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Application of longitudinal multilevel zero inflated Poisson regression in modeling of infectious diseases among infants in Ethiopia
No full textAbstract
Background
In sub-Saharan African countries, preventable and manageable diseases such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infections still claim the lives of children. Hence, this study aims to estimate the rate of change in the log expected number of days a child suffers from Diarrhea (NOD) and flu/common cold (NOF) among children aged 6 to 11 months at the baseline of the study.
Methodology
This study used secondary data which exhibit a longitudinal and multilevel structure. Based on the results of exploratory analysis, a multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression model with a rate of change in the log expected NOD and NOF described by a quadratic trend was proposed to efficiently analyze both outcomes accounting for correlation between observations and individuals through random effects. Furthermore, residual plots were used to assess the goodness of fit of the model.
Results
Considering subject and cluster-specific random effects, the results revealed a quadratic trend in the rate of change of the log expected NOD. Initially, low dose iron Micronutrient Powder (MNP) users exhibited a higher rate of change compared to non-users, but this trend reversed over time. Similarly, the log expected NOF decreased for children who used MNP and exclusively breastfed for six months, in comparison to their counterparts. In addition, the odds of not having flu decreased with each two-week increment for MNP users, as compared to non-MNP users. Furthermore, an increase in NOD resulted in an increase in the log expected NOF. Region and exclusive breastfeeding also have a significant relationships with both NOD and NOF.
Conclusion
The findings of this study underscore the importance of commencing analysis of data generated from a study with exploratory analysis. The study highlights the critical role of promoting EBF for the first six months and supporting children with additional food after six months to reduce the burden of infectious diseases
Predicting intercultural adaptation of expatriates within a South African context
Get PDFExpatriates often face challenges when trying to adjust to the working conditions, and social and cultural environment of their new host country. In this thesis a tentative model is formulated to predict the intercultural adaptation of expatriates in South Africa. The research is founded on the notion that positive self-efficacy is an important explanatory construct in the expatriate context, and that together with other psychological and socio-cultural constructs, it helps to explain why some expatriates find it easier to adapt to the host country than others.
The research was conducted using a survey-based research design and entailed the development of a psychological instrument involving a number of subscales, notably Sherer’s General Self-Efficacy Scale, The Cultural Intelligence Scale, The Profile of Emotional Competence, and The Perceived Cultural Distance Scale. The questionnaire was submitted online via the MyEcho platform to two samples of participants, representing two different population groups. One sample, labelled the pilot group (n=506), consisted of expatriates living outside South Africa, and a second sample, designated as the study group (n=909), comprised expatriates residing in South Africa.
The response data were statistically analysed in two stages. In a first stage, the subscales and composite scales of both samples were evaluated for reliability and validity, and the two samples were also compared. This yielded some insight into the type of individuals that form the immigrant population in South Africa, and the unique circumstances and challenges they have to face in this country. In a second stage, a mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis was conducted using the PROCESS computational tool and model templates developed by Hayes (2022).
This analysis was applied to explore different models of relationships between self-efficacy as the main variable, and cultural intelligence, perceived cultural distance, and emotional intelligence, as the moderating, mediating, or conditional processing variables. Intercultural adjustment was the dependent variable in these analyses.
The main conclusions emerging from the research are surprising. Ability-based skills are not the primary drivers of positive intercultural adaptation – external circumstances, such as the welcoming nature of the host country nationals and support, are more important. The theoretical implications of the findings, and practical solutions to address expatriate failure are discussed, and a partial predictive model is suggested of what a positively adjusted expatriate resembles. Future research could fill out this model, but even in its current form it may provide researchers and employers with a baseline for screening potential expatriates.Ph. D. (Psychology)Psycholog
Socio-economic factors that affect livestock herd size : a case study of smallholder cattle farmers in Lepelle-Nkumpi municipality, Limpopo
No full textText in English, abstracts in English and Northern SothoThe study was conducted at Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality in the Limpopo Province of South Africa. The main objective of the study was to determine the socio-economic factors affecting cattle herd size in the study area. The research was quantitative in approach and used a proportionate stratified sampling technique that adopted the method proposed by Krejcie and Morgan to determine a sample size of two hundred and sixty- one (261) smallholder cattle farmers. Respondents were interviewed through a questionnaire to answer objectives of the study. Collected data were captured and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). SPSS was used to obtain descriptive statistics (the frequency, percentages, mean, variance, standard deviation, cross-tabulation) and OLS multiple linear regression model. Descriptive statistics results revealed that draught; practical knowledge; no/less grazing land; maintenance; water circulation; getting good breeding stock; poor market prices; small grazing land; stock theft; insufficient or no breeding stock and pest/parasites were prevailing factors affecting cattle herd size in Lepelle-Nkumpi Municipality.
