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Occupational stress in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges : exploring lecturers’ views
Get PDFOccupational stress has become a notorious challenge to all organisations. These organisations aim to maximise production. However, occupational stress among employees poses the biggest threat. Overhauling educational reforms and changes in the education sector may also contribute to the increased stress of TVET College lecturers. The fact that teaching is an incredibly stressful profession means that efforts to identify and manage stress in colleges are critical. This study explores lecturers’ views on stress management strategies as employees in their workplaces.
This study follows an authoritative knowledge as its knowledge base. Books, research studies, experts and so on are regarded as sources of authoritarian knowledge. The researcher consulted credible literature sources (books and research studies) and experts (lecturers) to advance the study.
The researcher used a quantitative research approach in this study. Quantitative approach involves the use of numbers or systematic statistical procedures to evaluate, prove and verify hypotheses. Non-experimental descriptive survey design with a single variable, namely the experiences or views of lecturers on occupational stress, was used in this study. 300 standardised online lecturer questionnaires were used to solicit enhanced data.
The study found that there is a high prevalence of occupational stress among TVET college lecturers. Respondents rate occupational stress management strategies poorly. Key findings support the view that the current occupational stress management strategies are ineffective. The majority of the respondents indicated that they are not satisfied with their career as a lecturer being one of the major stressors. Another major factor is extra work and responsibilities.
Considering the findings of this study, awareness of occupational stress information must be shared through workshops and training. The researcher will lobby or spearhead policies and practices in this regard. The study goes a long way in information sharing and should be made available to all lecturers to save as a resource.
The study recommends structures to deal with instances of occupational stress in colleges, employment of occupational stress specialists with cases of occupational stress among lecturers and other employees and inclusion of stress copying strategies in various teaching qualifications curricula. The Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) must improve working conditions of lecturers in TVET colleges to enhance their levels of job satisfaction.
In conclusion, a quantitative approach was used to explore lecturers’ views on occupational stress management strategies as they are used in their workplaces. The null hypothesis was evaluated against the findings of the study. The findings indicated aspects like prevalence, major stressors and effectiveness of stress management strategies. Recommendations based on the findings were also indicated.M. Ed. (Educational Management and Leadership)Educational Leadership and Managemen
The correlation between entrepreneurship and economic development : towards a framework for optimising its contribution to the economic development of South Africa
No full textThis study sought to establish the correlation between entrepreneurship and the economic development of South Africa. The study employed a pragmatism paradigm, and adopted a mixed-methods approach and a descriptive mixed method design. The population comprised 358 entrepreneurship experts drawn from Johannesburg Stock Exchange-listed companies, and 111 economic development experts drawn from academic institutions in Gauteng, a province of South Africa. Cluster sampling and census were adopted as the sampling approaches. Quantitative and qualitative data were solicited through an embedded questionnaire comprising both closed and open-ended questions. A total of 350 questionnaires were distributed and 273 were completed and returned, giving a 78% response rate. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data by utilising the Statistical Analysis Software. Spearman’s rho correlation analysis was conducted to determine the significant correlation between entrepreneurship and economic development dimensions. Due to multivariate relationships between entrepreneurship and economic variables, the study also adopted inferential multivariate analysis to determine the statistically significant relationships among these variables. Thematic analysis provided an interpretation of qualitative data pertaining to the optimisation of the entrepreneurship policy framework and its implementation in South Africa. The study established a fragmented mutual determinant relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development in South Africa. The study also revealed that opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship, the elements of economic development, entrepreneurial policy framework conditions, and elements of the entrepreneurship policy framework, are crucial for improving the mutual determinant relationship between entrepreneurship and the economic development of South Africa.
The study concluded that there is a fragmented mutual determinant relationship between entrepreneurship and the economic development in South Africa. Further conclusions were that opportunity as well as necessity entrepreneurship, elements of economic development, entrepreneurial policy framework conditions, and elements of the entrepreneurship policy framework play a crucial role for entrepreneurship to contribute significantly to the economic development of South Africa. Based on these conclusions, a number of recommendations are made.
There should be a combination of some of the opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship determinants for entrepreneurship to significantly contribute to the South African economic development. In order to improve the entrepreneurial policy framework conditions of South Africa, certain provisions are required. Firstly, goods and services markets should be expanded; industrialisation, technology and economies of scale should be promoted. Secondly, policies where business incubators are mandated to assess the level of entrepreneurial skills of individuals before providing them with the funding are necessary. These policies should also promote business sophistication in the economy. Thirdly, there should be an improvement in the efficiency of public institutions to ensure effective implementation of structural reforms and African research methodologies. Fourthly, the South African government should focus on improving human capital through practical entrepreneurship education and skills training, and creating a more enabling environment that removes negative perceptions about entrepreneurship. Government should also ease the bureaucracy that hampers entrepreneurship.
