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    The Research of Integrated Housing and Land Income Tax - Focus on Land Value Increment Legal Mechanism

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    [[abstract]]我國土地稅制中,最為納稅人熟悉者,無非係「平均地權」、「漲價歸公」之用語,此肇因於以往過於遵從所謂國父遺教。其概念甚至直接以憲法明文,將土地價值非因施以勞力資本而增加者,應由國家徵收土地增值稅,歸人民共用。為我國土地稅政策之入憲特色。然租稅法律者,終究為國家之強制性公課,其於實質法治國家之理念下,不得僅以政治理念為領導,而須以稅法原則予以拘束。本研究所著重者,在2016年房屋、土地交易所得合併課徵所得稅制後,土地增值概念之再釐清,及其土地增值稅課徵之修法建議。首先於第二章,宏觀整體不動產課稅制度,體系式劃分土地、房屋之持有、交易、交易所得階段所負擔之租稅,並對照德國土地稅制度,確立我國土地增值稅,屬於交易所得環節之稅賦。第三章對於房屋土地交易所得合併課徵所得稅,依序由所得稅理論、所得課稅之憲法理性、修法前房屋、土地交易所得課稅之爭議、修法後房屋、土地交易所得合併課稅之重點為說明。提出房屋、土地交易所得合併課稅後,遺留土地增值稅制度稅基流失、重複課稅之問題。將稅制理性以及爭議問題釐清後,第四章則為土地增值概念之重塑。首先就土地增值稅原型,將「漲價歸公」、「非施以勞力增值」、「土地公告現值」之立法意旨釐清,並肯認對非施以勞力增值歸由公眾享有之設計,並基於稽徵經濟原則予以法定稅基評價之合理性。次者,探討我國與中華人民共和國,同樣基於「漲價歸公」之理念,所發展出兩種截然不同之土地增值稅,擇其善者而借鑑。反觀我國土地增值稅稅率歷年之更易、非施以勞力增值未能符合稅法財產稅與所得稅之分界,以及土地公告現值偏離市場交易價格,回應土地增值稅之原型。爰以房屋、土地交易所得合併課徵所得稅制之意旨,修正土地增值概念之內涵。最後,針對土地增值稅修法爭議,以基本國策效力解釋憲法稅條款,認為土地增值概念應以納稅人之基本權保障,而與憲法價值秩序協同。綜上所述,第五章結論與建議,則以各章節之結論,將土地增值概念,以土地交易利得之認知,連貫整個不動產交易所得稅,以供未來土地增值稅修法之際,得為參考。[[abstract]]ThelandtaxsystemofRepublicofChinaismainlybasedonthe“equalizationoflandrights,”and“sharingincrementswiththepeopleincommon.”TheConstitutionalsoexpresses“Ifthevalueofapieceoflandhasincreased,notthroughtheexertionoflaborortheemploymentofcapital,theStateshalllevythereonanincrementtax,theproceedsofwhichshallbeenjoyedbythepeopleincommon.”ThetaxisbasedonMandatorycommonlevies,anditshouldnotonlybeingapoliticalideasfortheleadership,buttheprinciplebindingwiththetaxlaw.Theresearchfocusesontheintegratedhousingandlandtaxsystemafterthelandvalueincrementin2016,thenproposesthelandvalueincrementtax.Inthefirstandsecondchapter,thepaperreviewstherealestatetaxsystem,comparesourlandtaxsystemwiththeGerman’sversion,thenestablishesTheRepublicofChinataxlawaboutlandholding,transaction,andincome.Thethirdchapterexaminesthetheoryofincometax,theconstitutionalrationalityoftaxation,thecontroversyonthetaxationoftheformerhousingandlandtransaction,andpointsoutthemergerofthehouseandlandtransaction.Thenquestionthemergerofthelandandlandtransactions,thequestionofthelossofTaxbaseandtheproblemoftheDoubletaxation.Chapterfouristheconceptofremodelingthelandvalueincrement.First,focusesthelandvalue-addedtaxprototype,the“sharingincrementswiththepeopleincommon,”“thevalueofapieceoflandhasincreased,notthroughtheexertionoflaborortheemploymentofcapital,”“government-declaredvalueofland”legislativeclarification,andaffirmedthenon-laborvalueaddedtothepublicenjoymentofthedesign.BasedonthesameconceptofsharingincrementswiththepeopleincommonthenexamineshowtheRepublicofChinaandThePeopleRepublicofChinadevelopedintotwoverydifferentlandvalue-addedtax.Finally,thefundamentalnationalpoliciesexplaintheconstitutionaltax,thattheconceptoflandvalueincrementshouldbebasedontheprotectionoffundamentalrights,andwiththeconstitutionaldoctrinevalueoforder.Tosumup,Chapter5willconcludestheconceptoflandvalueincrement,theknowledgeofcapitalgain,coherestheentirerealestatetransactionincometaxandprovidestheexamplesforthefuturelandvalueincrement

    The Research of Forensic Psychiatry Assessment in the Determination of Criminal Responsibility

