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    Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in vertebrate tissues vary by diet type

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    Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in proteinaceous tissues have been used for some time in migratory, ecological, and archaeological studies. While the result of isotopic variation in drinking water and diet has been investigated with controlled feeding experiments and studies in the wild, there are few controlled feeding studies that manipulate the diet components and diet type, and this across different taxa. In this experiment, the diet fed to rats, guinea pigs, and quail varied from plant-based to insect-based and meat-based pelleted diets. We report the diet to tissue offsets for δ2H (denoted Δδ2H) and δ18O (Δδ18O) of tissue-bound organic matter in two tissue types: muscle and dentine collagen. The diet to tissue offset varies by diet type in muscle of all three species, by up to 16 ‰ (Δδ2H) and 2 ‰ (Δδ18O). In dentine collagen, a range of ~20 ‰ in Δδ2H and ~1.5 ‰ in Δδ18O are observed across diets, though in a smaller number of samples. Additionally, we note large variation in Δδ2H and Δδ18O by tissue type (δ2H = ~60 ‰, δ18O = ~3–4 ‰) and more moderate differences by species (up to δ2H = 7.4 ‰, δ18O = 1.5 ‰). The difference in consumer tissue Δδ2H and Δδ18O by diet type is important to consider as a source of isotopic variability for some studies such as migratory research or diet or drinking water reconstructions and (palaeo-)climate inferences drawn from them, particularly in species that may vary their dietary habits

    Spin Seebeck in the weakly exchange-coupled Van der Waals antiferromagnet across the spin-flip transition

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    Spin Seebeck effect refers to the creation of spin currents due to a temperature gradient in the magnetic materials or across magnet-normal metal interfaces, which can be electrically detected through the inverse spin Hall effect when in contact with heavy metals. It offers fundamental insights into the magnetic properties of materials, including the magnetic phase transition, static magnetic order, and magnon excitations. The behavior of the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flop transition has been extensively studied, whereas the spin Seebeck effect across the spin-flip transition remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate the spin Seebeck effect in a weakly exchange-coupled van der Waals antiferromagnet CrPS4. The spin Seebeck effect increases as the magnetic field increases before the spin-flip transition due to the enhancement of the thermal spin current as a function of the applied field. A peak of spin Seebeck effect is observed at the spin-flip field, which is related to the magnon mode edges across the spin-flip field. Our results extend spin Seebeck effect research to van der Waals antiferromagnets and demonstrate an enhancement of spin Seebeck effect at the spin-flip transition

    Controllable z-polarized spin current in artificially structured ferromagnetic oxide with strong spin-orbit coupling

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    Realizing field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization by spin-orbit torques is crucial for developing advanced magnetic memory and logic devices. However, existing methods often involve complex designs or hybrid approaches, which complicates fabrication and affects device stability and scalability. Here, we propose a novel approach using z-polarized spin currents for deterministic switching of perpendicular magnetization through interfacial engineering. We fabricate La0.67Sr0.33MnO3-SrIrO3 (LSIMO) thin films with robust spin-orbit coupling (SOC) and ferromagnetic order through orbital and lattice reconstruction, integrating SrIrO3 and La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 materials. Our investigation reveals that y- and z-polarized spin currents, driven by the spin Hall and spin-orbit precession effects, enable field-free switching of perpendicular magnetization. Notably, the z-polarized spin currents are tunable via the in-plane magnetization of LSIMO. These findings present a promising pathway for the development of energy-efficient spintronic devices, offering improved performance and scalability

    Unterstützung und Stabilisierung pflegender Angehöriger im hausärztlichen Setting - Eine explorative Befragung von HausärztInnen in Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen und Nordrhein-Westfalen

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    Mit rund 4,1 Millionen Pflegebedürftigen steht das Gesundheitssystem vor einer Herausforderung. Der Großteil der Pflegebedürftigen wird im häuslichen Umfeld betreut. Bedingt durch den demografischen Wandel wird die Zahl der Pflegebedürftigen in den kommenden Jahren weiter zunehmen. Die Hausarztpraxis spielt bei der Identifikation und Unterstützung von Pflegenden eine wichtige Rolle. Die Unterstützung pflegender Angehöriger durch den Hausarzt gestaltet sich vielfältig und anspruchsvoll, insbesondere mit Blick auf die im hausärztlichen Versorgungsalltag herrschende Zeit- und Ressourcenknappheit. Insgesamt liegen nur wenige Studien vor, die die hausärztliche Unterstützung von Pflegenden vertieft thematisieren, Herausforderungen in der allgemeinärztlichen Praxis herausarbeiten und konkrete Handlungsstrategien aufzeigen. Vor allem mangelt es an Studien, die Hausärzt*innen selbst die Möglichkeit geben, ihre Positionen und Erfahrungen zum Thema darzulegen. Im Jahr 2021 wurden insgesamt 20 Hausärzt*innen in Rheinland-Pfalz, Hessen und Nordrhein-Westfalen mittels halbstandardisierter, leitfadengestützter Interviews befragt. Schwerpunkte: Einstellungen und Standpunkte der Hausärzt*innen mit Blick auf pflegende Angehörige, Erfahrungen und erlebte Heraus-forderungen im Umgang mit pflegenden Personen, Kenntnisse der Hausärzt*innen in Bezug auf Hilfs- und Unterstützungsangebote, Optimierungspotenziale bzw. -ansätze.304, I Seiten ; Diagramm

