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Exploring the use of tactical crime intelligence techniques in corruption investigations
No full textCorruption remains a phenomenon which bedevil the general society and as long as this evil is not addressed, government and affected businesses will keep on suffering financial losses. From a crime investigation perspective, an intelligence-led approach is one strategy available for investigators to combat corruption in the Department of Co-operative Government, Human Settlements and Traditional Affairs (COGHSTA). A qualitative research approach was adopted and semi-structured interviews were conducted with six investigators, as well as the Financial Intelligence Centre manager and one retired senior manager from the Department of State Security Agencies.
This study found that various tactical crime intelligence techniques exist which will contribute positively to corruption investigations. However, most of the techniques herein discussed are intrusive, therefore, legal advice ought to be source before the application thereof. Research further revealed that the investigators lack current knowledge on the concept of tactical crime intelligence. Therefore, training and further research in the field of crime intelligence is recommended for the Department of COGHSTA. This research will empower detectives on the concept of intelligence-led investigative techniques.M.A. (Criminal Justice)Criminology and Security Scienc
Psychosocial
No full textThe three pieces collectively address the universal human challenge of psychosocial behaviour and dilutions as components of people's emotional, psychological, and social well-being worldwide. The pieces were displayed as part of the exhibition "Artists as Shaman". Since the beginning of time, art and the idea of shamanism have been a part of art history and mankind. Shamanism represents the internal spiritual energy and religious behaviour in which an individual communicates with energies in the fourth dimension and/or galaxy. This kind of phenomenon is portrayed as a universal transitional human experience. I therefore agree with Singh (2018) who applies the theory of evolution to account for how shaman encounters and narratives have changed over time, from the prehistoric era to the present. And also thinks that such a practice will endure into future generations once the current generation has passed on.
In this body of work, I argue that the San people of Southern Africa, who were part of prehistoric man, explored, understood, and accepted the shaman dance and its metamorphosis into spirit-man as a bearable and acceptable spiritual behaviour. The shaman is believed to be able to access these trance-like or ecstatic religious experiences in an uncontrollable manner that is similar to bipolar trances. The shamanism theory also describes this.
Researchers believe that shamans operate in voluntarily inducing blissful trance states that change their awareness and allow them to enter the realms of the invisible worlds. Working relationships, they establish with spirits in those realms are what allow them to learn things and effect change there. In this way, shamanism functions as a relationship-based method of affecting changes in the spiritual world.
Therefore, it should be considered socially acceptable to compare modern man's psychosocial behaviour to the occasional shamanic trances that modern people go through.
I utilised oxide on paper to make this body of work, and the body of work features stains, shaman-like energy fluctuations, and illusions. The patterns are related to corroded social ties brought on by generations of prejudice for those with mental illness. Regardless of gender, creed, or religion, these tendencies usually mirror the psychological problems that influence people universally as shamanism or bipolar trances. As a result, conflicts and tensions in the environment develop, which may be avoided if mental health received the attention it deserves. The goal of this body of work, as well as its justification, is for societies to be more understanding of and supportive of people who have mental health problems. I think that my research on certain images and materials, like oxides, contributes significantly to the visual discourse on mental health in this domain of experiential learning.Elfrida Dreyer- Exhibition curato
Exploring instances of Deleuzian rhizomatic patterns in student writing and online interactions at an open distance eLearning institution in South Africa
No full textThis study aimed to explore and make visualisations of Deleuzian Rhizomatic Patterns in first-year students’ writing samples of academic writing. Online interactions on myUnisa’s online discussion forums and the Microsoft (MS) Teams virtual classes of 2020 in Academic Language and Literacy in English (ENG53) were examined rhizomatically. Traditionally, academic literacy studies employ linear models of studying students’ academic writing. However, recent academic literacy studies advocate that student writing be studied from multiple perspectives. One such approach is the Deleuzian Rhizomatic Approach to writing.
