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Estimating spatiotemporal variability of maize crop evapotranspiration in the Mooi River catchment, South Africa: a crop coefficient approach using satellite remote sensing-based vegetation indices
No full textSummaries in English, Afrikaans and ZuluIn an area experiencing semi-arid conditions, such as the Mooi River catchment, it is
crucial to ascertain the evapotranspiration rate accurately. Evaluating evapotranspiration is
beneficial in areas where the water demand surpasses its availability. This is particularly true in
semi-arid and arid areas where the lack of water is increasingly impacting economic well-being
and obstructing sustainable development. Developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) in 1998, the crop coefficient approach estimates actual
evapotranspiration (ETc) of crops using the equation ETc = ETo ∗ Kc, where ETo is reference
evapotranspiration, and Kc is the crop coefficient. However, this approach, assuming uniform crop
conditions, does not account for spatial variations in crop growth conditions, leading to limitations
in reflecting the actual water use of crops. Using satellite remote sensing and vegetation indices,
such as the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil Adjusted Vegetation
Index (SAVI), can overcome these limitations by accounting for the spatial and temporal variability
in crop conditions and growth. NDVI was found to have a superior correlation with the FAO
tabulated crop coefficients compared to SAVI. It was therefore chosen to compute the new Kc
values to be used in the ETc crop coefficient equation as it accurately reflects real-time crop growth
conditions and environmental impacts. The findings of this study underscore significant
discrepancies in the spatial variation of ETc across the Mooi River catchment, revealing notable
variation in evapotranspiration, particularly the lower rates in the southwest during the growing
season. The study evidenced temporal variations between ETc values calculated from FAO
tabulated Kc and those derived from NDVI-adjusted Kc throughout different maize cultivation
phases of the year, emphasising, in particular, the need for precise assessment methods during
the initial maize growth stages. Time-series analysis revealed that the average ETc in the Mooi
River catchment begins at a low level, marking its minimum at 1.614 mm during the maize's initial
growth stage. It then undergoes a steady ascent, reaching a peak of 8.83 mm at 85 days after
planting before gradually decreasing to 2.89 mm as it approaches harvest. The significant ETc
variations revealed in the maize growth cycle emphasise the need to consider several factors in
agricultural assessments, such as climate, soil, and human activities. The developed maps and
models offer critical tools for stakeholders, promoting efficient water use and sustainability in semi-arid areas, thereby increasing food security. The research also highlights the potential of
this approach for different crops and regions, underscoring its significance for water allocation
management and yield evaluations, particularly in arid zones. The insights gained, necessary for
understanding drought impacts and water-related crop stresses, pave the path for sustainable
water management and increased food security across similar agricultural settings.In 'n area met semi-droë toestande soos die Mooirivier-opvanggebied, is die akkurate
bepaling van die tempo van evapotranspirasie van kardinale belang. Evaluering van
evapotranspirasie is voordelig in gebiede waar die wateraanvraag die beskikbaarheid oorskry. Dit
is veral belangrik in semi-droë en droë areas waar waterskaarste die ekonomie beïnvloed en
volhoubare ontwikkeling belemmer. Die Voedsel- en Landbou-organisasie van die Verenigde
Nasies (FAO) het die gewaskoëffisiëntbenadering in 1998 ontwikkel om werklike
evapotranspirasie (ETc) van gewasse te skat met die vergelyking ETc = ETo ∗ Kc, waar ETo
verwysings evapotranspirasie is, en Kc die gewaskoëffisiënt. Hierdie benadering neem egter nie
ruimtelike variasies in gewasgroeitoestande in ag nie, wat die vermoë daarvan beperk om
werklike watergebruik te weerspieël. Om hierdie beperkings te oorkom, kan satellietafstandwaarneming
en plantegroei-indekse soos die Genormaliseerde verskil plantegroei-indeks
(NDVI) en die Grondaangepaste plantegroei-indeks (SAVI) gebruik word om ruimtelike en tydelike
variasies in gewastoestande en groei in ag te neem. NDVI is bevind om 'n beter korrelasie te hê
met die FAO se getabuleerde gewaskoëffisiënte in vergelyking met SAVI. Dit is dus gekies om
die nuwe Kc-waardes te bereken wat gebruik sou word in die ETc gewaskoëffisiëntvergelyking,
aangesien dit werklike tyd gewasgroeiomstandighede en omgewingsimpakte akkuraat
weerspieël. Die bevindings van hierdie studie beklemtoon beduidende teenstrydighede in die
ruimtelike variasie van ETc oor die Mooirivier-opvanggebied, en toon opmerklike variasie in
evapotranspirasie aan, veral laer tellings in die suidweste gedurende die groeiseisoen. Die studie
het tydelike variasies tussen ETc waardes wat bereken is vanaf FAO getabuleerde Kc en dié wat
afgelei is van NDVI-aangepaste Kc deurheen verskillende tye van die jaar, getoon, en beklemtoon
veral die behoefte aan presiese assesseringsmetodes gedurende die aanvanklike groei stadiums.