    Gauge-gravity duality in low dimensions

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    This thesis studies formal aspects of the gauge/gravity duality in the context of ensemble averaged holography. The former states that a (quantum)gravitational theory on a d-dimensional space can be identified with a quantum gauge theory on the boundary of this space—which is (d − 1)-dimensional. In ensemble average holography, the boundary theory is not a single theory but an ensemble of theories. That is to say, to match boundary quantities—such as partition functions—to bulk quantities we have to take an average over the ensemble of boundary theories. Here we focus on d = 2 and d = 3. For d = 2, we study the established duality between Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity—a gravitational theory in two-dimensions which includes a scalar field—and random matrices. The latter can be seen as an ensemble of Hamiltonians on the one-dimensional boundary. We approach the problem from a topological gravity point of view in the sense that we express partition functions of JT gravity in terms of topological gravity correlators which obey the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) hierarchy—a infinite system of differential equations. This approach is applied in particular to deformations of JT gravity, i.e. JT gravity with a more general potential, to map solutions of the KdV hierarchy to classes of JT deformations. This is explicitly achieved for a particular JT deformation, namely the one that introduces conical defects in the bulk manifold. We formulate generalisations to JT partition functions that when evaluated at specific values of their arguments give back the known JT partition functions and study their low temperature expansions with a focus on the ones that correspond to conical defects. For d = 3, we focus on ensemble averages of Narain conformal field theories (CFTs) and their bulk duals. We start with a treatment of the former, by discussing how one can calculate ensemble averages of partition functions of such CFTs using the Siegel-Weil formula and generalise this to supersymmetric versions of Narain CFTs. Then, we introduce two classes of Z_2 Narain orbifolds called “factorisable” and “non-factorisable” and calculate the ensemble averages of their partition functions as well. Next, we treat symmetric product orbifolds of Narain CFTs and calculate ensemble averages of partition functions and correlators of twists fields. Having discussed the technical details of Narain CFTs, orbifolds and their ensemble averages, we move on to study their potential bulk duals. Starting with the known Narain-U(1) gravity correspondence, we propose a bulk dual for the ensemble average of the symmetric product orbifold of Narain CFTs which can reproduce parts of the boundary ensemble averaged partition functions and correlators. Also, we generalise this to the supersymmetric case (at least for the partition functions). Finally, we speculate on ensemble averages of products of arbitrary CFTs and exemplify these ideas using products of Narain CFTs and the “factorisable” and “non-factorisable” orbifolds.Diese Arbeit untersucht formale Aspekte der Gauge/Gravitations-Dualität im Kontext der ensemblegemittelten Holographie. Ersteres besagt, dass eine (Quanten-)Gravitationstheorie auf einem d-dimensionalen Raum mit einer Quantenfeldtheorie am Rand dieses Raums—welcher (d − 1)-dimensional ist—identifiziert werden kann. In der ensemblegemittelten Holographie ist die Randtheorie keine einzelne Theorie, sondern ein Ensemble von Theorien. Das bedeutet, dass wir, um Randgrößen—wie z. B. Partitionsfunktionen—mit Bulk-Größen abzugleichen, einen Durchschnitt über das Ensemble der Randtheorien nehmen müssen. Hier konzentrieren wir uns auf die Fälle d = 2 und d = 3. Für d = 2 untersuchen wir die etablierte Dualität zwischen Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) Gravitation—eine Gravitationstheorie in zwei Dimensionen, die ein Skalarfeld beinhaltet—und Zufallsmatrizen. Letztere können als ein Ensemble von Hamiltonoperatoren auf dem eindimensionalen Rand angesehen werden. Wir nähern uns dem Problem aus der Sicht der topologischen Gravitation, indem wir Partitionsfunktionen der JT-Gravitation in Bezug auf Korrelationen der topologischen Gravitation ausdrücken, welche der Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) Hierarchie gehorchen—ein unendliches System von Differentialgleichungen. Dieser Ansatz wird insbesondere auf Deformationen der JT-Gravitation angewendet. D.h. JT-Gravitation mit einem allgemeineren Potential, so dass Lösungen der KdV-Hierarchie auf Klassen von JT-Deformationen abgebildet werden. Dies wird explizit für eine bestimmte JT-Deformation erreicht, nämlich die, die konische Defekte in der Bulk-Mannigfaltigkeit einführt. Wir formulieren Verallgemeinerungen zu JT-Partitionsfunktionen, die bei spezifischen Werten ihrer Argumente die bekannten JT-Partitionsfunktionen reproduzieren, und untersuchen deren Niedrigtemperaturentwicklungen insbesondere diejenigen, die konische Defekte haben. Für d = 3 konzentrieren wir uns auf Ensemblemittelwerte von Narain-konformen Feldtheorien (CFTs) und deren Bulk-Dualitäten. Wir beginnen mit einer Behandlung der ersteren, indem wir diskutieren, wie man Ensemblemittelwerte von Partitionsfunktionen solcher CFTs mithilfe der Siegel-Weil-Formel berechnen kann und verallgemeinern diese auf supersymmetrische Versionen von Narain-CFTs. Anschließend führen wir zwei Klassen von Z_2 Narain-Orbifolds ein, die als „faktorisierbar“ und „nicht faktorisierbar“ bezeichnet werden, und berechnen ebenfalls die Ensemblemittelwerte ihrer Partitionsfunktionen. Als nächstes behandeln wir symmetrische Produktorbifolds von Narain-CFTs und berechnen Ensemblemittelwerte von Partitionsfunktionen und Korrelationen von Twist-Feldern. Nachdem wir die technischen Details von Narain-CFTs, Orbifolds und deren Ensemblemittelwerten besprochen haben, wenden wir uns deren potenziellen Bulk-Dualitäten zu. Beginnend mit der bekannten Narain-U(1)-Gravitationskorrespondenz schlagen wir ein duale Bulk-Formulierung für den Ensemblemittelwert der symmetrischen Produktorbifolds von Narain-CFTs vor, das Teile der ensemblegemittelten Rand-Partitionsfunktionen und deren Korrelationen reproduzieren kann. Außerdem verallgemeinern wir dies auf den supersymmetrischen Fall (zumindest für die Partitionsfunktionen). Schließlich spekulieren wir über Ensemblemittelwerte von Produkten beliebiger CFTs und veranschaulichen diese Ideen anhand von Produkten von Narain-CFTs und den „faktorisierbaren“ und „nicht faktorisierbaren“ Orbifolds.163 Seiten ; Illustrationen, Diagramm

    Symmetry - breaking charge transfer, intersystem crossing and other ultrafast processes in chromophore aggregates

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    This dissertation begins with a theoretical background chapter, where Molecular Orbital theory is discussed, focusing on π-conjugated orbitals. The chapter also addresses the subsequent π-stacking of molecules and the interactions derived from there. Intramolecular Frenkel excitons and intermolecular Charge Transfer excitons are elucidated through the lens of the Exciton Model, along with the effects of their intermixing. Chapter 3 outlines the experimental methods employed, provides theoretical background, and describes the setups. It offers an overview of the fundamentals of linear spectroscopy: absorption and fluorescence. Additionally, the chapter provides an in-depth discussion of time-resolved spectroscopy using pulsed laser systems and the methodology for data collection and analysis. Chapter 4 studies how intermolecular interactions in π-stacked chromophores strongly influence their photophysical properties and function in photonic applications. The photoexcited dynamics of the small molecule semiconductor copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) are characterized in solution and thin film, the latter comprising two different π-stacked architectures, α-CuPc and β-CuPc. In solution, CuPc undergoes ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) to the triplet excited state. In the solid state, both α-CuPc and β-CuPc morphologies exhibit a mixing between Frenkel and charge-transfer excitons (Frenkel-CT mixing). This mixing influences the photophysical properties differently based on morphology. In addition to ISC, α-CuPc demonstrates symmetry-breaking charge transfer, which depends on the excitation wavelength. This mechanism is not observed in β-CuPc. These results elucidate how molecular organization mediates the balance of competitive photoexcited decay mechanisms in organic semiconductors. Chapter 5 presents squaraine aggregates slip stacked and in amorphous form. The effect of aggregation of n-alkyl SQ can be seen when, upon photoexcitation, SQ relax through a complex pathway that involves variable charge transfer character that decreases for longer alkyl chain length. The possibility of excitation and decay to triplet states is also explored because, due to the weak SOC in SQ, the triplets are not expected to be from ISC but eventually from the spin-allowed Singlet Fission process; it is usually CT mediated.X, 179 Seiten ; Illustrationen, Diagramm

    Einfluss von Alpelisib in Kombination mit niedrig dosiertem Vinorelbin auf das funktionale Verhalten von Mammakarzinomzellen

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    101, XXXIV Seiten ; Illustrationen, Diagramm

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