The Deleuzian Rhizomatic Approach to writing employs writing analytics that can be applied to the academic writing samples in terms of key themes (concordances). Therefore, in investigating linking adverbials in online interactions of students and lecturers, writing analytics were applied. Writing analytics as a part of learning analytics entails, in this case, various data related to student writing that could be computationally analysed using writing software tools. The writing samples were analysed using rhizoanalysis by means of the AntConc, AntMover, and AntWordProfiler software applications. Rhizomatic patterns in students’ writing samples drawn from interactions on the 2020 ENG53 MS Teams virtual classroom and myUnisa’s ODF were visualised using social network analysis (SNA), online tools MS Power BI and Gephi. In addition, a readability index of the writing samples was assessed through the AntWordProfiler multiplatform tool and was visualised rhizomatically.
The student writing samples revealed sectional rhizomatic patterns in various forms, as well as visualizations of MS Power BI and Gephi which portrayed rhizomatic patterns bearing various degrees of interaction nodes between students and lecturers. Furthermore, the AntWordProfiler revealed that readability levels of the writing samples were comprehensible but varied rhizomatically between students.Ph. D. (Applied English Studies)English Studie
Kamano pakeng tsa lekaka la dibanka le ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa borwa ba Afrika : mokgwa wa phanele wa data (1995–2017)
No full textAbstract in English, Zulu and SesothoThe study investigated the relationship between banking sector development and stock
market development in Southern Africa, with special focus on the Southern Africa
Development Community (SADC). Using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR)
and System Generalised Methods of Moments (SGMM) on data from nine SADC
countries, study results show that banks and stock markets complement each other in
funding economic growth in the region. The results also show that regional integration
through the trade protocol (TP) and the finance and investment protocol (FIP) improves
the complementary effect of banks and stock markets on economic growth. The growth
model outlined shows that stepping up efforts to promote regional integration improves
the complementarity between the expansion of the banking industry and the growth of the
stock market in terms of financing economic growth. The study also looked at how
institutional settings affected how the banking industry and stock market development
interacted. The findings demonstrate that the rule of law does not change the nature of
the relationship, but it does lessen the complimentary impact of stock market and banking
sector expansion on economic growth. The study used the banking sector development
and stock market development models to test the validity of the findings and determine
whether the association holds. Therefore, the study further investigated the determinants
of banking sector and stock market development where stock market and banking sector
indicators were included as regressors. Stock market development was found to have a
positive impact on banking sector development while stock market capitalisation
positively impacted credit extended by deposit money banks. This result confirmed the complementary relationship shown by the growth model. Urbanisation had a positive
effect on banking sector development, private credit extension and banking sector
efficiency but it negatively impacted banking sector stability. Population density had a
positive impact on private credit extension and banking sector stability while inequality
positively influenced banking sector development and banking sector stability. The results
also reveal that banking sector development positively influences stock market
development and stock market capitalisation while private credit by deposit money banks
enhanced stock market development, stock market size, stock market liquidity and stock
market efficiency. This conclusion also supported the notion that the growth of the
banking sector and the stock market, as well as the size of the stock market and the credit
extended by banks, all contribute to the development of the stock market in terms of its
size, liquidity and efficiency. This result showed that banking sector development
contributed more to the development of stock markets compared to the effect of stock
markets on banks. Press freedom was found to positively affect stock market size and
stock market liquidity. Industrialisation on the other hand had a negative effect on stock
market size while capital flight negatively impacted stock market development, stock
market size and stock market liquidity. The study also uncovered the positive effect of
pegged exchange rate regime on stock market development and stock market
capitalisation while the crawling and managed regimes positively influenced stock market
size. On the contrary, the floating regime had a detrimental effect on stock market
development and stock market capitalisation. The findings also show that the banking
sector in SADC is still underdeveloped characterised by low credit extension and high
inefficiency though it is stable. Stock markets were also found to be underdeveloped characterised by small size, low liquidity and low levels of efficiency. These findings
suggest that the rise of the banking industry and the stock market complement one
another in providing capital for economic expansion, and that regional integration
strengthens this complementary relationship. The rule of law, however, lessens this
complimentary effect. To improve the complementarity between the growth of the banking
sector and the growth of the stock market in providing financing for economic growth,
policymakers should concentrate on fostering regional integration and enhancing the rule
of law. The expansion of the banking sector has been found to have a higher positive
impact on stock market development than vice versa. Therefore, they should focus their
efforts on improving loan extension and efficiency in this area.Lolu cwaningo luphenye ubudlelwano phakathi kokuthuthukiswa komkhakha
wamabhange kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya e-Afrika eseNingizimu,
kugxilwe ngokukhethekile eMphakathini oThuthukayo oseNingizimu ne-Afrika (SADC).