Tydreeksanalise het aan die lig gebring dat die gemiddelde ETc in die Mooirivier-opvanggebied
begin by 'n lae vlak, met sy minimum op 1.614 mm gedurende die aanvanklike groeifase van
mielies. Dit ondergaan dan 'n gestadige styging, en bereik 'n piek by 8.83 mm 85 dae na plant
tyd, voor dit geleidelik afneem tot 2.89 mm soos dit nader aan oes tyd kom. Die studie se
beduidende ETc-variasies wat in die mieliegroeisiklus aan die lig gebring is, beklemtoon die noodsaaklikheid om verskeie faktore, soos klimaat, grond en menslike aktiwiteite, in landbouevaluasies
in ag te neem. Die ontwikkelde kaarte en modelle bied kritieke hulpmiddels vir
belanghebbendes, wat doeltreffende watergebruik en volhoubaarheid in semi-droë gebiede
bevorder, en sodoende voedselsekerheid verhoog. Die navorsing beklemtoon ook die potensiaal
van hierdie benadering vir verskillende gewasse en streke, en beklemtoon die belangrikheid
daarvan vir watertoewysingsbestuur en opbrengs-evaluasies, veral in droë sones. Die insigte wat
verkry is, wat nodig is om droogte-impakte en waterverwante gewasstremmings te verstaan, baan
die pad vir volhoubare waterbestuur en verhoogde voedselsekuriteit oor soortgelyke landbouomgewings.Endaweni enezimo ezinogwadule, njengendawo egcina amanzi e-Mooi River, kubalulekile
ukuqinisekisa izinga lokuphefumula kokuhwamuka kwamanzi ngokunembile. Ukuhlola
ukuhwamuka kokuphefumula kunenzuzo ezindaweni lapho isidingo samanzi sidlula ukutholakala
kwawo. Lokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingelona ugwadule ngokugcwele nalezo
eziwugwadule lapho ukuntuleka kwamanzi kuba nomthelela omkhulu empilweni yezomnotho futhi
kuvimbe intuthuko esimeme. Ukwakhiwa kwayo yiNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano
Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-FAO) ngo-1998, indlela yokusebenza kahle yezitshalo ilinganisela
kuyizinga lokuphefumula kokuhwamuka (LK) kwezitshalo kusetshenziswa ngokulinganayo LK =
NKo ∗ Kc, lapho NKo kuyireferensi yokuphefumula kokuhwamuka, futhi i-Kc iesebenza kahle
yezitshalo . Kodwa-ke, le ndlela, kucatshangelwa izimo ezifanayo zezitshalo, ayibali ukwehluka
kwezindawo ezimweni zokukhula kwezitshalo, okuholela emikhawulweni ekuboniseni
ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kwangempela kwezitshalo. Ukusebenzisa inzwa eyinkomba
neyirimothi yesathelayithi nezimila, njenge i-Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
kanye ne-Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), kunganqoba le mikhawulo ngokubala
ukuhlukahluka kwendawo kanye nesikhashana ezimeni zezitshalo nokukhula. I-NDVI itholwe
inokuhlobana okuphakeme okuphathelene nokusebenza kahle kusivuno esifakwe kuthebula ye-
FAO uma kuqhathaniswa ne-SAVI. Ngakho-ke kwakhethwa ukubala amanani amasha e-Kc
azosetshenziswa ku-ETc crop coefficient equation njengoba ibonisa ngokunembile izimo
zokukhula kwezitshalo zesikhathi sangempela nomthelela wemvelo. Okutholwe kulolu cwaningo
kugcizelela umehluko omkhulu ekuhlukeni kwendawo NKc ngaphesheya kwendawo egcina
amanzi e-Mooi River, okuveza ukuhluka okuphawulekayo kokuphefumulela kokuhwamuka,
ikakhulukazi amazinga aphansi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ngesikhathi sokukhula. Ucwaningo
lwafakazela ukwehluka kwesikhashana phakathi kwamanani NKc abalwe ku-FAO yethebula i-Kc kanye nalawo atholakala ku-NDVI elungiswe i-Kc kuzo zonke izigaba zokutshala ummbila
ezihlukene zonyaka, okugcizelela ikakhulukazi isidingo sezindlela zokuhlola ezinembayo
phakathi nezigaba zokuqala zokukhula kommbila. Ukuhlaziywa kochungechunge lwesikhathi
kwaveza ukuthi isilinganiso so -NKc endaweni egcina amanzi e-Mooi River siqala ezingeni
eliphansi, siphawula ubuncane baso ku-1.614 mm ngesikhathi sokukhula kommbila. Ibe
seyikhuphuka kancane, ifike ku-8.83 mm ezinsukwini ezingama-85 ngemuva kokutshala
ngaphambi kokwehla kancane kancane ibe ngama-2.89 mm njengoba sekusondele ukuvuna.
