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    Uudse, HNH domeeni sisaldava, Escherichia coli immuunsussüsteemi iseloomustamine

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    Bacteria are constantly in danger of being attacked by bacterial viruses - bacteriophages. To combat the threat, bacteria have developed a wide array of intricate and diverse immune systems. Phage therapy’s growing popularity has led to increased interest in bacterial immunity. My thesis investigates one such potential immunity system from Escherichia coli, discovered by our colleagues at Lund University, named Bogomol. It is predicted to be comprised of an HNH-containing endonuclease domain and a C-terminal domain of unknown function. I validated Bogomol as an immunity system acting against certain phages of Straboviridae. This was done by performing efficiency of plating assays and liquid culture experiments against the BASEL phage library. As an attempt to further investigate the triggers of Bogomol, escape mutant experiments were also conducted

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    Multi-level party politics in the European Union: assessing the coherence between European political parties and their member parties’ positions on EU enlargement

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    Political parties constitute an integral part of democratic representation in the European Union (EU), however, their ability to formulate coherent positions across national and EU levels is still contested. Despite extensive research on the institutional structures of European political parties, limited attention has been paid to position coherence across party levels on specific policy issues. Even less is known about how such coherence changes over time, especially in light of major geopolitical events. Following the Russian full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, enlargement has become a controversial topic within the EU, providing a timely and relevant case to study multilevel party dynamics. This thesis examines 115 party manifestos from the 2019 and 2024 European Parliament elections to assess how coherent the Party of European Socialists (PES), the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE), and the European Green Party (EGP) and their member parties have been on this policy area. It evaluates coherence across five key areas: overall stance on enlargement, temporal scope, geographical focus, internal EU reforms and security and geopolitical justifications. The findings suggest that over time, there has been an increase in coherence between Europarties and their member parties as well as among member parties. Although several areas showed coherence already in 2019, by 2024, coherence had strengthened in support for enlargement, a gradual approach to this process and security justification of enlargement. Nevertheless, this trend is not uniform; some categories have become fragmented on issues such as EU internal reforms, suggesting that coherence is not a static process.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5753348*es

    Arvutuslikud metoodikad loote trisoomiate ja mikrodeletsioonide riski tuvastamiseks mitteinvasiivses sõeluuringus

