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Designs of Notch Filters and Absorbers with Overmoded Waveguides
No full text本篇論文將利用多模態波導之特殊幾何結構，將高階模態侷限在內部，進而形成等效的共振腔，藉由兩種模態之間的干涉行為來設計陷波濾波器與吸收器。不同於一般矩形波導只能傳遞主模態TE10，多模態波導允許其他高階模態同時為傳播模態，因此在K頻段(18 GHz - 26.5 GHz)的頻率範圍內選擇TE10模態與TE30模態進行模擬與實驗。本篇論文設計出一種曲線式口徑轉換的多模態波導，其幾何形狀為對稱結構，兩端口徑寬度由標準尺寸10.668 mm向中間逐漸增加至22.86 mm，並在中間口徑最寬的區域填充部分介電質以激發TE30模態；由於截止頻率的特性，隨著口徑寬度縮減至特定寬度時，TE30模態將從傳播模態轉變為截止模態，進而在波導內部形成等效的共振腔。若以此結構作為雙埠系統，在共振頻率時的頻率響應將顯示為高反射，可以用來設計陷波濾波器；若作為單埠系統，在共振頻率時的頻率響應將顯示為高吸收，則可以用來設計吸收器。透過時域耦合模態理論可以清楚地瞭解並解釋系統在共振時，兩種模態疊加之後的干涉行為，並透過改變介電質的介電係數與尺寸，得到不同的頻率響應。本論文使用電磁模擬軟體HFSS並配合時域耦合模態理論來找出最佳化的結果，最後實際製作成品進行量測，並與模擬結果做驗證。此外，為了使模擬更能符合實驗條件，我們將自行量測介電質的介電係數與正切損耗(loss tangent)，使之作為模擬軟體之參數設定。An overmoded waveguide is presented through changing the dimension of width. We put a dielectric in middle of the waveguide in order to excite higher order modes. Because of higher order modes can only exist in the wider dimension of width, effectively form a cavity in the waveguide. Then we design notch filters and absorbers by the interference conditions of two modes composition. We choose TE10 mode and TE30 mode as two operating modes in K-band. At the beginning of this work, we simulate the frequency responds of different structures by the simulation program “HFSS”, then put the design structure into the real waveguide for testing. Finally we compare the differences between the simulation results and measurement data and take the temporal coupled-mode theory into consideration for further optimization of the design. We also measure the permittivity and loss tangent of the dielectric in rectangular waveguide for simulation settings
Social Enterprise─The Research of Enterprise Paradigm Shift
No full text摘要 觀察歐、美對社會企業定義的差異後，本文採納歐洲的定義認為社會企業必須確保社會使命並有相應之治理結構。進一步以公司法CSR相較，本文認為CSR與社會企業差異的關鍵應為從「權力轉變為義務」而使「CSR由量變到質變」，因此本文認為狹義的社會企業將造成公司治理的變革，帶來「企業/公司的典範轉移」。 在法制上，本文以英國CIC以及美國四大社會企業公司之立法進行比較法研究，發現兩國立法之差異應在於定性，並非單純規範密度之寬嚴，蓋因CIC整體規範邏輯是將傳統NPO的規範特徵納入公司法中以確保社會使命，呈現公司法與NPO法混合體的樣貌；而美國四大立法卻只是擴大董事對公益目的之決策權限以加強CSR的效果，未有確保社會使命的規範設計。 由於英、美均以公司組織為立法，能否克服傳統公司法對公益目的造成的困境便是檢測社會企業立法的試金石。對此，本文以傳統公司法上股東利益最大化原則的具體應用層面，包含董事受託義務、股東盈餘分派權以及併購案等面向，檢測英美社會企業法能否克服困境，復以代表公益目的受益者的利害關係人來檢驗公益目的之實踐成效，此即為四大試金石。經過四大試金石的檢驗，本文認為CIC法規已明確劃定與傳統公司不同的規範標準及行為準則，能夠克服傳統公司法上營利性的困境，並實質轉變為公益優先之社會企業，具有典範轉移的效果；而美國僅靠公司應追求公益目的、董事應平衡考量公益與股東利益之規範，不僅無法克服股東利益最大化困境，反而徒增爭訟的可能。 我國的社會企業發展，政府基於「先行政後立法」的態度提出《社會企業行動方案》，擬定未來社會企業的施政方針；惟本文認為行動方案未能掌握社會企業之核心內涵，導致施政方向未能辨明其與一般創業需求的差異而僅強調資金來源的規範鬆綁，此尤其在開放財團法人投資設立美式社會企業的營利型公司時，反促使既有財團法人及NPO規範缺漏的沉痾及弊端惡化，因此行動方案有必要再行研擬修正。Abstract After exploring and analyzing the concept of “social enterprise” in European countries and that in the U.S, this thesis agrees with the European approach that “social enterprise” should ensure to pursue their social purpose and the specific governance structures which correspond to their purpose are essential. In the context of corporation law, this thesis argues that the crucial divergence between CSR and social enterprise is that CSR “allows” the board of directors to practice social responsibilities, which means they have the discretion, but social enterprise “requires” directors to carry out the social purpose, which means they bear the duty. Being aware of such substantial difference, it can be concluded that the transition from CSR to social enterprise actually evokes the reformation of “corporate governance” and brings about the enterprise/corporation paradigm shift. This thesis adopts the comparative study to compare the CIC act of U.K. and the four social enterprise legislations of the U.S. The thesis finds out