, in accordance with the Paris Agreement, has adopted the European Green
Deal, which is a guideline for meeting the main goal of the European Union - become
a climate-neutral continent by 2050.
This is where cities and urban areas come into focus, which, although they occupy
only 4 % of the area of the European Union, are home to 75 % of the population.
Cities produce more than 65 % of the world's energy and account for more than 70
% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
In accordance with the above, this thesis will look at the role of cities in reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and negative impact on the environment. It will provide
an overview of the areas that city authorities have influence on and can manage to
encourage sustainable urban development. Existing methodologies for the
development of green city development strategies as a key approach for creating a
sustainable urban environment will also be analyzed. Guidelines in various sectors
set by the European Union and the European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development will be explored. The thesis will focus on the strategies that have been
applied in different cities around the world, the research will analyze the
effectiveness of these strategies, identify their advantages and disadvantages, and
consider the challenges in implementation
The impact of waste heterogeneity on the results of a leaching test
No full textTema diplomskog rada je prikaz utjecaja heterogenosti miješanog komunalnog otpada na dobivanje različitih rezultata provedbom testa procjeđivanja (eng. leaching test). Za potrebe testa koriste se uzorci iz funkcionalnih centara za gospodarenje otpadom Marišćina i Bikarac, gdje se dnevne količine ulaznog otpada mjere u tonama. Primjerice za CGO Marišćina dnevni kapacitet iznosi 350 t po danu, a za reprezentativni uzorak uzeta je masa od samo 90 g što može utjecati na točnost i reprezentativnost rezultata.
Da bi se ispitao utjecaj heterogenosti otpada na tako malen reprezentativni uzorak, provodi se dodatno uzorkovanje nasumičnim odabirom. Svi uzorci podvrgavaju se laboratorijskom testu procjeđivanja s ciljem dobivanja vrijednosti za propisane parametre. Dobivene vrijednosti reprezentativnog uzorka uspoređuju se s vrijednostima nasumično odabranih uzoraka. Na taj način definiraju se odstupanja od reprezentativnog uzorka koja su u radu izražena u postotcima.
Međusobnom usporedbom rezultata primijećena su velika odstupanja pojedenih parametara u odnosu na reprezentativan uzorak koji bi trebao sadržavati sva svojstva i karakteristike mase iz koje je uzet. Navedena odstupanja mogu se pripisati iznimnoj heterogenosti otpada i maloj masi korištenog uzorka. Rezultati pokazuju odstupanja koja variraju u rasponu od +100% do -250%, izuzev određenih parametara čija su odstupanja još veća s vrlo visokim postotnim vrijednostima. Sukladno rezultatima istraživanja zaključeno je kako reprezentativni uzorci ne prikazuju realna stanja.This bachelor thesis shows the influence of heterogeneity of mixed municipal waste on obtaining different results by performing a leaching test. For the purposes of the leaching test, samples from the functional waste management centers Marišćina and Bikarac are used, where daily amounts of incoming waste are measured in tons. For example, for Marišćina, the daily capacity is 350 t per day, and for a representative sample a mass of only 90 g was taken, which can affect the accuracy and representativeness of the results.
In order to examine the impact of waste heterogeneity on such a small representative sample, additional random sampling is carried out. All samples are subjected to the laboratory leaching test with the aim of obtaining values for the prescribed parameters. The obtained values of the representative sample are compared with the values of randomly selected ones. After the deviations from the representative sample have been defined, they are expressed in percentages.
The results of the research were analyzed and mutually compared. The comparison shows large deviations of some parameters in relation to the representative sample which should contain all the properties and characteristics of the mass from which it was taken. The deviations can be attributed to the extreme heterogeneity of the waste and the small mass of the sample. The results show deviations that vary on average from +100% to -250%, except for certain parameters which have larger deviations with very high percentage values. According to the results of the research, it was concluded that the representative samples does not show the real situation