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    [[abstract]]行為人之刑事責任能力與精神狀態的關係密切,精神狀態是否異常的判斷,涉及被告有無責任能力,犯罪是否成立。鑑於民國105年修法後刑法第19條規定,現今係採取生理學及心理學之混合立法體例,本文在於探討修法後精神鑑定作為責任能力的判斷標準之一,其鑑定內容及方法在適用上有無明確之類型化,法官對於精神鑑定之結果為何有採納與不採納之結果發生,進而透過量化研究,分析我國最高法院及高等法院於民國104年1月1日至106年5月31日間之刑事判決中運用精神鑑定,歸納出我國目前運用精神鑑定的現狀。另外針對英美刑事司法體系,關於刑事被告精神異常抗辯之判斷法則進行探究,並在美國聯邦法院及州法院各時期所衍生出不同法則運用上,選擇較具代表性之案件,值得我國刑事司法體系上運用之借鏡,進行比較研究。[[abstract]]Thecriminalresponsibilityoftheactoriscloselyrelatedtothementalstate,whetherthementalstateisabnormalornot,whetherthedefendanthasanyresponsibility,whetherthecrimeisestablishedornot.Article19oftheCriminalCodehadbeenamendedin2005,thepresentsystemadoptedamixedlegislationofphysiologyandpsychology.ThisresearchistodiscussForensicPsychiatryAssessmentasoneofthecriteriaforjudgingaresponsibilityability,theidentificationofcontentandmethodsintheapplicationofthepresenceorabsenceofambiguitytyped.TheJudgefortheoutcomeoftheforensicpsychiatryassessmentandadoptionofwhathashappeneddoesnotaccepttheresults.Inviewoftheoccurrenceoftheresults,throughthequantitativeresearchaboutcriminaljudgmentswhichhadbeendeliveredforforensicpsychiatryassessmentfromSupremeCourtandTaiwanHighCourtbetween2015andJune2017wereincluded.Problemsofanalysisandinductionforensicpsychiatryassessmentuse.Inaddition,itisnecessarytoexploretherulesofjudgmentonthecriminaldefensesystemofcriminaldefendants,andtoselectthemorerepresentativecasesintheU.S.FederalCourtsandStateCourts.Worthanduseacomparativestudyonourcriminaljusticesystem

    Application of Visual Classification in Automatic Screening of Granular Agricultural Products

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    [[abstract]]本研究主要是針對顆粒型農產品,例如脫膜蒜仁等所研發的自動篩選系統,整個自動篩選系統由取像裝置、電腦硬體、軟體辨識系統、打擊設備與運動機構所構成。利用機器視覺辨識選別,可以取代大量的人力工作,並且減少人為的疲勞及失誤所產生的誤差,進而提高辨識的精準度。我們首先會先分析目標物在RGB直方圖上的表現,利用設置閾值來濾除不要的背景,再利用建立樣品圖的方式去做目標物的色差分析,確認色差分析可以將目標物做階層式的分類後,再針對色差分析的缺點,以HSL的範圍分析方式找出在色差分析中不容易區分的部分,再將兩個結果組合後,最後我們可以得到一個辨識度達98%良品的方法。系統軟體部分使用C#搭配MIL影像函式庫撰寫,運作在64位元模式以提高運作速度,並以LineScan攝影機的固定取像周期為觸發條件,達到取像、處理與輸出控制同步的狀況。在硬體部分,我們還設計了可利用程式制定電流控制的LED驅動器,與可控制時間差的同步FPGA控制板,分別利用微處理器以及硬體描述語言達成控制目標。本系統的特點:(1)由於目標物篩選是在空中取像,大幅減少了處理背景的複雜度與時間,(2)不用擔心因長時間運作所弄髒的輸送帶之清潔問題,減少了維護成本,(3)採用複合式的判斷方法將帶膜物件再次篩選出來提高了辨識率,(4)自製光源驅動器使建置成本大幅降低,讓系統的實用性與被接受度大幅提高。最後本設備實際運作在蒜頭工廠,得到與設計測試過程相對應的成果,良品篩選率為98.7%,不良品篩選率為97.3%,高過於人工篩選的95.6%與93.2%,驗證了整體機構的設計與方法運作的可行性與實用性。[[abstract]]Thisresearchfocusesonadesign,theautomaticscreeningsystemforgranularagriculturalproducts,suchaspeeledgarlic.Thescreeningsystemiscomposedofanimagecapturedevice,computersoftwareandhardwareidentificationsystem,aclassificationdeviceandamovementdevice.Theadvantagesofmachinevisualidentificationareasfollows.First,lotsofmanpowercanbereplacedwithmachines.Then,theerrorscausedbyman-madenegligencecanbehighlyreduced.Consequently,theaccuracyofidentificationcanbeimproved.Inthebeginning,weanalyzedtheperformanceonRGBhistogram.Unnecessarybackgroundwasremovedviasettingthresholdvalue.Then,weanalyzedcolordifferenceofthetargetbysettingupthesampleimages.Afterthat,thelevelsofthetargetwereclassified.However,therearestilldisadvantagesincolordifferenceanalysis.Therefore,HSL(Hue,Saturation,Lightness)isusedtohelpconfirmthesectionswhicharenoteasilydistinguished.Combiningthetwomethods,an98%accuracyofscreeningqualifiedproductswasachieved.ThesoftwareiscompletedwithC#andMIL,operatingina64-bitmodetoimprovethespeed.ThefixedcycleofimagecaptureinLineScancameraisusedasatriggertoachievethesynchronizationofimagecapture,processingandoutputcontrol.Asforhardware,wedesignedaprogrammableconstantcurrentLEDdriverandaprogrammabletimesynchronizationFPGAcontrolboard.ByusingMCUandVHDL,wecansuccessfullycontrolthetarget.Thefeaturesofthesystemareasfollows:1.Thecomplexityandtime-consumingaresignificantlyreducedinremovingbackgroundduetothereasonthattheimagecaptureisdoneintheair.2.Themaintenancecostismuchlowerbecauseweareabletosavelotsofmoneyincleaningconveyors.3.Theaccuracyishighlyincreasedbyusingthecomplexjudgementmethods.4.ThepracticalityandacceptancearehighlyincreasedbecausethecostismuchlowerwiththeLEDdrivermadeourselves.Finally,thesystemwasactuallyoperatedinagarlicfactory.Itgotaresultwhichmettheexperimentsinourdesign—98.7%accuracyofscreeningqualifiedproductsand97.3%ofscreeningdefectiveproducts.Theaccuracyratesresultedfromourdesignareobviouslysuperiorto95.6%and93.2%frommanualscreening.Theresultfullyverifiedthefeasibilityandpracticabilityofourdesign