Most of the farmers stated that they would like their livestock to increase by (94.8%). OLS multiple linear regression results revealed significant variables such as age; household size; sales per year; livestock keeping and planted pasture. The study revealed a link between significant independent variables, which will help smallholder cattle farmers to alleviate their vulnerability to cattle herd size and age.
This study recommends that smallholder livestock farmers should be provided with extension services, training, and stakeholder engagement to provide subsidies, and ensuring that distribution of policies are provided with equal benefits. Furthermore, this study recommend that farmers should plant pastures and practise camp system to avoid overgrazing and overstocking, while planting pastures would help them to minimise costs and increase forage for feeding livestock. Moreover, greater consideration in creating farmers assortations to support and monitor farmers should be encouraged.Thuto ye e dirilwe masepaleng wa Lepelle-Nkumpi ka Profenseng ya Limpopo ka Afrika Borwa. Maikemišetšo a magolo a nyakišišo e be e le go laetša mabaka a ekonomi ya leago ao a amago bogolo bja mohlape wa dikgomo mo lefelong la nyakišišo. Nyakišišo e be e le ya boleng gomme e šomišitše thekniki ya go tšea mehlala ya go lekana ya stratified yeo e amogetšego mokgwa wo o šišintšwego ke Krejcie le Morgan go laetša bogolo bja sampole ya balemirui ba dikgomo ba makgolo a mabedi le masometshela-tee (261). Ba arabetšego ba ile ba botšološišwa ka lenaneopotšišo, go araba maikemišetšo a nyakišišo. Datha ye e kgobokeditšwego e ile ya thopša le go sekaseka ka go šomiša sephuthelwana sa dipalopalo sa mahlale a leago. SPSS e ile ya šomišwa go hwetša dipalopalo tše di hlalošago (maqhubu, diphesente, magareng, phapano, go fapoga ga maemo, sefapano-tabulation) le mohlala wa OLS multiple linear regression.
Dipoelo tša dipalopalo tše di hlalošago di utollotše gore go goga; tsebo e šomago; ga go/naga ya phulo ye nnyane; tlhokomelo; go dikološwa ga meetse; go hwetša setoko se sebotse sa tswadišo; ditheko tše di fokolago tša mmaraka; naga ye nnyane ya phulo; bohodu bja setoko; go se lekane goba go se be le setoko sa tswadišo le disenyi/diphelakadingwe e be e le mabaka ao a bego a ama bogolo bja mohlape wa dikgomo ka mmasepaleng wa Lepelle-Nkumpi. Bontši bja balemirui ba boletše gore ba rata gore diruiwa tša bona di oketšege ka (94.8%). Dipoelo tša OLS multiple linear regression di utollotše diphetogo tše bohlokwa tša go swana le mengwaga; bogolo bja lapa; thekiso ka ngwaga; go hlokomela diruiwa le mafulo a bjetšwego.
Thuto e utolotše kgokagano magareng ga diphetogo tše bohlokwa tše di ikemetšego tšeo di tlago thuša balemirui ba dikgomo ba balemirui ba bannyane go fokotša go hlaselega gabonolo ga bona go bogolo bja mohlape wa dikgomo le mengwaga. Thuto e šišinya gore balemirui ba diruiwa ba bannyane ba swanetše go fiwa ditirelo tša katološo, tlhahlo, le go tsenela bakgathatema go aba dithušo tša ditšhelete, le go netefatša gore kabo ya melawana e fiwa ka mehola ya go lekana.
