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Vector Autoregression Analysis of Economic Growth by Case of Taiwan, China, Japan and Korea
No full text[[abstract]]台灣以貿易立國，不可避免的受全球財經變數的影響。台灣與鄰近的中國、日本、韓國的經貿關係密切，尤其中國自1978年改革開放以來經濟突飛猛進，自有必要瞭解台灣與這些國家的經濟關係。本研究以國家實質GDP與經濟成長率為變數，因為GDP(國內生產毛額)與經濟成長率是經濟活動的重要指標，經常被決策者採用當做計劃經濟成長的目標。本研究採用時間序列的相關方法，資料取自2000年第一季至2012年第二季，探討台灣、中國、日本與韓國實質GDP彼此間關係，也探討台灣、中國、日本與韓國經濟成長率間之關係。主要使用單根檢定(unitroottest)、向量自我迴歸模型、共整合檢定、衝擊反應、預測誤差變異數分解、Granger因果關係檢定分析，探討這些國家間之長期與短期關係。實質GDP資料取對數的單根檢定與實質GDP資料的單根檢定結果是一致的，即原始變數非定態，經一階差分後則為定態。經濟成長率變數為定態。實質GDP取對數進行Johansen共整合檢定，顯示台灣、中國、日本、與韓國實質GDP存在長期穩定的經濟關係。實質GDP取對數之VECM(5)衝擊反應函數顯示中國、日本與韓國對台灣皆有正向之影響。預測誤差變異數分解以日本本、韓國與台灣的關係較中國與台灣的關係密切。Granger因果關係則是台灣領先中國、台灣領先韓國。經濟成長率的向量自我?歸模型為VAR(5)。經濟成長率的衝擊反應函數顯示台灣經濟成長率兩年半後已無來自中國、日本與韓國的影響。預測誤差變異數分解表現出日本、韓國與台灣的關聯大於中國與台灣的關聯。在經濟成長率方面則是中國會?Granger影響?南韓，中國領先南韓，為單向存因果關係。關鍵字：GDP、經濟成長率、VAR、共整合檢定[[abstract]]Taiwanisexposedtointeractionwithothercountries,theimpactoneconomicactivityismostlyfromChina,JapanandKorea.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)andeconomicgrowthrateareimportantindicatorsofeconomicactivity,andusedbydecisionmakerstoplaneconomicpolicies.ThemajorobjectiveofthispaperistoempiricallyinvestigatetherelationshipamongTaiwan,China,Japan,andKorea,usingtimeseriesdataonGDPandGDPgrowthratefrom2000Q1to2012Q2.Inordertodothis,thestudyemploysunitroottest,VARmodeling,Johansencointegrationtest,impulseresponsefunction,estimateerrorvariancedecomposition,andGrangercasualityanalyses.Intheunitroottest,alltherealGDPseriesarecharterizedbythepresenceofunitroots,butthefirstdifferenceofrealGDPshowsabsenceofunitroot.TheGDPgrowthratetimeseriesdemonstrateabsenceofunitroot.JohansencointegrationtestofrealGDPindicatetheexistenceofcointegrating.AnimpulseresponseofrealGDPpresentsapositiveshocktoTaiwanrealGDPinpositiveresponseofChina,JapannandKorearealGDP.VariancedecompositionofTaiwanrealGDPshowsmorecloselyrelatedbetweenKoreaandTaiwanthanbetweenChina,JapanandTaiwan.Thefindings,usingVECM(5),showthatunidirectionalcausalrelationshipfromtherealGDPofTaiwantoChinaandthatfromTaiwantoKoreashowed.Theempiricalresultsofeconomicgrowthrate,usingVAR(5)models,suggestthatnoimpulseresponseofTaiwanGDPgrowthratetothatofChina,Japan,andKoreaftertwoyearsandhalf.VariancedecompositionofTaiwanGDPgrowthraterevealsmorecloselyrelatedbetweenJapan,KoreaandTaiwanthanbetweenChinaandTaiwan.OurfindingdemonstratesunidirectionalcausalrelationshipfromChinaGDPgrowthratetoKoreaGDPgrowthrate.Keywords:GDP,GDPgrowthrate,VAR,Conintegratio
A Study on the Perception and Future Perspectives on the Selection of Marketing Channels for Insurance Sales Representatives
No full text[[abstract]]近年來保險經紀通路的總和簽單保費逐年快速提升，而且保險公司普遍對經代通路的佣金發放相對優渥，導致壽險公司從業人員進行通路轉換至保險經紀人情況亦日漸增多。因此，本文主要探討保險從業人員對壽險通路薪資、福利、升遷、教育訓練制度認知程度以及其對壽險業未來發展考量因素。本研究之對象主要以保險公司和保經公司外勤保險從業人員，兩類受訪者比例的配置依層級抽樣的比例配置之，各類再以立意抽樣方式發送問卷，總計發放份數300份，回收及有效問卷共220份(73.3%)，經由因素分析之實證結果顯示，如保險從業人員在「輔助行銷福利認知」、「組織獎勵制度認知」及「保險公司優勢認知」的認知上如果愈高，則其對「資源與未來發展」及「變遷與市場風險」會愈重視。保險從業人員在「經紀公司發展認知」的認知上如果愈高，則其對「收入與政策優勢」會愈重視。而藉由典型相關分析發現，保險業從業人員對壽險通路薪資、福利、升遷、教育訓練制度認知與對壽險業未來發展調查因素間是有顯著相關性的。