    The Study of Relevance Between Occupational Safety and Health Management Work and Performance Indicators

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    [[abstract]]本研究提出一「職業安全衛生人員職務現況調查問卷表」以作為研究工具,共計發放70份問卷,有效問卷60份,有效回收?85.7%,問卷中請事業單位填寫基本資料包括行業別、事業規模、負責職業安全衛生人數、管理系統導入、安全衛生人員之學歷、證照…等背景、工作年資,以及職業安全衛生之規劃面及執行面2個構面推行狀況,對職業安全衛生管理人員之安全衛生工作性質之執行現況調查問卷進行分析。經由線性迴歸分析,在以JMP軟體來進行分析,研究結果發現:1.職業安全衛生管理人員執行安衛工作時間多寡與失能傷害頻?及失能傷嚴重率之高低具有顯著差?關聯,當執行安衛工作時間超過80%以上時,執行安衛工作時間越多,其失能傷害頻?及失能傷嚴重率值愈低。2.負責職安工作人數、公司人數、與行業別(傳產業、電子)與失能傷害頻?及失能傷害嚴重率之高低具有顯著差?關聯。3.導入職安衛管理系統之安全衛生人員實際投入執行安衛工作時間分配比例高於未導入職安衛管理系統者。整體而言,職業安全衛生人員實際投入執行安衛工作時間分配多寡、是否導入職安衛管理系統、與行業別(傳產業、電子)是影響安全衛生績效指標最大之因素。[[abstract]]Inthisstudy,an"OccupationalSafetyandHealthPersonnelStatusSurveyQuestionnaire"wasdevelopedandusedasaresearchtool.Atotalof70questionnaireswereissuedand60effectivequestionnairescollectedwithaneffectiverecoveryrateof85.7%.Thequestionnaireaskedthefacilitiestofillinthebasicinformation,includingtypeofindustry,businessscale,numberofstaffresponsibleforoccupationalsafetyandhealth,managementsystemimplementaion,backgroundinformationonsafetyandhealthstaffs,includingeducation,professionallinsence,workexperience,etc.Inaddition,thequestionnairealsockeckedthedetailsofplanningandimplmentaionofoccupationalsafetyandhealthworkdonebytheoccupationalsafetyandhealthstaffs.ThroughregressionanalysiswiththeJMPsoftware,thefollowingresultswerefound:1.ThetimespentbyoccupationalsafetyandhealthstaffsontheactualimplementationofsafetyandhealthworkisstronglyrelatedtoDisablingFrequencyRateandDisablingSeverityRate.Ifthethepercentageoftimespentonsafetyandhealthworkis80%orhigher,thehigherthetimespent,thelowertheDisablingFrequencyRateandSeverityRate.2.Thenumberofsafetyandhealthstaffs,thenumberofemployee,andthetypeofindustryallhavestrongcorrelationwiththeDisablingFrequencyRateandSeverityRate.3.Thetimespentbyoccupationalsafetyandhealthstaffsinacompanywithoccupationalsafetyandhealthmanagementsystemwillbehigherthanthosewithoutimplementedmanagementsystem.Insummary,thedominantfactorsgoverningtheDisablingFrequencyRateandSeverityRatewerefoundtobethetimespentbyoccupationalsafetyandhealthstaffsonsafetyandhealthwork,theimplementationofsaftyandhealthmanagementsystem,andthetypeofindustry,e.g.traditionalindustriesvs.electronicindustries

