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Ljudsko autorstvo u dobu generativne umjetne inteligencije: Doktrinarno i normativno istraživanje makedonskog autorskog prava
No full textIn recent years, courts around the world have begun to confront the legal implications of AI-generated content, particularly in the field of copyright. While Macedonian courts have not yet been directly faced with such questions, it is only a matter of time before similar disputes arise in our jurisdiction. This growing international debate served as the main inspiration for this paper.
The structure of the paper follows clear progression. It begins with an overview of some of the most relevant global tendencies, selected and interpreted from the author’s perspective, in order to frame the complexity of the issue. The question of authorship and copyright protection for AI-generated works is examined both through existing court decisions and doctrinal reflections from several jurisdictions. The analysis then narrows its focus to the Macedonian context. It outlines the key legal provisions relevant to authorship and copyright, particularly Articles 17 and 19 of the Law on Copyright and Related Rights. It assesses how these provisions are interpreted in judicial practice. Several domestic court decisions that resolve classical questions of authorship were selected and analyzed to understand how judges in Macedonia define and apply core copyright concepts. The final part of the paper moves toward drawing conclusions and offering reflections on how such cases might be treated in the near future. It raises the question of whether the current legal framework is sufficiently equipped to deal with AI-generated work and considers whether legal reform, either through reinterpretation or structural changes, may be necessary to respond to this emerging challenge.Posljednjih godina sudovi diljem svijeta počeli su se suočavati s pravnim implikacijama sadržaja generiranoga umjetnom inteligencijom, osobito u području autorskog prava. Iako se makedonski sudovi još nisu izravno susreli s takvim pitanjima, samo je pitanje vremena kada će se slični sporovi pojaviti i u našoj jurisdikciji. Ova rastuća međunarodna rasprava poslužila je kao glavna inspiracija za ovaj rad. Struktura rada slijedi jasnu progresiju. Prvo se daje pregled nekih od najrelevantnijih globalnih tendencija, odabranih i interpretiranih iz perspektive autora, kako bi se uokvirila složenost problematike. Pitanje autorstva i autorskopravne zaštite za djela generirana umjetnom inteligencijom razmatra se kroz postojeću sudsku praksu i doktrinarne refleksije iz više pravnih poredaka. Analiza se potom sužava na makedonski kontekst. Izlažu se ključne zakonske odredbe relevantne za autorstvo i autorsko pravo, osobito članci 17. i 19. Zakona o autorskom i srodnim pravima, te se ocjenjuje način njihove interpretacije u sudskoj praksi. Odabrano je i analizirano nekoliko domaćih sudskih odluka koje rješavaju klasična pitanja autorstva, kako bi se razumjelo na koji način suci u Makedoniji definiraju i primjenjuju temeljne autorskopravne koncepte. Završni dio rada usmjeren je prema donošenju zaključaka i pružanju promišljanja o tome kako bi se takvi slučajevi mogli rješavati u bliskoj budućnosti. Otvara se pitanje je li postojeći pravni okvir dovoljno opremljen za suočavanje s djelima generiranima umjetnom inteligencijom te razmatra je li potrebna zakonska reforma, bilo putem nove interpretacije postojećih odredbi bilo putem strukturnih izmjena, kako bi se odgovorilo na ovaj novi izazov
Obojeni i bezbojni etanolni ekstrakti lišća biljke Leea aequata L. kao učinkoviti konzervansi jestivih proizvoda
No full textResearch background. The global increase in population has led to a corresponding rise in the production of edible products and chemical preservatives. However, chemical preservatives are often associated with adverse health effects, highlighting the need to develop safer and more effective alternatives.
Experimental approach. This research evaluates the effectiveness and sensory acceptability of decolorized and undecolorized ethanol extracts of Leea aequata L. leaves as preservatives. The assessment involved applying the extracts to bread, jam and juice products, and conducting preliminary hedonic tests of bread and juice samples to determine sensory acceptability. The total plate count (TPC) and yeast and mould (YM) count were used to evaluate the effectiveness of preservation. Comparisons were made with a control without added preservatives and with products preserved using potassium sorbate.
Results and conclusions. Products treated with test extracts were as sensorially acceptable as those treated with potassium sorbate. The addition of the extracts was shown to have a preservative effect, as the TPC and YM counts were lower than in the control. Therefore, the test extracts have the potential to be developed as natural preservatives that could replace chemical variants such as potassium sorbate.