Ukwehluka okubalulekile ko-NKc okuvezwe emjikelezweni wokukhula kommbila kugcizelela
isidingo sokucabangela izici ezimbalwa, njengesimo sezulu, inhlabathi, kanye nemisebenzi
yabantu, ekuhloleni kwezolimo. Amabalazwe athuthukisiwe namamodeli ahlinzeka ngamathuluzi
abalulekile kubabambiqhaza, ekhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngendlela efanele kanye
nokusimama ezindaweni ezisagwadule, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise ukuvikeleka kokudla.
Ucwaningo luphinde luveze amandla ale ndlela ezitshalweni nasezifundeni ezahlukene,
lugcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo ekulawuleni ukwabiwa kwamanzi kanye nokuhlolwa kwesivuno,
ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezomile. Ukuqonda okuzuziwe, okudingekayo ukuze kuqondwe
imithelela yesomiso kanye nengcindezi yezitshalo ehlobene namanzi, kuhlahla indlela
yokulawulwa kwamanzi okusimeme kanye nokwanda kokuvikeleka kokudla kuzo zonke izimo
zezolimo ezifanayo.M. Sc. (Geography)Geograph
Estimation of the biaxial tensile behavior of ovine esophageal tissue using artificial neural networks
No full textAbstract Diseases of the esophagus affect its function and often lead to replacement of long sections of the organ. Current healing methods involve the use of bioscaffolds processed from other animal models. Although the properties of these animal models are not exactly the same as those of the human esophagus, they nevertheless present a reasonable means of assessing the biomechanical properties of the esophageal tissue. Besides, sheep bear many similarities physiologically to humans and they also suffer from same diseases as humans. The morphology of their esophagus is also comparable to that of humans. Thus, in the study, an ovine esophagus was studied. Studies on the planar biaxial tests of the gross esophageal anatomy are limited. The composite nature of the gross anatomy of the esophagus makes the application of structure-based models such as Holzapfel-type models very difficult. In current studies the tissue is therefore often separated into specific layers with substantial collagen content. The effects of adipose tissue and other non-collagenous tissue often make the mechanical behavior of the esophagus widely diverse and unpredictable using deterministic structure-based models. Thus, it may be very difficult to predict its mechanical behavior. In the study, an NARX neural network was used to predict the stress–strain response of the gross anatomy of the ovine esophagus. The results show that the NARX model was able to achieve a correlation above 99.9% within a fitting error margin of 16%. Therefore, the use of artificial neural networks may provide a more accurate way of predicting the biaxial stress–strain response of the esophageal tissue, and lead to further improvements in the design and development of synthetic replacement materials for esophageal tissue
The effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of intensivists and critical care nurses affected by PTSD
Get PDFThe purpose of the research project was to investigate the effects of PTSD on intensivists and critical care nurses during the Coronavirus pandemic. The project aims to explore any themes that emerged from the participants' experiences and provide a platform for their perspectives to be expressed during this global crisis.
