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Mediation in the Baltic States: developments and challenges of implementation
Get PDFCC BY 4.0Background: This article explores the response of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia to major
European initiatives in the field of mediation. Accordingly, the paper examines EU attempts
to foster mediation and introduces the process and the outcome of the implementation of the
Mediation Directive (as the main legal instrument of setting the unified standards for mediation
in the EU) in the aforementioned Baltic States.
Methods: Research commenced with a review of the existing literature, followed by an analysis
of mediation models currently being implemented in the three Baltic States. A comparative
analysis of the models presented by the authors and a discussion of common issues and
challenges enabled us to draw certain conclusions.
Results and Conclusions: Throughout, the paper considers key developments in the
implementation of mediation and presents an analysis of what are considered to be the main
challenges that need to be addressed. This research assists dispute resolution practitioners and
researchers who are interested in better understanding how different countries are implementing
mediation practices and processes
Hate crimes and hate speech: where does the limits of freedom expression begin and end?
No full textThe right to self-expression - the human right exercised by every democratic state on topical issues
of the state and society and other important issues. However, the implementation of this right cannot be
unlimited. Its realization may be restricted in the light of other protected interests, goodness and
fundamental values, that may suffer more harm than the freedom of expression itself. This article focuses
on the distinction between permissible and prohibited acts, based on national pre-trial and judicial practice,
as well as the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), it is discussed where the
boundaries between criminal liability for violating the right to self-expression and one of the values of
democracy are freedom of expression.
Analysis of the decisions of terminated pre-trial investigations on Art. 170 has shown that the main
arguments for such decisions are related to the degree of danger of hate speech, causing certain social
tensions and the intensity of illegal activities through the dissemination of information. Social tensions against a person (s) on the grounds of race, nationality, language, origin, religion, belief or other reasons
do not in themselves justify stricter restrictions on the exercise of freedom of expression and the application
of criminal liability as an ultima ratio. In principle, the recognition of the absence of a degree of danger
which may lead to criminal liability, in such acts justifiably creates preconditions for the application of
administrative justice.
Arguments for the adoption of a criminal order in this category of cases are often based on the
confession of the person who committed the act, which may in principle give rise to a dual practice of
proving the offense. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the same reasoning should apply to the final
decision, regardless of the individual's position on the act committed.
The use of legal and educational instruments would be more successful in clearing the boundaries of
hate speech and freedom of expression. It is recommended that the Code of Administrative Offenses provide
for liability for acts of hatred against a person (persons) on the grounds of race, nationality, language,
origin, religion, belief, opinion or other grounds, i. y. transferring Art. 170 of the Criminal Code. 1 d.
provisions of the Code of Administrative Offenses, while Art. 170 providing for liability for incitement to
hatred, thus realizing the principle of the inevitability of liability. A clear differentiation of liability and
unity of preventive action would help to ensure a smooth demarcation line between freedom of expression
and hatred
Smart public governance in the Lithuanian energy sector
No full textPublic governance in the energy sector is influenced by international commitments,
the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and evolution in public governance All of these create
the need for a flexible energy system, greater public involvement, protection of the public
interest, climate change mitigation, and innovation, which would be achieved through a
transformation from traditional to smart public governance Smart public governance, as
identified in the academic literature, is about adapting public authorities to environmental change by building the relevant skills, knowledge, and competencies, but is only partly
focused on the transformation of society and the energy system The dissertation aims
to find out which factors of public governance increase the efficiency of the Lithuanian
energy sector The analysis of the scientific literature has led to the identification of the
importance for the efficiency of the energy sector of ensuring changes in all the systems 307
involved (public governance, energy, and society), identifying the features necessary for
the progress of each system and forming a model of smart public governance in the energy
sector The developed methodological tool has created the prerequisites for the identification of the significance of the factors of smart public governance in the energy sector, which
are important for the modeling of smart public governance in the Lithuania energy sector,
to achieve the efficiency of the energy sector
COVID-19 pandemijos poveikis teisiniam reguliavimui, įgyvendinant ekstremaliosios situacijos valdymą Lietuvoje
Get PDFInstitutionalization of disaster risk management in the local environment
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the institutionalization of the organizational field of disaster risk management,
at the local level, in Brazil. The research is developed through in-depth interviews. Data are interpreted using
content analysis techniques. In particular, it appears that the civil defense units, in the organizational field
researched, have structure and resources that are still inadequate and insufficient, lacking technical training and
structure to develop the activity. There are entrepreneurial actions by the State, however, there is a need to foster
partnerships with Education. Institutional legitimacy is still small in the social context in which it operates. There
are no interfaces with urban planning for disaster mitigation. It is necessary to strengthen the process of
institutionalizing disaster risk management at the local level in the researched territory
Indonezijos mokesčių pajamų, valstybinių išlaidų, inflacijos, ekonominio augimo analizė tarp 1973 m. ir 2019 m.