that the difference between the two countries laws is the ""nature"" of the norms, not just the different criteria. The reason is that the CIC act appears to be a ""hybrid entity"" legal form given it combines characteristics of NPO regulations into company laws, the legislations of the U.S., however, merely expand directors’ discretion to decide whether or not to reinforce CSR, rather than ensure their duty of pursuing the social purpose. Given that both social enterprise legislation of U.K. and the U.S. adopt company/corporation as the legal entity, whether to conquer the conventional value of traditional corporation law which aims at shareholders’ value maximization resulting in the limitation of social purpose shall be the touchstone of social enterprise legislations. Therefore, this thesis further develops four touchstones: the first to the third touchstones which originate from the norm of the shareholder value maximization application cases are the fiduciary duty of the board of directors, dividend/surplus distribution and mergers and acquisitions. The last touchstones focus on the improvement of the stakeholders’ status since they are the beneficiary of social purposes. Via the examination of these touchstones, this thesis argues that the approach of the CIC act clearly establishes the distinctive standards and principles which are different from traditional corporation law so that the CIC could successfully conquer the existing difficulties and is exactly the social enterprise which prioritizes the social purpose. In contrast, the legislations of the U.S. merely pronounce that companies/corporations should pursue the social purpose and the board of directors must consider both the stakeholders’ and shareholders’ interests. It not only cannot solve the existing difficulties but even increases more disputes. In the context of the social enterprise development in Taiwan, the central government has proposed the social enterprise development guiding policy. However, this thesis contends that it contains a significant defect: failing to grasp the crux of social enterprise. This defect leads to the failure to distinguish the differences between a social enterprise and an ordinary business venture, and further causes that the guiding policy only emphasizes on the deregulation for raising capitals. Especially, when permitting NPO to set up a corporation which is engaged in CSR, this policy would rather worsen and deteriorate the existing regulatory defects and loopholes of NPO. This thesis contends that this policy needs to be revised
Splitting Cause of Action
No full text一部請求之主要爭論在於餘額請求之許可性，此涉及一部請求之訴訟標的、既判力客觀範圍等基本問題。我國於1999年、2000年、2003年大幅修正民事訴訟法後（下稱「民訴法」），已發展出一套台灣本土化之民訴法學，就訴訟審理之對象及程序結構，已重組向來所採處分權主義與辯論主義所含內容、命題，且就審理方式及程序形成，亦改採集中審理主義及適時提出主義。與訴訟標的有關之條文或制度修正，允許原告以原因事實特定訴訟標的，放寬訴之追加、變更等規定，加重法官之闡明義務等，貫徹防止突襲之要求及程序保障之要求。既判力客觀範圍之劃定，亦以「賦予當事人程序保障、避免突襲性裁判」作為其正當化基礎；判決理由中判斷具有拘束力或爭點效之前提要件，係以該判斷不致對當事人發生突襲，作為承認之前提。一部請求在我國法上應如何解釋及處理，自應符合我國民訴法之旨趣，本文透過以日本法為中心之比較法研究，進一步省思在我國應如何處理一部請求之相關問題。 本文共計六章。第一章提出研究之問題意識。第二章說明一部請求之類型與一部請求之許可性。其中第一節介紹一部請求之類型與原告為一部請求之利益與動機，並承認原告有一部請求之利益；第二節為一部請求之許可性，基於處分權主義而承認其合法性，惟須透過法院之闡明，盡量使原告於一部請求訴訟中追加餘額請求，並盡量使被告於一部請求訴訟中提起反訴，以促成紛爭一次解決。然而，於原告濫用訴權或違反民訴法第436-16條之規定時，則不容許其為一部訴求。 第三章討論一部請求之訴訟標的及其相關問題。其中第一節闡述我國現行民訴法採取訴訟標的相對論之法理，「求裁判之訴訟標的」須依原告聲明之內容予以劃定，因此應以「原告所聲明之數額」作為一部請求之訴訟標的，優先考量原告之程序處分權，再藉由其他制度一併平衡兼顧被告之程序利益及公益層面之紛爭解決一次性與訴訟經濟等要求。第二節討論涉及一部請求訴訟標的之程序法與實體法之問題。程序法上，一部請求訴訟繫屬中更行起訴請求餘額是否違反重複起訴禁止原則，本文認為應區分前後訴有無共通爭點而無法獨自分離：若有共通爭點而無法獨立，法院應闡明使當事人追加或反訴，若法院已闡明，但原告或被告仍堅持另訴，應可裁定駁回後訴；若前、後訴係各自獨立之爭點時，雖更行起訴仍有訴之利益，但因前、後訴之基礎事實同一，法院仍應闡明原告於前訴追加，或合併辯論、裁判。