Additionally, the objectives of the research project were to assess the biopsychosocial impact of the coronavirus. The research data collected from this project would also contribute to the development of new policies post-COVID-19 and shed light on the specific experiences of healthcare workers in a South African government hospital located in KwaZulu Natal (KZN). The individual experiences of each subject served
as the foundation for identifying the resulting themes, utilizing an interpretive hermeneutic phenomenology as the research design. The research methodology employed semi-structured questionnaires and the PCL-5 checklist to gather qualitative and quantitative data, respectively, adopting a mixed methods approach. The collected data was then analysed using content analysis to identify the prevalent themes.
The main findings of this study came across from the seven participants who were a combination of critical care doctor and nurses. According to the results of the PCL-5 test, three individuals out of seven had a higher possibility of being diagnosed with PTSD. However, the quantitative information from the PCL-5 checklist was combined with the qualitative information from the semi-structured questionnaire which further identified those individuals who would strongly benefit from therapy,
after the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a mixed methods approach, themes emerged that helped to identify the different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic on intensivists and critical care nurses. These themes ranged from different aspects using the biopsychosocial theoretical approach. Even though these findings were specifically
derived from the hospital in KZN, the significance of this study is that policies and treatment plans should be modified post-COVID-19 pandemic, to work through the traumatic experiences that these individuals have experienced in all hospitals. These experiences and the participant's views that were expressed could help not only the specific participants in the future but can also enhance policy implementation/change for other healthcare workers.M. A. (Psychology)Psycholog
The utilisation of an employee wellness programme and factors determining its usage in a South African organisation.
No full textThis study aimed to explore the employee wellness programmes used within the Passenger Railway Agency of South Africa (PRASA) and the factors that influence the programme’s utilisation. The findings of this study present the utilisation rates, as well as the perceptions of employee wellness within PRASA. The main objective of the study was to explore the organ-isational dynamics (processes and operations) influencing employees’ utilisation rates of em-ployee wellness programmes (EWP) or employee assistance programmes (EAP) at PRASA. The secondary objectives were to:
a) understand the organisational dynamics that account for the low utilisation rates and the general usage of EWP/EAP at PRASA;
b) explore the accessibility of the EWP/EAP to PRASA employees;
c) explore employees’ understanding and perceptions of the EWP/EAP service; and
d) to develop a conceptual framework and intervention for the utilisation of employee wellness services.
Considering both individual and system-level factors, a conceptual framework was developed to understand the multitude of factors that influences the utilisation of EWP/EAP. Qualitative research was employed to explore participants’ accounts and perceptions of employee well-ness. A total of 30 PRASA employees were recruited to participate in the study and were interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview schedule. The participants com-prised of train drivers, supervisors, managers, yard masters, administration staff and the EWP/EAP practitioner currently employed within the PRASA clinic. A total of nine themes and subthemes emerged from analysing the data. Although there was a general acceptance and a strong approval of employee wellness services, the key findings of the study showed a poor promotion of wellness services; a need for the change of location of the services due to con-cerns over confidentiality and issues with organisational leadership’s views of employee well-ness services. The study concluded that organisational culture and PRASA’s organisational objectives have not effectively positioned employee wellness services. The study proposes a conceptual framework for the successful implementation of employee wellness services in the workplace in a South African contextPsycholog
Impact of leadership styles on employee job performance mediated by job satisfaction: Amhara region public sectors, Ethiopia
No full textIn the public sector, leaders have an impact on employees' performance and job
satisfaction. In order to address the issue of ineffective leadership styles used in the
public sector, which subsequently affect the quality of public sector performance and
service delivery in the Amhara region of Ethiopia, the study examined the impact of
leadership styles on employee job satisfaction and performance. The aim of the study
was to ascertain how a leader's style affected employee job performance through job
satisfaction.
A positivist approach and deductive reasoning in a cross-sectional quantitative survey
were used to collect primary data via a structured questionnaire distributed and
collected from 378 respondents with a 98% response rate. Structural Equation
Modeling (SEM) comprising Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and path analysis
was applied as a research technique, and the questionnaire data were analyzed using
Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 27 software.
The research result indicated that democratic, transformational, laissez-faire and
autocratic leadership styles positively and significantly impact job satisfaction. In
contrast, transactional leadership style did not significantly impact job satisfaction.
Besides, democratic, transformational, and laissez-faire leadership styles showed a
significant but negative impact on employees' job performance, while transactional
leadership style showed a significant and positive impact on employees' performance.