Kusetshenziswa ukwehla okubonakala kungahlobene (i-SUR) kanye nendlela yezikhathi
ezijwayelekile zohlelo (i-SGMM) emininingwaneni evela emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye e-
SADC, imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi amabhange nezimakethe zamasheya
kuyahambisana ekuxhaseni ngezimali ukukhula komnotho esifundeni. Imiphumela
iphinde ikhombise ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwesifunda ngenqubo esemthethweni
yokuhweba (TP) kanye nezezimali nenqubo esemthethweni yokutshalwa kwezimali (FIP)
kuthuthukisa umphumela ohambisanayo wamabhange nezimakethe zamasheya
ekukhuleni komnotho. Isifanekiso sokukhula esiveziwe sikhombisa ukuthi ukuqinisa
imizamo yokukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwesifunda kuthuthukisa ukuhambisana
phakathi kokunwetshwa kwemboni yamabhange kanye nokukhula kwemakethe
yamasheya mayelana nokuxhasa ukukhula komnotho ngezimali. Lolu cwaningo luphinde
lwabheka ukuthi izilungiselelo zesikhungo ziyithinta kanjani indlela imboni yamabhange
kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya. Okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi
umthetho awushintshi uhlobo lobudlelwano, kodwa wehlisa umthelela ohambisanayo
wezimakethe zamasheya kanye nokwanda komkhakha wamabhange ekukhuleni
komnotho. Ucwaningo lusebenzise ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wamabhange kanye
nezindlela zokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya ukuze kuvivinywe ukufaneleka
kokutholiwe kanye nokunquma ukuthi inhlangano iphethe. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo
luqhube lwaphenya ngezinqumo zomkhakha wamabhange kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya lapho izinkomba zemboni yamasheya kanye nezamabhange
zafakwa khona njengezihlehlayo. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya kutholwe
kunomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha wamabhange kuyilapho ukutholwa
kwezimali ezimakethe zamasheya kunomthelela omuhle emalini yezikweletu enwetshwe
amabhange emali efakwa ebhange. Lo mphumela uqinisekisa ubudlelwano
obuhambisanayo obuboniswa isifanekiso sokukhula. Ukufudukela emadolobheni
kunomphumela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha wamabhange, ukwandiswa
kwezikweletu ezizimele kanye nokusebenza kahle komkhakha wamabhange kodwa
kunomthelela omubi ekuzinzeni komkhakha wamabhange. Ukuminyana kwabantu
kunomthelela omuhle ekwandiseni izikweletu ezizimele kanye nokuzinza komkhakha
wamabhange kuyilapho ukungalingani kunomthelela omuhle ekuthuthukisweni
komkhakha wamabhange kanye nokuzinza komkhakha wamabhange. Imiphumela
iphinde iveze ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wamabhange kuba nomthelela omuhle
ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye nokufakwa kwemali ezimakethe
zamasheya, kuyilapho izikweletu ezizimele ngamabhange emali efakwayo zithuthukisa
ukuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zamasheya, ubukhulu bezimakethe zamasheya,
ukutholakala kwezimali kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye nokusebenza kahle
kwezimakethe zamasheya. Lesi siphetho siphinde sisekele umbono wokuthi ukukhula
komkhakha wamabhange kanye nemakethe yamasheya, kanye nobukhulu bemakethe
yamasheya kanye nesikweletu esinwetshiwe ngamabhange, konke kunomthelela
