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Interrogative words in Xitsonga
Get PDFText chiefly in Tsonga with some English, abstracts in Tsonga and EnglishMarito mo vutisa ma kongomisa eka loko ku vutisiwa nhlokomhaka mhaka yo karhi exivulweni. Riendli ri ri roxe a ri swi koti ku vutisa nhlokomhaka mhaka yo karhi kambe ri kota ku hi byela swokarhi leswi humelelaka exivulweni. Hikokwalaho ka leswi, maendli ma boheka ku tirha swin’we na marito mo vutisa exivulweni mo tanihi hikokwalahokayini, kwihi, rini, mani, njhani, yini leswaku ma kota ku vutisa nhlokomhaka swokarhi exivulweni. Ndzavisiso lowu wu langutanile na swikongomelotsongo swinharhu, ku nga mhaka ya swipimelo swo hlawula marito hi xikongomelo xo kumisisa swihluvi swa mbulavulo leswi tirhaka na marito mo vutisa lama lavisisiweke. Mhaka ya vumbirhi yi langutanile na vulongoloxamarito bya marito mo vutisa laha ku nga langutiwa hilaha marito mo vutisa ma longolokaka hakona eswivulweni. Mhaka yo hetelela leyi khumbiwaka eka ndzavisiso lowu i ya tinxaka ta michumu leyi nga tirhaka tanihi tinhlokomhaka na swiendliwa swa marito mo vutisa eka Xitsonga. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwile hi ku landza matirhelo ma thiyori ya lexical semantics. Mhakakulu leyi thiyori leyi yi kongomaneke na yona i rito ku nga ri xivulwa. Ndzavisiso lowu i wa xivumbeko xa nkoka hikuva wu kongomisa eka tinhlamuselo leti kumekaka loko marito mo vutisa ma tirha eka swivulwa swa Xitsonga. Switiviwa swa ndzavisiso lowu swi hlengeletiwile hi ku tirhisa endlelo ra khopasi. Hi ku tirhisa endlelo leri, ku tsavuriwile swivulwa leswi eka swona ku tirheke marito mo vutisa kusuka eka matsalwa ma Xitsonga ma vutlhokovetseri na mitlango. Mbuyelo wa ndzavisiso lowu wu kombisa leswaku marito mo vutisa ma na nkoka swinene eka ku paluxa tinhlamuselo na le ka matirhelo ma mona. Ndzavisiso wu kumile leswaku loko swi ta eka swipimelo swo hlawula marito, marito mo vutisa ma tirhile na swihluvi swo hambanahambana swa mbulavulo, ngopfungopfu swivulwahava swa maendli na maviti. Hi ku langutisa vulongoloxamarito bya marito mo vutisa, hi kumile leswaku marito mo vutisa eka Xitsonga ma swi kota ku kumeka emasungulweni, exikarhi na le makumu ka swivulwa. Xohetelela, hi kumile leswaku michumu yo hanya na leyi nga hanyiki yi tirhisiwa hi marito mo vutisa tanihi tinhlokomhaka na swiendliwa eswivulweniInterrogative words in question formation focus on eliciting specific information within a sentence. A verb alone cannot pose a question about a particular subject; rather, it describes events or actions occurring within a sentence. Therefore, interrogative words must work together with question words like why, where, when, who, how, and what to query specific information within a sentence. The study focuses on three specific objectives. The first objective deals with lexical restrictions on word choice. Here, the goal is to identify the speech complements that co-occur with the interrogative words being investigated. The second aspect explores the syntax of interrogative words. This involves examining the positioning of interrogative words within the sentence. The final objective investigates the types of phrases that can function as subjects or objects of interrogative words in Xitsonga. This study is conducted based on the principles of lexical semantics. The central focus of this theory is the word, not the sentence. This study is significant because it provides descriptions of how interrogative words function in Xitsonga sentences. The data for this research were collected using a corpus-based approach. Using this method, sentences in which interrogative words were employed were extracted from Xitsonga poetry and drama books. The results of this study demonstrate that interrogative words are crucial for uncovering meanings and constructing meaningful utterances. The research finds that, in terms of lexical restrictions, interrogative words are used with a variety of speech complements, especially in subject(less) clauses and nominal constructions. Regarding the syntax of interrogative words, it is found that interrogative words in Xitsonga can appear at the beginning, middle, or end of sentences. Lastly, it is found that both animate and inanimate entities are used as subjects and objects in sentences with interrogative words.Ph. D. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)African Language
Mathematical analysis of evolution equations with fractional derivatives above power law and applications
No full textFractional calculus is utilized to examine the impact of memory on computer models,
that result in more accurate solutions [59]. Because of hereditary characteristics and the
idea of memory, fractional calculus is considered to be more adaptable than traditional
(old) calculus [59]. Hence, in this thesis, we apply the Caputo-Fabrizio and Atangana-
Baleanu fractional derivatives in the Caputo sense to linear and non-linear evolution
equations. We compare the two fractional derivatives using physical model examples
such as a falling object depending on Newton's second law of motion and Newton's law
of cooling, then we explain why we prefer the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative
over the Caputo-Fabrizio. Because of the above-mentioned examples and the fact that
the Atangana-Baleanu Caputo fractional derivative has a non-singular and non-local
kernel, hence we drop the Caputo-Fabrizio fractional derivative and continue with applications
of the Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative in Caputo sense to evolution
equations.
We establish the existence and uniqueness results of the fractional Navier-Stokes evolution
equation using the Banach xed-point theorem, where the fractional order is in
the form of the Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo fractional order. The iterative method combined
with the Laplace transform and Sumudu transform is employed to nd the exact
and approximate solutions of the fractional Navier-Stokes equation of a one-dimensional
problem of unsteady
ow of a viscous
uid in a tube. In the domains of science and
engineering, these methods work well for solving a wide range of linear and nonlinear
fractional partial di erential equations and provide numerical solutions in terms of
power series, with terms that are simple to compute and that quickly converge to the
exact solution. After obtaining the solutions using these methods, we use Mathematica
software to present them graphically. We create two- and three-dimensional plots of the
obtained solutions at various values of and manipulate other variables to visualize and
model relationships between the variables. We observe that as the fractional order
becomes closer to the integer order 1, the solutions approach the exact solution. We plot
a 2D graph of the rst-, second-, third-, and fourth-term approximations of the series
solution and observe from the graph that as the number of iterations increases, the approximate
solutions become close to the series solution of the fourth-term approximation.