However, autocratic leadership style did not significantly impact employees'
performance.
The indirect results indicated the full mediating impact of job satisfaction between
democratic and autocratic leadership styles on employee performance and the partial
impact of job satisfaction between transformational and laissez-faire leadership styles
on employees' performance. Job satisfaction did not mediate transactional leadership
style and employee performance.
The research recommended training and awareness for leaders and their focus on
leadership styles, job satisfaction and performance excellence to benefit the public
service sector and the community. Although the research was conducted in Ethiopia's
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public sectors, the results can be extrapolated to other regions and public services in
Africa and the world. Finally, the study suggested longitudinal research with more
mediating and moderating variables using qualitative and quantitative methods,
including leaders, as part of the study.D.B.L.Graduate School of Business Leadershi
Application of lean management principles for sustainable supplier management : a case study of a research institution
No full textThe background of the study indicates that the research institution under study relies on Lean Management (LM) principles to enhance efficiency and service delivery, highlighting the importance of effective supplier management. However, procurement management challenges in the 2019/2020 fiscal year led to underspending, illustrating the need for enhanced supplier performance. This underscores the necessity of optimising supplier relationships to achieve better procurement outcomes. The research problem centres on the negative impact of unsuitable suppliers on procurement processes, affecting cost, quality, profitability, governance goals, and job opportunities.
This study investigates the application of LM principles to enhance sustainable supplier management (SM) in a research institution, addressing the critical need to understand factors contributing to poor supplier performance. The research aims to fill gaps in the literature regarding LM principles, sustainability, and supply management (SM), which have received limited attention from academic studies and practical applications within various industries. Specifically, there is a need for more comprehensive investigations into how LM principles can be integrated with sustainability practices in the context of supply management, particularly in sectors where these integrations have not been extensively explored. The study's significance lies in offering insights into mitigating the adverse effects of inappropriate suppliers, improving financial and governance outcomes, and enhancing job opportunities and entrepreneurship. A quantitative research method was employed, with a census sample size of 162 respondents. The findings reveal the critical role of LM principles, strong supplier relationships, and sustainability integration in fostering organisational success and sustainability. Recommendations include further exploration of perceived limitations in assessing lean dynamic capabilities and enhancing strategies for managing supplier relationships. The study underscores the importance of ongoing exploration to understand factors affecting sustainability integration and emphasises the need for comprehensive approaches to enhance organisational effectiveness.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen
Investigating the effect of varying geographical regions on the biochemical constituents, and metabolite profile of Ximenia caffra (Wild sour plum), for potential commercialisation