Thuto, go feta fao, e šišinya gore Balemirui ba swanetše go bjala mafulo le go itlwaetša tshepedišo ya kampa go efoga go fula kudu le go swara diruiwa go feta tekano, mola go bjala mafulo go be go tla ba thuša go fokotša ditshenyegelo le go oketša furu ya go fepa diruiwa. Go feta fao, hlohleletša go ela hloko kudu go hloleng mehuta ya balemirui go thekga le go hlokomela balemirui.M. Sc. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
The state of SDGs and sustainability practices of public sector entities: Evidence from under-investigated context
Get PDFThe role of public sector entities is considered significant to achieving the global agenda of SDGs by 2030. Therefore, the purpose of this study to evaluate the state of SDGs and sustainability practices of public sector entities in Nigeria. To achieve the study’s objective, we use survey method to get first-hand information from relevant practitioners in the field of sustainability in the public sector entities in Nigeria. The study obtained information from 251 respondents from 20 public sector entities from 10 different sectors. Also, to further extract information on the state of SDGs and sustainability practices of public sector entities in Nigeria, we desk examine the Voluntary National Review (VNR) reports on SDGs and sustainability issues for years 2017 and 2020 respectively. The findings show there is a growing interest in the public sector organizations towards SDGs and sustainability among practitioners and policy makers. Also, the findings reveal that lack of tools and standardizing procedure is the biggest challenge encountered in tracking and measuring sustainability and SDGs issues. There are three major implications observed from the findings. First, there is need for public-private partnership in advancing sustainability agenda especially in developing economics. Second, international standard-setters should endeavor to issue a global framework to standardize SDGs and sustainability reporting process. Third, the theoretical validation of stakeholder theory perfectly fits in with SDGs and sustainability practices which represents the interest of stakeholders.AuditingN/
Search for heavy resonances in final states with four leptons and missing transverse momentum or jets in pp collisions at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No full textAbstract A search for a new heavy boson produced via gluon-fusion in the four-lepton channel with missing transverse momentum or jets is performed. The search uses proton-proton collision data equivalent to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS detector between 2015 and 2018 at the Large Hadron Collider. This study explores the decays of heavy bosons: R → SH and A → ZH, where R is a CP-even boson, A is a CP-odd boson, H is a CP-even boson, and S is considered to decay into invisible particles that are candidates for dark matter. In these processes, S → invisible and H → ZZ. The Z boson associated with the heavy scalar boson H decays into all decay channels of the Z boson. The mass range under consideration is 390–1300 (320–1300) GeV for the R (A) boson and 220–1000 GeV for the H boson. No significant deviation from the Standard Model backgrounds is observed. The results are interpreted as upper limits at a 95% confidence level on the cross-section times the branching ratio of the heavy resonances
An explorative study of victims’ participatory rights in parole decisions in the province of Gauteng, South Africa
Get PDFText in English with abstracts in English and SepediWhen it comes to parole decisions issued by South African Parole Boards, victims’ rights are not clearly defined. The study utilised the expertise of twenty-one (21) parole members from five (5) Parole Boards in the province of Gauteng in South Africa, to provide insight about victims' participatory rights in parole decisions. This research investigated how certain rights that are relevant under the Victims’ Charter are excluded from victims' participation in parole hearings. Victims' lack of knowledge of their rights in the Department of Correctional Services (DCS) process cannot be taken out of context, since the low turnout of victims in processes supports the contention that the parole system is ineffective. The rights of victims have limitations in South African Parole Boards, and certain rights protected by the Victims’ Charter and the South African Constitution are not addressed. Legislation should be reviewed to incorporate compensation and restitution as guaranteed rights when victims attend parole hearings.
This study adopted a qualitative approach, and utilised semi-structured interviews as a tool to gather data regarding the rights of victims when they participate in parole hearings. Data was thematically organised throughout the analysis process to align with the objectives of the study. This study is influenced by three important models that helps decision-makers to make well-informed decisions during the decision-making process. These models consist of the procedural justice model, participation model, outcome model, and the balancing model developed by John Thibaut and Lauren Walker in 1975. According to Thibaut and Walker(1975) theories, those in dispute do not believe that procedures are fair. They will try not to give them credibility, but try to avoid using them, and if they are utilised, they are not compelled to accept the outcomes. Furthermore, Leventhal’s six (6) rules of fairness are instrumental for the study because they are guidelines used to determine if victims and offenders are treated fairly when decisions are made in a decision-making process.