The homotopy perturbation method is combined with the Sumudu transform of the
Atangana-Baleanu fractional derivative in the Caputo sense to form a modi ed technique
to solve two and three-dimensional di usion equations. The technique yields
solutions in the form of a series that contains easily computable terms which are swiftly
converging to the exact solutions. We observe that when we increase the number of
computing terms, the series becomes closer to the exact solution so that the absolute
error between the exact solution and the approximate solution becomes very small.
Mathematica software is utilized to perform the graphical representations of the exact
and approximate solutions. These solutions are analyzed by varying the variables to
observe their e ect on each other. One of our objectives is to show that if we let the
fractional order be one, then we obtain the solution of the traditional derivative.
Lastly, we develop the Atangana-Baleanu Caputo fractional-order model of COVID-19
accompanied by the rate of vaccination . The positivity and boundedness of the solution
of the model are proven. We calculate the disease-free equilibrium point and use
the next-generation matrix method to nd the reproduction number R0. The stability
of the disease-free and endemic equilibrium points are investigated with the aid of the
Routh-Hurwitz criterion. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution for the
COVID-19 model using the xed-point theory. Adomian decomposition and Sumudu
transform are coupled to acquire the solution to the model. Numerical simulations using
mathematics software (Mathematica) are presented to analyze the spread of COVID-19
disease at various values of the vaccination parameter . The model aims to predict
that if more people can get vaccinated, COVID-19 disease will die out and consequently
we will have the endemic.Ph.D. (Applied Mathematics)Mathematical Science
Vegetation classification, soil organic carbon and water levels of the Waterkloof spruit peatland system, Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, South Africa
Get PDFText in EnglishWetlands are valuable ecosystems that provide ecosystems services in terms of biodiversity, water and carbon storage (carbon sinks). The Kgaswane Mountain Reserve, Rustenburg consist of different hydrogeomorphic wetland types, which include hillslope seeps, channeled and unchanneled valley-bottom wetlands. The aim of this study is to provide detailed classification and description of the vegetation of the different hydrogeomorphic wetland types of the Waterkloofspruit peatland system as well as to determine the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) content and water levels during wet and dry season of 2023. The information from this study will provide a better understanding of wetland functioning and composition to enable scientifically sound management of these ecosystems in the reserve.
Different plant communities found on different hydrogeomorphic wetland types in the Waterkloofspruit peatland system were identified, classified and mapped. Historical aerial photographs of the Kgaswane Mountain Reserve were used to identify the homogeneous physiographic-physiognomic units. Vegetation sample plots (53 relevés) (9 m2, 3x3 m) were placed randomly within identified homogeneous units and all plants species within the plots were recorded and allocated a modified Braun-Blanquet cover-abundance scale value. Data was captured into MS Excel and exported for editing, classification and processing in the JUICE 7.1.21 software program. A modified TWINSPAN classification was applied to derive a first approximation of the plant communities using Braun-Blanquet procedures. Diagnostic, constant and dominant species were statistically determined from the synoptic table. Threshold values for fidelity, frequency and canopy cover were set and a final phytosociological table was produced for describing the plant species composition for the different plant communities.
Soil auger was used to extract soil sample from the centre of every vegetation plot and classified into soil forms according to the South African Soil Classification System. Soils not matching soil forms were labeled as ‘undefined’. Soils were augered to a depth of 1.2 m or until resistance was encountered (in this case alluvium or bedrock). The depth of the water table was measured in every auger hole in both the wet (April 2023) and dry season (August 2023). Soil samples were tested for organic carbon using the Walkley-Black method and the Loss on Ignition (LOI) at the analytical laboratory of the ARC. Soil cores were used to determine bulk density (Dry mass/Total volume of soil) to estimate the total volume of carbon sequestered in the Waterkloofspruit peatland system.
Water level data and percentage carbon (C) were used to compare the different hydrogeomorphic wetland types with each other and to determine whether specific water levels and ‘percentage C’ are associated with specific plant communities.
The results of the vegetation classification identified the following five plant communities in the Waterkloofspruit peatland system: Verbena bonariensis–Imperata cylindrica in the seep and channelled valley-bottom wetland, Cyperus esculentus–Pteridium aquilinum on the seepage areas, Leersia hexandra–Bolboschoenus maritimus at the unchanneled valley-bottom adjacent to central basin reeds, Hyparrhenia dregeana–Miscanthus junceus in the channelled valley-bottom wetland and Thelypteris palustris–Phragmites australis in the unchanneled valley-bottom. Estimation of the carbon sequestered across the five plant communities of the Waterkloofspruit peatland system is 57606 t/h. Results indicate that the SOC vary across the plant communities in the A horizon as well as the water table levels. Community five is the largest contributor, sequestering over 57429 t/ha of SOC, the area is dominated by Phragmites australis, which forms deep peat layers (> 4 m), and the community is the largest carbon sink. Community two is the second largest contributor, sequestering over 70 t/h though is dominated by the forb Pteridium aquilinum. The high SOC value is mostly attributed to the areas of this plant community where Sphagnum moss occurs and has the ability to form dense peat. SOC ranged from 2%-42% in Loss on Ignition (LOI) and 2% to 31% in Walkley-Black across the five plant communities of the Waterkloofspruit peatland system.
