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Caffeine increases muscle performance during a bench press training session
Get PDFPrevious investigations have established the ergogenic effect of caffeine on maximal muscle strength, power output and strength-endurance. However, these investigations used testing protocols that do not replicate the structure of a regular strength training session. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of acute caffeine ingestion on muscle performance during a simulated velocity-based training workout. In a double-blind, randomized and counterbalanced experiment, 12 participants performed two experimental trials after ingesting 3 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine or a placebo. The trials consisted of 4 sets of 8 repetitions of the bench press exercise at 70% of their one-repetition maximum performed at maximal velocity. Bar velocity was recorded with a rotatory encoder and force, power output and work were calculated. Regarding the whole workout, caffeine increased mean bar velocity (+7.8%; p=0.002), peak bar velocity (+8.7%; p=0.006), mean force (+1.5%; p=0.002), mean power output (+10.1%; p=0.003) and peak power output (+8.2%; p=0.004) when compared to the placebo. The total work performed in the caffeine trial was superior to the placebo trial (7.01±2.36 vs 6.55±2.20 kJ, p=0.001). These results suggest that the acute intake of 3 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine before a velocity-based strength workout increased muscle performance and the total work performed across the whole training session. Thus, caffeine can be considered as an effective strategy to enhance muscle performance during the bench press training session
Serotonergic innervation of the striatum in a nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's dis-ease
No full textParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Non-dopaminergic systems are also affected, including the serotonergic system. Enhanced striatal serotonergic innervation is a proposed compensatory mechanism for the dopaminergic deficit. Meanwhile a serotonergic deficit has been suggested as preceding the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathology in PD. Our aim was to assess the serotonergic innervation of the striatum in a model of progressive experimental parkinsonism in macaques, from pre-symptomatic to symptomatic stages. The neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was administered to adult macaque monkeys using a slow intoxication protocol. The intoxicated animals were classified into asymptomatic, recovered, moderate and severe parkinsonian, based on their motor behavior. The serotonergic innervation was studied by immunohistochemistry against serotonin (5-HT). In the striatum, the density of 5-HT-immunoreactive (5-HT+) axons was estimated with stereology. Images of the striatum in the immunostained sections were taken to compare the distribution patterns of the serotonergic innervation between groups. These patterns were apparently similar among the groups. Axonal density estimations showed no differences in striatal 5-HT+ innervation between the intoxicated groups and the control group. Accordingly, this study fails to find significant changes in the striatal serotonergic axonal innervation in MPTP-treated monkeys, coinciding with previous biochemical findings in our model. However, it is possible that alterations in the serotonergic system in PD could be independent of axonal density changes. Consequently, the proposed role for striatal serotonin serving as a compensatory mechanism for dopaminergic denervation merits further study. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Serotonin Research: Crossing Scales and Boundaries'
Content of the presumption of innocence as a treatment and trial rule in the current criminal process, after Directive 2016/343/EU, of march 9
No full textLa presunción de inocencia es un derecho fundamental reconocido en el artículo 24.2 de la Constitución, en cualquier tipo de proceso penal, que otorga a la parte pasiva una serie de garantías específicas en cada estadio de desarrollo del proceso. Este derecho ha evolucionado para adaptarse a la realidad procesal penal de nuestros días, ampliándose, por lo que el análisis de su contenido actual, desde sus dos perspectivas, sobre todo a partir de la Directiva 2016/343 es esencial para cualquier jurista. Por otro lado, esta regulación a nivel comunitario puede brindar al legislador español una magnifica oportunidad para mejorar el citado principio a nivel teórico y practico
Nada más que Caín, de Carmen Conde, y el Auto Sacramental en el siglo XX
Get PDFEn las primeras décadas del siglo XX tiene lugar en el teatro español una revitalización de los autos sacramentales que une la tradición de este subgénero teatral con la vanguardia. En esos años se utiliza el sentido alegórico de los autos conservando su sentido eucarístico, prescindiendo de él o subvirtiendo su significado. Durante la posguerra continúa su cultivo y, en el caso de Carmen Conde, cercana con frecuencia en su obra a temas religiosos, Nada más que Caín manifiesta la relación con la corriente que cambia el sentido tradicional de los autos al tiempo que ofrece singulares muestras de su universo poético.