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    Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneMitteinvasiivne sünnieelne geneetiline testimine (NIPT) on sõeluuringu meetod loote kromosoomhaiguste riski hindamiseks raseda vereproovist. NIPT põhineb platsenta päritolu rakuvaba DNA sekveneerimisel ja andmeanalüüsil. Lisaks loote kromosoomi koopiaarvu muutustele võimaldab NIPT tuvastada ka patogeensete mikrodeletsioonide riski. Mikrodeletsiooni sündroom on lühikese kromosoomiosa kaost põhjustatud kromosoomihaigus, mille kliiniline raskusaste sõltub deleteerunud regioonist. Näiteks 22q11 piirkonnas esinev mikrodeletsioon põhjustab DiGeorge’i sündroomi, mis on seotud südamerikete, huule-suulaelõhe ja vaimupuudega. Loote kromosoomhaiguse riski määramine on bioinformaatiline väljakutse, sest miljonite DNA järjestuste korrektne analüüs eeldab nutikaid arvutuslikke lahendusi. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärk on tõsta NIPT sünnieelse sõeluuringu täpsust, terviseandmete väärindamist ja meditsiiniteenuse kulutõhusust. Doktoritöö käigus loodi uus arvutuslik raamistik NIPT-i tarbeks ning valideeriti ja analüüsiti kliinilistel andmetel varasemalt publitseeritud NIPT algoritme. Lisaks töötati välja ja valideeriti kliiniliselt uudne tarkvarapakett BinDel, mis võimaldab hinnata loote mikrodeletsioonide riski. Töö tulemusel kvantifitseeriti arvutuslike tööriistade täpsus erineva sekveneerimiskatvuse ja loote DNA osakaalu tingimustes. Tulemused näitasid, et NIPT täpsust mõjutab nii sekveneerimissügavus kui ka loote DNA osakaalu ning algoritmi valik. Uus BinDel tarkvara parandas mikrodeletsioonide tuvastamise võimekust, pakkudes võimalusi täpsemaks ja laialdasemaks sünnieelseks sõeluuringuks. Lisaks töötati välja masinõppepõhine arvutuslik raamistik loote kromosoomi koopiaarvu muutuste tuvastamiseks.Non-invasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) is a screening method for assessing the risk of fetal chromosomal disorders from a maternal blood sample. NIPT is based on sequencing and data analysis of cell-free DNA originating from the placenta. In addition to detecting changes in the fetal chromosome copy number, NIPT can also identify the risk of pathogenic microdeletions. A microdeletion syndrome results from the loss of a small segment of a chromosome, and its clinical severity depends on the deleted region. For example, a microdeletion in the 22q11 region causes DiGeorge syndrome, which is associated with heart defects, cleft palate, and intellectual disabilities. Fetal chromosomal disorder risk assessment is a bioinformatics challenge, as the accurate analysis of millions of DNA sequences requires sophisticated computational solutions. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to improve the accuracy, data utilization, and cost-effectiveness of NIPT prenatal screening. A new computational framework for NIPT was developed, and previously published NIPT algorithms were validated and analyzed using clinical data. Additionally, a novel software tool, BinDel, was developed and clinically validated for estimating fetal microdeletion risk. The results quantified the accuracy of computational tools under varying sequencing coverage and fetal DNA fraction levels. The findings showed that NIPT accuracy is influenced by both sequencing depth and the fetal DNA fraction, as well as the choice of algorithm. The new BinDel software improved the ability to detect microdeletions, providing potential for more accurate and widespread prenatal screening. Additionally, a machine learning-based computational framework was developed for detecting fetal chromosomal copy number changeshttps://www.ester.ee/record=b575094

    Prediction of tax arrears of varying durations: the case of Estonian companies

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    Käesoleva magistritöö eesmärk on prognoosida Eesti ettevõtete erineva kestusega maksuvõlgade teket, kasutades selleks varasemaid maksuvõlgade andmeid, ettevõtte üldiseid tunnuseid ning finantssuhtarve. Magistritöö erineb varasematest uuringutest maksuvõla kestusastmete (ajutine, lühiajaline, keskmine, pikaajaline) eristamise ning ajatamata maksuvõlgade eraldiseisva käsitluse poolest. Magistritöö käsitleb Eesti käibemaksukohustuslasest ettevõtete maksuvõla teket 2018. aastal ning ennustavate muutujate puhul kasutatakse sellele eelneva kahe aasta (2016–2017) andmeid. Magistritöös kasutati logistilise regressiooni ja tehisnärvivõrgu meetodeid kahel erineval andmestikul: kogu maksuvõlgade ning ainult ajatamata maksuvõlgade andmestikul. Tulemused näitavad, et tehisnärvivõrk edestas logistilist regressiooni kõigis mudelites. Kõrgeim prognoositäpsus (97,9%) saavutati ajatamata maksuvõlgade andmestikul keskmise kestusega maksuvõlgade prognoosimisel. Uuring kinnitab varasemate tööde tulemusi, mille kohaselt on maksuvõlgade ennustamisel varasemate maksuvõlgade lisamine mudelisse oluliseks täpsust parandavaks teguriks, ületades prognoosivõimes nii finantsnäitajad kui ka ettevõtte üldised tunnused. Muutujad lähemast minevikust võimaldavad maksuvõla teket prognoosida kõrgema täpsusega, võrreldes kaugema mineviku omadega. Lisaks teaduslikule panusele saavad kõrgete prognoositäpsuste tõttu erinevad osapooled neid mudeleid rakendada ka praktikas

    Liblikaröövikute värvuse evolutsiooniline ökoloogia

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