    Treating in-tank dyeing wastewater using activated carbon

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    [[abstract]]一般染整製程包括:前處?(退漿、精?、漂白、絲光)、染色、印花及整?等工序,並在不同步驟中添加多種化學物質如染料、強酸/強鹼、氧化劑、還原劑等。這些操作使得染整廢水具高溫、高COD、高色度、酸鹼值不固定及含少??自染?的重?屬等特性,不利後續廢水處理。在台灣染整業廢水佔工業廢水比例高,惟廢水中直接由染缸排出的僅佔10-20%,其餘皆屬沖洗用水。基於反應速率常與濃度成正比,處理高濃度染缸廢水會比處理混合後廢水效率佳,所需藥劑量會降低,較具經濟效益。因此,本研究擬以活性碳物理吸附技術處理染缸廢水,並配合化學催化氧化技術再生活性碳。最後再探討兩者中可能影響因子,並規劃可行處理槽體與操作模式。其中,化學催化氧化主要是以鐵系催化劑配合雙氧水進行反應;而活性碳吸附則是以活性碳吸附廢水中COD後,透過氧化再生,重複活性碳使用。染缸廢水則由南部某化纖染整公司提供。實驗結果發現:(1)以照光處理染缸廢水,對COD去除效率低,但使用活性碳(AC)則可在6-12小時內達50-60%吸附效率。其中所使用活性碳單位吸附量(q)的線性飽和度約為0.22g-COD/g-AC、(2)pH和溫度等操作因子對於使用活性碳吸附染缸廢水COD的影響不大、(3)僅用純水再生後的活性碳,其COD吸附量下降約10%;但使用2.5%H2O2加上2.12mMEDTA-Fe做再生反應後的活性碳,其COD吸附量增加約為7%、(4)在使用5克活性碳並連續操作廢水COD吸附和再生(五個批次)循環,每批次反應可去除約0.3625克COD,其單位吸附量(q)約0.0725g-COD/g-AC(=0.3625g-COD/5g-AC)、及(5)pH對活性碳再生處理效益影響不大;然而溫度提升則有助活性碳再生後具更高吸附率。當再生溫度維持在60℃,會比25℃時COD吸附率提高約30%。[[abstract]]Thegeneraldyeingandfinishingprocessincludes:pre-treatment(desizing,scouring,bleaching,mercerizing),dyeing,printingandfinishingprocesses.Overtheoperation,avarietyofchemicalssuchasdyes,strongacid/alkali,redo-reagentsetc.werepresentintheresultingwastewater.Othercharacteristicsofthewastewaterincludesitshightemperature,highCOD,highcolor,andunstablepHvaluemakethetreatmentofsuchwastewaterachallenge.InTaiwan,dyeingandfinishingindustryaccountedforahighproportionofindustrialwastewater.Insuchstream,onlyabout10-20%ofthewastewaterdischargeddirectlyfromthedyeingtankwithhighCODcontent,therestisthecleaningwaterthathaslimitedCODcontent.Inreactivechemistry,thereactionrateisoftenproportionaltothereactant’sconcentration.Treatmentofthehighlyconcentrateddyeingwastewatercanbemoreefficientandresultincost-savings.Thus,theobjectivesofthisstudyincluded:(1)toinvestigatetheefficiencyofCODremovalfollowedbytheoxidativeregenerationintreatingthein-tankdyeingwastewater,(2)toconfirmthepossiblefactorsofadsorptionandregenerationandtheirmostapplicableoperationalconditions,and(3)tosearchthemostfeasiblestrategyandmethodsintreatingin-tankdyeingwastewaterbyactivatedcarbon.In-tankdyeingwastewaterisprovidedbyadyeingcompanyinsouthernTaiwan,theACisapurchased,laboratory-gradeproduct,andtheoxidativereagentsincludeperoxideandEDTA-Fe.Theresultsofthisstudyinclude:(1)Intreatingrawdyeingwastewater,lighteffectwasminimalyettheuseoftheactivatedcarbon(AC)appearedtoadsorb50-60%CODandthelinearsaturationqvaluewasabout0.22g-COD/g-AC,(2)ThepHandtemperaturehadlittleeffectondyeingwastewateradsorptionusingtheAC,(3)Ifregenerationwithwateronly,CODadsorptionoftheACdropped~10%;yetwithaslowasinitialperoxide=2.5%andEDTA-Fe=2.12mMasoxidativereagents,CODadsorptionincreased~7%,(4)Useof5-gramACforfivecontinuousadsorptionandregenerationcycles,about0.3625gramsofCODwereremovedineachrun,whichequaledtoq=0.3625/5=0.0725g-COD/g-AC,and(5)pHhadlittleeffectonACregeneration;yethighertemperatureresultedinhigherACadsorptionafteritsregeneration.Ifregenerationtemperaturemaintainedat60oC,about30%higherCODadsorptionwasobservedthanACregeneratedat25oC.Keywords:in-tankdyeingwastewater,catalyticoxidation,activatedcarbonadsorption,oxidativeregeneratio

    The influence of safety and health training on hazard perception and risk perception to newcomers