The findings of the study on administrative expertise show that DCS staff members and senior officials in the roles of Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson of the Parole Board have extensive knowledge in DCS procedures. However, subordinates lacked this knowledge, particularly community members. Legislative education is necessary for community members making decisions in order to achieve realistic parole hearing results. Victims lack of interest in participating in procedures is a challenge that the
DCS needs to continually address in its organisational conferences. Victims who are at risk of being victimised should not be requested to attend parole hearings, since this would be viewed as reluctance to engage in DCS procedures, and the use of victim impact statements should be promoted.
In South Africa, Parole Boards at present base their decisions mostly on the development of offenders while they are inside, rather than factors that might increase rates of recidivism in the community. As a result, victims find the parole system complicated. Fairness, openness, and consistency in procedures should be practiced by the DCS to maintain public trust. The study presented a brief overview of every process the DCS employs to include victims in parole decisions. The research also underlined the need of providing the DCS employees such as social workers, community members, and social auxiliary workers priority.
The rights of victims must always come first in all departmental processes, including the parole process, to guarantee that offenders adhere to the terms of their release and that victims regain trust in the DCS. The study focused on legislation that secure the rights of victims and vulnerable individuals throughout the parole process. The findings of the study included recommendations for an effective parole system that would take into account the rights of victims in the province of Gauteng, and incorporate certain rights that victims are not granted at parole hearings, but that are necessary for them to recuperate from the effects of crimes.Ge go bolelwa ka diphetho tsa parola tseo di ntshitswego ke Diboto tsa Parola tsa Afrika Borwa, ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo ga di hlaloswe gabotse. Nyakisiso e somisitse bokgoni bja maloko a masomepedi-tee (21) a parola go tswa go Diboto tsa Parola tse hlano (5) ka profenseng ya Gauteng ka Afrika Borwa, go fa kwesiso ka go ditokelo tsa botseakarolo tsa batswasehlabelo ka diphethong tsa parola. Nyakisiso ye e nyakisisitse ka fao ditokelo tse itsego tseo di lego maleba ka fase ga Tshatha ya Batswasehlabelo di sa akaretswego go botseakarolo bja batswasehlabelo nakong ya ditheeletso tsa parola. Tlhokego ya tsebo ya batswasehlabelo ka ditokelo tsa bona mabapi le tshepediso ya Kgoro ya Ditirelo tsa Tshokollo (DCS) e ka se phaelwe thoko ka ge palo ya fase ya go tsea karolo ga batswasehlabelo ditshepedisong e thekga ngangisano ya gore tshepediso ya parola ga e some gabotse. Ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo di na le mellwane ka Dibotong tsa Parola tsa Afrika Borwa, gomme ditokelo tse itsego tseo di sireleditswego ke Tshatha ya Batswasehlabelo le Molaotheo wa Afrika Borwa ga go soganwe le tsona. Molao o swanetse go sekasekwa gape go akaretsa diputseletso le pusetso bjalo ka ditokelo tse di kgonthisitswego ge batswasehlabelo ba tsenela ditheeletso tsa parola. Nyakisiso ye e amogetse mokgwa wa khwalithethifi le go somisa dibopego tsa seripagare bjalo ka sediriswa sa go kgoboketsa datha mabapi le ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo ge ba tsea karolo ditheeletsong tsa parola. Datha e be e beakantswe ka hlogotaba go ralala le tshepediso ya tshekatsheko go sepetsana le maikemisetso a nyakisiso. Nyakisiso ye e huetswa ke dika tse nne tse bohlokwa tseo di thusago batsei ba diphetho go tsea diphetho tse di hlakilego gabotse nakong ya tshepediso ya tseo ya diphetho. Dimotlolo tse di na bopilwe ka mmotlolo wa toka ya tshepediso; mmotlolo wa tseo ya karolo; mmotlolo wa dipoelo; le mmotlolo wa tekatekano wo o hlamilwego ke John Thibaut le Lauren Walker ka 1975. Go ya ka diteori tsa Thibaut le Walker’s (1975), bao