ekuthuthukisweni kwemakethe yamasheya ngokobukhulu bayo, umthamo omkhulu
womsebenzi emakethe kanye nokusebenza kahle. Lo mphumela ukhombisa ukuthi
ukuthuthukiswa komkhakha wamabhange kufaka isandla kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe zamasheya uma kuqhathaniswa nomthelela wezimakethe zamasheya
emabhange. Inkululeko yabezindaba itholwe inomthelela omuhle kusayizi wemakethe
yamasheya kanye nokuqina kwemakethe yamasheya. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni
ngakolunye uhlangothi kunomphumela ongemuhle kusayizi wemakethe yamasheya
kuyilapho ukuphuma ngokushesha kwemali ezweni kunomthelela ongemuhle
ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe zamasheya, ubukhulu bezimakethe zamasheya kanye
nokuqina kwemakethe yamasheya. Ucwaningo luphinde lwembula umthelela omuhle
wezinga lokushintshana elingaguquki elikhonjiwe ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe
zamasheya kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali kwezimakethe zamasheya, kuyilapho
lubonisa ukuthi ukukhasa nokuphathwa kwemibuso kunomthelela omuhle kubukhulu
bemakethe yamasheya. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umbuso lapho imali yesizwe ihlelwe
yimakethe yokuhwabelana kolunye uhlobo lwemali kwenye ngokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa
unomthelela omubi ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe zamasheya kanye nokufakwa
kwemali ezimakethe zamasheya. Okutholakele futhi kukhombisa ukuthi umkhakha
wamabhange ku-SADC, nakuba uzinzile, usengakathuthukiswa ngokugcwele futhi
ubonakala ngokwandiswa okuphansi kwezikweletu kanye nokungasebenzi kahle.
Izimakethe zamasheya nazo zitholwe zingathuthukisiwe ngokugcwele zibonakala
ngosayizi omncane, ukuthengwa kwezimali okuphansi kanye namazinga aphansi
okusebenza kahle. Lokhu okutholakele kuphakamisa ukuthi ukukhula kwemboni
yamabhange kanye nemakethe yamasheya kuyahambisana ekuhlinzekeni ngemali
yokwandisa umnotho, nokuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwesifunda kuqinisa lobu budlelwano
obuhambisanayo. Umthetho, nokho, uyawunciphisa lo mphumela ohambisanayo.
Ukwenza ngcono ukuhambisana phakathi kokukhula komkhakha wamabhange kanye nokukhula kwemakethe yamasheya ekuhlinzekeni ngezimali zokukhula komnotho,
abakhi benqubomgomo kufanele bagxile ekukhuthazeni ukuhlanganiswa kwesifunda
kanye nokuthuthukisa umthetho. Ukwandiswa komkhakha wamabhange kutholakale
ukuthi kunomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezimakethe zamasheya
kunangokuphambene. Ngakho-ke, kufanele bagxilise imizamo yabo ekuthuthukiseni
ukwandiswa kwemali mboleko nokusebenza kahle kule ndawo.Thuto e batlisisitse tswalano mahareng a ntshetsopele ya lekala la dibanka le
ntshetsopele ya mebaraka ya setoko tsa Borwa ba Afrika, ho tsepamisitswe haholo ho
Ditjhaba tse Ntshetswangpele tsa Borwa ba Afrika (SADC). Ho sebediswa mokgwa o
bonahalang o sa amaneng (SUR) le mokgwa o akaretsang wa nako (SGMM) mabapi le
dintlha tsa pokello tse tswang dinaheng tse robong tsa SADC, diphetho tsa thuto di
bontsha hore dibanka le mebaraka ya matsete di a tlatsana ho tshehetsa kgolo ya moruo
sebakeng seo.Diphetho di boetse di bontsha hore kopanyo ya dibaka ka prothokholo ya
kgwebo (TP) le prothokholo ya ditjhelete le matsete (FIP) e ntlafatsa bokgoni ba ho tlisa
sephetho se tlatselletsang sa dibanka le dimmaraka tsa thekiso kgolong ya moruo.