No full textCC BYThis study aims to analyze the causality between tax revenue, state expenditure,
inflation and economic growth in Indonesia during the 1973-2019 period to provide policy advice to
the Indonesian government. This country was selected as an object with consideration that its
economy has grown impressively and has been able to rise from the Asian economic crisis. A brief
overview of the policies developed during the research period is presented to provide insight into the
policies taken by the government. The use of quantitative methods through the Vector Error
Correction Model and Granger causality test was carried out to provide an in-depth analysis. The
result showed a positive long-term two-way causality relationship between tax revenues and state
expenditures as well as tax revenues and economic growth. This indicates that the government's
efforts to implement state expenditure have succeeded in increasing tax revenues. Conversely, an
increase in tax revenue allows the government to make state expenditures, both in development and
other activities, to improve people’s economy, leading to increased economic growth. The
government must maintain an economic policy strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic to restore
the national economy by considering potential sectors that are suitable for the climate, such as the
agriculture or livestock sector. The result of tests on inflation show that this variable is caused by
economic growth and does not apply the other way around, but this variable is has a negative effect
on tax revenue, state expenditure and economic growth so its needs to be suppressed to ensure the
stable economic growth
Globalių verslo paslaugų centrų poveikio Rytų ir Centrinės Europos šalių makroekonominiams rodikliams vertinimas
No full textThe scientific problem of the dissertation: what is the Global Business Services Centers (GBSCs) impact on macroeconomic indicators and how to evaluate this impact. The dissertation analyzes changes in the global economy structure driven by the development of foreign direct investment segment – GBSCs. In the light of the fact that GBSCs phenomenon is well known in business community, but is novel in scientific community, dissertation increases scientific exploration level of it. GBSCs as economic phenomenon theoretical reasoning is performed, conceptual framework of GBSCs is presented, increase in GBSCs value and scope is analyzed, interconnectedness between GBSCs and macroeconomic indicators multiplier effect is revealed in the dissertation. GBSCs macroeconomic outcomes evaluation model in Central and Eastern Europe countries incorporating multiplier effects and panel data analysis is presented as a solution for the GBSCs limited measurability and limitations related to it. The results of the dissertation show that labor market indicators are the mostly impacted macroeconomic indicators and multiplier effect evaluation together with panel data analysis enable to reveal more accurate GBSCs impact manifestation
Pre-Screening at the Border in the Asylum and Migration Pact: A Paradigm Shift for Asylum, Return and Detention Policies?
Get PDFCC BY-SA 4.0The New Pact on Migration and Asylum1 announced by the European
Commission on 23 of September 2020 contains a new piece of legislation:
a Proposal for a Regulation introducing a screening of third country nationals
at the external borders and amending some related regulations2
(hereafter Proposal for a Screening Regulation, Proposal). From the first
outlook it seems that a novelty – a pre-entry screening – procedure is
introduced. A more thorough analysis raises several questions. Firstly, is
this novelty really new, and if not, is it worthwhile investing almost 0.5
billion euros in re-decorating old practices that did not work? Second, will
the measures proposed be adequate to address the challenges and meet the
objectives indicated, or will they raise more legal and practical issues than
the existing ones? Last, but not least, how realistic are such provisions to be
implemented once adopted
Cross-Lingual Link Discovery for Under-Resourced Languages
Get PDFCC BY-NC 4.0In this paper, we provide an overview of current technologies for cross-lingual link discovery, and we discuss challenges,
experiences and prospects of their application to under-resourced languages. We first introduce the goals of cross-lingual
linking and associated technologies, and in particular, the role that the Linked Data paradigm (Bizer et al., 2011) applied
to language data can play in this context. We define under-resourced languages with a specific focus on languages actively
used on the internet, i.e., languages with a digitally versatile speaker community, but limited support in terms of language
technology. We argue that languages for which considerable amounts of textual data and (at least) a bilingual word list are
available, techniques for cross-lingual linking can be readily applied, and that these enable the implementation of downstream
applications for under-resourced languages via the localisation and adaptation of existing technologies and resources