ba ganetsanago le bona ga ba dumele gore ditshepediso di lokile. Ba tla leka go se ba fe tlhompho, eupsa go e na le go efoga go di somisa, gomme ge di somiswa, ga ba gapeletsege go amogela dipoelo. Go feta fao, melawana ya Leventhal ya toka ye tshela (6) e bohlokwa kudu mo nyakisisong ye ka gobane e soma bjalo ka ditlhahli tsa go bona ge e ba batswasehlabelo le basenyi ba swarwa ka toka ge diphetho di tsewa nakong ya tshepediso ya tseo ya diphetho. Dikutullo tsa nyakisiso ya bokgoni bja taolo di bontsha gore maloko a basomi a DCS le bahlankedi ba bagolo bao ba lego maemong a bodulasetulo le botlatsamodulasetulo bja Boto ya Parola ba na le tsebo ye kgolo ya ditshepediso tsa DCS. Le ge go le bjalo, bao ba bego ba le ka fase ga bona ba be ba hloka tsebo ye, kudukudu maloko a setshaba. Thuto ya molao e a nyakega gore maloko a setshaba a tsee diphetho gore a fihlelele dipoelo tsa makgonthe tsa theeletso ya parola. Tlhokego ya kgahlego ya batswasehlabelo mo go tseeng karolo ka ditshepedisong ke tlhohlo yeo DCS e swanetsego go e rarolla ka go tswela pele dikhonferenseng tsa yona tsa mokgatlo. Batswasehlabelo bao ba lego kotsing ya go hlaselwa ga se ba swanela go kgopelwa go ba gona ditheeletsong tsa parola, ka ge se se tla bonwa bjalo ka go dikadika go tsea karolo ditshepedisong tsa DCS. Tshomiso ya ditatamente tsa khuetso ya batswasehlabelo e swanetse go tswetswa pele. Ka Afrika Borwa, Diboto tsa Parola mo nakong ye di bea diphetho tsa tsona kudu godimo ga tlhabollo ya basenyi ge ba le ka gare go e na le mabaka ao a ka oketsago ditekanyo tsa go boela bosenying ka gare ga setshaba. Ka lebaka leo, batswasehlabelo ba hwetsa tshepediso ya parola e le ye thata. Toka, phihlelelego, le go se fetoge mo ditshepedisong di swanetse go somiswa ke DCS go boloka tshepo ya setshaba. Nyakisiso e tsweleditse kakaretso ye kopana ya tshepediso ye nngwe le ye nngwe yeo e somiswago ke DCS go akaretsa batswasehlabelo diphethong tsa parola. Dinyakisiso di gateletse gape tlhokego ya go etisa pele basomi ba DCS, go swana le badirelaleago, maloko a setshaba, le basomi ba thuso ba leago. Ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo di swanetse go tla pele ka mehla mo ditshepedisong ka moka tsa kgoro, go akaretswa tshepediso ya parola, go netefatsa gore basenyi ba latela dipeelano tsa tokollo ya bona le gore ba hwetsa tshepo gape ka go DCS. Nyakisiso e be e lebeletse kudu molao wo o kgonthisetsago ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo le batho bao ba lego kotsing tshepedisong ka moka ya parola. Dikutullo tsa nyakisiso ye di be di akaretsa ditshisinyo tsa tshepediso ya parola ye e somago gabotse yeo e bego e tla ela hloko ditokelo tsa batswasehlabelo ka Gauteng le go akaretsa ditokelo tse itsego tseo batswasehlabelo ba sa di fiwago ditheeletsong tsa parola, eupsa tseo di nyakegago gore ba kaonafale go tswa ditlamoragong tsa bosenyi.M.A. (Corrections Management)Corrections Managemen
Effectiveness of science calculators' usage teaching and learning grade 11 parabolic functions in Sekhukhune East District of Limpopo Province
No full textThe usage of information and communication technology within the context of school mathematics is mainly by using non-programmable calculators and computers, including access to the internet and materials for use with these tools (Van De Walle, Karp & Bya-Williams, 2019:107). Moreover, humans have remained exposed to four industrial revolutions, which include the era of machine, electrical energy stage, the era of electronic engineering and the era of the Internet by way of a platform (Peters, 2017:1). Leong and Parrot (2018:131-132) assert that under the guidance of mathematics teachers, learners at various proficiency levels can employ technological tools, such as scientific calculators to support and increase mathematical reasoning. This is achieved by deriving meaning, accessing content within the context of assigned tasks, resolving mathematical problems and fostering heightened computational confidence. The use of a scientific calculator as a device has shown the potential to stimulate learners’ cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills (Nandwa & Wasike, 2016:114).