至於原告於一部請求訴訟繫屬中增加請求餘額部分，可適用民訴法第255條第1項第2款或第3款為訴之追加，此時不僅有訴之聲明之變動，亦有訴訟標的之變動。實體法上，一部訴求中斷時效之範圍，無須與訴訟標的、既判力範圍為相同認定，除有原告明示放棄餘額之特別情事外，通常可認為原告為達成其最終法律上可救濟之利益，應會再訴餘額部分，故餘額部分亦可為時效中斷範圍所及。 第四章分為二節。第一節說明一部請求之既判力客觀範圍，承接前開本文已確立一部請求之訴訟標的為原告所聲明之數額（一部債權），依民訴法第400條第1項，既判力原則上應及於該訴訟標的之部分，亦即原告聲明之「一部」，而不及於餘額部分。第二節討論一部請求與過失相抵、抵銷抗辯。過失相抵作為對於原告債權之減額事由，應優先自何部分予以扣除，本文認為應採外側說，優先自餘額部分扣除；至於被告主張抵銷抗辯之情形，本文承認抵銷考慮型之一部請求，為擴大紛爭一次解決之機能，亦應採外側說。而一部請求抵銷之既判力範圍，依民訴法第400條第2項，其成立與否經裁判者有既判力，故抵銷原告訴求以外之餘額部分亦有既判力，此時一部請求之既判力客觀範圍即擴大。 第五章分為二節。第一節闡述餘額請求之許可性，雖然餘額部分並非一部請求既判力所及，但因一部請求有其特殊性，原告雖僅特定一部債權為訴訟標的，但前訴法院在審理時勢必會審理全部債權，鑒於法院之審理方式、兩造受有程序保障，法院對於餘額債權存否之判斷，即如同對訴訟標的之判斷，因此若前訴法院認定餘額債權不存在，並無使原告利用後訴之實益，依據類似既判力，或基於誠信原則，應不允許原告提起後訴。若前訴法院認定餘額債權存在，原則上容許原告之餘額訴求，但後訴法院仍須具體個案判斷原告有無失權之情事。第二節探究允許原告再訴請求餘額而進入本案審理後，前訴確定判決對後訴具有何拘束力，鑒於一部請求案例之特殊性，應有較爭點效更強之效力，可界定為類似既判力。最後，於第六章總結前述各章所涉爭議之結論
Effectiveness of Family-Centered Intervention Program on Neurobehavioral and Neurophysiological Functions in Preterm Infants with Very Low Birth Weight
No full text背景：極低出生體重早產兒（出生體重小於1500克）是發展障礙的高危險群。早產兒之早期介入融入以家庭為中心的理論基礎於認知、動作發展上之介入成效多維持在嬰幼兒時期，於學齡前期及學齡期的療效並不明顯。有少數研究應用神經生理評估探討早產兒住院期早期介入的療效機制，發現會改變腦波連結相關性，唯腦波連結相關性的結果並不一致。目的：本研究探討極低出生體重早產兒從住院期持續至出院後的以家庭為中心之早期介入在神經生理功能及神經行為表現的療效，並探討神經生理功能及神經行為表現之間的關聯性。方法：本實驗於臺大、馬偕及成大醫院徵召極低出生體重早產兒，隨機分派至介入組與常規組，分別接受從住院期持續至矯齡1歲的以家庭為中心及常規性早期介入。兩組於矯齡1及4個月進行神經生理功能檢查，於睡眠狀態測量其腦波連結相關性，以及於新異刺激法下測量聽覺事件相關電位，並於矯齡6及12個月接受第三版貝萊氏嬰幼兒發展測驗。結果：269名個案中129名為介入組，140名為常規組。6及12個月的動作、認知與語言發展分數無組間差異。連結相關性於矯齡1至4月的變化，介入組在delta頻率帶的左右半球內從額葉至頂葉、顳葉及枕葉之腦波連結相關性皆顯著高於常規組（p值皆小於經錯誤發現率校正後之顯著水準）。此外，介入組theta頻率帶的左半球內從額葉至頂葉、枕葉及兩半球間的額葉之腦波連結同調性亦高於常規組（p值皆小於經錯誤發現率校正後之顯著水準）。聽覺事件相關電位生理參數於適重早產兒次族群中，介入組於F3電極之P150與N250尖峰潛伏期明顯快於常規組（p=0.01）。前額葉至頂葉與顳葉之腦波連結相關性於矯齡1至4月的變化與12個月動作分數達顯著相關（β=4.0~12.3, p <0.05），P150於F3之尖峰潛伏期與12個月認知功能達邊緣相關（β= −0.04, p=0.1）。結論：極低出生體重早產兒實施以家庭為中心之介入計畫在6及12個月的神經行為表現上無顯著療效，但明顯提高矯齡1至4個月額葉至其他腦部區域之腦波連結相關性，而且部分的神經生理參數與12個月的動作及認知功能有關。Background: Preterm infants with very low birth weight (VLBW) are at high risk of developmental disorders in their lifetime. Previous studies on family-centered care for preterm infants showed short- to medium-term neurobehavioral benefit. Few studies have explored the neurophysiological changes underlying effective in-hospital intervention in preterm infants, however differences existed in the patterns of spectral coherence as measured by using electroencephalography (EEG). Purposes: This study was aimed to examine the effects of a family-centered intervention program (FCIP) on the neurophysiological function and neurobehavioral performance in VLBW preterm infants in the first year compared to a usual care program (UCP), and to investigate the relationships between neurophysiological function and neurobehavioral outcome. Methods: VLBW preterm infants from three medical centers in Taiwan were recruited and were randomly allocated to the FCIP and UCP to receive interventions from hospitalization to 12 months of corrected age (CA). Infants were assessed neurophysiological function using the EEG in sleep and EEG/event-related potentials (ERPs) in an auditory oddball paradigm at 1 and 4 months CA, followed by neurobehavioral assessment using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III) at 6 and 12 months CA. Results: This study included 269 VLBW preterm infants (129 in the FCIP and 140 in the UCP). Cognitive, language, and motor composite scores at 6 and 12 months were comparable between groups. The FCIP showed greater increase in the EEG coherence in bilateral intra-hemispheric pairs in the frontal-to-parietal, temporal, and occipital regions from 1 to 4 months CA than the UCP (all p< significant