Novelty and scientific contribution. Decolorized and undecolorized ethanol extracts of Leea aequata L. leaves were shown for the first time as preservatives of edible products. The results of these tests are crucial for developing effective preservatives.Pozadina istraživanja. Globalni porast broja stanovnika doveo je do povećanja proizvodnje jestivih proizvoda i kemijskih konzervansa. No, kemijski konzervansi su često povezani sa štetnim učincima na zdravlje, što naglašava potrebu za razvojem sigurnijih i učinkovitijih alternativa.
Eksperimentalni pristup. U ovom je istraživanju procijenjena učinkovitost i senzorska prihvatljivost obojenih i bezbojnih etanolnih ekstrakata lišća biljke Leea aequata L. kao konzervansa. Procjena je uključivala dodatak ekstrakata kruhu, džemu i soku, te provedbu preliminarnih hedonističkih testova uzoraka kruha i soka radi utvrđivanja njihove senzorske prihvatljivosti. Za procjenu konzervirajućeg učinka određeni su ukupni broj kolonija te broj kvasaca i plijesni. Rezultati su uspoređeni s kontrolom bez dodatka konzervansa i s proizvodima konzerviranim kalijevim sorbatom.
Rezultati i zaključci. Proizvodi tretirani ispitivanim ekstraktima bili su jednako senzorski prihvatljivi kao oni tretirani kalijevim sorbatom. Dodani ekstrakti imali su konzervirajući učinak, jer su ukupni broj kolonija te broj kvasaca i plijesni bili manji nego u kontrolnom uzorku. Stoga je zaključeno da ispitani ekstrakti imaju potencijal za razvoj prirodnih konzervansa koji bi mogli zamijeniti kemijske konzervanse poput kalijevog sorbata.
Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Prvi je put pokazano da obojeni i bezbojni etanolni ekstrakti lišća biljke Leea aequata L. mogu djelovati kao konzervansi jestivih proizvoda. Dobiveni rezultati su ključni za razvoj učinkovitih prirodnih konzervansa
Primjena NLP tehnologija na nisko resursna hrvatska narječja
No full textIn natural language processing (NLP) systems, a trend of decreased performance is observed when applied to texts written in low-resource dialects rather than the standard language. Dependency parsing is an essential component in NLP systems, and therefore, its improvement could lead to enhanced overall system performance. This paper aims to compare the performance of Slovenian and Croatian parsers for dependency parsing of the Kajkavian dialect. The comparison results will provide insight into the Slovenian parser's potential for parsing Kajkavian. A dependency parsing dataset was created using parallel translations of the book „Mali kraljević“. Based on the created dataset, label projection from the parsed standard Croatian language to the Kajkavian dialect was performed to obtain data for calculating UAS and LAS metrics for comparing the Croatian and Slovenian parsers, which were implemented using the open-source SpaCy library. The Croatian parser achieved UAS and LAS scores of 0.47 and 0.30, respectively, which are lower than those of the Slovenian parser (0.52 and 0.34, respectively). The results indicate that the Slovenian parser performs more accurately on the Kajkavian dialect. However, to draw a general conclusion, the dataset would need to be expanded.U sustavima za obradu prirodnog jezika (NLP) primjećuje se trend smanjenja učinkovitosti kada se primjenjuju na tekstove napisane nisko resursnim narječjem, umjesto standardnim jezikom. Ovisnosno parsiranje je važna komponenta u NLP sustavima, stoga bi njegovo unaprjeđenje moglo za posljedicu imati poboljšanje učinkovitosti tih sustava. Ovaj rad ima za cilj usporediti učinkovitost slovenskog i hrvatskog parsera za ovisnosno parsiranje kajkavskog narječja. Rezultati usporedbe će pružiti uvid u potencijal slovenskog parsera za parsiranje kajkavskog. Stvoren je skup podataka za ovisnosno parsiranje korištenjem paralelnih prijevoda knjige “Mali kraljević”. Na temelju stvorenog skupa podataka je provedeno projiciranje oznaka iz isparsiranog hrvatskog standardnog jezika u kajkavsko narječje s ciljem dobivanja podataka za izračun UAS i LAS metrika za usporedbu hrvatskog i slovenskog parsera koji su implementirani pomoću Spacy knjižnice otvorenog koda. Hrvatski parser postigao je UAS rezultat od 0.47 i LAS rezultat od 0.30, što je manje uspješno od slovenskg parsera koji je ostvario rezultate od 0.52 za UAS i 0.34 za LAS. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da slovenski parser preciznije parsira kajkavsko narječje. Međutim, za donošenje općeg zaključka bilo bi potrebno proširiti skup podataka
28-ми международен конгрес по ономастика, Хелзинки (Финландия)
No full textПрез втората половина на месец август на отминалата 2024 г. във
финландската столица бе проведен 28-ми международен конгрес по
ономастика, организиран от членове на International Council of Onomastic
Sciences (ICOS)/Международния комитет по ономастика
“Old Dubrovnik Hospital”. From Construction to Relocation