Based on the findings and extensive literature review, the contribution of the current study to scholarship is the framework that was developed. This framework is meant to optimise the contribution of entrepreneurship to the economic development of South Africa. This particular research only focused on determining the correlation between entrepreneurship and the economic development of South Africa. Further studies could be conducted on financial support as a determinant of the correlation between entrepreneurship and the economic development of South Africa, and the correlation between entrepreneurship and the economic development in other African countries.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Colleges of Economic and Management Science
Trajectories of holy war discourses from Second Temple Jewish to early Christian apocalypticism : the book of Revelation and the Qumran War Scroll - a comparative study
No full textAbstracts in English, Afrikaans and IsiZuluThis study is a comparative analysis of the Qumran War Scroll (1QM) with John’s Apocalypse. It is conducted along the lines of discursive comparison, with a focus on the literary and ideological theme of Holy War. The study incorporates a mixed methodological approach, initially drawing its literary comparisons between the discourses of the two primary texts, then assessing their rhetorical aims throughout.Hierdie studie is 'n vergelykende analise van die Qumran Krygsrol (1QM) met die Openbaring van Johannes. Dit word uitgevoer deur 'n diskursiewe vergelyking, met die fokus op die literêre en ideologiese tema van die Heilige Oorlog. Die studie bevat 'n gemengde metodologiese benadering, wat aanvanklik literêre vergelykings tussen die diskoerse van die twee primêre tekste teken en dan hul onderskeie retoriese doelwitte deurgaans beoordeel.Lokhu kuhlola kuwukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo komQumran War Scroll (1QM) ne - Apocalypse kaJohn. Iqhutshwa ngemigqa yokuqhathanisa okudumazayo, kanye nokugxila esihlokweni sencwadi nemiqondo yeMpi Engcwele. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa indlela exubile yokuhlaziya izinto, ekuqaleni ludweba ukuqhathanisa kwalo okubhaliwe phakathi kwezinkulumo zemibhalo emibili eyinhloko, bese luhlaziya imigomo yazo engokomlando kuyo yonke indawo.D. Phil. (New Testament Theology)New Testamen
An examination of the challenges posed by the internet economy for the South African income tax regime
Get PDFThe way of doing business has changed significantly since the turn of this century due to the growth of internet technology and the global digital economy. This growth has reduced the importance traditionally attached to tangible assets and physical location in both commerce and taxation. This implies that any country that relies on physical presence to trigger tax liability in today’s digital economy may be forced to reconsider the relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency of its income tax legislation.
This thesis postulates that South Africa’s income tax law and the international taxation principles it relies on in taxing cross-border and digital transactions have not grown in tandem with the changing landscape of today’s digital economy. The thesis contends that South Africa will not receive its fair share of tax from giant multinational enterprises such as Google, Facebook, and Amazon which operate and trade in the country, if it does not amend its income tax laws to address the challenges posed by the internet economy.
In examining the challenges posed by the internet economy to South Africa’s income tax regime, the thesis commences in Chapter 2 by discussing the growth of the digital economy and its implications for South Africa’s income tax system. Chapter 3 offers a critical analysis of South Africa’s income tax laws and the international principles on which they rely in taxing the digital economy. Chapter 4 discusses the measures that South Africa’s government has taken to tax its digital economy, while Chapter 5 compares how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Union (EU), Kenya, India, and New Zealand have dealt with the issue of taxing the digital economy and the lessons to be learned from these jurisdictions. The thesis concludes in Chapter 6 by proposing recommendations that South Africa could consider to make its income tax regime more efficient and effective in taxing transactions that take place in today’s digitised economy.LL.D. (Tax Law)Mercantile La
Statistical modelling of private equity investments in selected emerging markets in Africa : evidence from GARCH and VAR models
No full textIncludes summaries in Zulu and SetswanaThe study examines statistical properties and volatility dynamics of an emerging
investment asset class, Listed Private Equity (LPE) investments, in selected markets
in Africa. There has been widespread acknowledgement that traditional valuation
techniques have failed to explain cross-sectional stock returns in emerging and
developing markets. From the content review put forward in this study, it is evident
that country-specific risk is a priced factor in investments in Africa. The study
hypothesised the notion and predicated that asset returns as a product of economic
rationality is followed by its statistical properties in the return distribution and volatility
dynamics. The study used monthly data for LPE’s and selected country-specific data
to examine the statistical properties, volatility dynamics and their relationship to
country risk factors for countries that were found active in this asset class – South
Africa, Ghana, Egypt and Botswana for the period 2010-2020. The study utilised the
GARCH (1,1), EGARCH, TGARCH, GARCH-In-Mean, FIGARCH, FIEGARCH, DCC
MGARCH, and VAR models to fit the data. These findings provide information that is
used for portfolio compilation, asset pricing, and a better understanding of the
structural dynamics of LPE returns, thereby laying the groundwork for the
development of new valuation tools for this asset class.