level adjusted by false discovery rate). Among preterm infants with appropriate for gestational age, the peak latencies of P150 and N250 at F3 electrode in auditory oddball procedure were shorter in the FCIP group than in the UCP group (all p=0.01). The coherence pairs in prefrontal-to-temporal and parietal regions from 1 to 4 months were correlated with motor score at 12 months (β=4.0~12.3, all p <0.05); the peak latency of P150 was marginally correlated with cognitive score at 12 months (β=−0.04, p=0.1) in all preterm infants. Conclusions: The FCIP yielded changes in on the brain connectivity between 1 and 4 months CA but showed no obvious neurobehavioral effect at 6 and 12 months CA in VLBW preterm infants. Furthermore, certain electrophysiological measures were associated with subsequent motor and cognitive outcome in VLBW preterm infants
Study of Double Parton Scattering in Photon + 3 Jets Final State in Proton-Proton Collisions at √s = 7TeV in CMS
No full text在大強子對撞機實驗中,同時間在同一粒子對撞中產生多組反應的機率是不可忽略的。這些額外的反應隨著對撞時的質心能量的增加,其發生的機率也隨之增 加,並且變得能夠辨識,甚至於影響分析那些來自主要對撞反應的物理現象。我們探討質心能量為七兆電子伏特的質子質子對撞實驗中單光子加上三個噴流事例的雙部分子散射現象。其中實驗數據是在二零一零年由大強子對撞機實驗的緊湊 渺子線圈偵測器所收集而來,數據的總有效照度約為三十六 皮靶負一次方。藉由分析緊湊秒子線圈偵測器所得數據,並加以重組數據資訊及篩選事例, 我們測量出質子質子對撞後末狀態為一個光子加上三個噴流的事例截面可能性為一百二十四點九 皮靶,統計誤差約為八點九 皮靶,系統誤差約為二十二點六 皮靶。同時 我們也探討了事例中, 光子和三個噴流的空間分布以及橫向動量平衡等有利於觀察雙部分子散射現像的物理量,而藉由蒙地卡羅法來模擬預測且和實際數據作比 對, 使我們了解各種物理模型正確性並對其加以修正。The probability of having more than one interaction per collision is non-negligible at the LHC. These additional interactions might reach a hard scale comparable to the primary scattering and become experimentally distinguishable at high energies. Distributions sensitive to double parton scattering are investigated in the photon + 3 jets final state in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The data were collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC with an integrated luminosity of 36 pb−1 in 2010. The cross section σ for a final state with a photon and a jet of transverse momentum pT > 75 GeV together with 2 jets of pT > 20 GeV, where the photon and jets are within the fiducial volume of the CMS detector, is measured to be 124.9 ± 8.9 (stat.) ± 22.6 (syst.) pb. The differential cross sections are measured as a function of the difference in azimuthal angles and the transverse momentum balance between the photon-jet pair and the di-jet pair. Further it is investigated whether additional contributions from double par- ton scattering can improve the agreement between the measured data and the Monte Carlo predictions
Extraction of Bulk and Interface Contribution to Transport Property in Organic Spin Valves by Impedance Spectroscopy
No full text在有機自旋閥 CoFe/AlOx/PTCDA/AlOx/NiFe/CoFe 裡，鐵磁性層和有機層之間的介面扮演著很重要的關鍵因素，而使用阻抗頻譜加上等價電路模組的分析，並從有機自旋閥中截取出各層之間的電容電阻的貢獻，此為本實驗研究有機自旋閥介面及傳輸特性的分析方式。在整個實驗過程中，我們的有機自旋閥表現出兩個串聯的電容電阻並聯電路，並相較於原本推測的單一電容電阻並聯電路，其分析結果顯示為前者較為符合有機自旋閥在阻抗頻譜上的表現。而在這樣的分析結果下，有機自旋閥的等價電路結構可以分為兩部分，介面及塊體。而根據實驗結果顯示，介面和塊體的電容電阻並聯電路都顯現出會隨著有機層苝四甲酸二酐(PTCDA)厚度的增加而變化。關於磁阻(magmetoreistance)的表現，介面電阻表現出很大的 磁阻，但塊體電阻卻沒有表現出磁阻的特性，由此實驗結果可見，介面電阻的磁阻表現佔了整個有機自旋閥很大部分的磁阻貢獻。至於介面及塊體電容的部分，兩個都會隨著有機層 PTCDA 厚度增加而受影響。此實驗假設塊體電容可以視為一個平行板電容，隨著介電層(有機層)增加厚度而逐漸變小，而其分析出來的介電常數值也符合 PTCDA 介電常數的範圍。關於介面電容的部分，電容因為介面的粗糙度而受影響，然而隨著PTCDA 厚度的增加，其介面的粗糙度會更嚴重，因此進而影響介面電容使其小。在磁電容的變化上，介面及塊體對於 PTCDA 厚度的變化表現出不同的趨勢。最後本實驗的結果讓我們更了解和發現更多有機自旋閥其介面上的特性，其結果有助於我們未來有機自旋閥的發展。