Mathematics is an important subject that plays a vital role in society, but learners perform poorly. The poor performance of learners in mathematics, especially in parabola functions, can be associated with a lack of conceptual understanding (Ndlovu & Brijal, 2015; Parent, 2015:24). It is in this vein that the researcher decided to explore the effectiveness of scientific calculators’ usage in teaching and learning Grade 11 parabola functions. Moreover, this study focused on enhancing the academic performance of underperforming schools in teaching and comprehending parabola functions by incorporating technological tools like scientific calculators. This study also intended to improve the teaching approach by integrating technological tools such as scientific calculators. The study followed a pre-test-intervention-post-test sequential mixed methods design using quantitative and qualitative data. The techniques used to answer the research questions involved pre-test, post-test, classroom observation and interviews with the teachers before and after the intervention process. This study was tailored to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, supported by Bandura's observation learning theory.
The teacher in the experimental group introduced the use of scientific calculators to solve problems on parabola functions while the learners observed and paid attention. Moreover, learners learned to use scientific calculators to solve problems on parabola functions through social interaction with the teacher and each other.
The research was conducted in two selected secondary schools in the Tubatse Circuit of Sekhukhune East District of the Limpopo Province, using explanatory sequential mixed methods. The population comprised 80 Grade 11 learners and two mathematics teachers from the two selected schools. The results of the analyses obtained from pre-test, post-test, classroom observation and semi-structured interviews show that the intervention strategy on the usage of scientific calculators in solving problems on parabola functions influenced learners’ performance. The mean mark of the scores of learners in the experimental group is higher than the mean mark of the scores of learners in the control group in the post-test. Moreover, the p-value, which is less than 0.001 (p<0.001) at a 95% confidence level, signifies a significant difference in the marks between the control and experimental group learners. The results of the classroom observations and the semi-structured interviews with the teachers specify that the intervention strategy impacted the teaching approach. Learners in the experimental group were not actively involved in the teaching and learning process before the intervention. However, after the intervention, all the learners were actively engaged in the teaching and learning process when solving problems on parabola functions.M.A. (Mathematics Education)Mathematics Educatio
Assessing the Efficacy of Public Procurement Policy and Legal Framework To Combat Corruption in Selected Regions in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
No full textPublic Administration and Managemen
A critical and comparative analysis of delegation and reliance by company directors under the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008
No full textDelegation by directors and reliance on third parties is an important practical issue. Directors unlawfully delegating their powers or relying on third parties could face serious consequences, such as liability for breach of fiduciary duties, or even disqualification from acting as directors. Uncertainty over when a director may appropriately delegate to or rely on others could foster an overcautious approach to managing the company’s affairs and impede the company’s decision-making processes. This article critically analyses the principles of directors’ delegation and reliance on third parties under the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008. It contends that these principles lack clarity and are ambiguous. It compares these principles to the equivalent provisions of the Revised Model Business Corporations Act 1984 of the United States of America and the Corporations Act 2001 of Australia and makes recommendations to clarify and improve the law relating to delegation and reliance by company directors.Mercantile La