No full textThis paper examines the construction and spatial development of the Old Dubrovnik Hospital from its founding in 1888 until its relocation to Medarevo. Based on archival sources, contemporary newspapers, and official documentation, the study traces the evolution of the hospital’s facilities, focusing on expansions, modifications, and adaptations to growing medical needs. The analysis highlights key phases of infrastructural investment and spatial reorganization, situating these within the broader socio-economic context of Dubrovnik in the late 19th and 20th centuries. This research contributes to a better understanding of the material and spatial history of healthcare institutions in Dubrovnik
Early Christianity and Greco-Roman Mythology. Rejection, Reinterpretation, and Apologetic Strategy
No full textCet article explore le rapport entre le christianisme primitif (Iᵉʳ-IVᵉ siècle) et la mythologie gréco-romaine, en s'appuyant sur l'analyse des stratégies polémiques de penseurs chrétiens tels que Justin Martyr, Origène et Clément d'Alexandrie. Bien que les récits fondateurs de la foi chrétienne aient émergé dans un monde culturellement marqué par l’hellénisme et l’influence romaine, ces auteurs ont cherché à définir l’identité chrétienne en opposition aux traditions mythologiques gréco-romaines. L’article s’ouvre par une réflexion théorique sur la nature et les fonctions du mythe dans les sociétés anciennes, en mobilisant les approches de Mircea Eliade et Joseph Campbell pour mieux saisir le rapport entre mythe, histoire et identité religieuse. Il examine comment les notions de mythos et logos ont évolué au sein de la pensée gréco-romaine et comment ces concepts ont été réappropriés par les intellectuels chrétiens pour affirmer la supériorité de la révélation biblique. Le rejet des mythes gréco-romains par le christianisme primitif n’était pas uniquement une position théologique, mais également une stratégie visant à délégitimer les cadres religieux et culturels qui dominaient l’Empire romain. En analysant les dimensions théologiques, sociales et politiques de ce discours anti-mythologique, cet article contribue à une meilleure compréhension des processus d’autodéfinition et de différenciation culturelle qui ont façonné l’identité chrétienne dans l’Antiquité tardive.This paper examines how early Christian intellectuals of the second and third centuries (particularly Justin Martyr, Origen, and Clement of Alexandria) confronted the pervasive influence of Greco-Roman mythology through strategies of rejection, reinterpretation, and apologetic transformation. In a world still saturated with the mythological imagination of Homer, Hesiod, and the mystery cults, these authors sought not only to distinguish Christian revelation from “pagan” religiosity but to redefine the very categories of myth, history, and divine truth. The study approaches this encounter through both a close reading of ancient sources and engagement with modern theoretical frameworks on myth developed by Mircea Eliade and Joseph Campbell. Their models, despite their modern origins, offer valuable tools for understanding how early Christian writers negotiated the transition from a cyclical, symbolic understanding of the sacred to a linear, historical conception of divine revelation. For Justin Martyr, the Gospels were not mythic tales but ἀπομνημονεύματα τῶν ἀποστόλων, historically grounded “memoirs of the apostles.” By interpreting pagan myths as deceptive fabrications of demonic forces, Justin sought to desacralize Greco-Roman religious narratives and assert the uniqueness of Jesus’ life, death, and resurrection as an unrepeatable historical event. Origen, while sharing Justin’s polemical stance, further developed a hermeneutic distinction between μῦθος and λόγος, emphasizing the moral and historical authenticity of Scripture over against the immorality and fictitiousness of “pagan” myths. Clement of Alexandria extended this critique by exposing the initiatory violence and obscurity of mystery cults, thereby discrediting their ritual and soteriological claims. Through these interconnected yet distinct approaches, early Christian authors collectively performed a reconfiguration of the sacred. By rejecting myth as a legitimate form of divine mediation, they established a new epistemology of revelation. One that is grounded in linear history, moral coherence, historical figure from the near past, and divine incarnation. This shift marked a decisive moment in the intellectual history of late antiquity, replacing the mythic imagination that had structured the Greco-Roman worldview with a historical consciousness rooted in eschatological expectation. The paper argues that this process of desacralization was not merely a negation but a creative act of cultural transformation. By redefining the boundaries of the sacred and the profane, the early Christian apologists forged the conceptual foundations of Christian identity and its enduring claim to universality
LIGHT POLLUTION IN CROATIA: A GROWING PROBLEM FOR ASTROPHOTOGRAPHERS
No full textThis paper explores the issue of light pollution in Croatia with a focus on its impact on astrophotography. Light
pollution, defined as the alteration of natural light levels at night due to artificial sources, has been increasing globally by 7–