The organic spin valves(OSVs) has been successfully demonstrated, with junction structure CoFe/AlOx/PTCDA/AlOx/NiFe/CoFe. The ferromagnetic/organic interface is predicted to play a crucial role on OSVs. Using impedance spectrum and fitting with an equivalent circuit to extract the interface capacitance from junction is a way to study interface of OSVs. During our experiment, our OSVs present a better fitting result with two RC circuits than one RC circuit, which indicates the configuration of organic junction should be separated into bulk and interface parts. According to the experimental result, RC circuit of interface and bulk both depend on PTCDA thickness. Interface resistance presents a huge magnetoresistance, but not bulk resistance, which indicates interface resistance is the major part for con- tributing magnetoresistance of OSVs. The interface and bulk capacitances both are affected by increasing PTCDA thickness. The bulk capacitance is considered as a parallel plate capacitor, which decreases with increasing thickness of spacer layer, and the dielectric constant of bulk capacitance agrees with the dielectric property of PTCDA. The interface capacitance suffers from interface roughness, which gets worse with increasing PTCDA thickness, causing the interface capacitance became smaller. Magnetocapacitance of bulk and interface show totally different behaviour. This experimental result discovers more behaviour about interface of OSVs, which helps us to improve the application of OSVs in the future
Tort Damages Through the Lens of Feminism-the Example of Sexual Harassment in Workplace
No full text民法侵權行為作為處理私人間損害賠償之重要途徑，一直被視為具有客觀及中立之性質，而與性別歧視、偏見及平等原則等概念無關，然而侵權行為的發生並非超然於現實之外，權利的侵害，時常與受害者之身分地位、所處的社會位置關係密切。本文嘗試跳脫傳統研究方法，從女性主義法學之角度出發，重新檢視工作場所性騷擾損害賠償訴訟於發展出之理論標準，以及侵權行為判決實務價值選擇中所存之性別偏見，並探究性別工作平等法之立法意旨，是否得改變我們對工作場所性騷擾侵權行為之理解。 美國女性主義學者採取批判法學方法研究侵權行為法，較傳統之分析方法更加重視社會脈絡，以及抽象法律爭議所存在的具體社會情境。本文藉由Martha Chamallas的女性主義侵權行為法研究，指出侵權行為相關訴訟事實上並非中性的，許多特定類型的訴訟，在法學發展上或實務提訴上與女性受害者相連，欲探討此類侵權行為訴訟之意義，必須對社會群體間之權力關係有所認識，始能完整的看見其樣貌。侵權行為法理論及實務論述，並非全然與性別無關的，例如美國實務在計算原告損害賠償時，多以性別的統計數據作為計算標準，使得歷史上勞動市場對於女性的不利益，透過損害賠償之計算更為鞏固，而美國侵權行為法關於傷害及損失的分類概念之建構，表面上看似中性，事實上卻將精神傷害、關係傷害，以及非經濟損失與女性相連，而對女性造成不利益之結果。工作場所性騷擾案例亦為一與女性密切相關之訴訟，美國工作場所性騷擾法律救濟途徑之發展，在民權法第七章制定以前，係由侵權行為法作為救濟途徑，惟侵權行為法卻有過於個人化、價值判斷道德傾向之問題，受到多數女性主義學者批判。而在聯邦最高法院認可工作場所性騷擾構成民權法第七章之違反後，Chamallas認以侵權行為法作為工作場所性騷擾救濟途徑仍具有意義，若將民權法原則納入侵權行為法之論述中，使之作為強化民權途徑，更能妥適處理工作場所性騷擾產生之問題。 延續著美國女性主義侵權行為研究分析，本文認為，我國工作場所性騷擾之發展與美國相當類似，在性別工作平等法施行以前，實務及學界多將性騷擾視為一種人格權侵犯，應歸屬於民法侵權行為處理，然而民事損害賠償判決，存在著無法全盤審視受害者所受之侵害及損害、過於個人化工作場所性騷擾事件，以及認為工作場所性騷擾與雇主無關等爭議。性別工作平等法施行後，雖以專章規範工作場所性騷擾，將其類型化及明確化，並設有受害者得主張的民事損害賠償規定，然而，觀察性別工作平等法施行後之工作場所性騷擾損害賠償相關判決，我國工作場所性騷擾民事損害賠償訴訟中，仍存有對構成敵意環境性騷擾認定標準發展不全、將工作場所性騷擾視為對原告貞操權侵犯、否定原告所受之薪資損害，以及認工作場所性騷擾純屬行為人私德不檢，與雇主無關等爭議。本文以為，我國並無禁止工作場所性騷擾受害者提起民法侵權行為訴訟之規定，民法侵權行為仍為工作場所性騷擾案件重要之請求權基礎，從而我國法院在民事損害賠償訴訟中，得將性別平等概念納入民法侵權行為之論述中，強化性別工作平等法中平等原則於司法中的實踐，並藉此改變現行民事法院在工作場所性騷擾損害賠償訴訟中，關於原告所受之權利侵害、受有何種損害，以及行為人雇主是否應負連帶賠償責任之認定上，所存在之性別偏見問題。Torts Law, as an important way to address personal damages, has always been an objective and neutral doctrine irrelevant to gender discrimination, bias and equality. However, injuries are often connected with the identity and the social position of the victim. In this article, I use feminist legal studies to analyze the regulation regarding the claims of damage awards of sexual harassment in workplace, and the gender bias hidden in the verdicts of torts law. Moreover, I discuss whether the Act of Gender Equality in Employment could change the Perception of sexual harassment in workplace. Since the 1970s, feminists have studied torts law through a critical perspective by focusing on the context and the specific social background in each case. For instance, Martha Chamallas indicated that torts claims are not gender neutral, certain claims are usually