A framework for agile project management for the water industry in developing countries
No full textAbstract in English, Tsonga and AfrikaansThe water industry in developing countries is grappling with several challenges, including water scarcity, pollution of water sources, increasing demand, climate change, low levels of innovation and technology adoption, high water loss, and governance and management issues. This research explored the complexities of water management and examined the application of agile methods in the water industry. While agile practices are predominantly associated with information Technology (IT), their use has expanded to other industries, primarily for successful software projects. Although agile methods enhance organisational flexibility to adapt to rapid changes in complex business environments, they are rarely used in the water industry. Therefore, this research aimed to develop an agile framework specifically for the water industry. Based on a comprehensive literature review, qualitative propositions were developed, leading to a conceptual framework for the water industry in developing countries. This framework was published in a scholarly journal, contributing to both knowledge and practice. It was further refined through interviews with industry stakeholders and validated in a focus group. Several propositions were confirmed through a survey. Data analysis was conducted, using ATLAS.ti revealed that the water industry is constrained by rigid regulatory compliance, which stifles innovation and agility. The industry predominantly relies on traditional management practices and has limited awareness of agile methods, often viewed as IT-specific and unsuitable for construction or water infrastructure projects. Additionally, there is also a lack of adaptive and sustainable water management (SWM) and project management (SPM). The lack of continuous improvement, low collaboration, and bureaucratic hurdles further impede the achievement of sustainable outcomes. Overall, the research combines water management, sustainability, project management, strategic management, governance and Agile. It offers guidance for researchers and decision-makers in the water sector. The study recommends that the water sector adopts hybrid (agile/traditional) approaches and adaptive management to achieve the United Nations sustainable development goals (SDGs). It also recommends further research on hybrid approaches and regulatory compliance management in the water sector.Indhasitiri ya mati ka matiko lama hluvukaka ya na mintlhontlho yo tala, ku katsa nkayivelo wa mati, nthyakiso wa switirhisiwa swa mati, ntlakuso wa xilaveko, ncinco wa maxele, swiyimo swa le hansi swa vutumbuluxi na ku amukeriwa ka thekinoloji, ku lahlekeriwa lokukulu ka mati, na timhaka ta vulawuri na vufambisi. Ndzavisiso wu valanga manonohwelo ya malawulelo ya mati no kambisisa matsalelo ya maendlelo ya Malawulelo ya Mfambo wo Olova eka indhasitiri ya mati. Loko mintolovelo ya Malawulelo ya Mfambo wo Olova yi xakelana na mahungu ya Thekinoloji (MH), mpfuneto wa yona wu anamisiwile ka tiindhasitiri tin’wana, ngopfu ku humelerisa tiphurojeke ta sofutiwere. Hambileswi maendlelo ya Malawulelo ya Mfambo wo Olova ya tlakusaka matirhelo, mboyama wa nhlangano ku tiyelanisa na micinco eka mimbango yo nonohwa ya mabindzu, a yi tali ku tirhisiwa ka indhasitiri ya mati. Kutani, ndzavisiso lowu wu kongomisa ka ku hluvukisa rimba ra Malawulelo ya Mfambo wa le henhla ngopfu ka indhasitiri ya mati. Hi ku ya hi mpfuxeleto wo twisiseka wa matsalwa, mibumabumelo ya nkoka yi hluvukisiwile, ku ya ka rimba ra xinongoti ka indhasitiri ya mati eka matiko lama