The results will assist management in implementing a scientifically based management plan to ensure the continued functioning and conservation of the hydrogeomorphic wetland types found in the Waterkloofspruit peatland system which plays an important role in sequestering carbon.M. Sc. (Nature Conservation)Environmental Science
Being in-between “to return or to stay”: exploring the experiences of urban displaced people in Mozambique’s Pemba
No full textAbstract
The province of Cabo Delgado, located in the north of Mozambique, has been inflicted by the conflict and terrorist actions since 2017. The threats they pose, and the unfolding fragility of the security situation have forced over 1.4 million people to flee their homes and communities. While thousands of displaced people are reluctant to risk their lives and return, over five hundred thousand displaced people made their spontaneous way back “home,” and the country continues to struggle with such a reality. In the face of violent disruption and displacement, this paper offers an exploratory review of return from the perspective of encountering and giving meaning to places. Leaving culture (reflexivity again) a bit out, the paper closely looks at the (social and economic) experiences people have developed and carried with them through their displacement (and return) narratives as the main factors influencing the decision to or not to return. This article would then have a twofold purpose. On the one hand, it contributes to the existing debate on conflict, displacement, place and place-making. On the other hand, it would be beneficial to enrich the ongoing research further
African horse sickness Epidemiology: Culicoides spp. diversity, vectors and overwintering of the virus in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
No full textAbstracts in English, Afrikaans, Xhosa and SesothoAfrican horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating, non-contagious viral disease of equids. However, zebra are resistant to the disease. Previously it was accepted that outbreaks of AHS would start in the northern parts of South Africa and gradually move southwards as the season progressed. This stemmed from the belief that the large population of zebras in the Kruger National Park, acted as the source of the virus. In outbreaks that have occurred over the past 25 years, it has become evident that this was not true, as outbreaks would persist for two or more seasons in the south of the country, with the same AHS serotype causing the first outbreak being the only one recorded in that area in subsequent years. Therefore, it is possible that the virus overwinters in the area. However, the overwintering mechanism of the African horse sickness virus (AHSV) is not fully understood. It has been suggested that the AHSV overwinters in adult Culicoides populations, at low levels of viremia in natural hosts, or in other vertebrate or invertebrate hosts such as dogs and ticks, respectively. The aim of this study was to investigate how the AHSV overwinters in the study area, and the role dogs and ticks play in this process and to determine the diversity for both Culicoides and tick species in the study area. This study was undertaken in the Sarah Baartman district in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A total of 28 sites were recruited for collection of Culicoides and tick species, and blood samples from dogs. A 220 V down draught-UV light trap was used to collect Culicoides specimens, while ticks were collected directly from live hosts. Blood samples were drawn from dogs using the cephalic vein. All these samples were sent to the Agricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR) for analysis. Over the survey period 918 collections of Culicoides were made, and 44,850 Culicoides specimens, comprising of 49 Culicoides species were recovered. A total of 1,260 tick specimens comprising of 10 species from three genera were collected and identified during the survey. Over a period of one year, blood samples were collected from 100 dogs. Each dog was sampled four times, once every season. Blood samples were analysed using an AHS indirect ELISA to test for the presence of IgG antibodies. Culicoides and tick samples were first tested for the presence of AHSV using an inhouse PCR. All samples that tested positive on the inhouse PCR were subjected to the WOAH (accredited and validated) test. Only samples that tested positive with the WOAH test were considered AHSV positive. While five Culicoides pools tested positive with the inhouse PCR, only two pools of these pools tested positive for the virus on the WOAH PCR test. Furthermore, of the two pools that tested positive: one was from Site 1 and consisted of two specimens of C. bolitinos and the other pool was from Site 7 and consisted of six specimens of C. tuttifrutti. This study provides an insight into the diversity of both Culicoides and tick species in the study area. Findings reported here demonstrated that dogs are not preferred hosts for Culicoides species given that none of the dogs tested positive for AHSV antibodies. Based on the results from this study, only Culicoides species have the potential to play a role in the overwintering of AHSV in the area. However, additional tick species and other possible vertebrate hosts should also be investigated. Further research is needed to investigate the role of C. tuttifrutti and other blood feeding flies in the transmission of AHSV and other orbiviruses.Afrika-perdesiekte (APS) is ’n verwoestende, nie-aansteeklike virale siekte van perdagtiges. Sebras is egter bestand teen die siekte. Voorheen is aanvaar dat uitbrekings van APS in die noordelike dele van Suid-Afrika sou begin en geleidelik suidwaarts sou beweeg soos die seisoen vorder. Dit het gespruit uit die oortuiging dat die groot bevolking sebras in die Krugerwildtuin die bron van die virus was. In uitbrekings die afgelope 25 jaar, het dit duidelik geword dat dit nie waar is nie, aangesien uitbrekings vir twee of meer seisoene in die suide van die land sou voortduur, met die APS-serotipe wat die eerste uitbreking veroorsaak het die enigste een wat in die daaropvolgende jare aangeteken is. Daarom is dit moontlik dat die virus in die gebied oorwinter. Daar is egter nie voldoende begrip van die oorwinteringsmeganisme van die Afrika-perdesiektevirus (APSV) nie. Daar is voorgestel dat die APSV oorwinter in volwasse Culicoides-bevolkings, teen lae vlakke van viremie in natuurlike gashere, of in ander werweldiere of ongewerwelde diere soos honde en bosluise, onderskeidelik. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te ondersoek hoe die APSV in die studiegebied oorwinter, die rol wat honde en bosluise in hierdie proses speel, en om die diversiteit van beide Culicoides- en bosluis spesies in die studiegebied te bepaal. Hierdie studie is in die Sarah Baartman distrik in die Oos-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika onderneem. Altesaam 28 terreine is besoek vir die insameling van Culicoides- en bosluis spesies, en vir bloedmonsters van honde. ’n 220 V-intreklug-UV-ligval is gebruik om die Culicoides-monsters te versamel terwyl bosluise direk van lewende gashere ingesamel is. Bloedmonsters is uit die kefaliese aar by honde getrek. Al hierdie monsters is na die Landbounavorsingsraad-Onderstepoort Veterinêre Navorsing (LNR-OVN) gestuur vir analise. Tydens die opname tydperk is 918 insamelings van Culicoides gemaak, en 44,850 Culicoides-monsters bestaande uit 49 Culicoides spesies is opgespoor. ’n Totaal van 1,260 bosluis-monsters bestaande uit 10 spesies uit drie genera is tydens die opname ingesamel en geïdentifiseer. Tydens ’n tydperk van een jaar is bloedmonsters by 100 honde ingesamel. Bloedmonsters is vier keer, een keer per seisoen, by elke hond ingesamel. Bloedmonsters is ontleed met behulp van ’n APS indirekte ensiemgekoppelde immunosorbenttoets (ELISA) vir die teenwoordigheid van IgG-teenliggame. Culicoides- en bosluismonsters is eers getoets vir die teenwoordigheid van APSV met behulp van ’n interne PKR. Alle monsters wat positief getoets het met die interne PKR is aan die Wêreld organisasie vir Dieregesondheid (WOAH) se geakkrediteerde en geldige toets onderwerp. Slegs monsters wat positief getoets het met die WOAH-toets is as APSV-positief beskou. Alhoewel vyf Culicoides-poele positief getoets het met die interne Polimerase kettingreaksie (PKR), het slegs twee poele van hierdie poele positief getoets vir hierdie virus met die WOAH-PKR-toets. Verder, van die twee poele wat positief getoets het, was een van Terrein 1 en het bestaan uit twee monsters van C. bolitinos, en die ander poel was van Terrein 7 en het bestaan uit ses monsters van C. tuttifrutti. Hierdie studie bied insig in die diversiteit van beide Culicoides- en bosluis spesies in die studiegebied. Die bevindinge wat hier gerapporteer is, het getoon dat honde nie voorkeur gashere vir Culicoides-spesies is nie, aangesien geen honde positief getoets het vir APSV-teenliggame nie. Op grond van die resultate van hierdie studie het slegs Culicoides spesies die potensiaal om ’n rol te speel in die oorwintering van APSV in die gebied. Addisionele bosluis spesies en ander moontlike gewerwelde gashere moet egter ook ondersoek word. Verdere navorsing is nodig om die rol van C. tuttifrutti en ander bloed voedende vlieë in die oordrag van APSV en ander orbivirusse te ondersoek.Isifo samahashe iAfrican horse sickness (iAHS) sisifo esitshabalalisayo, esingosuleliyo. Nangona kunjalo, amaqwarhashe ayaxhathisa kwesi sifo. Ngaphambili kwakusamkelwa ukuba uqhambuko lweAHS luza kuqala kwiindawo ezisemantla oMzantsi Afrika luze ngokuthe chu lunwenwe ukuya emazantsi ngokuhamba kwexesha lonyaka. Oku kubangelwa yinkolelo yokuba uninzi lwamaqwarhashe eKruger National Park, lusebenza njengemvelaphi yale ntsholongwane. Kuqhambuko oluye lwenzeka kule minyaka ingama 25 adlulileyo, kuye kwacaca ukuba oku bekungeyonyani, nanjengoko ukuqhambuka bekuye kuqhubeke kangangezihlandlo ezibini okanye ngaphezulu ngexesha lonyaka kumazantsi eli lizwe, kunye neAHS efanayo ebangele ukuqhambuka kokuqala ibekuphela kwako ekubhalwe phantsi kule ndawo kwiminyaka elandelayo. Ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba le ntsholongwane inwenwa ubusika bonke kwindawo leyo. Nangona kunjalo, indlela yokunwenwa ubusika bonke kwentsholongwane yokugula kwamahashe iAfrika horse sickness virus (iAHSV) ayiqondwa ngokupheleleyo. Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba iAHSV inwenwa ubusika bonke kwiimbuzane (Culicoides) ezindala, kumanqanaba aphantsi kokubakho kweentsholongwane egazini kumakhaya endalo, okanye kwamanye amakhaya ezilwanyane ezinethambo lomqolo okanye izilwanyana ezingenathambo lomqolo ezifana nezinja kunye namakhalane, ngokulandelanayo. Olu phando lwenziwe kwisithili iSarah Baartman kwiPhondo leMpuma Koloni eMzantsi Afrika. Kukhangelwe iindawo ezingama28 zizonke ukuze kuqokelelwe iintlobo zeembuzane, namakhalane, kunye neesampuli zegazi ezinjeni. Kusetyenziswe isibane sokuthiyisela/sokubamba izinambuzane i220 V down draught-UV ukuqokelela iisampuli zeembuzane, ngelixa amakhalane aqokelelwa ngokuthe ngqo kwizilwanyane eziphilayo. Iisampuli zegazi zitsalwe kwizinja kusetyenziswa umthambo osemkhonweni. Zonke ezi sampuli ziye zathunyelwa kwiAgricultural Research Council – Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (iARC-OVR) ukuze zixilongwe. Ngexesha lophando kwenziwa ingqokelela yeembuzane ezingama 918, kunye neesampuli zeembuzane ezingama 44,850, ezibandakanya iintlobo zeembuzane ezingama49 ezafunyanwayo. Zizonke ziisampuli zamakhalane ali 1,260 eziquka iintlobo ezili10 ezivela kumaqela amathathu afanayo ezithe zaqokelelwa zaze zachongwa ngexesha lovavanyo. Kwisithuba esingangonyaka, iisampuli zegazi zaqokelelwa kwizinja ezili100. Kwathathwa iisampuli zegazi kane kwinja nganye, kanye ngexesha lonyaka. Iisampuli zegazi zaxilongwa kusetyenziswa iAHS indirect ELISA ukuvavanya ubukho bezithintelintsholongwane zeIgG. Iisampuli zeembuzane nezamakhalane zavavanywa kuqala ukujonga ubukho beAHSV kusetyenziswa iPCR yangaphakathi. Zonke iisampuli eziye zafunyaniswa zinentsholongwane kwiPCR yangaphakathi zifakwe kuvavanyo lweWOAH (oluvunyiweyo noluqinisekisiweyo). Ziisampuli kuphela eziye zafunyaniswa zinentsholongwane ngovavanyo lweWOAH eziye zathathwa ngokuba zineAHSV. Ngelixa amagcuntswana amahlanu eembuzane afunyaniswa enentsholongwane ngePCR yangaphakathi, ngamagcuntswana amabini kuphela kula magcuntswana afunyaniswe enentsholongwane kuvavanyo lweWOAH PCR. Ngaphaya koko, kumagcuntswana amabini afunyaniswe ukuba anayo le ntsholongwane: elinye belisuka kuSite 1 kwaye lineesampuli ezimbini ze C. bolitinos, elinye igcunstwana belisuka kuSite 7 kwaye lineesampuli ezintandathu ze C. tuttifrutti. Olu phando lunikeza ulwazi ngentlobo ntlobo zeembuzane kwakunye neentlobo ntlobo zamakhalane kwindawo uphando ebelubanjwe kuyo. Iziphumo ezixelwe apha zibonise ukuba izinja azikhethwa ziintlobo zeembuzane kuba akukho nanye kwizinja ezivavanyiweyo efunyaniswe inezithintelintsholongwane zeAHSV. Ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zolu phando, ziintlobo zeembuzane kuphela ezinokuthi zidlale indima yokunwenwa ubusika bonke kweAHSV kwindawo. Nangona kunjalo, iintlobo zamakhalane ezongezelelweyo kunye nezinye izilwanyane ezinethambo lomqolo ezinokubakho kufuneka ziphandwe nazo. Uphando olongezelelweyo luyafuneka ukuphanda indima ye C. tuttifrutti nezinye izinambuzane ezifunxa igazi ekusasazeni iAHSV kunye nezinye iintsholongwane ezisuleleka ngenxa yezinambuzane (i-orbiviruses).Lefu la Dipere la Afrika (AHS) ke lefu le sithabetsang, le sa tshwaetsaneng la kokwana-hloko ya mefuta e anyesang ya dipere. Leha ho le jwalo, diqwaha ha di be le lefu lena. Pele ho ne ho amohelwa hore ho qhoma ha AHS ho tla qala dikarolong tse ka Leboya la Afrika Borwa mme butle-butle le lebe dikarolong tse borwa ha nako ya selemo e ntse e tswela pele. Sena se ne se bakwa ke tumelo ya hore palo e ngata ya diqwaha tse Kruger National Park, e sebetsa e le mohlodi wa kokwana-hloko. Ho qhoma ho etsahetseng dilemong tse 25 tse fetileng, ho bonahetse hore sena e ne e se nnete, kaha mafu a sewa a ne a tla tswela pele ka dinako tse pedi kapa ho feta tsa selemo karolong e borwa ho naha, ka mokgwa wa ho bokella disele kapa dikokwana-hloko, o tshwanang wa AHS e bakang sewa sa pele e le sona feela se tlalehilweng sebakeng seo dilemong tse latelang. Ka hona, ho ka etsahala hore kokwana-hloko e phele nakong yohle ya mariha sebakeng seo. Leha ho le jwalo, ho phela nakong yohle ya mariha ha kokwana-hloko ya lefu la dipere tsa Afrika (AHSV) ha ho so utlwisiswe ka botlalo. Ho ile ha etswa tlhahiso ya hore AHSV e phela nakong yohle ya mariha ho di-Culicoide tse kgolo, ka maemo a tlase a boteng ba vaerase mading ho baamohedi ba tlhaho, kapa ho dihlopha tse ding tsa diphoofolo tse nang le mokokotlo kapa tse se nang mokokotlo tse kang dintja le diboseleise, ka ho latellana. Sepheo sa phuputso ena e ne e le ho batlisisa hore na AHSV e phela mariha oohle jwang sebakeng sa phuputso, le karolo eo dintja le diboseleise di e bapalang tshebetsong ena le ho fumana hore na mefuta ya di-Culicoide le diboseleise e na le mofuta ofe sebakeng sa phuputso. Phuputso ena e entswe seterekeng sa Sarah Baartman Porofenseng ya Kapa Botjhabela Afrika Borwa. Kakaretso ya dibaka tse 28 e ile ya ngodiswa bakeng sa pokello ya mefuta ya di-Culicoide le diboseleise, le disampole tsa madi a dintja. Sefi sa lebone sa 220 V down draught-UV se ile sa sebediswa ho bokella mehlala ya di-Culicoide, ha diboseleise di ne di bokellwa ka ho toba ho baamohedi ba phelang. Ho ile ha nkuwa disampole tsa madi ho dintja ho sebediswa mothapo wa cephalic. Disampole tsena kaofela di ile tsa romellwa Lekgotleng la Dipatlisiso tsa Temo - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR) bakeng sa tlhahlobo. Nakong ya phuputsi ho ile ha etswa dipokello tse 918 tsa di-Culicoide, mme mefuta e 44,850 ya di-Culicoides, e nang le mefuta e 49 ya di-Culicoides e ile ya fumanwa. Kakaretso ya mehlala ya diboseleise tse 1,260 tse nang le mefuta e 10 ho tswa melokong e meraro e ile ya bokellwa le ho tsejwa nakong ya dipatlisiso. Ka nako ya selemo se le seng, ho ile ha bokellwa disampole tsa madi ho dintja tse 100. Ntja ka nngwe e ile ya etswa disampole ka makgetlo a mane, hanngwe ka nako ya selemo. Disampole tsa madi di ile tsa hlahlojwa ho sebediswa ELISA e sa tobang ya AHS ho etsa tlhahlobo ya boteng ba disele tse sireletsang mmele mafung tsa IgG. Di-Culicoide le disampole tsa dibosoleise di ile tsa lekwa pele bakeng sa boteng ba AHSV ho sebediswa PCR e teng. Disampole tsohle tse fumanweng di na le AHSV ho PCR e teng di ile tsa etswa tlhahlobo ya WOAH (e amohelehang le e tiisitsweng). Ke feela disampole tse fumanweng di na le AHSV ka tlhahlobo ya WOAH di ileng tsa nkuwa di na le AHSV. Le hoja matamo a mahlano a di-Culicoide a ile a fumanwa a e na le PCR ya kahare, ke matamo a mabedi feela a matamo ana a ileng a fumanwa a e na le kokwana-hloko tekong ya WOAH PCR. Ho feta moo, ho matamo a mabedi a ileng a fumanwa a e na le AHSV: le leng le ne le tswa Setsing sa 1 mme le ne le na le mehlala e mmedi ya C. bolitinos le letamo le leng le ne le tswa Setsing sa 7 mme le ne le na le mehlala e tsheletseng ya C. tuttifrutti. Phuputso ena e fana ka temohisiso ka mefuta-futa ya mefuta ya di-Culicoide le diboseleise sebakeng sa phuputso. Diphumano tse tlalehilweng mona di bontshitse hore dintja ha di ratehe bakeng sa mefuta ya di-Culicoid kaha ha ho le e nngwe ya dintja tse fumanweng di na le disele tse sireletsang mmeleng mafung tsa AHSV. Ho ipapisitswe le diphetho ho tswa phuputsong ena, ke mefuta ya di-Culicoide feela e nang le monyetla wa ho bapala karolo ya ho phela mariha oohle wa AHSV sebakeng seo. Leha ho le jwalo, mefuta e meng ya diboseleise le diphoofolo tse ding tse nang le lesapo la mokokotlo le tsona di lokela ho etswa dipatlisiso. Ho hlokahala dipatlisiso tse ding ho batlisisa karolo ya C. tuttifrutti le ditshintsi tse ding tse fepang madi phetisong ya AHSV le dikokwana-hloko tse ding tsa orbivirus.M. Sc. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
Employee’s psychological experiences with bank’s pay for performance system in South Africa
Get PDFOrientation: Pay-for-performance (P4P) system is a crucial organisational strategy to retain
and reward employees. However, it is not always well implemented.