raised by female victims. Hence, we have to understand the power dynamic between social groups to discuss the meaning of those claims and the gender issues behind the theory and the practice. First, we usually calculate the damage awards base on gender-specific economic data to predict the future earning capacity of plaintiff, which reflects and reinforces the disadvantages women have suffered in the labor market. Second, while the concept of harm and loss in torts law seems gender neutral on its face, it links emotional and relational harm, non-economic loss to women, and these harms are considered less substantial, causing disadvantages to female plaintiffs. One good example is sexual harassment claims in workplace. Before the era of Civil Rights Act of 1964, the victim of sexual harassment in workplace often use torts law to seek recovery. However, some feminists question the doctrines and theory of torts law, arguing that torts law has over- personalized harassments, and inclined to rely on morality to reach judgments. Given these shortcomings, after the Supreme Court recognized that sexual harassment in workplace is a civil rights law violation, Chamallas suggests that, by migrating the principles of civil rights act to torts law claims of sexual harassment in workplace, it may transform torts law into civil rights enforcement mechanism, and could provide fuller protections to victims of workplace sexual harassment. I find that, in Taiwan, the development of laws governing workplace sexual harassment is similar to that in the U.S. Before the enactment of the Act of Gender Equality in Employment, we often regarded workplace sexual harassment as a violation of individual rights, and therefore should be resolved by torts in Civil Code. However, the courts’ verdicts of damage awards in such cases over-personalized the injuries and ignored the importance of social identity in these cases. Further, verdicts after the enactment still have had the same problems such as the ambiguous standard of recognizing sexual harassment, the perception of sexual harassment as a violation of women’s chastity, the denial of recovering economic loss except medical expense, and the impression of sexual harassment as a pure moral wrong. I argue that courts should adopt the concept of gender equality in damage awards cases to ensure that every employee can enjoy the right to work without discrimination. Through the gender biases in these damage awards cases, courts can embody the gender equality spirit of the Act of Gender Equality in Employment
Magnetic relaxation in biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles conjugated with biotargets
No full text本論文旨在透過各種磁性物理特性分析，且自組裝變溫交流磁化率系統，用以研究「生物官能化之磁性奈米粒子(biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles, BMNs)」與「生物標靶 (biotargets)」結合情形。其中「生物官能化之磁性奈米粒子」即在磁性奈米粒子外塗覆上葡聚醣，而後在葡聚醣上塗覆生物官能基。此研究中所使用生物標靶蛋白為甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetaprotein, AFP)，而生物官能化之磁性奈米粒子為四氧化三鐵(Fe3O4)奈米粒子塗覆甲胎蛋白抗體(anti-alpha-fetaprotein, antiAFP)形成Fe3O4-antiAFP。因磁性奈米粒子為單一磁域的超順磁性材料，當生物分子反應結合後，將促使磁性奈米粒子聚集形成團簇，進而產生磁特性的變化，故可藉由飽和磁化強度、殘餘磁化強度、磁鬆弛時間與阻礙(塞)溫度…等物理特性來探討其結合情形。 據本研究觀察，在固定濃度的antiAFP狀況下，添加不同濃度的AFP與其反應兩小時後，再取適量反應物滴於試紙進行乾燥處理，量測其飽和磁化強度(Ms) 會伴隨AFP的濃度增加而增加，利用該特性能有效鑑別AFP濃度約在2.64 ppm，然而觀察在剩餘100 Oe的磁場底下，其低磁場下磁化強度(Mlf) 鑑別AFP最小濃度將能提升至0.24 ppm。此外，利用交流磁化率系統量測其相位之去磁時間(τ)，顯示出AFP濃度的鑑別度能小於0.03 ppm。因此，我們證明了通過飽和磁化強度(Ms)、低磁場下磁化強度(Mlf)與去磁時間(τ)為可靠的方法，用於鑑別血液中特徵蛋白的含量。 此外本研究還發現，因超順磁性所特有的阻礙(塞)溫度（TB）特徵，故也能被用來測定AFP濃度。其中發現粒子間所產生的平均磁各向異性會因AFP濃度減少而減少，且實驗數據與粒子間交互作用的理論模型具有良好的一致性。因此證明造成阻礙(塞)溫度(TB)改變的原因，是由於不同濃度的AFP結合狀況不同，進而產生整體平均磁各向異性的改變。