National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology
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A Study on Recovery Strategies of Companies in Financial Distress
No full text[[abstract]]歷經2008年全球金融海嘯的波及，牽連許多公司相繼爆發重大的財務危機事件，使得財務危機相關議題備受關注。發生財務危機後，公司都竭盡所能的想要去改善困境，而究竟使用何種策略才能讓公司化解危機、獲得重生機會，這個議題是值得我們深入探討的。本研究將探討能使財務危機公司重生的關鍵策略。本研究選取自2008年至2016年，共146家財務危機公司作為樣本資料，並根據台灣經濟新報資料庫之金融大事記、公開資訊觀測站之歷史重大訊息、聯合知識庫，以整理重大金融資訊及新聞的方式來獲得每一筆資訊，進而針對財務危機公司中的66家重生公司和23家下市公司來探討其平均恢復時間和反應策略的追蹤與比較。研究結果發現，改變經營策略(策略三)、彌補虧損減資(策略十)、增資(策略十一)對於重生皆有正向的影響，其中彌補虧損減資(策略十)達1%的顯著水準，增資(策略十一)達5%的顯著水準，改變經營策略(策略三)達10%的顯著水準，表示採行這些策略有助於公司獲得重生。從財務危機轉而重生的公司中，平均恢復時間為2.09年，而每家公司平均採用4個反應策略，包括緊縮政策、改變經營策略、改變外部控制和債務協商等，且這些策略皆對恢復時間有顯著的影響。[[abstract]]Aftertheglobalfinancialtsunamiin2008,manycompanieshavebeeninvolvedinmajorfinancialdistress,makingrelatedfinancialdistressissuesreceivemuchconcern.Afterfinancialdistress,companieswilltryeverythingtheycantochangeandimprovethepredicament.Thetopicofwhatexactstrategyallowscompaniestoresolvecrisisandgetrecoveryisworthyofourin-depthdiscussion.Thisstudywillexplorekeystrategiesthatenablecompaniestorecoverfromfinancialdistress.Thisstudyselectedatotalof146companiesthatwentthroughfinancialdistressbetween2008and2016assampledata.EverypieceofinformationwasobtainedbythewayofcollatingmajorfinancialinformationandnewsoffinancialeventsfromTaiwanEconomicJournaldatabase,majorhistoricalinformationfromsii.twse.com.twandknowledgebase.Basedonthese,thestudyexploredaveragerecoverytimeandtrackingandcomparisonofresponsestrategiesfor66recoverycompaniesand23delistedcompaniesthatwentthroughfinancialdistress.Thestudyfoundthatchangingbusinessstrategy(Strategy3),makingupforthelossandreductionofcapital(Strategy10),andcapitalincrease(Strategy11)hadpositiveimpactsonrecovery.Tobespecific,makingupforthelossandreductionofcapital(Strategy10)reachesasignificancelevelof1%;reductionofcapital(Strategy10),5%;changingthebusinessstrategy(Strategy3),10%.Thisindicatesthattheadoptionofthesestrategieshelpscompaniesrecoverfromfinancialdistress.Thesecompaniestakeanaverageof2.09yearstorecoverfromfinancialdistress,andeachofthemadoptsanaverageof4responsestrategiesincludingtighteningpolicies,changingbusinessstrategies,changingexternalcontrolsanddebtnegotiations,whichsignificantlyimpacttherecoverytime
Research and Development on Monitoring System of Production Effectiveness and Traceability for Semi-Automatic Production Process
No full text[[abstract]]科技技術發展日新月異，工作機具不能只有生產，其同時須具有能隨時的監控工作狀態的功能，並進而分析推測生產品質以及生產效率。其中半自動生產製程多半需經由人為操作，然而，此現象是否會造成生產效率降低，物料成本增加，備感爭議。因此本研究欲針對此一製程做更深入的研究及開發。利用時間序列加上資料的分析與比對，解決半自動生產環境所造成之資訊殘缺的報工問題。本研究實驗設計為半自動射蠟機具生產製程大數據收集、分析與整理，利用ICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)資通訊及應用數位訊號輸入技術擷取收集機台動作時間序列並以Barcode(條碼)技術結合ERP系統的操作人員、生產工單、機台資訊，再利用雲端存放及行動平台有效整合人、事、時、地與物五項資訊。本研究結合物聯網以及演算法的理念給予每一份訂單各自的生產履歷以及生產資訊，並自行開發報工程式，整合現場訊號後再藉由製作網頁看板顯示廠區內射蠟機具的生產狀態，方便廠區主管監控管理機台生產效益。此研究所或成果除了能監控每一份訂單的資訊之外，還可將收集的資訊經由分析處理後，計算出各種模具的注蠟時間，並為此製程製作生產排程。[[abstract]]Withnewadvancesintechnology,itisnotenoughforprocessingmachinestobeonlyabletoproduce,theymustalsobeequippedwithmonitoringfunctionsforengineerstomonitortheirworkingcondition,andtoanalyzethequalityaswellasefficiencyofproductionprocessesatanytime.Amongallprocesses,semi-automaticproductionprocessesrequiremostlymanualoperations;however,itiscontroversial,whetherthiswillcausethedropofproductionefficiencyandtheriseinmaterialcostsornot.Thus,thisstudyaimedtoconductamorein-depthresearchonthisproductionprocessandtosolvetheproblemsintimesheetscausedbylackofinformationwithtimeseriesandcross-referreddata.Thisstudyisalsoappliedtotesttheproductionprocessofsemi-automaticwaxinjectionequipment.ICT(InformationandCommunicationTechnology)andDSP(DigitalSignalProcessing)willbeappliedsoastocatchtimeseriesofthemachine,andBarcodeTechnologywillbeusedtocombinewiththeinformationofoperator,productionorderandmachineitselfinERP(EnterpriseResourcePlanning)systemtointegratefiveWs(who,what,when,where,which)processeseffectivelyviaCloudSystem.Inaddition,dailyworksystemwillbedevelopedinthisstudy.Afterintegratingthemachinesignals,productioninformationwillbeshownonthewebsite.Itishelpfulforpeopletomanagerandtomonitoreachorderinformation.Theproblemscausedbythedropofproductionefficiencyandincreasedmaterialcostswillalsobeclarified.Exceptbenefitsmentionedabove,thisstudycanalsohelptocomputethecycletimeofwaxinjectionforeverymoldandtomakeproductionschedulesofdewaxingcasting
A study on fire analysis, management and rescue strategy of Moonlight Mountain Tunnel
No full text[[abstract]]本論文之研究對象為月光山公路隧道，位處高雄市境內，於2002年啟用，全長約1670公尺，係美濃通往杉林之隧道，依據交通部2010年頒訂之「公路隧道消防安全設備設置規範」，月光山公路隧道歸類為乙級隧道，依該規範應設置消防安全設備，然而月光山隧道建造時尚未有此規範，理所當然的未有健全的消防安全設備，雖然危害發生機率低但危害嚴重性高，因此風險高，如何改善既有隧道乃我國當務之急。本研究目的為改善既有之月光山公路隧道，為達此目的本研究透過工程研究方法作分析，並依研究結果提供建議供建造或管理單位，救援單位參酌，期能達成「確保用路人的生命安全」、「營造救援安全環境」與「營運不中斷」之目標。本研究之方法為探討與比較相關文獻、規範，並實地勘查月光山公路隧道，以美國國家標準局(NIST)研發之FDS(FireDynamicSimulator)電腦模擬軟體建置電腦模型，依火災發生位置、是否啟動噴流風機和噴流風機風速，設定8種情境來模擬公路隧道火災，再依火災性能驗證基準表分析數據，驗證各項危害因子，包括用路人避難安全性、消防救援可及性、隧道結構完整性、火勢延燒等，以圖表方式觀察各項危害因子變化，提出策進方案予建造或管理單位與救援單位參酌；其中情境A、B與C分別為至高點、美濃端洞口80m、杉林端洞口333m，數值模擬結果如下：用路人避難安全驗證：3種情境中，用路人若以0.64m/s速度避難，皆會於不安全路段遭遇溫度高於60℃、CO濃度高於800ppm、可視度低於10m、熱通量高於2kW/m2之危害。消防救援可及性驗證：情境A，火源往杉林端、美濃端20m處，情境B，火源往杉林端20m處，情境C，火源往美濃端20m處，皆超過安全臨界值(5kW/m2)，故皆有影響消防救援可及性之情形。隧道完整性驗證：3種情境中，火源位置混凝土天花板下方5cm之最高溫度分別為1,168℃、1,142℃、1,086℃，皆超過氣體溫度臨界值(500℃)，故皆有使隧道內壁塌陷之虞。火勢延燒驗證：情境A，火源往杉林端5m處，情境B，火源往杉林端5m處，情境C，火源往美濃端5m處，皆超過安全臨界值(12.5kW/m2)，故皆有延燒情形。關鍵字：月光山、公路、隧道[[abstract]]ThisstudyisbasedontheMoonlightMountainroadTunnel,whichislocatedinKaohsiungCityleadingfromMeinongtoShanlin.Itwasopenedin2002andabout1,670meterslong.Accordingtothe"FireSafetyEquipmentforRoadTunnelsStandard"whichisissuedbytheMinistryofCommunicationsin2010,"MoonlightMountainRoadTunnelisclassifiedasClassBtunnel,andaccordingtothespecification,firesafetyequipmentsisrequired,however,whenconstructingthetunnel,ithasnotyetissued,thoughtthefiresafetyequipmentsisnotenough.Althoughtheprobabilityofaccidentoccurrenceislow,butthedangerisveryhigh,sotheriskishigh.Howtoimprovetheexistingtunnelisourtoppriority.ThepurposeofthisstudyistoimprovetheexistingMoonlightMountainRoadTunnel.Toreachthetarget,thisstudywilluseresearchmethodstoprovidetherecommendationsforconstructionormanagementdepartment,andrescueunits.Hopetoreachthepurposeof"ensuringthesafetyofpassers-by","creatingasaferescueenvironment"and"non-disruptiveoperation".Themethodsofthisstudyistoinvestigateandcomparetherelevantliteratures,tosurveyspecifications,andfieldoftheMoonlightMountainroadTunnel,tousecomputermodelsofFDS(FireDynamicSimulator)computersimulationsoftwaredevelopedbytheNationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology(NIST).Basedonthreetermsincludethefirelocation,whetherestartingupjetfansandthespeedofjetfans,thisresearchhypothesize8kindsofscenarios,simulatetheroadtunnelfire,andthenaccordingtothefireperformanceverificationdatumanalysisdatatoverifythehazardfactors,includingthesafetyofpedestrianevacuation,firerescuestructuralintegrityoftunnels,firespread,andchartthedatatoobservethechangesineachriskfactor,andproposedsomerecommendationstotheconstructionormanagementunitsandrescueunits.Forexample,theresultsofscenarioA,BandC,namely,thehighestlocationofthetunnel,80mfromMeinong-sidehole,333mfromShanlin-sideholeareasfollows:Passerevacuationsafetyverification:Inthethreesituations,ifthepasserbyevacuateonthespeedof0.64m/s,willencounterthehazardoftemperaturehigherthan60℃,COconcentrationhigherthan800ppm,visibilitylessthan10m,heatfluxhigherthan2kW/m2intheunsafesections.Firerescueavailabilityverification:thescenariosandlocationsbelowaremorethanthesafetythresholdlimitvalue(5kW/m2)offirerescue.InscenarioA,20mfromfiretoMeinongandShanlinside.InscenarioB,20mfromfiretoShanlinside.InscenarioC,20mfromfiretoMeinongside.TunnelStructuralintegrityverification:Inthreescenarios,thedetectorwhichis5cmbelowconcreteceilingofthelocationthefireshowsthehighesttemperatures1,168℃,1,142℃,1,086℃,whichexceedthecriticaltemperatureofthegas(500℃)oftunnelstructuralintegrity,soitmayhavedangerofcollapseinthistunnel.Firespreadverification:thescenariosandlocationsbelowaremorethanthesafetythresholdlimitvalue(12.5kW/m2)offirespreading.InscenarioA,5mfromfiretoShanlinside.InscenarioB,5mfromfiretoShanlinside.InscenarioC,5mfromfiretoMeinongside.Keywords:MoonlightMountain,road,tunne
A Study of Current State and Prospect of Construction Firms in Using BIM
No full text[[abstract]]近年來營建業界已開始推廣建築資訊模型(BuildingInformationModeling,BIM)技術，包含3D甚至4D、5D模型的建築資訊。因其具有參數及物件導向特性，故可以自動產生材料數量，且能進行空間牴觸檢查，以利提升效益。由於營建工程有分工合作的複雜性質，而BIM連結相當多的應用，界面整合是一大問題，各單位要如何共同參與模型的建立和使用會是一個挑戰。本研究對業界進行問卷調查，探討營造廠使用BIM的現況與前景。問卷題目涵蓋：營造廠投入BIM的比例、途徑與程度、面臨的障礙，以及未來的方向。結果顯示，受訪者認為營造廠使用BIM的主要理由為「有助於產生正確施工圖」和「擬真建模，以利相關人員了解和溝通」；而多以訓練既有繪圖人員來使用BIM。部分工程已開始應用，但效益還在評估中，面臨的障礙主要為「能使用BIM的人員不夠充足」。多數認為「設計單位即展開BIM建模，並移交營造廠於施工階段沿用及擴充」，而有利於BIM成長的環境為「營建業上下游業者間的垂直整合度提高」。顯示若能在上游端即開始建模不僅不會造成人力浪費，也有利於未來BIM在營建業的成長。[[abstract]]Inrecentyears,theconstructionindustryhasbeguntopromoteBuildingInformationModeling(BIM),incorporatingbuildinginformationin3D,even4Dor5Dmodels.Asithasparametricandobject-orientedfeatures,itcanautomaticallyproducematerialsquantitiesandcheckspatialinterferenceinordertofacilitateperformanceimprovement.BecauseofthecomplexnatureofconstructionprojectsinvolvingmultipleprofessionstogetherandvariousapplicationslinkedbyBIM,interfaceintegrationmaybeasignificantproblem.Howtoparticipateandhaveashareinmodeldevelopmentandapplicationwillbeachallengefortheparties.AquestionnairesurveyoftheindustryhasbeencarriedoutinthisstudytoinvestigatethecurrentstateandprospectofcontractorsusingBIM.Thequestionsinclude:proportionofcontractorsusingBIM,approachandlevel,obstaclesfaced,andfuturedirection.TheresultsshowthattherespondentsconsiderthefollowingasthemainreasonsforcontractorsusingBIM:“facilitationingeneratingcorrectshopdrawings”and“visualizationinmodelingtohelpunderstandingandcommunicationamongparties,”whereastrainingofexistingdraftsmenisthemainwayofimplementation.Acertainportionoftheirprojectshaveseenapplication,butperformanceisstillunderassessmentandthemainobstaclefacedisinsufficientmanpowerabletouseBIM.Mostofthemagreethat“designersshouldstartBIMdevelopmentfortake-overbycontractorsusingandexpandingitduringconstruction”,whilethefavorableenvironmentforBIMgrowthis“greaterverticalintegrationofthepartiesinconstruction”.Itisfoundthatstartingmodeldevelopmentataproject’sinitialstagecansavemanpowerandfacilitategrowthofBIMintheindustry
Explore Employees’ Knowledge Sharing Intention Based upon the Trust-Relationship Commitment Theory - A Study Case of the Precision Manufacturing Industry
No full text[[abstract]]機械製造業一向被視為一個國家工業化程度的指標，為工業強國必備的指標產業。國內過去數十年機械製造產業的發展，除了從傳統的製造生產設備，目前更朝向電子與醫材等精密製造發展產業轉型。目前，全球精密製造業趨勢以高品質、高良率、高產能、低成本、綠色化及安全自動化為主要目標。由於多數精密製造為特殊輕金屬加工而成，材料特殊、形狀複雜且尺寸多樣化。特殊輕金屬精密製造加工，包括車削、銑削、搪孔、沖孔及銑牙等步驟繁瑣，造成國內廠商在開發過程投入不少心力與成本。本研究針對員工知識分享意圖與精密製造為研究標的，根據MorganandHunt於1994年提出信任-承諾理論(Commitment-TrustTheory)之KMV模型(KeyMediatingVariableModel)，用以解釋成功的關係行銷需具備信任與關係承諾兩大要素。MorganandHunt透過歷年學者的研究資料整理指出，一間核心企業的關係交換可分為四大部份共十種類型的關係所建立：第一部分為內部夥伴關係(事業單位、員工、組織功能部門)，第二部分為買者夥伴關係(中間顧客、終端顧客)，第三部分為平行夥伴關係(競爭者、非營利組織、政府)，第四部分為供應商夥伴關係(貨品供應者、服務供應者)。以信任-關係承?為研究的主要中介變?，進一步探討相關前置變?、結果變?和信任關係承???之間的關係及影響，另外增設知識分享意圖測量關係承諾與信任之間的關係，加以驗證在精密製造業中「信任-關係承?」??模型是否適用。本研究資料蒐集則以網路問卷為主，以精密製造相關產業為研究對象，並取得424份有效樣本數。研究發現精密製造業之從業人員年齡平均於41~50歲有較高知是分享意圖，因此組織應重視此從業人員的反應，以利企業經業之傳承。[[abstract]]Themachinerymanufacturingindustryhasalwaysbeenregardedasanindicatorofthedegreeofindustrializationinacountryandanindicatorindustryessentialtoanindustrialpower.Intheaspectofthedevelopmentofthedomesticmachinerymanufacturingindustryoverthepastdecades,apartfromthetraditionalmanufacturingproductionequipment,theindustryistransformingtothedevelopmentoftheprecisionmanufacturingindustryincludingelectronicandmedicalappliancesatpresent.Currently,thetrendsintheglobalprecisionmanufacturingindustryaremainlyaimedathighquality,highdefect-freerate,highcapacity,lowcost,greenizationandsecurityautomation.Becauseofmostprecisionmanufacturedproductsmadebyprocessingofspeciallightmetalsandbeinginspecialmaterials,complexshapesanddiversifiedsizes,thestepsforspeciallightmetalprecisionmanufacturingandmachininginvolvingturning,milling,boring,piercing,threadingandsoonareverycomplicatedandtedious,resultingindomesticmanufacturersputtingalotofeffortsandcostsininthedevelopmentprocess.Thisstudytakesemployees’knowledgesharingintentionandprecisionmanufacturingasresearchobjectstoexplainthatthesuccessfulrelationshipmarketingneedstohavethetwoelements;thatis,trustandrelationshipcommitment,basedontheKeyMediatingVariableModel(KMVModel)oftheCommitment-TrustTheoryproposedbyMorganandHuntin1994.Throughcollectionofscholars’researchdataovertheyears,MorganandHuntpointedoutthatrelationshipexchangesofacorebusinesscanbedividedintofourparts,consistingoftentypesofrelationships:thefirstpartisinternalpartnerships(businessunits,employeesandfunctionaldepartmentsoftheorganization),thesecondpartisbuyerpartnerships(intermediatecustomersandultimatecustomers),thethirdpartislateralpartnerships(competitors,nonprofitorganizationsandgovernment),andthefourthpartissupplierpartnerships(goodssuppliersandservicessuppliers).Themaininterveningvariablesintheresearchontrust-relationshipcommitmentfurtherstudytherelationshipsbetweenrelatedantecedentvariables,outcomevariablesandCommitment-TrustTheoryandtheirinfluences,moreover,itisaddedthatknowledgesharingintentionisusedtomeasuretherelationshipbetweenrelationshipcommitmentandtrusttoverifywhetherthe“Trust-RelationshipCommitment”theoreticalmodelisapplicabletotheprecisionmanufacturingindustry.Thisresearchisusedquestionnairestostudyemployee’sknowledge-sharingIntention-theCaseofPrecisionManufacturingIndustry.Totally,424piecesvalidsamples
Study on Health Effects of Volatile Compounds Exposed to Nitroglycerin by Labor
No full text[[abstract]]背景：本次研究之作業場所為國內主要之火炸藥生產作業場所，其火炸藥生產使用之原物料中包含硝化甘油，作業人員每日接觸，依個人體質不同會有頭痛、心悸、噁心及嘔吐等情形發生，對於作業人員身心及健康都有極大的影響。過去文獻發現，暴露硝化甘油會引起頭痛、嘔吐等症狀，嚴重時可能因血液帶氧功能降低引起休克、死亡。目的：藉由作業環境測定結果及硝化甘油暴露人員之個人問卷調查，瞭解作業人員於各項作業道次暴露情形及生理反應，據以改善作業環境，降低硝化甘油蒸氣對於作業人員引起之劇烈頭痛、暈眩及嘔吐等症狀。方法：本次研究使用美國職業安全與健康委員會標準方法進?採樣分析，針對操作人員暴露場所實施含硝化甘油蒸氣現場之作業環境測定與作業人員個人採樣，藉以瞭解勞工在作業中暴露於硝化甘油蒸氣之情形。並利用問卷調查方式分析作業人員於暴露環境中產生頭痛或嘔吐等症狀比例及症狀舒緩時間，再將作業環境測定數據與人員頭痛、嘔吐症狀進行研究分析，藉以改善作業人員之工作環境。結果：該作業場所已進行通風換氣的方式降低操作人員暴露濃度，惟所暴露之濃度仍會讓人產生頭痛、嘔吐等症狀，最終對於作業環境的改善採用操作人員工作時數的調整，由原本每日暴露6小時降低為3小時，避免人員長時間暴露於硝化甘油蒸氣環境，減少及緩和人員劇烈頭痛症狀的發生，另本研究亦可發現，國內對於硝化甘油暴露濃度的訂定標準，遠低於國外標準，有明顯的改善空間。結論：研究發現操作人員暴露的濃度與人員產生頭痛症狀有關。[[abstract]]Background:TheworkshopinthisstudyisaprimaryworkshopthatmanufacturesexplosivesandpropellantsinTaiwan,andthereisnitroglycerininthematerial.Thedailycontactscauseenormousphysicalandmentaleffectsonthelabors,suchasheadaches,palpitations,nausea,andvomits,whichdependontheirconstitutions.Accordingtotherelativescientificortechnicalliteratures,exposingtotheenvironmentwithnitroglycerinwillbringsomesymptoms,likeheadachesandvomits,andwillleadtoshockanddeathbecauseoflowoxygenintheblood.Objectives:Thelabors’physicalconditionsandreactionscanbeunderstoodbasedontheresultsofdeterminingenvironmentandthequestionnairesofthelaborexposedtonitroglycerin.Dependonthose,theenvironmentcanbeimprovedtoreducesevereheadaches,giddiness,andvomitscausedbythesteamofnitroglycerin.Methods:Tounderstandthelabors'conditionsexposedtothesteamofnitroglycerin,thestandardmethodsofOSHA(OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration)wereusedtosampleanddeterminethenitroglycerinleveloftheenvironment.Theenvironmentcanbebettered,besidesthesamplinganddetermination,thequestionnaireswerealsousedtoanalyzetherelationbetweenthedatafromenvironmentandthelabors’headaches,vomitscausedintheenvironment.Results:Thelaborsstillhavesymptoms,suchasheadachesandvomits,despiteofreducingthenitroglycerinleveloftheenvironmentwithaventilatingshaft.Eventually,adjustingtheexposuretimefrom6hoursperdayto3hoursperdaytodecreaseandrelaxthelabors’seriousheadaches.Inaddition,itwasfoundinthisstudythatthestandardofexposingtotheenvironmentwiththesteamofnitroglycerinisprettylowerthanforeignstandard,anditisobvioushastorevised.Conclusion:Itwasfoundthattheconcentrationofthenitroglycerineintheenvironmentwherethelaborsexposedisrelativetotheirheadaches
A Study on the Establishment of Evaluation Model for Industrial Safety and Health Education Training Demand
No full text[[abstract]]依據職業安全衛生法第三十二條規定，雇主對勞工應施以從事工作，與預防災變所必要之安全衛生教育及訓練。然而，法令規範僅簡要說明課程內容應與該勞工作業有關，卻未明訂優先之訓練課程與訓練需求評估模式，因此，一般事業單位如何依據法令規定與勞工作業需求，明確訂定與勞工作業有關之安全衛生教育訓練課程，是極為重要的議題，值得進一步探討，這也是本研究之目的。文獻顯示，造成產業職災成因中之不安全行為，主要與安全衛生教育訓練落實與否，具有直接關係。本研究以某鐵道業公司維修部門為研究對象，利用工作場所檢查與職災事故記錄，歸納分析出安全衛生訓練課程項目，再進一步運用AHP專家問卷，評定安全衛生訓練需求課程之優先順序，作為規劃與實施安全衛生教育訓練之參考依據，使組織在有限資源下決定需求及優先施予安全衛生教育訓練，以達到訓練資源最佳化之目標。經由工作場所檢查與職災事故記錄檢視，分析歸納出機械、電氣危害之防止、作業環境危害防止、安全衛生相關法規、承攬管理、物料與危害物處置、使用和搬運、人因性危害預防等六個優先訓練課程，接著再進行公司內部與外部AHP專家問卷分析，發現不論是公司內部（鐵道業）或公司外部（非鐵道業），對於機械、電氣危害之防止與作業環境危害防止，都一致認為是最重要及應優先完成的安全衛生教育訓練課程。事業單位運用上述的評估模式，分析出其作業屬性之訓練需求，再給予最適切的安全衛生教育訓練，除了可提昇勞工迴避危險的能力之外，對降低職業災害發生，具有極大的幫助，更可節約訓練資源，提升訓練效益。[[abstract]]AccordingtotheArticle32ofOccupationSafetyandHealthAct,employersshallprovideallemployeeswithallnecessarysafetyandhealtheducationandtrainingtoperformdutiesandpreventaccidents.However,theregulationonlyprovidessimpleinstructionsoncontentoftrainingguidelinesandemployees'tasksinsteadofillustratingprioritizedtrainingcoursesandschemetoevaluatethedemandoftrainingsessions.Therefore,theissuehasbeenidentifiedthathowbusinessentitiesstructurethecontentoftrainingsessionsregardingsafetyandhealthforemployeesaccordingtotheregulation.Consequently,thisstudyisaimedtoinvestigatethisissuewhichisanessentialtopicinthisfieldofresearch.Literaturearguesthatthereisadirectcausallinkbetweenaccidentratesandadequacyoftrainingonsafetyandhealth.Wehavechosenmaintenanceofrailwayindustryhasourcasestudy.Byreviewingandevaluatingthemonitoringsystemandworkplaceaccidentsrecords,wesystematicallyanalyzeaseriesofsafetyandhealthitemstobeincludedinthetraining.ThenwefurtherdevelopanAHPexpertsurveytoprioritizetrainingitems,whichcouldbeusedasguidelinesforfuturesafetyandhealthtraining.Theguidelinesaimtoprovideguidancefororganizationstooptimizetheirresourcesandcapacityforthetrainingoutcomes.Theresultsrevealedsixprioritizedareaswhichweresafetyandhealthregulations,contractmanagement,materialsandhazardoussubstancesdisposal,useandhandling,andhumanhealthhazardsprevention.TheresultsofAHPexperts'questionnairesurveyconfirmedthattheaforementionedsixareasareallprioritizedofsafetyandhealthtrainingcoursesregardlessofrailwayindustries.Thestudyisaimedtomotivatebusinessentitiestoputtheresultsintopracticebyapplyingtheprinciplestothetrainingcoursesneededfortheindustries.Thisway,itcouldbuildtheemployees'capacityonhazardpreventionandatthesametimereducerisksofoccupationalhazards.Theresultsalsoservesasreferencetooptimizetheoutcomesoftraining
Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents during the Operations of Paint Stripping of Wheel Hub and Engine Component Cleaning of Military Aircraft
No full text[[abstract]]有機溶劑被廣泛地使用在各飛機維修作業場所，本研究主要針對軍用飛機輪轂除漆及發動機零組件清洗作業進行採樣分析，依據分析結果計算勞工之危害指數(HI)，以進行健康風險評估。由實驗結果得知，無論作業環境或個人採樣分析均同，在發動機零組件清洗作業環境中以丁酮（Methylethylketone,MEK）所佔總面積比例3.33%較大；在輪?清洗作業中正己烷（n-Hexane）雖僅佔面積0.12%，但相較其他化學物質則較具危害性；而在輪轂除漆作業勞工所使用的溶劑，逸散於空氣中含有乙二醇丁醚(Ethyleneglycolmonobutylether,EGBE)，雖僅佔總面積的0.15%，但相較其他化學物質則對人體健康較具影響；以上三種化學物質均屬「有機溶劑中毒預防規則」之第二種有機溶劑，對人類神經系統等均有不良的健康影響。定量推估在發動機零組件清洗區的員工危害指數平均為0.02（範圍0.003-0.03），危害指數遠小於1，所以不會有明顯的健康危害風險；輪轂清洗區員工的危害指數範圍0.13-0.26，亦不會有明顯的健康危害風險；而在輪轂除漆區所有人的危害指數均超過1（範圍3.2-3.4），對人體將造成潛在的健康危害。本研究自採樣分析與危害指數推估結果，並綜合工程控制與行政管理等作為，建議輪轂除漆作業區應再實施工程改善與控制，以確保勞工安全與健康。[[abstract]]Organicsolventsarewidelyusedintheaircraftmaintenanceworkplace.Thisstudyaimstoinvestigatethecharacteristicsofvolatileorganicsolventsemittedduringtheoperationsofpaintstrippingofwheelhubandenginecomponentcleaningofmilitaryaircraftandtoevaluatethehumanhealthriskfollowingexposures.Themajorchemicalsofconcernduringtheoperationsofenginecomponentcleaning,wheelcleaningandpaintstrippingofwheelhubaremethylethylketone(MEK),N-hexane,andethylglycolmonobutylether(EGBE),respectively.Exposureconcentrationsofchemicalsofconcernwerequantifiedineachoperationareasforfurtherhealthriskassessment.Resultsshowthenon-cancerhealthhazardindexfortheoperationsofenginecomponentcleaning,wheelcleaningandpaintstrippingofwheelhubrangedfrom0.003-0.03,0.13-0.26and3.2-3.4,respectively.Occupationalexposurestoorganicsolventsduringpaintstrippingofwheelhubmaycausehealtheffectsonworker;therefore,someactionssuchasengineeringcontroloradministrativemanagementshouldbetakentoreducehumanhealthrisks
Using a microbiome for the dechlorination of 2,4-Dichlorophenol
No full text[[abstract]]本研究以微生物菌群（Microbiome）對2,4-二氯酚（2,4-DCP）進行脫氯，將Microbiome分為對數成長期（LM）與穩定期（SM）。對數成長期Microbiome對2,4-DCP無脫氯成效，穩定期180天Microbiome（SM180）降解對2,4-DCP有顯著脫氯成效，尤為50ppm最為顯著，氯離子釋出量為7ppm，氯離子釋出率為33%。Microbiome醱酵期間硫氮動態變化會促進對2,4-DCP脫氯，在SM60氯離子釋出不佳，SM90后開始氯離子釋出量提升。其中SM60~SM90氯離子釋放量有顯著提升，SM150有最佳氯離子釋出量為7ppm。LM與SM180氣體分析發現O2的減少與N2增加，這顯示在Microbiome混合液醱酵期間有脫氮功能微生物菌群的生成，導致有N2增加。從Gompertz方程式開發的簡單模型被應用於在10ppm~200ppm的2,4-DCP濃度與氯離子釋出速率的定量測量。2,4-DCP的濃度會影響Microbiome的微生物活性。回歸結果表明，在2,4-DCP濃度小於50ppm時，其氯離子釋出率、遲滯期相當。當大於50ppm濃度時氯離子釋出率與遲滯期隨著濃度的增加而降低，其中氯離子釋出率當2,4-DCP濃度為25ppm時，降低10%；2,4-DCP為75ppm時，降低50%。2,4-DCP濃度為300ppm時，微生物失去活性。在2,4-DCP濃度高於50ppm時，觀察到顯著的抑制。關鍵字：生物菌群、2,4-二氯酚、脫氯[[abstract]]Inthisstudy,2,4-dichlorophenol(2,4-DCP)wasdechlorinatedwithMicrobiome,andMicrobiomewasdividedintoLogarithmicphase（LM）andStationaryphase（SM）.LogarithmicphaseofMicrobiomeon2,4-dichlorophenolwithoutdechlorinationeffect，Stationaryphaseto180daysMicrobiome(SM180)degradationof2,4-DCPsignificantdechlorinationeffect，andtheconcentrationof2,4-dichlorophenolwas50ppm,thereleaseofchlorideionwas7ppm,andreleaseratewas33%.ThedynamicchangeofsulfurandnitrogenduringthefermentationofMicrobiomewillpromotethedechlorinationof2,4-DCP.IntheSM60Chlorideionsreleaseispoor,butSM90begantoincreasethereleaseofchlorideions.WhenSM60~SM90Chlorideionsreleasesignificantlyincreased,SM150hasthebestchlorideionreleaseof7ppm.LMandSM180gasanalysisrevealedanincreaseinN2,whichshowedthatduringthemicrobiomefermentationtherewasadenitrificationofthemicrobialflorathatresultedinanincreaseinN2.AsimplemodeldevelopedfromtheGompertzequationwasappliedtoquantitativemeasurementsoftheconcentrationof2,4-DCPat10ppmto200ppmwithchloridereleaserate.Theconcentrationof2,4-DCPaffectsmicrobiologicalactivityofMicrobiome.Theresultsindicatethatwhentheconcentrationof2,4-DCPislessthan50ppm,thechloridereleaserateandlagphaseareequivalent.Whentheconcentrationisgreaterthan50ppm,thechloridereleaserateandthelagphasedecreasewiththeincreaseoftheconcentration,andthechlorideionreleaserateis10%whenthe2,4-DCPconcentrationis25ppm;whenthe2,4-DCPis75ppm,Adecreaseof50%.2,4-DCPconcentrationof300ppm,themicrobiallossofactivity.Significantinhibitionwasobservedwhenthe2,4-DCPconcentrationwashigherthan50ppm.Keyword：Microbiome,2,4-dichlorophenol,dechlorination
Parameter Sensitivity in Failure Probability due to a General Thinning Defect in RBI Analysis
No full text[[abstract]]石化業之於台灣是相當重要的經濟來源，卻同時為高風險的產業。受重大工安事故的影響，近來製程安全評估意識抬頭，使業者逐漸由維修導向的管理方法轉變為主動定期檢查廠區，並以風險基準檢查方法作為主要依循評估方法。於國內幾項法規如「製程安全評估定期實施辦法」、「危險性設備內部檢查延長期限或替代檢查處理原則」中，亦可見到以風險基準檢查RBI評估工廠之優勢。風險基準檢查可由APIRP581進行風險分析，其以全定量的方式評估。加強定量的意義與評估結果的真實性，卻也因此造成涉及的參數需求相當大量，且使用多個計算公式，其概念包含統計與機率分布，使得在參數使用上精確度的要求提高。RBI已是企業掌握各自工廠狀態的一項重要技術，未來RBI導入工廠的趨勢在所難免。然而國內石化產業往往在導入APIRP581時，面臨資料蒐集不全與評估過程產生的疑慮而有困難。本研究針對減薄損傷因子的部分，試以可靠度分析找出評估過程中對失效機率敏感程度較大的參數，並針對可靠度分析中未討論到之其他重要參數進一步探討其影響性。結果顯示，影響減薄損傷因子主要的參數為腐蝕率及厚度檢查的數據。本文亦針對工廠在執行量化風險評估的困難給予適當的建議，以減輕風險評估過程的負擔，利於RBI發揮其最大效用，達成企業永續營運的目的。[[abstract]]Petro-chemicalplantsinTaiwanisaveryimportantsourceofincome；however,atthesametime,itisalsoakindofhigh-riskindustry.Bytheimpactofmajoraccidents,theindustriestrytomaintenplantsbyregularinspection,andtheirmainassessmentmethodisrisk-basedinspectiontechnology.SeverallawsandregulationsinTaiwancanalsofindouttheadvantagesofrisk-basedinspectiontechnology(RBI)tothoseplants.Risk-basedinspectiontechnology(RBI)canbeanalysisbytheAPIRP581,inordertoassessitsfullquantitativemanner.Thismethodstrengthenthequantitativemeaningoftheevaluationresults,butitresultedinalargeamountofparametersshouldbeinvolved.Anditassesswithalotofcomputingformulas,sothatitimprovestheuseofparametersintheaccuracyrequirements.RBIisanimportanttechnology.ThereisatrendofRBIimportingintoplants.However,thelocalpetro-chemicalplantsoftenfacewithincompletedatacollectionandevaluationdoubtsgeneratedfromtheassessmentprocesswhentheyimportAPIRP581.ThisstudytriedtofindoutparametersensitivityinfailureprobabilityduetoageneralthinningdefectinRBIbyusingthereliabilityanalysis.Theresultsshowthatthemainparametersaffectingthethinningdamagefactorarecorrosionrateandthicknesscheckdata.Thisarticlealsoprovidesappropriateadviceonthedifficultyofusingthisquantitativeriskassessment.Andtrytoreducetheburdenofriskassessmentprocess,whichwillhelpRBItomaximizeitseffectiveness,andalsoachievethepurposeofsustainablebusinessoperations