Research purpose: The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions and psychological
experiences of employees about the implemented P4P system at a bank in Polokwane City in
Limpopo province.
Motivation for the study: The P4P system’s objective is to reward great performance.
However, it might also be used to punish deserving employees while unjustly and
unfairly rewarding the non-deserving employees, leading to negative perceptions and
psychological experiences by other employees.
Research approach/design and method: The study followed qualitative research design,
therefore, the 10 conveniently sampled participants’ verbatim transcribed semi-structured
interviews were analysed and interpreted from the interpretivist paradigm perspective to
understand the lived experiences of the employees with regard to how the P4P is implemented
at the bank. Content analysis was used to explore the deep, contextual meanings of the
participants’ words and to extract themes and the subsequent subthemes.
Main findings: The P4P system was perceived as a great but biased initiative and employees
psychologically experienced betrayal and confusion, felt both motivated and demotivated and
experienced the P4P as an uninspiring exercise.
Practical/managerial implications: The bank should train line managers on how to
conduct the appraisal session, more specifically on how to allocate a rating that ultimately
determines the rewards. Multiple rating techniques usage and sensitivity training for the
line managers might minimise the experienced bias and legitimise the P4P system at the
bank. Ultimately, the bank should link performance targets with bonuses to enhance
transparency, equity and perceived justice within the system.
Contribution/value-add: The study makes important first, unique, practical and scientific
contributions to employees’ perceptions and experiences (psychological experiences) of
pay-for-performance in the banking sector. The study also provides valuable insights by
exposing the challenges that limit the effectiveness of P4P in the banking sector.Industrial and Organisational Psycholog
Qualitative exploration of political parties addressing salient issues utilising YouTube during 2019 general elections
No full textGiven the importance of issue salience and the growing use of social media, this study integrated media framing theory with salient theory to create a better understanding of how issues relating to political parties play out on the audio-visuals carried by YouTube. Salience plays a large role in the interest group literature. Despite the prominence of issue salience theory, there has not been much empirical implications of the saliency theory in terms of utilising YouTube as a facilitator to claim and address issues during electoral campaigns. It has been found and stated that during election campaigns the media such as YouTube, through “media framing”, play a significant role in determining what audiences should think about campaign issues or agendas. In this study, Media framing theory focused on qualitatively exploring how audio-visual media carried by YouTube were used as a political communication tool by the African National Congress (ANC), Democratic Alliances (DA) and Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) to claim and address salient issues for the 2019 National Election Campaign. This study argues that audio-visual media carried by YouTube as a distribution channel, is a relevant medium used for electoral campaigns to facilitate claimed and addressed salient issues by the political parties. The methodology of data collection incorporate the content analysis of 24 YouTube based audio-visuals (8 audio-visuals per party) facilitating claimed and addressed salient issues, associating the message characteristics (nature, types and appeals) with message reach (number of views) and viewer engagement (types of comments). The DA and EFF notably utilised audio-visuals carried by YouTube to facilitate their intense messaging of negative campaign against the ANC, while the EFF simultaneously promoted electoral messages around its own salient issues and party’s self-presentation.M. A. (Communication Science)Communication Scienc
The role of spirituality in coping with the psychological impact of loss, grief, and death amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A South African case study
Get PDFAbstract in English with Afrikaans translationIn January 2020, the appearance of the coronavirus, scientifically termed COVID-19, was formally recognized as a major pandemic by the World Health Organization. The impact was severe, resulting in significant loss of life. In South Africa, the government proactively responded to the pandemic by implementing nationwide lockdown measures. The various restrictions that were imposed completely changed the way family and friends grieved their loved ones. Many could not be with their loved ones when they died, and this had an impact on the process of grieving and how they usually mourned, resulting in a lack of in person support during these challenging times. The purpose of this study was to explore how South Africans made sense of life and death, and how they coped and dealt with loss, grief death, and associated challenges connected to the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative study was employed by interviewing ten purposefully selected individuals. Results from the study highlight that life, death, and loss became more pronounced during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings further indicate that participants utilised various coping mechanisms to manage grief, including seeking social support using virtual platforms, exercise, breathing, spirituality, prayer, meditation, nature, as well as prescribed medication. Religion and belief systems played a significant role in helping to facilitate the grieving process, although these practices had to be adapted because of COVID-19. Faith-based beliefs, traditions, rituals, practices, and resources used to cope with the COVID-19-related experiences of loss, can inform mental health practices, programmes, and policies for dealing with loss and bereavement in the future.Die opkoms van die koronavirus of COVID-19 in Januarie 2020, gepas geïdentifiseer as 'n wêreldwye gesondheidskrisis deur die Wêreldgesondheidsorganisasie, het verwoesting in sy nasleep gelaat omdat miljoene lewens verlore gegaan het. In Suid-Afrika het die regering proaktiewe stappe gedoen om op die COVID-19-pandemie te reageer deur inperkingsmaatreëls nasionaal in te stel. Die verskeie beperkings wat ingestel was, het die manier waarop familie en vriende hul geliefdes bedroef, heeltemal verander. Baie kon nie by hul geliefdes wees toe hulle gesterf het nie, en dit het 'n impak gehad op die proses van rou en hoe hulle gewoonlik getreur het, wat gelei het tot 'n gebrek aan persoonlike ondersteuning gedurende hierdie uitdagende tye. Die doel van hierdie studie was om te ondersoek hoe Suid-Afrikaners sin gemaak het van lewe en dood, en hoe hulle verlies, hartseer dood en die gepaardgaande uitdagings verbonde aan die COVID-19-pandemie hanteer en hanteer het.’n Kwalitatiewe studie was gebruik deur onderhoude te voer met tien doelgerig geselekteerde individue. Die bevindings beklemtoon dat lewe, dood en verlies meer uitgesproke geword het tydens die COVID-19-pandemie. Bevindinge dui verder daarop dat deelnemers verskeie hanteringsmeganismes gebruik het om hartseer te bestuur, insluitend die soek van sosiale ondersteuning deur virtuele platforms, oefening, asemhaling, spiritualiteit, gebed, meditasie, die natuur, sowel as voorgeskrewe medikasie. Godsdiens en geloof het 'n beduidende rol gespeel om die rouproses te help fasiliteer, hoewel hierdie praktyke aangepas moes word as gevolg van COVID-19. Geloofsgebaseerde oortuigings, tradisies, rituele, praktyke en hulpbronne wat gebruik word om die COVID-19-verwante ervarings van verlies te hanteer, kan geestesgesondheidspraktyke, -programme en -beleide inlig vir die hantering van verlies en rou in die toekoms.M.A. (Psychology)Psycholog
Occurrence of food-borne diseases among patients presenting at a health facility in the O.R. Tambo District, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
No full textAbstract in English, Afrikaans, Xhosa and SothoOutbreaks of food-borne disease (FBDs) are frequent in South Africa. However, although notifiable, they are poorly investigated and not often reported. Consequently, there is limited understanding of the burden of FBDs within the rural areas of South Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of FBDs among patients patronising a government facility in the Eastern Cape province for the period 2016 – 2020. A cross-sectional study design using retrospective quantitative data was adopted for this study. All data of patients who were treated for FBD-related illnesses over the study period were included in the study. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis. The Statistical Package STATA (Stata/MP 18) was used to analyse the data. Significance was assessed at P <0.05. Most cases of FBDs were caused by consuming meat from cattle that had been injected with medicine (42%, n=176), followed by eating meat from dead cattle (26.25%, n= 110), cattle bitten by snakes (12.89%, n=54), chicken served at school (6.44%, n=27), and meat from dead sheep (4.30%, n= 18). A spike in the number of cases of FBDs was observed between January and June in 2016, 2018 and 2020. Throughout the study period except for 2017 and 2019, the lowest number of cases of FBDs was observed between July and December. Comorbidities like diabetes, TB, and HIV positive, plus pregnancy were associated with severe FBDs leading to increased probability of being admitted. The study highlighted the necessity for educating rural people about the dangers of food of animal origin and the role of comorbidities on the burden of FBDs on health care provision. Results reported here can guide policies that could help reduce the burden of FBDs on the health care system in rural South Africa. A one health approach that includes members of the veterinary team, medical personnel, local leaders and environmental health officers is needed to design and develop intervention strategies and education programmes. Keywords: Food of animal origin, FBDs, foodDie uitbreking van voedsel-oordraagbare siektes kom algemeen in Suid-Afrika voor. Hoewel dit egter aanmeldbaar is, word die siektes nie genoegsaam ondersoek nie en ook dikwels nie gerapporteer nie. Gevolglik is daar ’n beperkte begrip van die las van voedsel oordraagbare siektes in die landelike gebiede van Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die voorkoms van voedsel-oordraagbare siektes onder pasiënte in ’n regeringsfasiliteit in die Oos-Kaap-provinsie vir die tydperk 2016 tot 2020 te ondersoek. ’n Deursneestudie-ontwerp met die gebruik van terugwerkende kwantitatiewe data is aangeneem vir hierdie studie. Alle data van pasiënte wat vir voedsel oordraagbaarverwante siektes oor die studietydperk behandel is, is ingesluit in die studie. Die meeste gevalle van voedsel oordraagbare siektes is veroorsaak deur die inname van vleis van vee wat deur medisyne ingespuit is (42%, n=176), gevolg deur die inname van die vleis van dooie vee (26.25%, n=110), vee wat deur slange gebyt is (12.89%, n=54), hoenders wat by skole bedien is (6.44%, n=27) en vleis van skape wat gevrek het (4.30%, n=18). Daar is tussen Januarie en Junie in 2016, 2018 en 2020 ’n styging waargeneem in die getal gevalle van voedsel-oordraagbare siektes. Dwarsdeur die studietydperk, behalwe vir 2017 en 2019, is die laagste getal gevalle van voedsel-oordraagbare siektes waargeneem tussen Julie en Desember. Siektetoestande soos diabetes, TB en HIV/Vigs is geassosieer met erge voedsel-oordraagbare siektes wat gelei het tot ’n styging in die waarskynlikheid om opgeneem te word. Die studie het die noodsaaklikheid beklemtoon om mense van die platteland op te voed oor die gevare van voedsel van diere-oorsprong en die rol van siektetoestande wat betref die druk van voedsel-oordraagbare siektes op gesondheidsorgvoorsiening. Die resultate wat hier gegee word kan beleide rig wat kan help om die druk van voedsel oordraagbare siektes op die gesondheidsorgstelsel in landelike Suid-Afrika te verminder. ’n Een gesondheidbenadering wat lede van die veeartsenyspan, mediese personeel, plaaslike leiers en omgewingsgesondheidsamptenare insluit, is nodig om ingrypingstrategieë en opvoedingsprogramme te ontwerp en te ontwikkel.Ukuqhambuka kwezifo ezithwalwa kukutya (FBDs) kuxhaphakile eMzantsi Afrika. Nangona kunjalo, noxa ziqapheleka, aziphandwa ngokwaneleyo kwaye akusoloko kunikwa ngxelo ngazo. Ngenxa yoko, kukho ukusilela kokuwuqonda umthwalo weeFBD kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni eMzantsi Afrika. Injongo yolu