Three main findings were: firstly, LPEs for countries under study exhibited stylised
effects in the form of volatility clustering, asymmetric effects, and leptokurtic
distributions, but there is no evidence of leverage effects or structural breaks. The
study found evidence that LPE’s are positively skewed with excess kurtosis. The
returns for South African LPE’s are closer to normal distribution, whilst other
countries exhibited non-normal distributions, typical of financial data. Egypt displayed
traces of volatility associated with jump diffusions and Ghana volatility series
indicated that the investment carries a risk premium commensurate with the inherent
risk. The data for Botswana was stationary and was found unsuitable for further tests
using GARCH modelling. Secondly, there is no evidence of data asymmetries
present in the long-term volatility dynamics of the data under study. Despite the
diverse economic systems in which these investments operate, their responses to
positive or negative shocks are the same. This indicates that private equity
investments in these African markets have homogenous dispositions in the long
term; therefore, though these investments are defensive assets, geographical
selection cannot be used to diversify returns. Thirdly, the study provided evidence
that country-specific factors have a weak influence on the LPE’s of the data under
study, refuting the hypothesis that country risk elements are a priced factor in these
markets.
The study makes several contributions: it is the first to examine the statistical
properties and volatility dynamics of LPEs in selected African markets. Second, the
thesis extends previous findings on statistical modelling by examining an unexplored
market in the body of knowledge, the LPE’s in African markets, which has different
dispositions to traditional asset classes. Lastly, the study adds to the LPE literature
by providing valuable insights regarding LPEs in an African context, as an emerging
asset class and a financing tool for economic development.Ucwaningo luhlole izakhiwo zezibalo kanye nokuguquguquka okuguquguqukayo
kwesigaba sokutshalwa kwezimali sempahla esafufusa, okungukuthi, uhlu
lokulinganayo kwangasese (ULK) okwaziwa nge-(LPE) ezimakethe ezikhethiwe e Afrika. Kube nokuvunywa okusabalele ukuthi amasu okulinganisa endabuko
ahlulekile ukuchaza imbuyiselo yesitoko ehlukene ezimakethe ezisafufusa
nezisathuthuka. Kusukela ekubuyekezweni kokuqukethwe okubekwa phambili kulolu
cwaningo, kusobala ukuthi ubungozi obuqondene nezwe elithile buyinto enenani
lokutshalwa kwezimali e-Afrika. Ocwaningweni kwacatshangelwa futhi kwabikezelwa
ukuthi imbuyiselo yempahla njengemikhiqizo yokuhluzeka kwezomnotho ilandelwa
izici zayo zezibalo ekusatshalalisweni kwembuyiselo, kanye nokuguquguquka
kokushintshashintsha. Idatha yanyanga zonke yokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-ULK
kanye nedatha ekhethiwe eqondene nezwe elithile yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe
izakhiwo zezibalo kanye nokuguquguquka kanye nobudlelwano bazo nezinto
eziyingozi zezwe emazweni atholakale esebenza kulesi sigaba sempahla,
okungukuthi, iNingizimu Afrika, iGhana, iGibithe kanye neBotswana isikhathi sonyka
wezi-2010–2020. Amamodeli e-GARCH (1,1), EGARCH, TGARCH, GARCH-In Mean, FIGARCH, FIEGARCH, DCC MGARCH kanye ne-VAR asetshenziswe ukuze
kulingane idatha. Okutholwe ocwaningweni kuhlinzeka ngolwazi
olungasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa kwephothifoliyo kanye nentengo yempahla.
Okutholakele kungase futhi kube usizo ekutholeni ukuqonda okungcono
kokuguquguquka kwesakhiwo sembuyiselo ye-LPE, ngaleyo ndlela kubekwe
isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi amasha okulinganisa alesi sigaba
sempahla. Okuthathu okutholakele okuyinhloko kube kanje: Okokuqala, ukutshalwa kwezimali
kwe-ULK emazweni angaphansi kocwaningo kubonise imiphumela eyenziwe
ngesitayela nangendlela yokuhlanganisa okuguquguqukayo, imiphumela ye asimetrikhi nokusatshalaliswa kwelipthokhithi, kodwa abukho ubufakazi bemithelela
ezuzisayo noma ukuhlukana kwesakhiwo. Lolu cwaningo luveze ubufakazi bokuthi
ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-ULK bekugudluzwe kahle nekhithosisi eyeqile. Imbuyiselo
yokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-ULK yaseNingizimu Afrika ibisondele ekusabalaliseni
okuvamile kuyilapho amanye amazwe ebonise ukusatshalaliswa okungajwayelekile,
okuyisimo sedatha yezezimali. IGibithe ibonise iminonjana yokuntengantenga
okuhlobene nokusabalala okweqayo, futhi uchungechunge lwe-Ghana
oluguquguqukayo lubonise ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwe-ULK kunengozi
engqala ehambisana nobungozi obukhona. Idatha yaseBotswana ibimile futhi
itholwe ingakulungele ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kusetshenziswa imodeli ye-GARCH.
Okwesibili, abukho ubufakazi be-asimetrikhi yedatha kukuntengantenga -
ashukumisayo kwesikhathi eside yedatha engaphansi kocwaningo. Ngaphandle
kwezinhlelo zezomnotho ezehlukene lapho lezi zimali zitshalwa khona, izimpendulo
zazo ekushaqisweni okuhle noma okungekuhle zitholwe zifana. Lokhu kukhombisa
ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwamasheya azimele kulezi zimakethe zase-Afrika
kunesimo esifanayo esikhathini eside. Ngakho-ke, nakuba lokhu kutshalwa
kwezimali kuyimpahla evikelayo, ukukhetha kwendawo akukwazi ukusetshenziselwa
ukuhlukanisa imbuyiselo. Okwesithathu, ucwaningo lunikeze ubufakazi bokuthi izici
eziqondene nezwe elithile zinethonya elibuthakathaka ekutshalweni kwezimali kwe ULK ngokuphathelene nedatha esacwaningwayo, okuphikisana nenkoleloze yokuthi
izici zezwe ezisengozini ziyisici senani kulezi zimakethe.
Ucwaningo lunikeza iminikelo eminingana. Okokuqala, ucwaningo kwaba
ngelokuqala ukuhlola izakhiwo zezibalo kanye nokuguquguquka
kokushintshashintsha kokutshalwa kwezimali kwe-ULK ezimakethe ezikhethiwe
zase-Afrika. Okwesibili, ucwaningo lwengeza kulokho okutholwe ocwaningweni
lwangaphambilini lemodeli yokubala ngoba lubandakanya ukuhlolwa kwesigaba
sempahla esingahloliwe emkhakheni okhona wolwazi, okungukuthi, i-ULK
ezimakethe zase-Afrika. Indlela yalesi sigaba sempahla ihlukile kulezo zezigaba
zempahla evamile. Okokugcina, ucwaningo lwengeza emibhalweni ye-ULK
ngokuhlinzeka ngemininingwane ebalulekile mayelana ne-ULK esimweni sase-Afrika
njengesigaba sempahla esafufusa kanye nethuluzi lokuxhasa ngezimali
lokuthuthukiswa komnotho.Phuputso e hlahlobile dintho tse ikgethang tse amanang le dintlha tse hlaloswang ka
dipalo le boemo ba diphetoho tse sa tsitsang le tse sa lebellwang tsa tlwaelo ya
mmaraka ya ho phahama le ho theoha ka potlako e kgolo, ya matsete a moruo o
holang, a tshwanang ka dintho tse itseng le ho sebetsa ka ho tshwana mmarakeng,
a bitswang mofuta wa ho tsetela kgwebong ya poraevete e sa hwebeng mmarakeng
wa diabo (LPE) mebarakeng e kgethilweng Aforika. Ho bile le kananelo ya batho ba
bangata ya hore mekgwa ya boholoholo ya ho fumana boleng ba setoko e hlolehile
ho hlalosa dipoello tse fapaneng tsa ditoko tse fapaneng ka nako e itseng
mebarakeng ya moruo wa dinaha tse holang. Ho tswa tekolong botjha ya dikahare
tseo ho buuwang ka tsona phuputsong ena, ho a bonahala hore kotsi ya naha e
itseng e tswalwa ke ditheko tsa matsete Aforika. Phuputsong, ho bile le mohopolo le
kakanyo ya hore dipoello tsa diasete e le dihlahiswa tse molemo haholo mothong di
latelwa ke dintho tsa tsona tse ikgethang tse amanang le dintlha tse hlaloswang ka
dipalo mmoho le boemo ba diphetoho tse sa tsitsang le tse sa lebellwang tsa tlwaelo
ya mmaraka ya ho phahama le ho theoha ka potlako e kgolo. Datha ya kgwedi le
kgwedi ya matsete a LPE le datha e kgethetsweng naha e itseng di sebedisitswe ho
hlahloba dintho tse ikgethang tse amanang le dintlha tse hlaloswang ka dipalo le
boemo ba diphetoho tse sa tsitsang le tse sa lebellwang tsa tlwaelo ya mmaraka ya
ho phahama le ho theoha ka potlako e kgolo le kamano ya tsona le mabaka a
amanang le kotsi ya ho tsetela naheng e itseng le boholo ba ho hloka botsitso bo ka
tswalang tahlehelo ya ditjhelete dinaheng tse fumanweng di le sehlopheng sena sa
matsete a tshwanang ka dintho tse itseng le ho sebetsa ka ho tshwana mmarakeng,
tseo e leng Aforika Borwa, Ghana, Egepeta le Botswana dilemong tsa 2010–2020.
Dimotlolo tsa GARCH (1,1), EGARCH, TGARCH, GARCH-In-Mean, FIGARCH,
FIEGARCH, DCC MGARCH le VAR di sebedisitswe ho tshwanela datha. Lesedi le
fumanweng la phuputsong le fana ka lesedi le ka sebedisetswang ho etsa potefolio
le ho bala sekgahla sa poello e lebelletsweng aseteng kapa letseteng. Lesedi le
fumanweng le ka boela la ba bohlokwa hore ho be le kutlwisiso e kgolo ya diphetoho
tsa tlhophiso ya dipoello tsa LPE, tse fanang ka tlhophiso ya ntshetsopele ya
disebediswa tsa tlhahlobo e ntjha ya sehlopha sena sa diasete. Lesedi le fumanweng la dintlha tse tharo tse ka sehloohong e ne e le le latelang: La
pele, Matsete a LPE a dinaha tse fuputswang a bontshitse dikameho tse entsweng
hore di shebahale ka mokgwa o itseng oo e seng wa tlhaho wa boholo ba tlhokeho
ya botsitso bo amanang le boholo ba phetoho e etsahalang e fetohang le nako,
boholo ba tlhokeho ya botsitso bo eketseha haholo ha ditheko di theoha ho feta ha
ditheko di phahama ka palo e lekanang le kgonahalo e kgolo ya datha e fapaneng le
tse ding, empa ha ho a ba le ntho e bontshang kamano e mpe pakeng tsa poello le
tlhokeho ya botsitso bo amanang le boholo ba phetoho e etsahalang kapa phetoho e
sa lebellwang tlhophisong ya datha eo ho sebetswang ka yona. Phuputso e
bontshitse hore matsete a LPE a fetotse tsela eo a tsamayang ka yona hantle le ho
ba le ntlha ya datha e itseng e fapanang haholo le dintlha tse ding. Dipoello tsa
matsete a LPE a Aforika Borwa di ne di batla di le kabo e tlwaelehileng ha tsa dinaha
tse ding di bontshitse dikabo tse sa tlwaelehang, e leng ntho e tlwaelehileng ka
datha ya ditjhelete. Egepeta e bontshitse mehlala ya ditheko tse hlokang botsitso tse
namang ka mahlakore a mangata, mme tatellano ya ditheko tse hlokang botsitso tsa
Ghana e bontshitse hore matsete a LPE a na le sekgahla se phahameng sa poello
eo o ka e lebellang diaseteng tse nang le kotsi e kgolo se lekanang le boemo ba kotsi e sa rarollwang. Datha ya Botswana e ne e tsitsitse le ho fumanwa e sa lokela
ho ho etswa diteko tse ding tse sebedisang motlolo wa GARCH. Ntlheng ya bobedi,
ho ne ho se na bopaki ba ho se lekalekane ha datha boemong ba nako e telele ba
diphetoho tse sa tsitsang le tse sa lebellwang ba datha eo ho fuputswang ka yona.
Ho sa kgathalatsehe hore matsete ana a na le tshusumetso efe ditseleng tse
fapaneng tseo ho hlahiswang le ho tsamaisa dintho ka yona, dikarabelo tsa oona
diketsahalong dife kapa dife tse sa lebellwang tse bang le kameho ya tshohanyetso
e ntle kapa e mpe, di fumanwe id tshwana. Hona ho bontsha hore matsete a
kentsweng dikhamphaning tse sa hwebeng mebarakeng ena ya Aforika a diabo a ba
le ditlhophiso tse tshwanang ka mora nako e telele. Kahoo, le ha matsete ana e le
diasete tse fanang ka moputso o tsitsitseng ka nako e telele, tlhahlobo ya diaterese
tsa batsetedi e ke ke ya sebedisetswa ho thibela kotsi ka ho aba matsete
ditumellanong tse fapaneng tsa ditjhelete. Ntlheng ya boraro, phuputso e fane ka
bopaki ba hore dintho tse amang tlhahiso ya naha e itseng di na le tshusumetso e
fokolang matseteng a LPE a mabapi le datha e fuputswang, ho hanana le mohopolo
wa hore dintho tse nang le kotsi ya ho tsetela naheng e itseng ke ditjeo tsa tlhahiso
ya ntho e nngwe mebarakeng ena. Phuputso e na le dintho tse ngata tseo e di etsang. Ya pele, phuputso e bile ya pele
ya ho hlahloba dintho tse ikgethang tse amanang le dintlha tse hlaloswang ka dipalo
boemong ba diphetoho tse sa tsitsang le tse sa lebellwang matseteng a LPE
mebarakeng e kgethilweng ya Aforika. Ya bobedi, phuputso e tlatsetsa lesedi le
fumanweng patlisisong ya nako e fetileng ka ho ithuta le ho fihlela diqeto tse
utlwahalang ka datha, ka hore e hloka tlhahlobo ya dintho tse eso fuputswe, tse
sebetsang ka ho tshwana mmarakeng, leseding, mehopolong le makaleng a thuto e
itseng, ke hore, LPE mebarakeng ya Aforika. Ditlhophiso tsa sehlopha sena sa
matsete a sebetsang ka ho tshwana mmarakeng se fapana le dihlopha tsa
boholoholo tsa matsete a sebetsang ka ho tshwana mmarakeng. Ya ho qetela,
phuputso e tlatsetsa lesedi dingolweng tsa LPE ka ho fana ka kutlwisiso ya
bohlokwa e mabapi le LPE boemong ba Aforika e le sehlopha sa matsete a qalang
ho ba teng a sebetsang ka ho tshwana mmarakeng le dintho tse thusang ho etsa
tjhelete ya ho ntshetsa moruo pele.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Finance, Risk Management and Bankin
Climate compatible agriculture : interfacing scientific, indigenous and local knowledge in the Upper West Region, Northern Ghana
No full textClimate change is a daunting challenge to smallholder agriculture in northern Ghana over the years. Climatic conditions continue to demonstrate significant levels of variability on annual and decadal bases, making smallholder agriculture more vulnerable. The aim of the study was to explore the potential use of local and indigenous knowledge of smallholder farmers in promoting climate compatible agriculture in northern Ghana and how this interface with scientific knowledge. To respond to the study aim, four research objectives were spelt out and these are further elaborated upon in chapter 1 under section 1.4.
The study adopted a mixed methods research design where quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in data collection and analyses. Data were collected through a household survey, face-to-face interviews, observation, and focus groups discussions. Participants for the face-to-face interviews and focus group discussions were purposively selected, while participants for the household survey were selected through cluster and simple random sampling approaches. The quantitative data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS version 20) and Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 365), and thematic analyses conducted for the qualitative data.
The study found that smallholder farmers’ perceptions of increasing variability of rainfall and temperature patterns in North-western Ghana were confirmed by meteorological data where annual rainfall was decreasing with increasing annual temperatures over the past decades. It was also revealed that smallholder farmers employed multiple farm and non-farm-based strategies by interfacing scientific, local and indigenous knowledge systems to promote climate compatible agriculture. There were also varied levels of awareness on climate compatible farming practices among smallholder farmers with the need for more awareness creation scientific-based practices. It further emerged that smallholder farmers’ decisions to adopt local and indigenous knowledge-based climate compatible practices were variedly influenced by accessibility, reliability, and awareness of knowledge; access to farm capital; land tenure; access to extension services; household demographic characteristics; landscape and farm distance; and socio-cultural beliefs.
Based on the key findings and conclusions emerging from the work, several interventions are suggested. These include sensitisation, education, and training of smallholder farmers on climate compatible practices that effectively mainstream local and indigenous knowledge into scientific practices to improve capacities and enhance increased productivity and food security that should be prioritised by all stakeholders in the agriculture value-chain in northern Ghana. The thesis is another value-add to the growing body of knowledge in Ghana and globally that will enhance policy reformation in the area of focus. Furthermore, new knowledge gaps that emerged can either be taken up for postdoctoral work or by other scholars.D. Phil. (Environmental Management)Environmental Science
Microfinance services and their effects on smallholder farmers’ incomes and productivity in Eswatini
No full textAbout 63% of the Swat population live under the poverty line, of which a majority of them make ends meet through smallholder farming. Microfinance institutions in Eswatini are the most powerful tool used by the government and stakeholders in eradicating poverty through granting their services to the financially excluded smallholder farmers. However, the effects of microfinance on smallholders' wellbeing, improvement, income and productivity remain a mystery.
The study sought to understand the contributions of microfinance services towards improved incomes and productivity of maize and sugar cane farmers in the Lubombo Region. Stratified random sampling was used to identify the 202 smallholder farmers who participated in the study, beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of microfinance. Purposive sampling was also used to determine the two microfinance institutions. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, STATA and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to identify the operating microfinance institutions in the country and the types of services provided. Levels of credit repayment among the farmers and challenges faced by microfinance clients inhibiting their success were also assessed using descriptive statistics. A Mann Whitney U test was applied to determine microfinance services' impact on smallholders' incomes and productivity. Finally, a fractional logit regression was employed to assess the credit repayment factors of the microfinance beneficiaries.
The Mann Whitney U Test indicated that beneficiaries had improved incomes and productivity compared to their counterparts. Comparisons were made from incomes and productivity generated from maize production, on the ownership of machinery and farming implements, home and farm investments and finally on economic and social statuses between the two farmer
groups. The fractional regression results indicated that level of education, the sufficiency of the loan, extension services, distance and the amount of credit received by borrowers significantly determined the loan repayment among the smallholder farmers in the study area. Descriptive statistics revealed that more males participated in microfinance services, yet only 22.8% of women were given credit. Credit was also shown as the most popular and used service that 99.2% of the beneficiaries used. A gap is seen in the lower participation levels of women to microfinance institutions and skewness of the uptake of services provided by the institutions.
Therefore, the study recommends that more research be done on women's challenges when seeking for credit from microfinance institutions. It is also recommended that microfinance institutions should familiarise farmers with the different types of services provided.College of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Kategorisering en prototipes
No full textHierdie hulpbron verduidelik die konsepte "kategorisering" en "prototipes".Afrikaans and Theory of Literatur
SGBs implementing the NNSSF policy in Johannesburg East District fee-paying public secondary schools
Get PDFAbstracts in English, Zulu and Northern SothoThe school’s ranking determines the state’s funding allocation to public schools on the Resource Targeting List. The funding policy on education equity is characterised by policy prescripts like quintile ranking and exemption policy as tools of redress and access. The South African School’s Act [SASA], Act 84 of 1996 (RSA, 1996b) devolved management of the state’s allocation to school governing bodies (SGBs), who are de facto custodians of school financial management and can raise school fees to supplement the allocation.
Financial management is delegated to the finance sub-committee, which monitors and implements the budget for the skilful use of physical and human resources to optimise the teaching and learning process. However, the unwillingness of parents to pay fees or apply for an exemption, has an impact on the inflow of funds to run the school effectively. The Covid-19 pandemic brought about further reduced fee collections, because of job losses and reduced working hours; disallowing parents from paying fees.
This study utilized a qualitative research methodology with focus-group interviews, and elicited responses from two finance committees in Johannesburg East secondary schools. The findings emphasised the role of private-public partnerships with telecommunication companies, the skilful use of the allocation to acquire learner-teacher support material, and parental involvement as a mitigation strategy for curriculum losses by leaping to digital platforms for learning.
Therefore, the study has the potential for researchers to undertake further research to investigate the challenges experienced by SGBs in implementing funding policy on education equity. Their response, through innovative strategies to adjust to a digital strategy and act in the best interest of learning and teaching in a post-Covid-19 era, is of specific interest.Ukuhlinzekwa wumbuso ngezimali kwezikole zombuso kulawulwa yindawo yesikole ohlwini lwezikole elibizwa nge-Resource Targeting List. Umgomo wezokuhlinzekwa ngezimali mayelana nokulinganiswa kwemfundo wakhiwe ngemibhalo yomgomo enjenge-quintile ranking kanye nomgomo we-exemption policy okuyizinto ezithathwa njengamathuluzi okulungisa kanye nokutholakala kwezinsiza. UMthetho Olawula iziKole eNingizimu Afrika (SASA, uMthetho 84, wonyaka ka 1996) wadlulisela amandla okuphatha izikole Zombuso kwizikhungo ezilawula izikole (SGBs), okuyizikhungo ezithembekile emsebenzini wezokulawulwa kwezimali, kanti lezi zikhungo zingaqokelelela izikole izimali ngasese, ngenhloso yokugcwaliselela isabelo sezimali sezikole.
Umsebenzi wokuphathwa kwezimali usemahlombe wekomiti elincane lezezimali, okuyikomiti elibheke neliqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa kwesabelo sezimali, isetshenziselwe kwimisebenzi ebonakalayo kanye nakwihlelo lezokuqhashwa kwabasebenzi ngenhloso yokuqinisa uhlelo lokufunda nokufundisa. Yize-kunjalo, isenzo sabazali sokungafisi ukubhadala imali yesikole noma ukufaka isicelo sokungakhokhiswa imali yesikole sekube nomthelela phezu kwezimali ezingenayo ukuba ziqhube ngempumelelo imisebenzi yesikole. Ubhubhane we-Covid-19 sewuholele esimeni sokuncishiswa ngokungeziwe komsebenzi wokuqokelelwa kwezimali zesikole ngenxayezinga lokulahlekelwa yimisebenzi kanye nokuncishiswa kwamahora okusebenza.
Umethodoloji owencike kucwaningo lwekhwalithi (qualitative research methodology), ogxile kwizinhlolovo zeqembu (group interviews) kusetshenziswe ukuveza izimpendulo ezivela kumakomiti amabili ezimali ezikole zamabanga aphezulu esifundazweni saseGauteng. Ulwazi olutholakele lugcizelele indima edlalwa ubudlelwano amaziko amabili azimele nalawo kahulumeni ngokusebenzisana nezinkampani zohlelo lokuxhumana ngocingo, ukusetshenziswa ngobunyoninco kohlelo lokuhlukaniselana imithombo ngenhloso yokuthola ukuxhaswa ngezinsizakufunda ezixhasa uthisha nomfundi kanye nezinga lokuzibandakanya kwabazali njengesu lokunciphisa izinga lokulahlekelwa yisikhathi sohlelo lwemfundo, ngokungena kwizinkundla zedijithali ngenhloso yokufunda. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lunika abacwaningi amandla okuqhubeka nolunye ucwaningo olujulile ukuphenyaizinselele ezihlangabezana nezikhungo eziphatha izikole (SGBs) ekusebenziseni umgomo wokuhlinzeka izikole ngezimali ohlelweni lwemfundo elinganayo. Impendulo yabo abacwaningi ngokusebenzisa amasu anamaqhinga amasha okuguqukela kwihlelo lamasu edijithali kanye nokusebenza ngokwezifiso ezingcono zohlelo lokufunda nokufundisa esikhathini esingemuva kobhubhane we-Covid-19 kuyinto efuneka ngendlela ekhethekile.Ka moo puso e abelang dikolo tsa setshaba matlole ka gona go laolwa ke maemo a sekolo mo Lenaneng la go Tota Ditlamelo. Pholisi ya matlole a tekatekano ya thuto e na le dithebolo tsa pholisi di tshwana le karoganyo ya maemo ya dikarolo (quintile) le pholisi ya kgololo tse e leng didiriswa tsa paakanyo le phitlhelesego. Molao wa Dikolo wa Aforikaborwa (SASA, Molao wa bo84 wa 1996) o fetiseditse tsamaiso ya kabelo ya puso kwa bothating jwa taolo ya dikolo (diSGB), jo e leng batlhokomedi ba tsamaiso ya ditshelete tsa sekolo, mme bo ka oketsa dituelo tsa sekolo go tlaleletsa mo kabelong.
Tiro ya tsamaiso ya ditshelete e neelwa komitipotlana ya ditshelete e e bayang leitlho le go tsenya tirisong tekanyetsokabo gore go dirisiwe ditlamelo tsa dithoto le tsa batho ka bokgoni go tokafatsa tirego ya go ruta le go ithuta. Le gale, go belaela ga batsadi malebana le go duela dituelo gongwe go dira dikopo tsa kgololo go ama kelelo ya matlole a a dirang gore go tsamaisiwe sekolo ka bokgoni. Leroborobo la Covid-19 le okeditse go fokotsega ga dituelo ka ntlha ya ditatlhegelo tsa ditiro le diura tse di fokoditsweng tsa go dira, mme seo se dira gore batsadi ba se ke ba duela dituelo.
Go dirisitswe mokgwa wa patlisiso o o lebelelang mabaka go dirisiwa dikopanopotsolotso tsa ditlhopha tse di totilweng go bona tsibogo go tswa kwa dikomiting tse pedi tsa ditshelete kwa dikolong tsa sekontari tsa Gauteng. Diphitlhelelo di gateletse seabe sa selekane sa maphata a setshaba le a poraefete le ditlamo tsa tlhaeletsano ya megala, tiriso e e bokgoni ya kabelo gore go rekwe matheriale wa tshegetso ya barutwana-barutabana le sesabe sa batsadi jaaka togamaano ya go fokotsa tatlhegelo ya kharikhulamo, ka go tlolela kwa dipolatefomong tsa dijitale tsa go ithuta.
Ka jalo, thutopatlisiso e na le tshono ya gore babatlisisi ba ka tswelela ka patlisiso e nngwe go tlhotlhomisa dikgwetlho tse di itemogelwang ke diSGB malebana le go tsenya tirisong pholisi ya matlole mo tekatekanong ya thuto. Ditsibogo tsa bona ka ditogamaano tsa boitshimololedi go atolosa togamaano ya dijitale le go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa go ithuta le go ruta mo pakeng ya morago ga Covid-19 ke tsone di kgatlhegelwang.M. Ed. (Education Management)Educational Leadership and Managemen
African, lesbian, and married : the experiences of a black South African couple
Get PDFAlthough South Africa has factored the rights of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender
(LGBT) community into its constitution, this does not necessarily guarantee that those who
engage in same-sex relationships enjoy these rights in practice. South African lesbian
sexuality is often suppressed and silenced. This is partly due to the fact that discourses
position people in power relations. Dominant sexuality discourses in Africa privilege Black
African heterosexuals. The dominant discourse of Black African heterosexists that
homosexuality is un-African has had and continues to have a negative effect on the Black
LGBTQ community.
It is not common for South African Black same-sex couples to marry. This thesis reports on
an in-depth investigation of the experiences of a South African Black female married couple,
who have two children. My argument is located within the paradigm of intersectionality and
highlights dominant discourses of gender, race, sexual orientation, religion, and socio economic status as they pertain to marginalised social groups: in this case, a South African
Black female married lesbian couple. Ten unstructured interviews were conducted with the
married couple, and two with their children. The interviews were transcribed and analysed by
using narrative analysis, which allows the researcher to study the experiences of a single
individual or a small group of individuals.
The aim of the study is to generate an understanding of how a South African Black female
same-sex couple experience their identities through their life histories and daily practices,
despite social disapproval. After analysing the results, considering that little research exists
on the topic, I provide recommendations outlining possible further studies to investigate South
African Black lesbian sexualities.D. Phil. (Psychology)Psycholog