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    [[abstract]]「職業安全衛生教育訓練規則」規定,雇主對新雇用勞工應使其接受至少3小時的安全衛生教育訓練。但是,研究卻指出未滿1年的新進人員傷亡比例最高,因此3小時的教育訓練是否有其功能並不明確。本研究以重大職災案例為題,製作危害預知能力與風險感受度評量工具,以評量教育訓練對新進人員危害預知能力與風險感受度提昇的有效性,以及掌握相關影響因素。研究結果發現此安全衛生教育訓練之授課方式及內容,對不同背景因素的新進人員,風險感受度的提昇大都有顯著效果,其中以進入本職場前年資一年(含)以下者最具明顯。而在提升危害預知能力方面,僅只有25至34歲、進入本職場前年資1至3(含)年與5至10年(含),以及未曾發生職災之特定背景因素者有所提昇,其餘則無顯著提昇效果。事業單位若欲藉由安全衛生教育來提昇新進人員危害預知能力,除講授式教導法規要求內容外,建議授課方式可與分組討論發表方式相互應用,並在授課內容增加職災案例分析,如此應可提升新進人員危害預知能力。且新進人員作業前,現場作業主管除說明危害源與督促新進人員做好相對應之防範措施外,再增加對新進人員安全衛生巡視的次數,並及建立師徒制,相信可使新進人員降低職災的發生。[[abstract]]AccordingtoOccupationalSafetyandHealthEducationandTrainingRules,theemployersrequiretheemployeewhoreceives3hoursofsafetyandhealtheducationandtrainingatleast.However,theresearchpointedoutthattheproportionofthecasualtieswhichisoccurredtothenewcomerswhoislessthanoneyearisthehighest.So,theeffectivenessofthethree-hourtrainingisuncertain.Inthestudy,wepreparedtheratingtableofhazardperceptionandriskperceptionbasedonsevereoccupationalaccidentstoestimateupgradingeffectivenessandtomasterrelevantfactors.Theresultfindsouttheteachingmethodsandcontentsofsafetyandhealtheducationtraininghaveasignificanteffectonnewcomersofdifferentfactorsandupgradeofriskperception.Especially,itsthemostobviouseffectonwho’sthelengthofjobtenureislessthanoneyear.Asforthepartofupgradingriskperception,itisunobviousupgradingeffectsbesidespeoplewhoareageof25-34;whoishaving1-3yearsand5-10yearsofjobtenure;andwhohasneverexperiencedoccupationalhazards.Theinstitutionswhichwanttopromotenewcomers’abilityofriskperceptionbysafetyandhealtheducationcanusedidacticinstructiontoteachingrequirementsofregulations;cansuggestthatteachingwayscanbeusedwithgroupdiscussionpublishingways;andcanincreaseanalyzingoccupationaldisastercases.Inthisway,wecanupgradetheabilityofriskperceptiontonewcomers.Thesupervisorshavetoexplaintherelativelyharmfulcauseandsupervisetherelevantstafftodothepreventionbeforenewcomerswork.Inaddition,thereisestablishingmentorshiptoincreasethefrequencyofsafetyandhealthinspectingfornewcomers.Webelievewecanreduceaccidentshappeningfornewcomer

    Analysis of Air distribution in a Natural Smoke Vent System of a Large Factory

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    [[abstract]]近年來工程界逐漸注重環境保護與節能,自然通風與自然排煙概念已應用在許多大型廠房中。自然式排煙方式具有低投資成本、無須電力即可運作、後續保養及維修費用低廉等優點。當火災發生時自然通風也能轉換為自然排煙。然而在台灣,自然式排煙的有效性依現行消防安全設備有關設計與查核方式僅為檢查開口面積是否符合規定,至於是否能有效排至戶外,卻較少關注於其中。本研究利用FireDynamicsSimulator軟體分析大型廠房不同開口位置之內部氣流分布。本文利用鏡式紋影光學系統、熱電偶與無煙蠟燭以1/12.5模型實驗進行驗證。藉紋影系統直接、即時、準確之熱氣流分析特性,將模型內部熱流場可視化,發現與FDS內部氣流分布狀態具相當高之相似性。證明得以輔助FDS數據進行準確分析。實驗結果發現,在不同空間設置不同位置之開口時,將影響室內熱氣流動的方向,進而有不同程度的熱與煙蓄積,並不單只有開口面積就能決定排煙量。研究也發現在一組雙出氣口案例中,排煙口雖然多一倍,但排煙量僅多一單出氣口案例20%,而補氣口風速卻高於1m/s,補氣風速有過高之虞,將可擾動火場煙流,或使火場燃燒反應更加旺盛之虞。排煙量與流出溫度也具一定關係。因此大型廠房在設計自然式排煙系統時,除符合法規外,對補氣效應還需進行審慎的評估。[[abstract]]ManytallspacesinTaiwanhavebeenequippedwithnaturalventandsmokeextractionsystemsintheconsiderationofenergysavingandenvironmentalprotection.Smokeistheprimarycauseofdeathsatafirescene.Anaturalsmokeventsystemneedstoconsidertheeffectofmakeupairingeneratingtheeffectivepush-pullphenomenonofairflow.Atpresent,thereisnoexaminationmethodotherthancheckingthesmokeventareatovalidatetheeffectivenessofanaturalsmokeventsysteminTaiwan,aswellasnorequirementsregardingthemakeupinlet.Thispaperconductedmodelexperimentsondifferentnaturalsmokeextractionpatternsoftallspace;asingle-mirrorSchlierensystemwasusedtorecordthedynamicflowofhotgas.Smokelesscandleswereburnedina1/12.5modelinexperimentstorecordthedistributionofinflow,accumulationandoutflowofairflowinthespace.Inaddition,thisstudyusedFireDynamicsSimulator(FDS)softwaretosimulatethefirescene.Theresultsshowthatmakeupairhasaveryobviouseffectontheeffectivenessofanaturalsmokeventsystem.Inthisstudy,thepost-combustionhotgasdistributionswerevisualizedbyusedSchlierenPhotographytechnologyinthemodelspace,comparedwiththeFDSsimulationresultandthermocouplerecordedtemperature.Thestudyalsofoundthatinthecaseofadoubleoutletcasewheretheexhaustportwasdoubled,theamountofsmokewasonly20%ofthesingleventcase.Averificationmethodinthemodelexperimentswasestablishedtodetermineifthenumericalsimulationresultsarereasonable

    Approaches toward best practices through KPI with emphasis on data gathering and calculation

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    [[abstract]]在企業中,設備與產線為公司的重要資產,設備的損壞可能導致工廠無法持續運作以至於產品不能如期出貨,嚴重時可能導致工安環保事故,而維護設備資產完整性及維持設備運轉,避免其失效導致工安環保事故發生,需仰賴完善的維修與保養規劃,藉以提升設備的可靠度,降低其失效率。維修管理本為知易行難的一門學問,並非像技術性方法,有一套標準的準則規範。評定企業中維修保養策略是否為有效,且完善的管理方式,則須倚靠背後大量的數據統計分析資訊,並藉由分析結果進行管理決策的改善,進而使設備保持最佳狀態。國內外工廠不斷在維修管理上,希望能夠歸納出一套符合該企業型態最好的管理模式。國外能依據ISO55000資產管理中管理的重要性,以最佳的維修組合來實現企業資產管理,並藉由國際標準EN15341作為衡量維修管理的指標,以此數據分析作為決策分析的佐證,並不斷改善,使企業的設備資產維護最佳化。反觀國內目前則無企業以EN15341作為衡量維修管理依據,若要能夠與國際接軌,則須有共同的語言,以ISO14224作為維修履歷交換的標準,利用EN15341作為企業間的評比準則,方能逐漸邁向一個國際間維修管理最佳化的企業。本研究以百大製造業中某一石化廠作為範例,進行國內企業EN15341指標計算可行性之研究,並深入了解本土企業維修管理文化,確認出企業能進行計算的項目,以及計算參數資料所在處,再者,分析如何藉由電腦化方式,將所需參數資訊編碼,使各項指標的計算精準且便利地進行,再利用ISO14224結構使數據分析能夠由工廠、產線概觀,甚至深入至設備或部位的細項展開。關鍵字:維修管理、ISO55000、ISO14224、EN15341、績效指標、維修資訊編碼[[abstract]]Equipmentandproductionsystemareimportantassetsintheenterprise.Iftheequipmentfails,thatmaycausetheplanttobeunabletooperate,evenmayleadtoproductunableoutputonscheduled.Inworstcases,itmayleadtoenvironmentalpollutionsorprocessaccidents,whichimpliesthatensuringthemechanicalintegrityofplantassetiskeytomaintainingsafeoperationaswellastheproductquality.Maintenancemanagementiseasiersaidthandone.Inordertoensuresoundassetmanagementandfortheenterprisetoadoptbestmaintenancestrategy,onemustrelyonanalysisofbigdata,andresultsofit.Bothdomesticandforeignplantsseektocontinuallyimprovemaintenancemanagementwithagoaltoachievebestpracticesinmaintenancemanagementthatismostsuitablefortheenterprise.MostofsoftwaretoolscommonlyusedbyForeignplantsarealreadyISO55000compliant,fromwhichKPI’sarecomputed.UseinternationalstandardEN15341asameasureofmaintenancemanagementindicatorshasbecomeaconsensusforbenchmarkingperformance.Incontrast,itismostlyimpossiblefordomestictofollowEN15341andusetheKPI’sasatoolforguidingthedirectionofimprovement.OnlythroughtheimplementationofISO14224astheexchangestandardformaintenancehistorycantherealizationofEN15341becomepossible.Inthisstudy,oneofthetopdomesticpetrochemicalplantswasusedasanexampleforthefeasibilityofturningassetdataintoKPI’sconformingtoEN15341.Further,thepracticalapproachforaccessingandaccumulatingnecessarydataforcalculatingKPI’sarealsodiscussed.Keywords:maintenancemanagement,ISO55000,ISO14224,EN15341,keyperformanceindices,maintenancecodin

    The Research of Intergrating German Songs into German Courses in Senior High School