phando yaba kukuphonononga ukuvela kweeFBD phakathi kwezigulana eziquqa kwiziko likarhulumente kwiphondo leMpuma Koloni kwisithuba sonyaka ka2016 – 2020. Kolu phando kwakhethwa uyilo lophando olugxile kwindawo ethile kusetyenziswa iinkcukacha zophando/idatha zentyilobungakanani yeziganeko ezadlulayo. Zonke inkcukacha zezigulana ezanyangelwa izigulo ezinxulumene neFBD ngexesha lophando ziye zabandakanywa kolu phando. Iinkcukacha zophando zihlalutywe ngokusebenzisa iinkcukachamanani ezichazayo kunye nohlalutyo lwezinto ezininzi ezixubileyo (multivariate). Uninzi lweziganeko zeFBD zabangelwa kukutya inyama yeenkomo ezazitofwe ngeyeza (42%, n = 176), zilandelwe ziziganeko zokutya inyama yeenkomo ezifileyo (26.25%, n= 110), inyama yenkomo elunywe yinyoka (12.89%, n=54), inyama yenkuku ephakwa esikolweni (6.44%, n=27), nenyama yegusha ezifileyo (4.30%, n= 18). Ukunyuka kwamanani kwaqapheleka phakathi kwenyanga kaJanyuwari noJuni ngonyaka ka2016, 2018 no2020. Kulo lonke eli xesha lophando ngaphandle konyaka ka2017 no2019, kwaqatshelwa elona nani liphantsi leziganeko zeFBD phakathi kukaJulayi noDisemba. Izigulo ezihambelanayo (comorbidities) ezinjengeswekile, iTB neHIV kunye nokukhulelwa zaba zizo ezanxulunyaniswa neFBD enobungozi nto leyo eyakhokelela ekwandeni kwamathuba okulaliswa. Olu phando lubalule imfuneko yokufundiswa kwabantu basemaphandleni ngobungozi bokutya okumvelaphi yako zizilwanyana kunye nenxaxheba yezigulo ezihambelanayokumthwalo weeFBD ekuhanjisweni kweenkozo zempilo. Iziphumo ezichazwe apha zingasisikhokelo kwimigaqonkqubo enokuncedisa ekunciphiseni umthwalo kwinkqubo yokukhathalelo lwezempilo kuMzantsi Afrika onendawo ezisemaphandleni. Indlela enye yezempilo ebandakanya amalungu eqela lonyango lwezilwanyana, abasebenzi kwezempilo, iinkokheli zokuhlala, amagosa ezempilo kwezokusingqongileyo iyafuneka ukuze iyile kwaye iphuhlise izicwangcisoqhinga zongenelelo neenkqubo zemfundo.Ho qhoma ha mafu a bakwang ke dijo (di-FBD) ho etsahala kgafetsa Afrika Borwa. Leha ho le jwalo, le hoja a tsejwa, ha a batlisiswe hantle mme ha a tlalehwe hangata. Ka lebaka leo, ho na le kutlwisiso e fokolang ya boima ba di-FBD ka hara dibaka tsa mahaeng tsa Afrika Borwa. Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho batlisisa ho ba teng ha di-FBD hara bakudi ba yang kgafetsa setsing sa mmuso porofenseng ya Kapa Botjhabela bakeng sa nako ya 2016 - 2020. Moralo wa phuputso o fapaneng o sebedisang datha ya morao-rao wa sebediswa bakeng sa phuputso ena. Datha yohle ya bakudi ba ileng ba alafshwa bakeng sa mafu a amanang le FBD nakong ya phuputso e kenyeleditswe phuputsong. Datha e ile ya hlahlojwa ho sebediswa dipalo-palong tse hlalosang le manollo ya dintho tse fapaneng. Bongata ba di-FBD bo bakwa ke ho ja nama ya kgomo e tshetsweng moriana (42%, n=176), ho latelwe ke ho ja nama ya dikgomo tse shweleng (26.25%, n=110), dikgomo tse lonngweng ke dinoha (12.89%). n=54), nama ya kgoho e jewang sekolong (6.44%, n=27), le nama ya dinku tse shweleng (4.30%, n=18). Keketseho ya palo ya diketsahalo tsa FBD e ile ya bonwa dipakeng tsa Pherekgong le Phupjane ka 2016, 2018 le 2020. Nakong yohle ya phuputso ntle le 2017 le 2019, palo e tlase haholo ya diketsahalo tsa FBD e ya bonwa dipakeng tsa Phupu le Tshitwe. Mafu a kang lefu la tswekere, lefuba le HIV, hammoho le boimana a ne a amahanngwa le di-FBD tse matla tse lebisang ho eketseheng ha monyetla wa ho kena sepetlele. Phuputso e ile ya totobatsa tlhokahalo ya ho ruta batho ba mahaeng ka dikotsi tsa dijo tsa tlhaho ya diphoofolo le karolo ya mafu hodima boima ba di-FBD ka phano ya tlhokomelo ya bophelo. Diphetho tse tlalehilweng mona di ka tataisa maano a ka thusang ho fokotsa boima ba di-FBD tsamaisong ya tlhokomelo ya bophelo mahaeng a Afrika Borwa. Katamelo e le nngwe ya bophelo bo botle e kenyelletsang ditho tsa sehlopha sa bongaka ba diphoofolo, basebeletsi ba tsa bongaka, baetapele ba dibaka le diofisiri tsa bophelo bo botle ba tikoloho e ya hlokahala ho rala le ho hlahisa maano a ho kenella le mananeo a thuto.M.A. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
The transition effect from traditional to virtual office : a case of the South African Civil Aviation Authority
No full textGlobally, industries have been forced to adjust to the “new normal” of operations introduced by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paradigm shift has imposed new business ways and has significantly impacted work environments. Traditional office work relied on physical interactions and swiftly transitioned to virtual operations. The aftermath of the pandemic has introduced various dynamics in the workplace. The primary objective of this study was to determine and comprehend the experiences of SACAA employees as they transitioned from a traditional office environment to virtual work. The study examined the organisation’s experiences where virtual work has been implemented and analysed whether these adjustments have had positive or negative effects on strengthening SACAA’s operations.
A qualitative, exploratory and phenomenological approach involving 25 participants was employed. The primary participants, selected for face-to-face semi-structured interviews, included two Executive Managers, three Senior Managers, four Operational Management Employees, one Quality Specialist, one Project Specialist, one International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Specialist, one Information Technology (IT) Specialist, two Administrators and seven Inspectors. Additionally, three employee members who provided support were interviewed. The researcher retrieved the contact details of all participants from the SACAA website. Qualitative data were transcribed, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify key themes. The study provided recommendations to ensure that SACAA and its employees gain valuable insights for successfully managing a virtual workforce.
The findings revealed seven key themes. Through an in-depth analysis, these themes highlighted the complex dynamics of virtual work, especially in a unique context of COVID-19 pandemic. SACAA employees showed different levels of comfort with digital tools and virtual collaboration platforms. Some employees appreciated the flexibility and convenience of virtual work, while others were concerned about sustaining productivity and balancing work life dynamics outside the traditional office environment.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen