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Emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and turnover intention of frontline employees in the insurance service industry
Get PDFThe retention of skilled frontline employees plays a crucial part in the insurance service industry of South Africa. An understanding of the influence of the relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and turnover intention as manifested in a sample among frontline employees is necessary. There is an importance placed on assessing whether emotional intelligence and job satisfaction significantly and negatively predict the turnover intention construct; and whether individuals from different age, gender, and work experience groups differ significantly regarding their levels of emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. The data was collected using the Assessing Emotions Scale (AES), the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ20), and the Turnover Intention Scale (TI-6). A quantitative study was conducted on a non-probability convenience sample (n = 107) of frontline employees within an insurance company.
Correlational analysis revealed a positive relationship between emotional intelligence, job satisfaction, and turnover intention. Multiple regression analysis revealed that emotional intelligence had no significant effect in predicting and explaining the variance in turnover intention. However, job satisfaction significantly predicted and explained turnover intention. No significant differences were revealed between age, gender, and work experience groups concerning emotional intelligence and job satisfaction. However, results indicated that differences do exist between age and work experience groups concerning turnover intention, but no difference in gender and turnover intention was observed.
The findings of this study provides valuable knowledge that may be used to inform the retention practices of frontline employees. The study concluded with suggested recommendations for use by human resource practitioners, specifically within the insurance industry.M. Com. (Business Management)Human Resource Managemen
Creating space(s) for voice in English academic writing through memoir writing : a case study of first-year students at an ODL university in South Africa
No full textText in EnglishExpressing and developing their own voice in academic writing remains a challenge for first-year university students, particularly in Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) contexts. Students’ limited linguistic repertoires and the gap between their prior writing skills and lecturers’ expectations tend to result in limited self-efficacy, frustrations and withdrawal from developing their voice which is considered an important component of proficiency in writing and the measurement of academic success.
To this end, my study examines how memoir writing can enhance first-year students’ development of voice in academic writing, and the extent to which the written pedagogies in a first-year English module affords them the opportunity to do so. The Sociocultural Theory of writing and the Interactionist Model of academic voice underpin my perceptions of voice in academic writing. Data was collected for this qualitative case study through in-depth interviews, documents and observations, and analysed thematically. The population comprised first-year students registered for an English module at an ODeL university, and the sample was purposively selected. The students participated in a Memoir Writing Project and their work from that, as well as their written assignments from the module, were analysed to gain insight into how their various tasks and memoirs were structured to create space for and develop their academic writing voice.
The findings revealed that students lacked exposure to a wide enough variety of writing genres, particularly those belonging to life writing such as memoir. The individual and collaborative writing activities adopted in the Memoir Writing Project enhanced the students’ understanding of what voice and writing as social constructs entail, and showed that voice is a fundamental component which gives writers ownership and authority over the meaning of a text.
In addition, the findings revealed that collaborations among students during memoir writing boosted their self-confidence and enhanced critical thinking. An analysis of the memoirs also showed that memoir writing can be useful for therapeutic purposes, as some of the students disclosed past traumas. In the process of writing, they found closure and gained a better understanding of why certain events had taken place.
In addition, the findings showed that certain questions in the written assignments in the module adopted prescriptive approaches to writing that demanded only lower-order thinking skills associated with a regurgitation of information. Such questions encourage students to provide fragmented sentences that tend to hinder their development of voice in academic writing. As a result, students are inclined to view the primary purpose of writing as a way of attaining marks rather than a means of developing their voice and their higher-order thinking skills.D. Phil. (Languages, Linguistics and Literature)Linguistics and Modern Language
Evaluation of technical destructive techniques for controlling polychlorinated dibenzo p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans emissions in flue gas
No full textText in EnglishPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) are notorious pollutants classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which even at trace levels can bio-accumulate in the environment and have negative effects on organisms. These pollutants are mainly generated from anthropogenic activities as by-products of many industrial and combustion processes such as the manufacture of pesticides and herbicides, chlorine bleaching of paper, e-waste dismantling activities, metal smelting processes and waste incineration. Two heterogeneous mechanism pathways lead to the formation of PCDD/Fs, firstly, the De novo phase, using macromolecules of carbon or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to begin the synthesis and secondly, the condensation reaction beginning with the rearrangement of the molecular structure of the precursor compound. In South Africa, incineration facilities face challenges in complying with emission standards due to their significant contribution to PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs in the environment.
The objective of the study was to evaluate different destructive techniques for controlling PCDD/Fs emissions in flue gas. The first part of the study aimed to investigate the destruction of PCDD/Fs and PCBs using effective good combustion practices. Different samples were collected at different temperature intervals, oxygen (O2) content, residence time and exhaust gas recirculation. The samples were collected using a PS-1 sampler following the revised EPA-1613 method. A quartz fiber filter and a glass cartridge with polyurethane foam (PUF) were used for collecting particle phase and gas-phase compounds. The results revealed that PCDD/F destruction mechanisms vary based on factors like precursor concentration, temperature, and chlorine content. At 900°C, PCDD formation was higher than PCDFs, but both compounds showed a sharp decline after reaching peak formation. Optimal O2 levels (4% to 9%) and residence times (0.5 to 0.8 seconds) favored PCDD/F formation rather than destruction, leading to the conclusion that good combustion practices alone are insufficient for completely destroying these pollutants.
The study was further extended to assess the effectiveness of activated carbon (AC) injections in absorbing PCDD/Fs from flue gas emissions. The AC available in the market predominantly possesses a substantial specific surface area and numerous micropores leading to significant variations in their adsorption characteristics. A commercial AC with a surface area of 220 m2g-1, pore volume of 0.21 cm3g-1, micropore diameter of 0.04 cm3 g-1 and mesopore diameter of 0.13 cm3 g-1 was used. Using US EPA Method 23, gas phase samples were collected by absorption on XAD-2 resin, whereas the particle-bound samples were collected by a fiberglass filter and by rinsing the sampling probe thereafter. The study achieved an overall removal efficiency of 77% at an injection rate of 1.2 kg/h. Increasing the injection rate to 2.5 kg/h improved efficiency to 85%, but no further improvement was seen at 3.0 kg/h, indicating that the AC's absorption capacity was maximized at 2.5 kg/h due to site saturation. The surface area and porosity of the AC affected the removal efficiency, hence it was recommended that the AC be modified to increase overall removal efficiency.
The study further explored the modification of AC using Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4), Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3), and Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) to enhance its ability to remove PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Pore structure characterization was carried out in all lignite activated carbon (LAC) samples using physical adsorption methods, nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. For dl-PCBs, AC impregnated with H3PO4 achieved a 98% reduction in PCB concentrations, while KOH-modified AC was even more effective, with a 99% reduction. K2CO3-modified AC also performed well, with a 94% reduction. The Toxic Equivalent Quantity (TEQ) of PCBs showed significant reductions, with LACH3PO4 reducing TEQ from 0.0195 to 0.0022 ng I-TEQ/Nm³, and LACKOH reducing it from 0.080 to 0.0002 ng I-TEQ/Nm³. For PCDD/Fs, AC impregnated with H3PO4 achieved a 99.1% reduction, while LACH3PO4 reduced ΣPCCDF from 403.94 to 3.463 ng/Nm³ at a higher injection rate. The TEQ values also dropped significantly from 38.17 to 0.343 ng I-TEQ/Nm³. LACKOH demonstrated a 99.5% reduction efficiency, reducing ΣPCCDF from 540.45 to 0.25 ng/Nm³, and ΣTEQ from 98.76 to 0.125 ng I-TEQ/Nm³, meeting the standard of 0.1 ng I-TEQ/Nm³. K2CO3-modified AC achieved a slightly lower reduction rate of 95%. Although the injections of LACH3PO4 and LACKOH were successful in the absorption of PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs from the gas phase, it was observed that certain PCDD/F congeners became desorbed and entrapped within the ash necessitating further treatment of the ash residue before disposal. The ash underwent a thermal treatment first at 300°C and 500°C. At 300°C, certain congeners exhibited an unexpected increase resembling favorable conditions rather than destruction. The treatment at 500°C resulted in an impressive degradation with a removal efficiency of 99.7%, making the ash and residue safe for disposal in a landfill site.
The final segment of the study assessed ambient air quality near an incineration facility by measuring gas-particle phase partitioning and PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs concentrations. Additionally, the study investigated PCDD/Fs concentrations in the soil and assessed the potential inhalation risks associated with PCDD/Fs. The findings revealed that the particulate phase was dominantly characterized by highly chlorinated congeners ranging from hexa- to octa-chlorinated forms, whereas the gas phase was dominated by low chlorinated PCDD/Fs specifically tetra- and penta-chlorinated congeners. The congeners exhibited distinct seasonal patterns typically peaking in winter and decreasing in summer. In a global context, the PCDD/Fs concentrations in South Africa although on a decreasing trend, remain relatively higher when compared to levels observed in many other parts of the world. In soil samples, it was found that the ΣPCDD/Fs increased compared to the particle phase, highlighting the complex interplay of various factors such as emission sources and atmospheric deposition. The furans to dioxins (F/D) ratio was calculated and it varied between 0.33 and 3.44, with an average of 1.885. Out of the 4 soil samples, 3 had F/D ratios below 1. This implied that the incineration facility was not the only contributor to PCDD/Fs in the soil samples. A preliminary risk assessment showed that inhalation exposure to PCDD/Fs for residents near the facility exceeded recommended TDI levels. To ensure a more comprehensive understanding of potential health risks, a comprehensive risk assessment should extend beyond inhalation exposure and consider all relevant exposure and consider all relevant exposure routes.Ph. D. (Environmental Science)Environmental Science
Enhancing service delivery through digital transformation in the public sector in South Africa
No full textPurpose – This study aims to explore how service delivery can be enhanced through digital transformation in
the public sector in South Africa.
Design/methodology/approach – This case study used a qualitative research approach to obtain data
through semi-structured interviews. The units of analysis were made up of individual professionals limited to
purposive sampling to select chief information officers, investigators and administrative officers from national
government departments and state-owned enterprises. The collected data from 12 participants was
thematically analysed. The findings revealed that the government lacks legislation and strategy for digital
transformation, leading to inconsistent implementation of digital transformation that enhances service delivery
in the public sector of South Africa.
Findings – The findings revealed that the government lacks legislation and strategy for digital
transformation, leading to inconsistent implementation of digital transformation that enhances service delivery
in the public sector of South Africa.
Research limitations/implications – The study was limited to the public sector of South Africa; however,
its recommendations are applicable to all organisations that need to provide their services using digital
transformation.
Practical implications – Practically, the implications of this study will serve as a resourceful benchmark for
the public sector and other organisations.
Social implications – Socially, the implications of this study ensure proper implementation of its
recommendations to enhance service delivery in the public sector and other organisations.
Originality/value – Regarding the value that this study brings, it proposes an amendment of the current
legislative framework in favour of one that covers digital transformation, which has become dominant in
today’s enhanced provision of service delivery.Information Scienc
Development of an evidence-based health education program to inform seasonal variations of household food insecurity and child undernutrition in west Gojjam zone, Ethiopia
No full textPURPOSE: This study aimed to develop an evidence-based health education program addressing seasonal variations in household food insecurity and undernutrition among children in West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia.
METHODS: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods research design was employed, consisting of three phases. In the first phase, 844 mother-child pairs were selected using multistage stratified sampling techniques. A quantitative survey was conducted to determine the seasonal prevalence and contributing factors of household food insecurity and child undernutrition. Child anthropometric data was analysed using WHO Anthro software version 3.2.2, then exported to SPSS v.29 software for further analysis.
The second phase involved in-depth interviews with 32 respondents to gain exploratory insights into the underlying factors contributing to food insecurity and undernutrition. Thematic analysis was used to present the qualitative findings. In the final phase, a health education program was developed by integrating the primary research findings with existing literature, guided by Chinn and Kramer’s principles and Mckenize’s framework for health education program development.
RESULTS: The study revealed that the seasonal prevalence of household food insecurity was 49.8% in December, 69.9% in March, 79.3% in June, and 59.1% in September. The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children was 35.5%, 8%, and 17.9% in December, 36.6%, 15.5%, and 20.4%, in March, 39.2% 19.2%, and 24.6% in June, and 38.2%, 8.1%, and 17% in September. Factors associated with food insecurity include seasonal variation, religion (Orthodox), low economic status, insufficient agricultural inputs, and poor knowledge. Significant predictors of child undernutrition encompassed season, child age and sex, toilet facilities, wealth index, maternal education, antenatal care visits, and contraceptive use.
CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that seasonal variations in household food insecurity and undernutrition are significant public health issues in this region, exceeding national averages. Developing a health education program tailored to these seasonal variations is essential for mitigating food insecurity and improving child nutrition within the community.D. Phil. (Public Health)Health Studie
Understanding of principals' health promoting leadership styles in selected tertiary institutions in Bulawayo : a wellness perspective
No full textThe aim of this qualitative study was to understand tertiary principals’ health promoting leadership styles that support academic staff to flourishing from a wellness perspective. Relying on the wellness theory, health promoting leadership theory, healthy setting approach and Ubuntu/Unhu leadership perspectives, the study used a theoretical framework that permitted an integrated 360 degrees lens focus to determine, better understand and document the participating tertiary principals’ health promoting leadership styles that support workplace wellness of academic staff. The inclusion of Ubuntu/Unhu leadership perspectives provided a niche for principals’ shared leadership experiences to illuminate humane values for renewed understanding of workplace wellness leadership from an African perspective. A phenomenology design was befitting for this relatively new area, whose use of three research instruments, namely, open–ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and document analysis delivered data-driven insights that contributed to the body of knowledge in theory, policy and practice. A total of 20 participants, comprising 16 academic staff and four principals were purposively sampled from five tertiary institutions that participated. The participants’ responses were transcribed, selected and colour-coded resulting in themes that supported verifiable presentation, interpretation and discussion of the findings. The findings revealed that: (1) all participants had positive perceptions and apt knowledge of workplace wellness; (2) the participating tertiary principals used a wide spectrum of leadership styles discussed in the theoretical framework interchangeably, which were neither transformational nor servant leadership styles that guided this study. The principals indicated they used a situational leadership style, which explains the academic staff conflicted identification of the actual leadership styles principals used; (3) principals’ leadership styles’ revealed compromised influence on the academic staff wellness lifestyle choices and flourishing, indicating a very important conclusion on the importance of principals’ leadership styles’ role in determining the success or failure of workplace wellness; (4) the tertiary principals were working in silos, contradictory to the partnerships and stakeholder inclusivity in the setting approach and Ubuntu/Unhu leadership perspectives Therefore, the finding pinpointed dire need for specific skills training and leadership development of the participating tertiary principals to improve academic staff’s flourishing. In addition, everyone considered as part of the setting, academic staff, stakeholders and the communities had developmental needs to enhance their understanding of the importance of workplace wellness to support principals’ adoption of leadership style practices that are consistent with transformational, servant and Ubuntu/Unhu leadership perspectives. The resultant wellness leadership framework from the findings will serve as a guide to assist principals to craft specific models that meet the identified specific institution, academic staff and stakeholder wellness needs of the setting. The study further identified potential opportunities for future collaborative research areasD. Phil. (Psychology)Psycholog
Public service delivery in Addis Ababa City Administration, Ethiopia : governance and institutional capacity
No full textThis study examined the challenges of Public Service Delivery (PSD) in Addis Ababa
City Administration (AACA), with a particular focus on governance efficiency,
institutional capacity, and the influence of political intervention. Despite a growing
demand for effective services, residents continue to experience dissatisfaction with
delivery systems, citing inefficiency, corruption, and weak accountability structures.
The research sought to address three key objectives: to investigate the causes of
PSD inefficiency in AACA, to evaluate the role of governance and institutional
capacity in shaping service outcomes, and to propose strategies for improvement.
A mixed methods approach was employed, integrating qualitative and quantitative
data. Semi-structured interviews with key informants were complemented by
questionnaire surveys to capture perceptions of residents and public officials. The
findings reveal that institutional weakness, political interference and structural silence
are central factors hindering effective PSD. Poor ethical standards among officials,
the appointment of unqualified employees, and limited transparency further deepen
public dissatisfaction.
The study highlights the importance of strengthening institutional capacity through
training, merit-based recruitment, and improved accountability mechanisms. It also recommends breaking structural systemic silence, making the public officials and
servants accountable, curbing political interference, addressing corruption through
societal engagement, and building a culture of governance that aligns with the public
interest. This would enable AACA to deliver services more efficiently and equitably,
strengthening public trust and contributing to broader socioeconomic development.
The research contributes to scholarship on governance and institutional capacity that
enable efficient public service delivery in African cities by offering practical
recommendations for reform, while exposing the structural systemic issues that
undermine institutional effectiveness in Addis Ababa Ethiopia.D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)Development Studie
Students' misconceptions in learning mathematical proof techniques and the effects of a supportive framework: a case study of third and fourth year mathematical students at Debark University, Ethiopia
No full textThis study, titled “Students’ Misconceptions in Learning Mathematical Proof Techniques and the Effects of a Supportive Framework: A Case Study of Third-and Fourth-Year Mathematics Students at Debark University, Ethiopia”, aims to reduce misconceptions among students when proving mathematical statements in the form of theorems, corollaries, and lemmas using mathematical proof techniques (MPT). Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, classroom observations, document analysis, combined tests, assignments, and a certainty response index. The study was conducted at Debark University, Ethiopia. A mixed-methods approach was used, with a quasi-experimental design (pre-test/post-test) and an explanatory case study paradigm. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS and MS Excel, while qualitative data were analysed using thematic, content and narrative analyses. The study identified several misconceptions among students, including starting proofs with inappropriate statements, using ineffective MPT, providing incorrect symbolic representations, offering unacceptable reasons for each step, failing to clearly show necessary steps, displaying non-sequential steps, misusing technical aspects of mathematics, and incorrectly handling premises and conclusions. These misconceptions were further exacerbated by factors such as students’ negative attitudes toward advanced mathematics, a lack of critical thinking, inadequate teaching methodologies, and insufficient access to reference materials and the Internet. The study also ranked the MPTs based on the degree of misconceptions, with the following order: PCS, DCE, DP, PE, PCP, PCD, CP, PP, PMI, and PRI. A supportive framework, named IR2CP2CE (Identifying, Recording, Reporting, Creating, Preparing, Preparing, Creating, and Examining), was developed and implemented to address these misconceptions. The implementation of this framework had positive effects on students’ use of MPT and their overall achievements. As a result, students' critical thinking abilities and their understanding of mathematical proofs were enhanced, leading to a reduction in misconceptions. The study recommends that national-level collaborative research be conducted to address students' misconceptions in learning mathematical proof techniques at Ethiopian universities, as this is a common issue across the country.Ph.D. (Mathematics Education)Educational Studie
Caught in the spider’s web The collateral consequences of the criminal record on higher education, professional registration, and employment opportunities
No full textAlthough significant research has already been conducted on the intricacies of the criminal record in
South Africa and internationally, literature points to a disjuncture between research and policy,
especially around topics relating to access to higher education (HE) and admission to professional
registration councils by formerly incarcerated students (FIS) with a criminal record. This qualitative
case study incorporated a discourse analysis approach to determine the tone of 23 policy documents.
In addition, twelve participants were purposefully sampled to share their lived experiences regarding
the regulation and reintegration of FIS when applying for admission to HE and professional
registration councils and potential employment upon completion of their studies. The findings indicate
that the construction of legal documents and application forms allows higher education institutions
and professional registration councils to access students' personal data, such as their criminal records.
This leads to implementing measures that exclude certain individuals, which in turn obstructs the
effective social reintegration of formerly incarcerated individuals into the workforce. The study
recommends the implementation of a South African research-based HE policy aimed at addressing the
systemic injustices that regulate the simultaneous admission and rejection of FIS when applying to
access HE and admission to professional registration councils.PsychologyThe study did not receive any funding
Die verband tussen oop afstandsonderrig fasiliteerder se gevoel van selfdoeltreffendheid en ervaarde uitbranding tydens 'n krisistyd
No full textAbstracts in English, Afrikaans and ZuluIn the years prior to 2020, the constructs of self-efficacy, burnout, and resilience had been well researched across a range of settings and contexts, including that of online education. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the focus was once again directed towards the impact of these phenomena on the lives of students and those tasked with having to support them online. Adopting a mixed-methods approach, with an explorative sequential design, and a pragmatic lens, this study has as its context a South African based Private Higher Education Institution faced with the need to shift all engagement online during the period of lockdown associated with the global pandemic of 2020 and 2021. Within this context the study aims to interrogate the constructs of self-efficacy and burnout as experienced by online facilitators during this challenging time, and how resilience may be nurtured as a means of bolstering the former while reducing the risk of the latter. In phase one, an online survey was distributed to the 1220 facilitators affiliated to the PHEI in question. From these, 188 responses were received. Data collected identified ten participants who then participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Five of these participants had presented with high self-efficacy scores and low indicators of burnout, while the other five had evidenced low levels of self-efficacy and elevated indicators of burnout across the three associated dimensions of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced personal accomplishment. Through these engagements, and the process of thematic analysis which followed, a greater understanding of the lived experiences of the participants during this challenging time became possible. The findings revealed that while some were able to thrive during this time, using the shift in circumstances to adapt their practice and find new and innovative ways of engaging with their students, others found the stressors associated with the pandemic to be their undoing. What also became apparent was the need for institutions to adopt strategies aimed at increasing resilience among faculty, providing them with an internal support mechanism which would serve to develop their sense of self-efficacy and ward off the impact of burnout. These findings led to the development of a suggested model for fostering improved resilience among online facilitators, and is included in Chapter 6 of this study.In die jare voor 2020 is die konstrukte van selfdoeltreffendheid, uitbranding en veerkragtigheid goed nagevors oor 'n reeks instellings en kontekste, insluitend dié van aanlyn onderwys. Met die aanbreek van die COVID-19-pandemie was die fokus egter weereens gerig op die impak van hierdie verskynsels op die lewens van studente en diegene wat die taak het om hulle aanlyn te moet ondersteun. Deur 'n gemengde-metode-benadering aan te neem, met 'n eksploratiewe opeenvolgende ontwerp en 'n pragmatiese lens, het hierdie studie as konteks 'n Suid-Afrikaans gebaseerde privaat hoëronderwysinstelling gekonfronteer met die behoefte om alle betrokkenheid aanlyn te verskuif gedurende die tydperk van inperking wat geassosieer word met die wêreldwye pandemie van 2020 en 2021. Binne hierdie konteks het die studie ten doel om selfdoeltreffendheid te ondervra deur self-uitbranding as self-uitbrandingskonstrukte tydens die fasilitering van die self-uitbranding van ervarings as aanlyn-konstrueer hierdie uitdagende tyd, en hoe veerkragtigheid gekoester kan word as 'n manier om eersgenoemde te versterk terwyl die risiko van laasgenoemde verminder word. In fase een is 'n aanlyn opname versprei na die 1220 fasiliteerders wat by die betrokke PHEI geaffilieer is. Hieruit is 188 antwoorde ontvang. Data wat ingesamel is, het tien deelnemers geïdentifiseer wat toe aan individuele semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude deelgeneem het. Vyf van hierdie deelnemers het hoë selfdoeltreffendheidtellings en lae aanwysers van uitbranding getoon, terwyl die ander vyf lae vlakke van selfdoeltreffendheid en verhoogde aanwysers van uitbranding oor die drie geassosieerde dimensies van emosionele uitputting, depersonalisering en verminderde persoonlike prestasie getoon het. Deur hierdie verbintenisse, en die proses van tematiese analise wat gevolg het, het 'n groter begrip van die geleefde ervarings van die deelnemers gedurende hierdie uitdagende tyd moontlik geword. Die bevindinge het aan die lig gebring dat hoewel sommige in hierdie tyd kon floreer deur die verskuiwing in omstandighede te gebruik om hul praktyk aan te pas en nuwe en innoverende maniere te vind om met hul studente om te gaan, het ander gevind dat die stressors wat met die pandemie geassosieer word, hul ondergang was. Wat ook duidelik geword het, was die behoefte vir instellings om strategieë aan te neem wat daarop gemik is om veerkragtigheid onder fakulteite te verhoog, en hulle te voorsien van 'n interne ondersteuningsmeganisme wat sou dien om hul gevoel van selfdoeltreffendheid te ontwikkel en die impak van uitbranding af te weer. Hierdie bevindinge het gelei tot die ontwikkeling van 'n voorgestelde model vir die bevordering van verbeterde veerkragtigheid onder aanlyn fasiliteerders, en is ingesluit in Hoofstuk 6 van hierdie studie.Eminyakeni engaphambi kuka-2020, ukwakhiwa kokuzikhandla, ukutubeka, kanye nokuqina kwakucwaningwe kahle ezilungiselelweni eziningi nezimo, okuhlanganisa nemfundo ye-inthanethi. Ngokufika kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, nokho, kwagxilwa futhi emthelela walezi zenzakalo ezimpilweni zabafundi kanye nalabo abanikezwe umsebenzi wokubaseka ku-inthanethi. Ukwamukela indlela yezindlela ezixubile, enomklamo olandelanayo wokuhlola, kanye nelensi ye-pragmatic, lolu cwaningo njengomongo walo iSikhungo Semfundo Ephakeme Esizimele esizinze eNingizimu Afrika sibhekene nesidingo sokushintsha konke ukusebenzelana ku-inthanethi ngesikhathi sokuvalwa komsebenzi okuhambisana nobhadane lomhlaba wonke luka-2020 no-2021. Ngaphakathi kwalo mongo ucwaningo luhlose ukwakha nokuphenyisisa abathintekayo ku-inthanethi ngokuzicisha ngokwabo. ngalesi sikhathi esiyinselele, nokuthi ukuqina kungakhuliswa kanjani njengendlela yokuqinisa eyokuqala ngenkathi kunciphisa ubungozi bamuva. Esigabeni sokuqala, inhlolovo ye-inthanethi yasatshalaliswa kubagqugquzeli abayi-1220 abaxhumene ne-PHEI okukhulunywa ngayo. Kulokhu, kutholwe izimpendulo eziyi-188. Idatha eqoqiwe ihlonze ababambiqhaza abayishumi ababuye babamba iqhaza ezingxoxweni ezingahleliwe. Abahlanu balaba ababambiqhaza babeveze amaphuzu aphezulu okuzikhandla kanye nezinkomba eziphansi zokutubeka, kuyilapho abanye abahlanu babonise amazinga aphansi okuzikhandla kanye nezinkomba eziphakeme zokutubeka kuzo zonke izilinganiso ezintathu ezihambisanayo zokukhathala ngokomzwelo, ukuhlukaniswa komuntu siqu, nokunciphisa ukufeza komuntu siqu. Ngalezi zingxoxo, kanye nenqubo yokuhlaziywa kwetimu eyalandela, ukuqonda okwengeziwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphilayo kwabahlanganyeli phakathi nalesi sikhathi esiyinselele kwenzeke. Okutholakele kuveze ukuthi yize abanye bekwazile ukuchuma ngalesi sikhathi, besebenzisa ukushintsha kwezimo ukuze bajwayelane nemikhuba yabo futhi bathole izindlela ezintsha nezintsha zokuxhumana nabafundi babo, abanye bathole ukuthi izingcindezi ezihambisana nalolu bhubhane ziyabaqeda. Okuphinde kwabonakala kwaba yisidingo sokuthi izikhungo zithole amasu ahloselwe ukukhulisa amandla okusebenza phakathi kothisha, zibanikeze indlela yokweseka yangaphakathi ezothuthukisa umuzwa wabo wokukwazi ukusebenza kahle futhi igweme umthelela wokutubeka. Lokhu okutholakele kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwemodeli ephakanyisiwe yokukhuthaza ukusimama okuthuthukisiwe phakathi kwabagqugquzeli be-inthanethi, futhi kufakwe eSahlukweni 6 salolu cwaningo.PhD. (Education)College of Educatio