[[abstract]]Recently,thetotalpremiumsofinsurancebrokerindustryariserapidly,andthegeneralcommissionlevelofbrokersishigherthanthatoflifeinsurancecompanies,causingagentsoflifeinsurancecompaniesattempttotransfertheiroccupationstoinsurancebrokercompaniesdramatically.Thisstudyinvestigatestheperceptionandfutureperspectivesonthemarketingchannels,salaries,welfare,promotion,andtrainingsystemforinsurancesalesrepresentatives.Theprimaryobjectoftheresearchistheinsurancesalesrepresentativeswhoworkatthelifeinsurancecompaniesorbrokercompanies,theallocationproportiondistributedbetweentwogroupsofrespondents.Thispaperemploysthepurposivesamplinginquestionnairemethod,atotalof300questionnairesaredistributedand220(73.3%)returnedeffectively.Byapplyingfactoranalysis,theempiricalresultsdemonstratethatthehigherperceptionsofinsurancesalesrepresentativeson“theperceptiononauxiliarymarketingwelfare,”“theperceptiononorganizationincentivesystem,”and“theperceptionoftheadvantageoftheinsurancecompany”exist,themoretheirattentionson“resourceandfutureperspectives,”and“changeandmarkingrisk”.Andthehigherperceptionofinsurancesalesrepresentativeson“insurancebrokercompanydevelopmentperspectives”has,themoretheirattentionon“revenueanddominantpolicy.”Inaddition,bycanonicalcorrelationanalysis,theresultfoundthesignificantcorrelationbetweentheperceptionandfutureperspectivesonthemarketingchannels,salaries,welfare,promotionandtrainingforinsurancesalesrepresentatives
The Design and Fabrication of Blood Oxygen Sensing Device for Smart Oral Appliance and Flexible Blood Oxygen Sensing Array
No full text[[abstract]]對於生命來說，沒有什麼比氧氣供應更重要，空氣中有21%是氧氣，呼吸空氣後紅血球中的血紅素會與氧分子結合，提供身體所須能量，血液中的含氧量越高，人體新陳代謝就會越好，但如果過低則會造成人體供氧不足。在目前市場上越來越多生理訊號監測儀被廣泛使用，其中都包含血氧濃度監測的功能，顯示血氧濃度是評估生理狀態的重要指標之一。本研究目的為開發智慧型牙套血氧量測裝置及可撓式陣列型血氧裝置，智慧型牙套開發應用於量測口中血氧濃度，代替多功能睡眠生理監測儀(Polysomnography,PSG)，可在睡眠時進行監測，評估有無阻塞性睡眠呼吸暫停（ObstructiveSleepApnea,OSA）的前兆，在製作上將血氧感測器結合牙套，並利用半導體製程製作可撓式導線結合血氧模組，量測口腔內上顎動脈之血氧濃度，經本研究驗證，三位測試者中靜態量測及睡眠量測都可測得血氧濃度值，且血氧濃度都介於98~100%符合正常人之標準。可撓式陣列型血氧裝置開發應用於彌補反射式量測時，因運動及壓力容易導致量測波形的偏差與非正確之數值，故本研究以可撓式陣列型設計；可撓式設計使血氧裝置能夠更加貼合皮膚，陣列型設計能夠在量測上具有多點量測之優勢，於製作方面以聚對二甲苯(Parylene)作為可撓式基板，利用半導體製程製作連接各元件之導線，且利用多工器及Arduino進行9顆感測器的掃頻量測，量測結果顯示在靜態量測時，因可撓式設計使感測器可貼附於手腕撓動脈上，讓9顆感測器都可量測到血氧濃度值；而在動態量測時，三次量測結果皆顯示因受到運動或壓力導致漏光影響波形，但9顆感測器中只需1-3顆可量測到血氧濃度值，即可作為計算依據，三次量測經計算後血氧值都符合正常值95~100%，由此結果顯示可達到可撓式陣列型設計之目的。[[abstract]]Forlivingontheearththereisnothingimportantthantheoxygensupply.Theaircontains21%oxygen.Moreover,airafterbreathingwouldcombinewithhemoglobinandprovidethebody-needingenergy.Theincreasingofoxygencontentofbloodcausesthebodytoundergoabetterprocessofmetabolism,andifoxygencontentofbloodistoolow,theoxygensupplyingwouldstop.Currentlyphysiologicalsignalsensoriswidelyappliedinthemarket,whichcontainedthefunctionofmonitoringtheoxygencontentofblood,indicatingthattheoxygencontentofbloodisoneofthemostimportantindexofevaluatingphysiologicalconditions.Theaimofthisresearchisdevelopingsmartoralappliancewithbloodoxygensensorandflexiblebloodoxygensensingarray.Smartoralappliancewithbloodoxygensensorisappliedformeasuringoxygencontentofbloodinthemonth,whichmakeitsubstituteforpolysomnographybymonitoringduringsleepinganddetectingthewarningofobstructivesleepapnea.Inthemanufacturingprocess,wecombinedthebloodoxygensensorwiththebraceandmanufacturedflexiblebloodoxygensensingarraywithbloodoxygenmodulebymems,andthenmeasuredtheoxygencontentofbloodupperjawarteryinthemouth.Theresultshowsthatitcandetectthevaluesofoxygencontentofbloodfromthreeexaminers;moreover,theconcentrationisbetween98~100%,whichcomfirmstothestandardofthenormalperson.Whentheflexiblebloodoxygensensingarraydevelopmentappliesinthecompensatereflectiongauging,becausethemovementandthepressureeasytocausethegaugingwavethedeviationandthenon-correctvalue,thereforethisresearchbymaytheflexuretypearraydesign;theflexuretypedesignenablesthebloodoxygenequipmentevenmorethefittingskin,thearraydesigntobeabletohavesuperiorityofthemulti-spotgauginginthegauging,inthemanufactureaspect,depositingparyleneasflexiblesubstrate,usingthememsmanufactureconnectswireofthevariousparts,alsocarriesonusingthemultiplexerandarduinosensoryelementssweepthefrequencygauging,measurementresultsshowthatinthestaticmeasurement,duetoflexibledesignsothatthesensorcanfittingthewristflexionartery,sothatninesensorscanbemeasuredtotheoxygenconcentrationvalue；andinthedynamicmeasurement,threemeasurementsshowthatthemovementorpressurecausedbytheimpactoflightleakagewaveform,inthe9sensorsonly1-3canbemeasuredtotheoxygenconcentrationvalue,canbeusedasabasisforcalculation,thethreemeasurementscalculatedafterthebloodoxygenvaluesareinnormalvalueof95to100%,whichshowsthatcanachievethepurposeofflexiblearraydesign
Applications of Intelligent Manufacturing System Integration Research and Development Technology
No full text[[abstract]]目前工業系統整合技術已由工業1.0逐步晉升至工業4.0，國際上不同國家對相關技術各有定義，其中包含德國工業4.0、美國工業4.0、日本工業4.0、中國製造2025、台灣生產力4.0等。時勢所趨，國內工廠也積極朝向工業4.0轉型，但大部分工廠仍停留在工業3.0或工業2.0。綜上所述，本論文聚焦本土化工業4.0系統整合技術研發，提出以5M1E手法為基礎，結合生產監控數位化與智慧化技術，並利用雲端與大數據技術整合，針對研究案例研發一實務系統，並實際導入生產驗證本研究之可行性。研究案例內容涵蓋，CNC控制器擷取參數與控制、手臂協助、機台訊號擷取、機台周邊硬、上位系統(mastersystem)、雲端資料庫、APP與網頁即時顯與生產排程整合。冀望經由系統的導入，改善並提高生產率。本文設計流程如下，首先利用OpenCNC設計機台控制器和流程控制與四軸SCARA手臂動作程式，再結合系統周邊相關感測器訊號擷取。再者，導入5M手法設計與開發上位系統整合控制程式，最後，結合雲端資料庫作資料傳輸與巨量資料處理技術，並導入生產排程系統進行最佳化生產控制。工廠機台生產稼動訊息可透過自製的APP與網頁即時傳送，提供使用者即時系統監控功能。本研究系統利用OpenCNC、C#、PHP、HTML、CSS、JavaScript與MSSQL等程式語言開發SCARA與周邊硬體控制與上位系統並整合雲端資料庫與生產排程系統來進行智慧製造生產率之改善，系統有效性驗證乃透過研究案例實際系統導入與測試分析，結果顯示可大幅提升傳統產業生產管理效率。關鍵字：智慧製造、物聯網、5M1E分析法、基因演算法[[abstract]]Recently,thedevelopmentofglobalindustryisgraduallypromotedfromIndustry3.0toIndustry4.0.PolicieskeepingupwiththistrendincludesGermanIndustry4.0AmericanIndustry4.0,JapaneseIndustry4.0,Chinesemanufacturing2025andTaiwanproductivity4.0.Thispaperexploresthebasicelementof5M1Eanalysisandtheconnotationofproductivity4.0whichcanbesummedupindigitalization,intelligentandhuman-computerintegration,basedonthecombinationofBigdataandIoTtechnologytoresearchanddevelop.Anditalsomentionshowtoplanintroducingsystemintegrationtofactories,likeCNCcontrollercandodataacquisitionandsupervisorycontrol,robotassistant,signalacquisitiononmachine,integrationamongperipheralhardware,hostsystem,clouddatabase,APKandWebpagereal-timedisplay.Wetakeadvantageofgeneticalgorithmstogetthebestproductionscheduling,andshowshowdoitimproveandincreaseproductivity.Inthispaper,theresearchingprocessisasfollows.First,weuseOpenCNCasthemachinecontrollerandmajorprocesscontrol,anddesign4-axisSCARAprogramflow.Then,weuploadallthemeasurementdatalikerelatedsensorsignaltoourdatabase.Thenextstep,accordingto5Melementtodesignandbuilddatabase,thendevelopahostsystemintegratedwithcontrolprogramandclouddatabasefordatatransmissionandmassivedataanalysis,andfurtherdevelopingAPKandwebreal-timemonitoringsystemwhichcanalwaysknowthemachinestatusorotherinformationinthefactory.Finallyweputthesedataintotheschedulingsystemtogetgreatperformanceofworkorderallocation.Accordingtothesystemarchitectureanddataresults,theOpenCNCandSCARAandotherperipheralhardware,combinedwiththehostsystemintegrationandclouddatabasedevelopedbyC#,introducedtotheschedulingsystemeventuallycanimprovetheproductivityandbetterusedfordevelopmentofmanufacturingautomation.Keyword:IntelligentManufacturing,InternetofThings,5M1Eanalysis,GeneticAlgorithm
A Study on Safety Design of Copper Wet Etching Equipment in TFT-LCD Industry
No full text[[abstract]]因應TFT-LCD朝向大尺吋產品發展及解析度之提升，其元件結構以銅製程取代鋁靶材作為導線之材料來克服大尺吋、高解析、高精細所產生之訊號延遲現象；高導電性銅蝕刻製程是TFT-LCD產業界發展之方向。銅製程產品線於TFT-LCD製程是剛起步之階段，依據職業安全衛生法第五條第一項第二款規定，新製程、設備導入應於規劃階段實施風險評估，進而探討整體設備安全。銅製程之製程風險為濕蝕刻製程化學品中填加過氧化氫（H2O2），過氧化氫是一種氧化劑，因此對於銅製程及機台設備的安全設計是一項需要探討之研究主題。本研究以7.5代廠濕蝕刻設備作為導入銅製程之評估載具，主要探討過氧化物製程風險特性，參考ISO12100-1所規定的機台安全設計，探討機械設備安全設計，及風險評估等策略，經由PHA初步危害分析及HAZOP危害及可操作性分析兩項風險評估工具，檢討出製程安全上之弱點及安全設計改善方案，以供作為銅製程設備安全設計之參考，研究分析結果如下：1.TFT-LCD濕蝕刻設備因製程有其潔淨度之要求，為防止製程中化學品氣體揮發逸散，多採局限之製程空間，因此當過氧化氫於生產過程或存放於設備內之供應槽體，當產生氧化還原分解時，所釋放之大量氧氣，將易造成管線及閥件等處有破裂風險之疑慮。2.經風險分析所得製程偏移之高危害風險為高濃度、高溫、高壓等項目，因此於設備設計階段，即應將銅離子濃度偵測、製程溫度偵測納入設計考量，並且於管件、閥件及供應槽體應有有效之洩壓設計。3.對於必須進行不同製程切換之設備機台，應針對製程所需不同之化學品切換設計監控機制。[[abstract]]InresponsetothedevelopmentofTFT-LCDtowardslarge-sizeproductsandtheimprovementofhigh-resolutionimage,thealuminumtargethasbeenreplacedbytheCopperWetEtchingprocess,anewmaterialtoovercomethephenomenonofdelaygeneratedbylargesize,high-resolutionimage,andhigh-precisionsignal.TheTFT-LCDindustryisdevelopingtowardsthehighconductivitycopperetchingprocess.TheCopperWetEtchingprocessisattheinitialstageintheTFT-LCDindustry.AccordingtoArticle5,Paragraph1,Subparagraph2oftheTaiwaneseOccupationalSafetyandHealthRegulation,newmanufactureprocessornewequipmentshoulddotheriskassessmentandestimatetheoverallsafetyfunction.TheriskofCopperWetEtchingprocessistheusedofachemicalcalledhydrogenperoxide,H2O2,anoxidizer.ThemainsubjectofthestudyisontheinherentlysafedesignoftheCopperWetEtchingprocessandthenewequipment.ThestudymainlyexplorestheriskcharacteristicsofperoxidesreferringtothesafetydesignofequipmentfromIOS12100-1.Westudytheinherentlysafetydesignofequipmentandriskassessment,identifyhighriskissueoftheCopperWetEtchingprocess,evaluatetheweakpointsandprovidesolutionsforimprovement.However,thestudyevaluateonlyononesetofmachinery.Toreachthegoalofsource-control,wewillconductmorestudiesonvariousprocessingmachineryinthefuturetoprovidereferencefortheindustry.Thestudyanalysisisasfollow：1.Becauseoftherequirementofthecleanroomandforpreventingspecialgasesfromleaks,theCopperWetEtchingprocessesusuallyresponseinaconfinedspace.WhenRedoxdecompositionrespond,greatamountofoxygenaccumulateinthetank,increasetheriskofleakfromthevalveandexplore.2.Fromriskanalysis,highconcentration,highprocesstemperatureandhighpressureareevaluatedintheCopperWetEtchingprocess.AddtheCopperdetector,temperaturesensorandreliefvalveonthesystemcandecreasethedanger.3.AsanequipmentisnotonlydesignedforusinginCopperWetEtchingprocess,butalsousinginAluminumWetEtchingprocess,thedifferentchemicalstatusshouldbemonitored
Enhancement of Fire Safety on a Natural Ventilation Type Sustainable Building with a Tall Atrium
No full text[[abstract]]良好通風環境為永續建築物要件之一。惟，火災時的消防安全也應納入考量。永續性不僅需考慮經濟與環境因素，社會因素也需一併考量，目前我國消防法規尚未對永續建築物特性進行要求。本文研究對象為一棟採自然通風型式、三層樓高度、內部無隔間並具挑高中庭的永續建築物。以火災模擬軟體(FireDynamicsSimulator，FDS)模擬建築物在浦福風級3級微風下，因外氣影響的室內氣流分布。同一防火區劃空間的濃煙分布為探討焦點。結果顯示，平時在自然通風下建築物各層室內溫度可有效降至舒適溫度。但火災時，挑高中庭的自然通風進風口卻成為補氣口，使內部產生的煙囪效應非常明顯。起火後420秒，第二、三樓層居室已因煙霧瀰漫導致能見度低，對人員危害程度提高。本文提出一些改善措施與建議，提供日後消防工程設計上之參考，提升永續建築之價值。[[abstract]]Awell-ventilatedenvironmentisoneoftheelementsofthesustainablebuilding.However,thefiresafetyofbuildingsshouldalsobeconsidered.Notonlyneedstobeassessedineconomicandenvironmentalfactorsforsustainability,socialfactorsalsoneedtobeconsideredtogether.Atpresent,thefireregulationshavenotyetbeenrequiredforthecharacteristicsofsustainablebuildingsinTaiwan.Theobjectofthispaperisathreefloorssustainablebuildingwithanaturalventilationtypeandahighatriumwithnointerstates.FireDynamicsSimulator(FDS)wasusedtosimulatetheindoorairflowdistributionofbuildingsundertheinfluenceofexternalwind.Thedistributionofsmokeinthesamefirecompartmentisthefocusofdiscussion.Theresultsshowthattheusualtemperaturesofthebuildingsatallfloorswereeffectivelyreducedtoacomfortabletemperatureundernaturalventilation.Unfortunately,thehighventilationintheatriummakesasignificantstackeffectsincetheairinlethasbecomeamake-airintakewhenthefire.Afterthefire420seconds,theroomsatthesecondandthirdfloorswerefilledinfatalsmokeandlowvisibility.Someimprovementandrecommendationsmeasuresarepresented.Theconclusionsofthispapercanprovidereferenceforfireengineeringdesignandenhancethevalueofsustainablebuildings
Study of Durability Prediction of Building Waterproofing by Gray Theory
No full text[[abstract]]建築物防水層受到戶外多重劣化因子交互影響，欲精準評估其耐用年限實屬不易，過去多以田野調查、因子法來推斷，近年來為求更有效率的評估模式，則發展出諸如可靠度分析、戶外曝曬與加速老化試驗等方法，以各種加速老化方式處理防水層試體以換算其於現地中對應之耐用年限，但此模式受限於實際環境的複雜性，使得至今仍缺乏較有效的方法來對照加速老化試驗與實際曝放的時間關係。本研究以日本既有防水層戶外曝曬及加速老化試驗數據為背景資料，應用灰色系統理論的特色：小樣本建模、模糊訊息的白化，提出以短期曝放試驗資料結合灰色預測模型GM(1,1)、GM(1,N)來評估防水層耐用年限的方法，初步階段中以3年內試驗資料建模並對7年試驗結果進行預測，以殘差檢驗結果驗證本方法之可行性後，再以7年內試驗資料建模並預測防水層於戶外曝曬中達性能值下限所需時間。建模預測結果顯示，各模型以3年內試驗數據對7年試驗結果預測精確度最高達98.6020%，在以前7筆資料建模預測時(對應戶外曝曬試驗時間約2年)，預測精確度即可達到90%以上，較於其它預測模式而言更能充分運用有限的歷史數據、以小樣本建模達到高精確度。本研究提出以加速老化試驗與短期戶外曝曬試驗結果預測防水層耐用年限之系統流程，與既有試驗方法相比，具有試驗時間較短、能考量多重老劣化因子同時作用之特點，在新型材料不斷推陳出新的市場現況下，是為快速且有效的耐用年限預測模式，可作為爾後防水層設計維護之參考。[[abstract]]Toaccuratelyassesstheservicelifeofbuildingwaterproofingisdifficultbecauseitwasexposedtomultipledeteriorationfactorinteraction,weusedtoassessbyfieldinvestigationorfactormethodinthepast,inrecentyearsthedevelopmentofsuchasreliabilityanalysis,outdoorexposuretest,acceleratedagingtestandothermethodsformoreefficientevaluationmodelareinsteaded.Touseseveralwaystoexposurethespecimenofwaterproofingforexchangeitscorrespondingservicelifeinactualenvironmentexposure,butthismethodislimitedbytheactualenvironmentofthevariability,sothatthereisstillnomoreeffectivewaytocontroltheacceleratedagingtestandtheactualexposureofthetimerelationship.Inthisstudy,theexistingwaterproofingexposuretestandacceleratedagingtestdataasbackgrounddataandthecharacteristicsofgraysystemtheory,smallsamplemodeling,fuzzyinformationwhiteningapplicatiedtothemethodofassessingthedurabilityofwaterproofingwithshort-termexposuretestdatacombinedwithgraypredictionmodelGM(1,1)andGM(1,N).Theinitialstageofthetestdatato3yearsandpredicttheresultsof7yearstotesttheresidualtesttoverifythefeasibilityofthismethod,andthen7yearstotestdatatopredictthewaterproofingintheactualexposuretesttimespenttothelowerlimitofperformance.Thepredictionresultsshowthatthemodelcanpredicttheaccuracyofthe7-yeartestresultsupto98.6020%withthetestdatain3years.Whentheprevious7modelsareforecasted(correspondingtothecurrentexposuretesttimeofabout2years),thepredictionaccuracyCanreachmorethan90%,morethanotherpredictionmodelsintermsofthefulluseoflimitedhistoricaldatatosmallsamplemodelingtoachievehighaccuracy.Weproposeasystematicprocesstopredictthedurabilityofthewaterproofinglayerbytheshort-termacceleratedagingtestandthecurrentexposuretest.Comparedwiththeexistingtestmethods,thispaperhasthecharacteristicsofshorttesttimeandlesssamplerequirements.Withtherapiddevelopmentofmaterialsscienceandtechnology,Newmaterialscontinuetointroducenewmarketconditions,isafastandeffectivedurablelifeforecastmode,canbeusedasareferencetothedesignandmaintenanceofthewaterproofing
A Study of Sensory (Dis) similarity When Sequentially Sampling Products on Preference Choice: The Moderating of Involvement
No full text[[abstract]]在現今的消費購物體驗中，也許對在貨架前的消費者來說，本來對此類商品不感興趣，在一見鍾情的效應下，往往發生在試吃、試用代表的「免費樣本」策略上，銷售人員透過讓顧客有機會先試用產品，以透過感官來豐富其體驗，一旦消費者與銷售人員一見鍾情效應產生偏好，消費者會立刻在貨架上搜尋，放進自己的購物車中，進而有助於做出購買決策。然而Biswasetal.(2014)實證研究指出，如此的產品試用機會，其中可能涉及產品體驗先後順序的問題，尤其是考量到試用品的感官線索（如香、味、色、聲），若為相似的感官線索，消費者喜歡順序前者產品，亦即「初始效應」；當試用的產品具有不相似的感官線索時，消費者則更喜歡順序中為後者的產品，亦即「近時效應」。重要的是，針對該研究結果，為更周延檢視，想進一步瞭解當消費者置身於購物體驗現場的消費者，若在前來購物現場前，適巧因為情境涉入程度就被撥弄而有高低浮動，則會如何影響既有的研究結果呢？據此，本研究採2（感官線索：相似、不相似）*2（情境涉入程度：全國型比賽、地區型比賽）二因子受試者間實驗情境設計，共4組實驗情境，每一情境至少20~50位受試者，合計為112名。在實驗中採2（感官線索：相似、不相似）對偏好選擇影響探討，並進行了解順序效應之存在，之後實驗納入涉入程度變數（高、低）進行對偏好選擇影響程度上的探討。結果顯示，實驗中感官線索對偏好選擇有顯著差異，在感官相似時，受試者較偏好前者之產品，則遵循順序效果，即初始效應，支持本研究假設方向；而在不相似時，對於受試者而言，並也遵循順序效果對於後者較為偏好，即近時效應，支持本研究假設方向，對原先順序效應顯著影響，正可呼應順序效果。本研究想繼續延伸探討設想可能會有其他的影響變數。實驗於涉入程度下，皆會影響偏好順序上的選擇且影響甚具，在感官相似下，情境涉入程度高時消費者卻會對後者產生偏好較大，證明消費者處在高情境涉入時偏好選擇會尋求較新的商品，「因消費者自身感到高重視度且有興趣參與、消費者反而偏好後者」，合乎假設，所以給的訊息較多且重要，消費者在選擇上更加重視，且將打破初始效應影響其偏好選擇，使得選擇後者之產品較高，原先應對前者偏好選擇較高因為高涉入程度影響，因而對順序後者的試用品偏好較高，顯著且支持本研究假設方向。在低涉入程度下，在感官不相似時在選擇後者時顯著高於選擇前者，可見在低涉入程度下則遵循保持原順序效應，雖有顯著，但與本研究假設方向不相符。因此，本研究建議業者應有效抓準消費者在購物體驗當下準備之狀態，並藉由欲將消費者購買之產品進而透過服務過程與環境情境，塑造影響消費者心理狀態進而購買業者所推薦產品，且可在事後追蹤詢問消費者體驗使用後心得感想，進而更深入了解消費者特質，是業者在日後維繫顧客關係上的關鍵，促使消費者再回購體驗擁有較佳的購物決策及偏好。[[abstract]]Inrecentyears,consumermightnotinterestingtotheproductswhichplacedonthesalesshelve.Manyofthesellerordealerwillletconsumerexperiencetheirproductsorservicesbyforetasteorfreetrial.Whenconsumerencountertothesetypeofstrategy,theymightpurchaseaftertheyarehavingsomepositivefirsthandexperience.Oncethesellerandconsumerbothgeneratepreferencetoloveatfirstsighteffect,theconsumerwillbewillingtolookfortheproductsorservicesandmakeconsumptiondecisiononit.However,accordingtotheempiricalresearchbyBiswasetal(2014),suchforetasteorfreetrialprobablyrelatedtosequentialorderofproductexperience.Sensorycluesofforetasteorfreetrialwillbetakenintoconsiderationlikescented,taste,eroticandsound.Ifthesensorycluesaresimilar,consumerfanciertoformerproductsinsequentialorderandviceversa.Formernamedasprimacyeffect,thelatternamedasrecencyeffect.Againsttotheoutcomeofthisresearch,wouldliketofurtherintounderstandingtotheconsumerbeforetheymaketheirwaytothestore,willthedifferentofsituationinvolvementimpactthecurrentlyfindingsofresearch?Inviewoftheabove,thisstudyadopts2(sensoryclues:similaranddissimilar)*2(situationinvolvement:nationalcompetition,regionalcompetition)twofactortheorytosubjectsintoexperimentalconditionasdesign,4groupsofexperimentalconditionintotal,eachexperimentalconditionatleast20to50subjects,amountto112subjects.Experimentadopts2(sensoryclues:similaranddissimilar)directedtotheinfluencesselectionofpreferenceintostudy,andtocomprehensivetheexistingofprimacyeffect.InExperiment,theinvolvementvariable(high,low)besubordinatedtocarryonthestudyintoinfluencelevelofpreferenceselection.TheresultsshowninExperimentthesensoryclueshavesignificantdifferencestopreferencesection.Whenthesensorycluesaresimilar,thesubject’spreferencetoformerproducts,beknownasPrimacyeffect,supportthedirectionofhypothesisofthisresearch.Whileindissimilar,thesubject’spreferencetolatterproducts,beknownasRecencyeffect,supportthedirectionofhypothesisofthisresearchtoo,havesignificantdifferencestosequentialorder,beconsistenttosequentialeffect.Thisresearchwouldliketofurtherstudyontheotherfactorswhichwillaffectthisresearch.ThedifferencesininvolvementinExperimentwillaffectthesequentialorderofselection.Whenthesensorycluesaresimilar,theconsumerwillpreferencetolatterproductswhenhighinvolvementofsituationhappened.Thisauthenticatewhentheconsumerinhighinvolvementofsituation,theymorepreferencetoseekforsomenewproducts,thisisbecausewhenconsumerfeelsgreatimportanceandinterestedintoit,theymorepreferencetothelatter.Conformtothehypothesis,theinformationgiveninlargeandimportant,theconsumerwillattachgreatimportancetoselection,differentfromtheoriginpreferenceofprimacyeffect,andlettheconsumermorepreferencetothelatterproducts.Theoriginwhichprefertheformerproductswillselectlatterproductsbecauseofthehighinvolvementofsituation,itsshowsignificantlydifferenceandmeetstherequirementofhypothesisofthisresearch.Inlowinvolvement,whenthesensorycluesaredifferent,theselectionofconsumertolatterproductshownsignificantlydifferencetoformerproducts.Bythisresultswecandeclarethatwheninlowinvolvement,consumerwillfollowthesequentialorder,althoughitissignificant,buthighlyincompatiblewiththedirectionofhypothesisofthisresearch.Hence,thisresearchproposesretailerlockontheconditionofconsumerwhiletheyareexperiencingtheshoppingexperience,throughouttheflowofserviceandenvironmentalcontextualtoinfluencethepsychologicalconditionofconsumerandpurchasetheproductsthatrecommendedbytheseller.Thisresearchalsorecommendsthesellerinvestigateorfollowuptheirexperienceafterwardstomorecomprehensivepersonalityofconsumer,thisalsowillbethekeypointwhethertheconsumerrepurchasetheirproductsunderthebestdecisionmakingandpreference
PCB Capacitance Measurement and Applications
No full text[[abstract]]在PCB板上常看到不同的電容，電容因線路佈局方式改變功能效果，也會因環境溫濕度而受影響；本篇論文使用電表和Arduino開放式平台測量3種市售電容利用RC充放電原理量測電容值；和在2種自製PCB電容滴上RO水，觀察水滴在同點和不同點的位置變化，並計算出斜率以及DHT11、DHT22溫濕度計模組感測溫濕度。其一說明電容測試實驗，使用電表或Arduino測量市售電容，測量數據和標示上的誤差最小為積層陶瓷電容，陶瓷電容誤差最大；以電表和Arduino測量PCB電容0~0.5ml水滴變化，梳型和螺旋電容為電表測量斜率佳，可知電表量測方式比Arduino穩定；當2種方式測量水滴同點與不同點位置在梳型電容上，皆為水滴在同一點位置上斜率佳；而在螺旋電容上，皆為水滴在不同點位置上斜率佳；因PCB線路走向不一樣和水的表面張力減弱，導致水滴在不同點位置上的接觸面積有所不同。最後說明DHT11和DHT22電容式溫濕度計模組，DHT11溫度測量範圍在0~50度；DHT22溫度測量範圍在-40~80度；兩者濕度測量範圍在20~90%。DHT11與DHT22在2種天氣的溫度數據比中央氣象局高約2度，誤差範圍可接受；濕度數據比中央氣象局平均低了52%左右，準確度極差；由此可知在溫度上DHT22比DHT11來的準確及穩定，濕度方面不能使用這兩種模組，需另行其他測量方法。[[abstract]]InthePCBboard’sapplicationforcapacitors,capacitorschangesduetothelayoutofthelineandenvironmentaltemperatureandhumidity.ThispaperusesthemeterandArduinoplatformtomeasurethreekindsofcommerciallyavailablecapacitors.Thevalueofthemeasuredcapacitance;andinthetwokindsofself-madePCBcapacitordropontheROwatertoobservethewaterdropletsatthesamepointanddifferentpointsofthelocationchanges.Finally,wecalculatetheslopeandDHT11,DHT22temperaturehygrometermodulesensingtemperatureandhumidity.Themeasurementdataandtheminimumerroronthelabelfortheceramiccapacitor,theceramiccapacitorwithlargesterror.TheuseofelectricmetersorArduinomeasurementofcommerciallyavailablecapacitors.WiththemeterandArduinomeasurementPCBcapacitance0~0.5mlwaterdropletschange,combAndthespiralcapacitorforthemetertomeasuretheslopeisgood.Whenthetwowaystomeasurethesamepointofwaterdropletsanddifferentpointsinthecomb-typecapacitor,allthewaterdropletsatthesamepointontheslopeofgood.Capacitance,allthewaterdropletsatdifferentlocationsontheslopeisgoodduetothePCBlinetothesameandthesurfacetensionofwaterweakened,resultinginwaterdropletsatdifferentlocationsonthecontactareaisdifferent.Finally,DHT11andDHT22capacitivetemperaturehygrometermodule,DHT11temperaturemeasurementrangeof0~50degrees;DHT22temperaturemeasurementrangeof-40~80degrees;bothhumiditymeasurementrangeof20~90%.DHT11andDHT22inthetwokindsofweathertemperaturedatathantheCentralMeteorologicalBureauabout2degreeshigher.Theerrorrangeisacceptable.ThehumiditydatathantheCentralMeteorologicalBureauaverageabout52%loweraccuracy,pooraccuracy;itcanbeseenatthetemperatureDHT22ratioDHT11totheaccuracyandstability.Humiditymeasurementsmaynotusethesetwomodules,theneedforothermeasurementmethods
Design and Implementation of A Novel Isolation Topology for High Step-Down Power Conversions
No full text[[abstract]]本論文提出新型隔離式高降壓轉換電路，整合降壓與隔離降壓轉換架構(IntegratedBuckandIsolated-Buck,IBIB)，可有效降低變壓器初級側之電位，進而採用較低匝數比之變壓器並提高鐵芯耦合率以及降低漏電感，可避免工作週期操作在極小的狀態下。此外，所提之轉換電路具主動箝位技術，可回收漏感能量並抑制開關上的突波電壓，有效提升整體轉換效率。所提之IBIB具架構簡化、控制方法容易，僅以單一組推挽式訊號即可實現、降壓倍率高、低功率開關個數、高壓側部分低開關電壓應力等優點。本論文分析所提之IBIB的動作原理，其中，包含穩態分析與元件設計。最後，以硬體實作驗證IBIB其可行性，於輸入電壓380V、輸出電壓5V及額定功率250W得到整體換效率84.76%。[[abstract]]Thisthesisproposesanovelisolatedhighstep-downconversioncircuit,(IntegratedBuckandIsolated-Buck,IBIB),whichisabletolowerthevoltageontheprimarysideoftheidealtransformer,adoptalowerturnsratio,higherthecouplingrate,decreasetheleakageinductance,andavoidingdutycycleoperatinginextremelyconditions.Furthermore,theproposedIBIBadoptsactiveclamptechniquestorecycleleakageenergyandvoltagespikesuppressing,sothattheconversionefficiencycanbeeffectivelyimproved.TheadvantagesofIBIBwithsimpletopology,easycontrolmechanism,whichrequiredonlytwosignalwith180degreephaseshift,highconverisionratio,lowcomponentcountsofpowerswitches,partoftheswitchesonthehighvoltagesideendurelowervoltagestresses.Theoperationprinciple,steady-stateanalysis,designconsiderations,andexperimentalresultsoftheproposedIBIBarepresentedindetail.Finally,thefeasibilityofIBIBisverifiedbyhardwareimplementation.Thefullloadefficiencywith250Wis84.76%,astheinputandoutputvoltageare380Vand5Vrespectively