綜合飽和磁化強度(Ms)、低磁場下磁化強度(Mlf)、去磁時間(τ)與阻礙(塞)溫度(TB)的結果，可歸因於粒子間交互作用與BMNs中磁矩的尼爾運動。 研究過程中了解阻礙(塞)溫度可以定義為T_B=∆E⁄(k_B ln(τ_m/τ_0 ))，其中τ_m是測量時間，這意味著當測量時間(τ_m)縮短，則阻礙(塞)溫度(TB)將增加。利用MPMS測量時間通常為1-100秒的DC測量，因此開發了一套變溫單頻交流磁化率的系統，頻率達數千赫茲(kHz)。該系統成功的將阻礙(塞)溫度(TB)提高，從68 K（MPMS，DC測量）提升至約250 K（變溫交流磁化率系統，AC測量）。最後本研究預期將變溫交流磁化率系統與高溫超導干涉量子元件(high-Tc SQUID)結合。利用SQUID對磁場高靈敏度的特性，藉以區別系統背景與訊號強度的差異，即增加信噪比（SNR），預期信號變化將更顯著，藉以提升對樣品的鑑別度。In this thesis, we study the characteristics of the biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles being conjugated with biotargets by virtue of physical analysis of their magnetic features. Parts of the experiments were carried out by the homemade temperature-variable AC susceptometer. The biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles (BMNs) is anti-alpha-fetaprotein (antiAFP) coated onto dextran-covered iron oxide nanoparticles and is labeled as Fe3O4-antiAFP and then conjugated with AFP biotargets. Because the magnetic nanoparticle is superparamagnetic and is with a single domain, the conjugation between the BMNs will prompt the magnetic nanoparticles to form into a cluster, and the conjugation will vary their magnetic characteristics. Therefore we could explore the conjugation by investigating the saturated magnetization Ms, the low field magnetization Mlf, the demagnetization time τ and the blocking temperature TB. It is found that the saturated magnetization Ms increases as the concentration of the associated AFP is increased. However, the low field magnetization Mlf in a field of 100 Oe decreases rapidly as the concentration of AFP is below 0.24 ppm. Furthermore, the demagnetization time (τ) measured by the AC susceptometer also showed a rapid increase as the concentration of AFP is lower than 0.03 ppm. Thus, we have demonstrated a sensitive platform for detecting biomarkers by characterizing Ms, Mlf, τ, and with a sensitivity limit of 0.02-ppm AFP. It is also found that due to the characteristics of blocking temperature the superparamagnetic materials have, they can also be used to determine the concentration of AFP. The averaged magnetic anisotropy among the particles decreased with the decrease of the AFP concentration. Furthermore, the data of the measurements are in good agreement with the interparticle interactions model. It therefore proved that the variation of TB is caused by the different AFP concentration of conjugation which alter the whole averaged magnetic anisotropy of the sample. Integrating the results of the saturated magnetization Ms, the low field magnetization Mlf, the demagnetization time τ and the blocking temperature TB can be attributed to the interparticle interactions and the Néel motion of magnetic moments in BMNs. The blocking temperature can be defined as T_B=∆E⁄(k_B ln(τ_m/τ_0 )), where k_B is the Boltzmann constant, ∆E is the energy barrier to moment reversal, τ_0 is a characteristic time, and τ_m is the time of the measurement. The small value of the τ_m means that a larger TB will be obtained. In addition, a platform developed for assaying bio-molecules by using a single frequency and temperature-variable ac susceptometer has been set up. If the signal frequency of excitation coils is higher, it means that the measurement time τ_m will be much less and hence the TB will increase. The measurement time is typically 1-100 sec for DC measurements, and is reciprocal to the frequency. The platform have successfully improved the TB from about 60 K (DC measurements) to about 250 K (AC measurements). This thesis also studied AC magnetic susceptibility with a high-Tc SQUID. The method will increase the signal-to-noise ratio (abbreviated to SNR). The signal variation will become clearer to be observed