10% annually. Croatian cities, particularly Zagreb, exhibit levels of light pollution comparable to major global metropolises,
severely impacting the quality of astrophotography. The study identifies Croatia’s darkest areas suitable for astrophotography
(e.g., Lika, the islands of Lastovo and Vis, and Vrani Kamen), as well as those with the highest light pollution. It also examines
current legislation and implementation challenges, including concrete violations of the Light Pollution Protection Act. Special
attention is given to the potential of developing astrotourism as a sustainable economic activity. The paper proposes
technological, regulatory, and educational measures to reduce light pollution, such as implementing lighting curfews,
modernizing public lighting, and establishing dark-sky parks. Ultimately, the paper underscores the need for a systematic,
collaborative approach involving the scientific community, local authorities, the tourism sector, and civic initiatives to preserve
the night sky as a valuable natural and cultural resource
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HEXAAMINE NICKEL HALIDES INTENDED FOR SOLID-STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE
No full textHydrogen is a versatile energy carrier but its storing is challenging. For that reason, alternative hydrogen storage
approaches are being intensively researched. Solid state storing of hydrogen in the form of ammines offers certain advantages,
such as high storage capacity and relatively low toxicity. Therefore, in this work hexaammine complexes of nickel chloride and
nickel bromide were prepared and investigated. Ni(NH3)6Cl2 and Ni(NH3)6Br2, were obtained by precipitation synthesis. The
prepared complexes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS),
X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The prepared particles are polydisperse, agglomerated and show a characteristic
octahedral morphology. The samples consist solely of pure, well-crystalline, corresponding hexaamine complexes.
Ni(NH3)6Br2 shows somewhat weaker nitrogen bonds with the central cation and weaker hydrogen bonds with halogen
compared to Ni(NH3)6Cl2. Thermal analyses have shown that under the experimental conditions used, ammonia is released
from Ni(NH3)6Cl2 in three stages, while in the case of Ni(NH3)6Br2, decomposition occurs in two stages. This difference is a
consequence of the kinetic parameters of the desorption process. The maximum of the first stage of desorption occurs for the
Ni(NH3)6Cl2 sample at a slightly lower temperature than for the Ni(NH3)6Br2 sample, which is attributed to thermodynamic
factors
PROJEKTIRANJE I IZRADA MODELA AMBALAŽE PRIMJENOM FDM TEHNOLOGIJE 3D ISPISA
No full text3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is an integral part of packaging design and manufacturing. Thanks to advanced 3D printing technologies, designers in the packaging industry and their marketing departments are able to produce visually realistic models in color, with real textures and in very complex shapes. This allows for analysis of the physical characteristics of the model and redesign of the packaging before final production, ensuring greater efficiency and functionality of the finished product. As part of this work, the entire design and production project of a new packaging model in the form of a plastic bottle was realized. The digital model was created using Autodesk Fusion 360 software. The 3D printing of the packaging prototype was made using FDM technology, based on the principle of successive addition of extruded thermoplastic filament, layer by layer. Based on the analysis of the entire process and the evaluation of the prototype quality, the advantages and disadvantages of 3D printing technology and the final model were determined. The results obtained showed that this method enables rapid modification of the prototype, the creation of high-quality models and speeds up the final decision-making.3D ispis ili aditivna tehnologija neizostavni je dio projektiranja i izrade ambalaže. Zahvaljujući naprednim tehnologijama 3D ispisa, dizajnerima u ambalažnoj industriji i njihovim marketinškim odjelima omogućena je proizvodnja vizualno realističnih modela u boji, sa stvarnim teksturama i u vrlo složenim oblicima. Time se omogućuje analiza fizičkih karakteristika modela i redizajn ambalaže prije same finalne izrade što osigurava veću učinkovitost i funkcionalnost gotovog proizvoda. U sklopu ovog rada realiziran je cjelokupni projekt dizajna i izrade modela nove ambalaže u obliku plastične boce. Digitalni model kreiran je pomoću softvera Autodesk Fusion 360. 3D ispis prototipa ambalaže izrađen je primjenom FDM tehnologije, po principu uzastopnog dodavanja ekstrudiranog termoplastičnog filamenta, sloj po sloj. Na temelju analize cjelokupnog procesa i procjene kvalitete prototipa utvrđene su prednosti i nedostaci 3D tehnologije ispisa i finalnog modela. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da ova metoda omogućuje brzu preinaku prototipa, stvaranje modela visoke kvalitete i ubrzava donošenje konačne odluke