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    [[abstract]]本論文旨於探討將德語歌曲融入高中德語課程的可行性,期許藉由德語歌曲提升高中德語課學生的學習動機,並透過德語歌曲增加字彙量、深入了解德語文化及增進德語聽力。此外,也會探討以歌曲授課的方式是否較適用於聽覺學習型的學生,而聽覺學習型的學生是否也偏好透過歌曲學習外語,並獲得較高的學習成效。結束學生端研究後,研究者便會展示學生端研究成果於九位高中德語教師,並與其進行訪談,藉以了解德語教師們對以歌曲授課的看法及增加以歌曲授課頻率的意願。為探討上述研究目的,本論文將使用學生端的前後測問卷、教師端訪談問卷、VARK學習風格量表、研究者自製的德語歌曲教案以及隨堂測驗進行研究。VARK學習風格由紐西蘭教育學家NeilFleming所創,將學習風格分成視覺學習型(V)、聽覺學習型(A)、讀寫學習型(R)以及動覺學習型(K)四大類,並以該理論所提出的VARK學習風格量表來得出受測者的學習風格。有關VARK學習風格理論的詳細說明請參見本文2.6.1VARK學習風格理論。研究過程中將委由台南北門高中的德語課教師李燕姍老師執行歌曲教案,進行實作課程之前,會先請學生填寫前測問卷,待實作課程結束後,再請學生填寫後測問卷和VARK學習風格量表。前測和後測問卷的施測目的在於了解學生在接觸以歌曲教授德語的授課方式後,對於以歌曲授課看法的改變以及德語歌曲是否能提升學生的德語學習動機。而使用VARK學習風格量表的目的在於得知學生的學習風格類型,以驗證學習風格類型含有聽覺學習型的學生,是否較適合以歌曲學習外語,並在經歷將歌曲融入德語教學的課程後,其學習成效是否較其他學習風格高。學習成效的評量方式則由實作課程隔週的隨堂測驗得出。每一次課程結束後,隔週便進行針對上週授課內容的隨堂測驗,將所有測驗結果平均後便得出學生的學習成效。研究最後,待實作課程結束並完成學生端研究資料分析後,研究者再分別與九位高中德語教師進行問卷訪談,以瞭解教師端對於以歌曲進行授課的看法,並達到說服教師提升使用歌曲教授德語的意願,以及增加運用歌曲於課堂中的頻率。結束研究並綜合師生端的研究資料分析後,本論文得出的結論如下:1.在經歷以歌曲授課的課程後,學生的學習動機確實提升了,且相較於實作課程前,僅有四位學生(5%)表示曾於課後聆聽德語歌曲,在實作課程結束後,主動在課後搜尋並聆聽德語歌曲的人數增加至百分之48,雖未過半數,但學生的學習行為仍有顯著改變,共成長了高達43個百分比。2.參與研究的所有學生中,具有聽力學習型學習風格的人數最高,將近全體的三分之二,且聽力學習型的學習成效,相較於其他學習風格的學生來說,也相對較高;此外,從前測問卷中得知,學習外語時傾向著重於聽力訓練的學生人數,與具有聽覺學習型學習風格的學生人數非常相近,僅有一位之差,因此當不考慮其他變相因素時,使用歌曲教授德語的方式確實適合北門高中德語班的學生,而其中聽覺學習型的學生也偏好使用這樣的方法及習慣來學習外語。3.從問卷前測和後測分析來看,經過實作課程後,有更多學生對於德語歌曲能夠增加德語字彙量以及認識更多德語文化感到認同,但對於透過歌曲能增進德語聽力的看法則沒有太大改變。4.九位高中德語教師在接受訪談後皆表示願意增加以歌曲授課的頻率,以及願意使用本研究的歌曲教案進行授課,研究者也於訪談結束後,將自製的教案、簡報、講義、試題等檔案分別寄至每位教師信箱,也於本論文的附件十附上所有檔案的連結網址供有興趣的教師下載使用。[[abstract]]TheuseofsongsinaGermanlanguagelearningclassroomisnotnew,butstillthereareonlyfewteachersinTaiwanwhousingGermansongstoteachthelanguage.ThroughcooperationbetweentheMinistryofEducationinTaiwanandtheGermanForeignMinistry,moreandmoreseniorhighschoolsareofferingcoursesinGermanduringthelastdecade.Inthemeantime,schoolsoffermanycoursesindifferentlanguagestostudents,forexampleJapanese,French,Spanishetc.Therefore,thequestionofhowtoattractandretainstudentsonGermancourses–andtoincreasetheirinterestinlearningGerman–seemstobeacentralissueforGermanteachers;usingGermansongsinGerman,coursescouldbeveryhelpfultosolvethisproblem.ThisstudyinvestigatedtheintegrationofGermansongsintoGermancoursesinPei-MenSeniorHighSchool,toseeifthestudent’sinterestinlearningGermanwouldbeincreasedbylearningGermansongs.ThereforetheresearcherdesignedasyllabuswhichincludesGermansongs,andaskedtheteacheroftheGermancoursesinPei-MenSeniorHighSchooltousetheminherclasses.Furthermore,thisresearchwouldalsofocusonthelearningstyleofeachstudent.Thepurposeofthisinvestigationwas,first,toascertainthelearningstyleofeachstudent,andfurther,todetermineifthestudent’s,languagepreferencesvisavis,intakewasmatchedtotheaural/auditoryapproach,andhowthatwouldinfluencelearningperformancecomparedtootherstudents.TheVARKQuestionnaireshavebeenutilizedinthisstudy;thetheoryoftheVARKLearningStylewasdevelopedbyNeilFlemingin1987(Fleming&Bonwell,2012),andtheabbreviation‘VARK’representsthefourmainmodes:Visualmode,Aural/Auditorymode,Reading/WritingmodeandKinestheticmode.Inordertocomprehendthelearningstyleofeachlearner,Flemingcreatedthe‘VARKQuestionnaire’forlearners;withthehelpofthe16questionsintheQuestionnaire,learnerscandeterminetheirlearningstyle,andfindthebestwaytolearnmoreefficiently.Furthermore,thisresearchwouldconcentrateonstudent’sabilitytolearnmoreGermanlexis,and,further,culture;furthermore,improvetheirlisteningcomprehensionbylearningGermanwithGermansongs.Attheendoftheresearch,theresearcherwouldalsointerviewnineGermanteachersfromdifferentseniorhighschools,presentthesyllabususedinthisstudyandtheresultsoftheresearchtothem,topersuadethemtousemoreGermansongsintheirGermanclassesandsendthesyllabusandallthematerialsfromthisstudyasreferencestothem

    Impact of Delivery Time Deviance on Customer Affective Response: The Moderating Effect of Purchase Situation, Buying Purpose and Product Type

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    [[abstract]]電子商務業者為了淡化消費者的不安和提升企業自身的競爭力,紛紛致力於提升商品到貨時間的精準度。但是「快速到貨」服務管理不易,容易造成商品延遲到貨時常發生之現象。根據Schwartz(1975)指出等待是一種複雜的現象,消費者通常以情緒的方式對其進行反應。且Taylor(1994)和Hui&Tse(1996)的研究皆發現當延遲的時間越長,消費者的負面情緒越高。由此可知過往的學者大多致力於探討到貨時間延遲與消費者負面情緒的相關研究,而有關到貨時間提早對消費者正向情緒的相關研究甚少,因此,本研究根據Festjens&Janiszewski(2015)提出的時間價值函數圖進行探討不同的到貨時間偏誤對消費者情緒反應的影響,以及了解消費者心中時間價值函數的起伏變化。然而影響消費者網購結果和購物決策重要性的因素取決於消費者異質性、產品類型、購物網站特徵、產品種類和任務參與等。故本研究亦進一步探討購買情境、購買目的、產品類型對到貨時間偏誤和消費者情緒反應的調節效果。本研究採用實驗設計法,自變數為到貨時間各提早與延遲6、12、24、48小時,調節變數為購買情境、購買目的、產品類型,對依變數消費者情緒反應來進行探討彼此之間的關係。本研究所得之重要結論如下:1.當到貨時間延遲的長度超過消費者的知覺門檻,則會使消費者的焦慮程度顯著地提升。2.當到貨時間提早的長度超過消費者的知覺門檻,則會使消費者的愉悅程度顯著地提升。3.相較於個人購買,團體購買會增加時間延遲對焦慮程度的影響。4.相較於自用為目的,送禮為目的會增加時間延遲對焦慮程度的影響。[[abstract]]Theindustryofe-commercehascommittedtoimprovetheaccuracyofthearrivaltimeofgoodsinordertoeliminatetheconsumers'uneasinessandenhanceindividualcompany’sowncompetitiveness.However,tomanage"theaccuracyofarrival"isnotsimple;itiseasilytocausedelaysinthearrivalofgoods.AccordingtoSchwartz(1975)pointedoutthatwaitingisacomplexphenomenon,theconsumersusuallyrespondemotionally.AndTaylor(1994)andHui&Tse(1996)havefoundthatthelongerthedelay,thehighertheconsumer'snegativeaffective.Thus,mostscholarsinthepasthavebeendevotedtoinvestigatetherelationshipbetweenthedelayofarrivalandthenegativeaffectivereponseofconsumers.Researchofrelatingtheadvancedarrivaltotheconsumerpositiveaffectiveresponseisfew.Therefore,thisstudyinvestigatestheimpactofdifferentarrivaltimedevianceontheaffectiveresponsesofconsumers.Thefactorsthatinfluencetherelationshipbetweendeliverytimedevianceandaffectiveresponesdependonconsumerheterogeneity,producttype,websitecharacteristics,productcategory,andtaskinvolvement.Therefore,thisstudyfurtherdiscussesthemoderatingeffectofthepurchasesituation,thepurposeofthebuyingandthetypeofproductontheimpactofthearrivalofthetimedevianceontheaffectiveresponseofconsumers.Thisstudyadoptedthemethodofexperimentaldesign.Theindependentvariableisthearrivaltimewhichhastwodeviances(e.g.,“advanced”and“delayd”).Eachdeviancetypeincludes4levels,suchas6,12,24and48hours,respectively.Thedependentvariableistheconsumeraffectiveresponse.Andthemoderatingvariablesarethepurchasesituation,thepurposeofbuyingandthetypeofproduct.Thegoalistoinvestigatetherelationshipsamongtheindividualvariables.Themainresultsofthisstudyareasfollows:1.Thearrivaltimedelayedthatsurpassesathresholdperceivedbyconsumersmakesasignificantincreaseinthedegreeofanxiety.2.Thearrivaltimeadvancedthatsurpassesathresholdperceivedbyconsumersmakesasignificantincreaseinthedegreeofpleasure.3.Comparedtoindividualpurchases,groupbuyingincreasestheeffectoftimedelayonthedegreeofanxiety.4.Comparedtothepurposeofpersonaluse,thepurposeofgivinggiftsincreasestheeffectoftimedelayonthedegreeofanxiety

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