Design of a Programmable Gain Amplifier for Underwater Ultrasound Application
No full text本論文設計一顆可變增益放大器(Programmable Gain Amplifier, PGA)，內由數顆放大器串接而成，並包含共模回授電路(Common mode feedback, CMFB)、參考電流電路與緩衝器(Buffer)。其中共模回授電路是包含在放大器中，其功能是為了防止電晶體進入三級區，並且也穩定各級放大器的輸出電壓，保證每一級放大器輸入電壓也呈穩定狀態。 本論文採用TSMC CMOS 0.18μm 製程，驅動電壓1.8V，功率消耗約15mW，其增益由開關控制，當溫度計碼(Thermometer code)由11111111轉至00000001，增益範圍由13dB至86dB，每10dB變動一次增益，頻寬約150MHz，抵補電壓(Offset)小於40mV，雜訊 ，最後總諧波失真約-53dB，晶片面積 0.896×0.524mm2，晶片核心面積0.588×0.093mm2。This thesis presents designing a programmable gain amplifier (PGA), which is comprised of several amplifiers including common mode feedback circuits (CMFB), reference circuit and buffer. The common mode feedback circuits prevent any of the transistors from entering linear mode operation and maintain a specific dc value for the biasing of the next stage. The PGA was fabricated in TSMC 0.18μm CMOS technology and total power dissipation is 15mW at 1.8V supply, providing a gain range from 13 to 86 dB with 10dB step when the control switch varies from 11111111 to 00000001 with thermometer code. The -3dB bandwidth is about 150MHz. DC offset is less than 40 mV at the output regardless of the input. The input referred noise is . The distortion is better than -53dB for 80mVP-P output signal. The PGA occupies 0.896×0.524mm2 die area, and the core area is 0.588×0.093mm2
Design and Analysis for an Active-Controlled 2kW Small Wind Turbine
No full text小型風力發電機基於成本考量，大多採用無控制設計或局部控制的方式，但兩者的發電性能表現上都有許多待改善空間，以提高發電效率，本研究旨在發展主動控制2kW小型風力發電機組設計及分析，以改善小型風力發電機的發電性能。 首先針對2kW小型風力發電機組設計葉片主動控制驅動系統，並整合空氣動力、風機機組動態、風機次系統及控制系統等，以ADAMS動態模擬軟體建構全機組動態模擬，並結合以FAST發展之風機氣動力(Aerodynamic Analysis)分析以及以MATLAB/SIMULINK發展之次系統及閉迴路控制系統分析，可進行風力機組於不同風速等操作條件下之動態行為分析。次系統部分，以MATLAB/ SIMULINK發展永磁同步發電機控制系統、變旋角(pitch angle)控制系統與變轉速控制系統，進行閉迴路模擬，並整合控制策略與控制理論，實現2kW小型風機當運轉於額定風速之下，利用變轉速控制系統，追蹤最佳尖速比 對應的轉速，達到最大功率的輸出。當風機運轉在額定風速之上，啟動直流伺服馬達驅動變旋角控制系統，調節葉片的旋角使風機維持額定轉速，並保持額定功率的輸出，實現主動控制2kW小型風力發電系統。Most of the small wind turbines are designed with no control or passive control due to the cost consideration. However, both of the two types still have to be improved in terms of the electric generation performance. Thus, the objective of the paper is to improve the electric generation performance and develop an active-controlled 2kW small wind turbine. First, the study is to develop the co-simulation analysis of aerodynamics, mechanism dynamics and control system dynamics for the active-controlled 2kW small wind turbine. Three softwares, including FAST, ADAMS, and MATLAB/SIMULINK, are used for aerodynamic, mechanism dynamic and control system dynamic simulation. The dynamic variations of blades, power transmission system, generator and tower can be analyzed under different input of wind. The closed-loop simulation of the directly-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator, the variable-pitch control and the variable-speed control can be performed by MATLAB/ SIMULINK. By integrating the control strategy and theory, we can realize the maximum power output by tracking the speed that the tip-speed ratio corresponding to under the rated wind speed. While the wind speed is above the rated wind speed, the DC servo motor-driving variable-pitch control system starts to perform. To keep constant rated rotor speed and rated power output, the pitch angle can be adjusted by the pitch control system. Finally, the system of the active-controlled 2kW small wind turbine can be achieved