hluvukaka. Rimba leri ri kandziyisiwile eka jenali ya vutsari bya le henhla, ku va na xiave ka ntolovelo na vutivi. Ku yisa emahlweni ku vile na ku antswisa hi tiintavhiyuwi na vakondleteri va indhasitiri no kambisisiwa ka ntlawa kongoma. Mibumabumelo yo tala yi tiyisisiwile hi mbalango. Nxopaxopo wa data wu endliwile hi ku tirhisa ATLAS.ti, wu paluxa leswaku indhasitiri ya mati yi voyamerisiwa hi ku landzelela leswi bohiweke swo tiya nkarhi na nkarhi, leswi tisaka malawulelo ya mfambo wo nonohwa na ncinco. Indhasitiri yi tshembhela ngopfu ka mintolovelo ya ndhavuko ya malawulelo naswona yi na pfhumbha ro pimiwa ra maendlelo ya Mfambo wo nonohwa, leswi swi voniwaka tanihi nkongomanisa-IT na ku va swi nga fambelani na vumakelo kumbe tiphurojeke ta swimakiwa swa mati. Hi ntlhandlekelo, ku na nkayivelo wa malawulelo ya mati wo fanekela no yisa emahlweni (FYE) na malawulelo ya phurojeke (MYP). Nkayivelo wo yisa emahlweni antswiso, vuhlanganisi bya le hansi, na swirhalanganyi swa xibyurokirasi swi kavanyeta humelelo wa mimbuyelo ku yisa emahlweni. Hinkwaswo, ndzavisiso wu katsakanya malawulelo ya mati, yo yisa emahlweni, malawulelo ya phurojeke, malawulelo ya qhingha, mafumelo na malawulelo ya Mfambo wo Olova. Swi nyika vulawuri ka valavisisi na vateka-swiboho eka xiyenge xa mati. Dyondzo yi bumabumela leswaku xiyenge xa mati xi tekela maendlelo ya xihayibiridi (Mfambo wo Olova/ndhavuko) na malawulelo yo antswa ku humelerisa swikongomelo swa Mihlangano ya Tinxaka yo yisa emahlweni na malawulelo yo yisa emahlweni (MYE). Swi nga ha bumabumela ndzavisiso wo yisa emahlweni ka maendlelo ya hayibiridi na malawulelo yo lawula vulandzelela eka xiyenge xa matiDie waterbedryf in ontwikkelende lande sukkel met verskeie uitdagings, insluitende waterskaarsheid, besoedeling van waterbronne, toenemende vraag na water, klimaatsverandering, lae vlakke van innovasie en tegnologie-aanname, hoë waterverlies, en regerings- en bestuurskwessies. Hierdie navorsing het die kompleksiteite van waterbestuur verken en die toepassing van lenige metodes in die waterbedryf ondersoek. Terwyl lenige praktyke hoofsaaklik geassosieer word met inligtingstegnologie, het die nut daarvan uitgebrei na ander bedrywe, hoofsaaklik vir suksesvolle sagtewareprojekte. Hoewel lenige metodes organisatoriese buigsaamheid bevorder om aan te pas by snelle veranderings in komplekse sake-omgewings, word dit baie min gebruik in die waterbedryf. Dus is daar met hierdie navorsing probeer om ’n lenige raamwerk te ontwikkel spesifiek vir die waterbedryf. Kwalitatiewe voorstelle is ontwikkel gebaseer op ’n omvattende literatuuroorsig, wat gelei het tot ’n konseptuele raamwerk vir die waterbedryf in ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie raamwerk is gepubliseer in ’n wetenskaplike joernaal en dra by tot sowel kennis as praktyk. Dit is verder verfyn deur onderhoude met bedryfsbelanghebbendes en bekragtig in ’n fokusgroep. Verskeie voorstelle is bevestig deur ’n peiling. Dataontleding wat uitgevoer is deur ATLAS.ti het onthul dat die waterbedryf ingeperk is deur rigiede regulatoriese nakoming, wat innovasie en lenigheid onderdruk. Die bedryf maak hoofsaaklik staat op tradisionele bestuurspraktyke en het beperkte bewustheid van lenige metodes, dikwels beskou as IK-spesifiek en ongeskik vir konstruksie- of waterbestuur en projekbestuur. Die gebrek aan deurlopende verbetering, lae samewerking en burokratiese struikelblokke belemmer verder die bereiking van volhoubare uitkomste. Die navorsing, oor die algemeen, kombineer waterbestuur, volhoubaarheid, projekbestuur, strategiese bestuur, staatsbestuur en lenigheid. Dit bied riglyne vir navorsers en besluitnemers in die watersektor. Die studie beveel aan dat die watersektor hibriede (lenige/tradisionele) benaderings en aanpassende bestuur aanneem om die Verenigde Nasies se volhoubare doelwitte te bereik. Dit beveel ook verdere navorsing aan oor hibriede benaderings en regulatoriese nakomingsbestuur in die watersektor.D.B.L.Graduate School of Business Leadershi