No full textIn the realm of sustainable development, universal access to safe and nutritious food and medicine is paramount, particularly championed by the "Zero Hunger" initiative. This study was carried out to investigate three (3) objectives, namely (i) to investigate the effect of geographical variation (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen) on the production of secondary metabolites with medicinal implications from Ximenia caffra leaves, (ii) to analyse and compare the metabolite profiles of Ximenia caffra fruits from these three regions and so as to assess their commercial viability and (iii) to assess the biochemical constituents of Ximenia caffra fruit harvested from the three regions in respect of potential commercialisation. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to analyse the leaves of Ximenia caffra (Wild sour plum) from the three regions to characterise their metabolite profiles and medicinal implications. Study results revealed the presence of glycosylated metabolites and free sugars, particularly in samples from Tzaneen. Furthermore, Tzaneen samples revealed N-acetylserotonin, epicatechin, and sarcosine, while Giyani samples contained homogentisate and homovanillate. These findings underscore the importance of considering geographical distribution when screening Ximenia caffra leaves for medicinal purposes, as regional differences significantly affect their metabolite profile and potential therapeutic applications. In terms of metabolite profile of Ximenia caffra fruit, analysis revealed a consistent core set of metabolites across the regions, including sugars, amino acids, and organic acids, indicating a stable biochemical composition. However, specific metabolites such as ascorbate, riboflavin, and sugar alcohols showed significant regional variation. Samples from the Tzaneen region demonstrated higher concentrations of beneficial metabolites such as ribose and ascorbate, suggesting its adoption for large scale cultivation for potential commercialisation purposes. Concerning the nutritional values of Ximenia caffra fruit, the highest total phenols (17.2 GAE g) and vitamin E (31.8 mg per 100 g DW) were obtained from fruits in Bushbuckridge. Therefore, plant breeders and horticulturalists should be mindful of varying geographical factors when considering breeding programmes of wild sour plum for commercial purposes.Ka lekaleng la tlhabollo ya moyagoile, phihlelelo ya lefase ka bophara ya dijo tša phepo le dihlare ke ya bohlokwa kudu, gagolo yeo e thekgwago ke lenaneo la “Zero Hunger”. Nyakišišo ye e dirilwe go nyakišiša dinepo tše tharo (3), e lego (i) go nyakišiša khuetšo ya phapano ya lefelo (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen) go tšweletšo ya dimetapolaete tša go ba le ditlamorago tša kalafo go tšwa go matlakala a Xemenia caffra, (ii) go sekaseka le go bapetša diprofaele tša metapolaete tša dienywa tša Xemenia caffra go tšwa go dilete tše di fapanego (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen), go sekaseka kgonagalo ya tšona ya kgwebo le (iii) go sekaseka dikarolo tša dikhemikhale tša diphedi tša dienywa tša Ximenia caffra tšeo di bunnwego go tšwa go dilete tša lefelo tše di fapanego (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen), go kgonagalo ya go dira kgwebo. Mabapi le spektrokophi sa Tumo ya Makenete ya Nyuklea (NMR), yeo e sekasekilwego ka go šomiša matlakala a Ximenia caffra (Letšhidi) go tšwa dileteng tše di fapanego go utulla diprofaele tša metapolaete le ditlamorago tša tšona tša kalafo. Dipoelo tša nyakišišo di utullotše go ba gona ga dimetapolaete tša tlaekhosilaete le swikiri ya mahala, kudu go disampole go tšwa Tzaneen. Go feta fao, disampole tša Tzaneen di utullotše N-Acetylserotonin, epicatechin, le sarcosine, mola disampole tša Giyani di be di na le homogentisate le homovanillate. Dikutullo tše di gatelela bohlokwa bja go ela hloko kabo ya lefelo ge matlakala a Ximenia caffra a hlahlobelwa kalafo, bjalo ka diphapano tša selete di ama kudu profaele ya metapolaete le dikgopelo tša kalafo tšeo di ka bago gona. Mabapi le profaele ya metapolaete ya seenywa sa Ximenia caffra, tshekaseko e utolla sete ya motheo ye e sa fetogego ya dimetapolaete go ralala le dilete, go akaretšwa swikiri, diesiti tša amino, le diesiti tša okaniki, go laetša sebopego sa dipayokhemikhale tše di tiileng. Le ge go le bjalo, dimetapolaete tše itšego tša go swana le ascorbate, riboflavin, le dialkhoholo tša swikiri di bontšha phapano ye kgolo ya selete. Disampole go tšwa seleteng sa Tzaneen di bontšha maatla a godimo a dimetapolaete tše di holago go swana le ribose le ascorbate, e šišinya kamogelo ya yona ya temo ye kgolo ka merero ye e ka bago gona. Mabapi le dikelo tša phepo ya dienywa tša Ximenia caffra, difenole tša palomoka ya godimodimo (17.2 GAE g) le bithamine E (31.8 mg 100/g DW) di hweditšwe go tšwa dienyweng ka Bushbuckridge. Ka fao, batswadiši ba dibjalo le ditsebi tša temo ya dibjalo ba swanetše go ela hloko dilete tša lefelo tše di fapanegobjalo ka mabaka ge ba nagana ka mananeo a tswadišo ya matšhidi ka mabaka a kgwebo.hi ntsakelo wa nhluvukiso wa nkarhi wo leha, mfikelelo wa misava hinkwayo wo hlayisa mirhi na swakudya swa kahle i wa nkoka swinene, ngopfu loko wu rhangeriwa hi vurhangisiwa by "Zero Ndlala". Dyondzo leyi yi lavisisa swinharhu (3) swikongomelontsongo, ku nga (i) ku lavisisa switandzhaku eka hambano wa ntivo-misava (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen) eku tshoveriweni ka timethabolayiti leti nga na switandzhaku swa vutshunguri to huma ka matluka ya Xemenia caffra, (ii) ku xopaxopa no pimanyeta tiphurofayile ta mihandzu ya metabolayiti ta Xemenia caffra to huma ka swifundzhantsongo swo hambana (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen), ku xiyaxiya loko ti nga xaviseka na (iii) ku xiyisisa swisimeki swa bayokhemikali swa muhandzu wa Ximenia caffra yi tshoveriwa ku suka ka swifundzhantsongo swo hambana (Bushbuckridge, Giyani, Tzaneen), loko swi nga xaviseka minkarhi leyi taka. Mayelano na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) sipekisitirosikopi, ley iyi xopaxopiweke hi ku tirhisa matluka ya Ximenia caffra (Wild sour plum) ku suka ka swifundzhantsongo ku humesa tiphurofayilli ta metabolayiti na switandzhaku swavutshunguri. Mbuyelo wa dyondzo wu paluxa vukona bya timetabolayiti leti glukhosilitetiwileke nan kala chukela, ngopfu ngopfu eka tisampulu to suka eTzaneen. Ku yisa emahlweni, tisampulu ta Tzaneen ti paluxa N-Acetylserotonin, epicatechin, na sarcosine, kuri leswaku tisampulu to huma eGiyani leti nga na homogentisate na homovanillate. Swikumiwa swi tilahata nkoka wo tekela enhlokweni hangalaselo ku ya hi ntivo-misava loko matluka ya Ximenia caffra ya sikiriniwa hi xikongomelo xa swa vutshunguri. tanihi hi ku hambana ka swifundzhantsongo nkokahato swi va na xiave ka phurofayili ya methaboliti na switsaleriwa swi nga na vutshunguri. Hi ku landza phurofayili ya methaboliki ya muhandzu ya Ximenia caffra, nxopelo wu paluxa nkoka wo fanana wa timethaboliti eka swifundzhantsongo, ku katsa chukela, aside ya amino, na tiasidi ta oganiki, ti kombisa leswi nga hansi swa bayokhemikali ya kahle. Hambiswiritano, timethaboliki to to kathi to fana na ascorbate, riboflavin, na chukela ringa na alikhoholo no kombisa ku hambana ka nkoka wa xifundzhankulu. Tisampulu to huma exifundzhenintsongo xa Tzaneen ti kombisa ntekeriwo wa le henhla ka mbuyelo wa timethabolayiti ku fan ana ribose na ascorbate, ku no bumabumela ku byariwa ka ntswongelo wa xikalo xikulu ku ya ka swikongomelo swa ha taka. Mayelano na mikoka ya muhandzu wa Ximenia caffra, ntsengo wu nga le henhla wa phenols (17.2 GAE g) na vhitamini E (31.8 mg 100/g DW) wu kumekile ku suka ka mihandzu
ya le Bushbuckridge. Hikwalaho ka sweswo, swimilana swo tshovela swin’wana na horticulturalists tihotikhalichuralisiti swi fanele ku ehleketelela swifundzhankulu swo hambana swa ntivo-misava tanihi swilo loko ku tekeriwa enhlakweni tiphurogireme ta tipulami hi swikongomelo swo xavisa.M. Sc. (College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences)Department of Agriculture and Animal Healt
Information sharing on social media pages related to wildlife conservation in a South African national game reserve
No full textPurpose – Social media sites contribute significantly to nature conservation in, that they enlighten and
educate those members of the public who would ordinarily not be in a position, or would not be fortunate
enough to visit the park and experience the various aspects first-hand. The purpose of this paper is to
showcase social media pages related to a national game reserve in South Africa. This game reserve is the
largest in the country and has a wide variety of conserved fauna and flora.
Design/methodology/approach – The theoretical framework used is the SCOPE framework that
streamlines strategy development, content choice, refinement of online engagement, choice of social media
platform and evaluations of social media campaigns.
Findings – The findings relate to the content found on these social media pages, as well as how members of
the public interact with each other and officials from the game reserve in sharing experiences related to this
wilderness area.
Research limitations/implications – The research is related to the Kruger National Park in
South Africa and is limited to three social media sites.
Originality/value – Through its social media presence, this South African game reserve is able to share
experiences from what is effectively a living museum, as well as from its library and archives, with members
of the public and allowing individual members to share their encounters with wildlife and their historical
memories of this wilderness area.Information Scienc
An archaeometric examination of Southern African ochre : OvaHimba ochre and its efficacy as traditional sunscreen with comparisons to other Southern African samples
No full textAbstract in English, Afrikaans and IsiZuluOchre has a well-established global history of use by humans over millennia. The OvaHimba of northern Namibia use red ochre as an ingredient in a cosmetic sunscreen with perceived medical benefits. The use of analytical techniques to determine the physicochemical properties of this ochre, and similar ones sampled from South African sites, allowed us to infer potentially similar historical uses to those of the OvaHimba by archaeological populations in South Africa. A comparison of ochre through the use of FTIR, FESEM, DRS, and PL techniques makes it possible to scientifically characterise established indigenous traditional knowledge systems and discuss the possible behaviour of past populations pertaining to their use of local ochres in the Southern African context.Oker het ’n goed gevestigde wêreldwye geskiedenis van gebruik deur mense oor millennia heen. Die OvaHimba van noordelike Namibië gebruik rooi oker as ’n bestanddeel in ’n kosmetiese sonskermmiddel met waargenome mediese voordele. Die gebruik van ontledingstegnieke om die fisikochemiese eienskappe van hierdie oker en dié van soortgelyke steekproewe van ander Suid-Afrikaanse terreine te bepaal, laat ons toe om afleidings te maak van potensieel soortgelyke historiese gebruike as dié van die OvaHimba deur argeologiese bevolkings in Suid-Afrika. ’n Vergelyking van oker deur die gebruik van tegnieke soos Fouriertransformasie-infrarooispektroskopie (FTIR), veldemissie-skanderingselektronmikroskopie (FESEM), diffusierefleksiespek-troskopie (DRS), en fotoluminessensie (PL) maak dit moontlik om gevestigde inheemse tradisionele kennisstelsels wetenskaplik te karakteriseer en die moontlike gedrag van vorige bevolkings met betrekking tot hulle gebruik van plaaslike okers in die Suider-Afrikaanse konteks te bespreek.Insoyi inomlando omuhle impela, emhlabeni jikelele ngokusetshenziswa abantu nosekuneminyaka ngeminyaka. Ama-OvaHimba asenyakatho neNamibia asebenzisa insoyi ebomvu esebenza ukwelapha nanjengesigcobo sokuvikela isikhumba elangeni. Lapha kusetshenziswe uhlelo lokuhlaziya amasu ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lwesithako esikunsoyi, kanye nokufana kwale nsoyi naleyo etholakala ezindaweni zaseNingizimu Afrika, kukhona okufanayo ngomlando wokusetshenziswa kwayo ngabantu bamaHimba kanye nabasendulo baseNingizimu Afrika. Uma siqhathanisa insoyi ngokusebenzisa izindlela zeFTIR, iFESEM, iDRS, kanye nePL, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa Izindlela Zolwazi Lwendabuko kanjalo nokuxoxisana ngokuziphatha kwabantu ngesikhathi sasendulo ngokuphathelene nokusebenzisa kwabo insoyi yendawo ngokwaseNingizimu ne-Afrika.M.A. (Archaeology)Anthropology and Archaeolog
Analysis of the use of electronic surveillance to investigate cartel conducts : a case study of the competition commission of South Africa in Pretoria
Get PDFThis study explored the value that electronic surveillance adds to cartel investigations by adopting a qualitative research approach, utilising a case study research design, and guided by the exploratory research objective. The non-probability: purposive sampling was employed to target ten (10) participants, distributed as follows: Five (05) investigators and other 05 legal counsels, attached to the Competition Commission of South Africa. Participants were chosen based on rank seniority, division roles and work experience. For data collection methods, the semi-structured face-to-face interviews, documentary studies and structured observations methods were conducted. The collected data was analysed using the inductive Thematic Content Analysis (TCA).
The findings of this study revealed that the application of electronic surveillance can facilitate the detection of cartel activities by monitoring suspicious communications and transactions among competitors. It is also established that the secretive nature of cartel conducts poses challenges for competition authorities around the world to effectively detect it. Individuals involved try to conceal their cartel activities and evidence thereof. Moreover, the consulted literature studies confirmed that use of electronic surveillance is a common practice among competition authorities in the developed countries to detect and investigate cartels.
For recommendations, it is provided that the investigation model on implementation of electronic surveillance as an investigation tool to assist the Competition Commission to easily detect and prosecute cartel activities, which may assist competition authorities to adopt a proactive stance to easily identify firms, which are potentially involved in cartels conduct.M.A. (Criminal Justice)School of Criminal Justic