A History of the Alexithymia Concept and Its Explanatory Models: An Epistemological Perspective
Get PDFAlexithymia, as a theoretical psychotherapeutic construct, finds its origins in
psychosomatic medicine, actually being quite old. However, beyond the specific
observations and case studies, their characterization and systematization is relatively
recent. However, from an epistemological point of view, it remains the subject of debate
and therefore remains outside the conventional diagnostic guidelines. Possibly, its history,
closely linked to psychoanalysis, as well as the lack of clear empirical references, has
turned the alexithymia construct before into a good descriptive and comprehensive
framework than in a precise diagnostic model. In this article it is, following the thread
conduits of the historical perspective, to deepen these epistemological aspects
Emotional affection on a sustained attention task: The importance the aging process and depression
Get PDFChronic pain is a complex experience that has now become a major public health issue. This has prompted many researchers to study attention, understanding it to be a crucial factor that allows altering the experience of pain, while attributing considerable importance to sustained attention. Accordingly, the main studies in this field stress the importance of emotion regulation processes and emotions on the perception of painful stimuli and attentional processes themselves. Nevertheless, only a handful of studies have been found that directly study the relationship between these variables. Within this context, this article sets out to analyse emotional regulation processes, emotional variables (depression and anxiety), the experience of pain, and age on the ability to maintain the vigilance response in a sample of patients with chronic pain. This involved selecting a sample of 49 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and examining their performance in an ad-hoc sustained attention test. With a view to complying with the study’s main purpose, the participants were also assessed through the use of the following self-report measures: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-I); the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS); the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Linear regression analyses revealed a significant impact of the aging process on the performance times in the attention task. Likewise, age and depression recorded a significant correlation with the mistakes made during the task. These results suggest that higher depression levels and an older age might be related to a worse adaptation to pain management techniques based on attention processes, such as mindfulness
Investigating the Gap between Newspaper Journalists’ Role Conceptions and Role Performance in Nine European, Asian, and Latin American Countries
No full textBased on a standardized operationalization of the watchdog, civic, interventionist, loyal-facilitator, infotainment, and service roles, this study combines survey (N = 643) and content analysis data (N = 19,908) to explain gaps between newspaper journalists’ role conceptions and the performance of their press organizations in nine countries from Latin America, Western Europe, and Asia. Taking an institutional approach by focusing on institutional influences on the conception–performance gap at three levels (individual, organizational, societal), our results show that these gaps are largest for the two roles most connected with the public functions of journalism, the civic, and the watchdog roles. Multilevel analyses offer significant evidence on that, across all six analyzed roles, the size of the gaps differed more clearly between journalists and between media organizations, than among countries. Although influences on an individual level (i.e., perceived autonomy) have some explanatory power, influences on the organizational level and, more specifically, ownership and codified editorial policies are the factors that best explain conception–performance gaps. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the public skepticism about the performance of journalism and the media
Changes in thalamic dopamine innervation in a progressive Parkinson's disease model in monkeys
Get PDFBackground: Dopamine loss beyond the mesostriatal system might be relevant in pathogenic mechanisms and some clinical manifestations in PD. The primate thalamus is densely and heterogeneously innervated with dopaminergic axons, most of which express the dopamine transporter, as does the nigrostriatal system. We hypothesized that dopamine depletion may be present in the thalamus of the parkinsonian brain and set out to ascertain possible regional differences.
Methods: The toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine was administered to adult macaque monkeys using a slow intoxication protocol. The treated macaques were classified into 2 groups according to their motor status: nonsymptomatic and parkinsonian. Dopamine innervation was studied with immunohistochemistry for the dopamine transporter. Topographic maps of the dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axon distribution were generated and the total length and length density of these axons stereologically estimated using a 3-dimensional fractionator.
Results: Parkinsonian macaques exhibited lower dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axon length density than controls in mediodorsal and centromedian-parafascicular nuclei. Dopamine denervation in the mediodorsal nucleus was already noticeable in nonsymptomatic macaques and was even greater in parkinsonian macaques. Reticular nucleus dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axon length density presented an inverse pattern, increasing progressively to the maximum density seen in parkinsonian macaques. No changes were observed in ventral thalamic nuclei. Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axon maps supported the quantitative findings.
Conclusions: Changes in the dopamine innervation of various thalamic nuclei are heterogeneous and start in the premotor parkinsonian stage. These changes may be involved in some poorly understood nonmotor manifestations of PD. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Neuropsychological Implications of Child Sexual Abuse: A Literature Review
Get PDFAs reported in the literature, childhood maltreatment may impair proper cognitive development, which in later years can cause significant and lasting damage. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the studies that link alterations in executive functions and sexual abuse in childhood. The sample involved articles indexed in PubMed and Web of Science that were identified through a selection of different keywords. The 430 articles found were finally reduced to nine that met our inclusion criteria. There are few studies presenting results on the impact of this type of maltreatment. Besides, it calls for future studies that include variables that have not been considered in previous studies
Tras un eslabón perdido. Hábitos de lectura y literatura infantil en estudiantes de magisterio y en maestros
Get PDFSe presenta un estudio acerca de las diferencias entre los estudiantes del grado de Maestro de Educación Infantil y los maestros de Educación Infantil en lo relativo a hábitos lectores y actitud hacia la literatura infantil. Mediante un cuestionario a 214 estudiantes y a 318 maestros, se apreciaron notables desigualdades en los resultados, a favor de los maestros en ejercicio. Los maestros afirmaron leer más, acudir más a bibliotecas y librerías, estar mejor informados a través de internet sobre la literatura infantil, y participar más en formación voluntaria sobre el tema. Poniendo estos datos en relación con las investigaciones previas sobre la formación literaria de los futuros maestros, se plantean interrogantes fundamentales acerca de su itinerario universitario, que deben ser resueltas a la luz de lo que nos pueda aportar la práctica profesional en la etapa de Educación Infantil