Mohlala wa kgolo o bontshitsweng o bontsha hore ho matlafatsa matsapa a ho
kgothaletsa kopanyo ya lebatowa ho ntlafatsa tlatsetso dipakeng tsa katoloso ya indasteri
ya dibanka le kgolo ya mmaraka wa setoko mabapi le ho tshehetsa kgolo ya moruo ka
ditjhelete. Thuto ena e boetse ya sheba hore na maemo a mekgatlo a ama jwang indasteri
ya dibanka le ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa matsete. Diphumano di bontsha hore molao
ha o fetole sebopeho sa dikamano, empa o fokotsa tshusumetso e tlatsanang ya
mmaraka wa thekiso le keketseho ya lekala la dibanka kgolong ya moruo. Thuto e
sebedisitse ntshetsopele ya lekala la dibanka le mehlala ya ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa
setoko ho leka bonnete ba diphumano le ho fumana hore na ho kopana ho a tsamaelana.
Ka hona, thuto e ile ya tswela pele ho batlisisa dintlha tse kgethollang lekala la dibanka
le ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko moo matshwao a mmaraka a setoko le a dibanka
a kenyelleditsweng e le phetoho e hlalosang.
Ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko e fumanwe e na le tshusumetso e ntle ho
ntshetsopele ya lekala la dibanka ha ho tsetelwa kgwebong ho mmaraka wa setoko e
fumanwa e e na le tshusumetso e ntle ho mokitlane o atolositsweng ke dibanka tsa
ditjhelete tsa depositi. Sephetho sena se tiisa kamano e tlatsanang e bontshitsweng ke
mohlala wa kgolo.Ho aha ditoropong ho na le bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho se setle
ntshetsopeleng ya lekala la dibanka, katoloso ya mekitlane ya poraefete le katleho ya
lekala la dibanka empa e na le tshusumetso e mpe botsitsong ba lekala la dibanka. Palo
ya baahi e na le tshusumetso e ntle katolosong ya mekitlane ya poraefete le botsitsong
ba lekala la dlibanka ha ho se lekane ho susumetsa ntshetsopele ya lekala la dibanka le
botsitso ba lekala la dibanka. Diphetho di boetse di senola hore ntshetsopele ya lekala la
dibanka e na le tshusumetso e ntle ho ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko le ho tsetela
mmarakeng wa setoko, ha mekitlane ya poraefete ka dibanka tsa depositi e matlafatsa
ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko, boholo ba mmaraka wa setoko,thekiso ya setoko
le katleho ya mmaraka wa setoko.Qeto ena e boetse e tshehetsa mohopolo wa hore
kgolo ya lefapha la dibanka le mmaraka wa setoko, hammoho le boholo ba mmaraka wa
setoko le mekitlane e atolositsweng ke dibanka, kaofela di kenya letsoho ntshetsopeleng
ya mmaraka wa setoko ho latela boholo ba ona, thekiso ya setoko le bokgoni. Sephetho
sena se bontsha hore ntshetsopele ya lekala la dibanka e kenya letsoho haholo
ntshetsopeleng ya mebaraka ya thekiso ha e bapiswa le bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho ya
mmaraka wa setoko dibankeng.Tokoloho ya baphatlalatsi e ile ya fumanwa e ama boholo
ba mmaraka wa setoko le thekiso ya mmaraka wa setoko. Ntshetsopele ya diindasteri ka
lehlakoreng le leng e na le bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho se sebe ho boholo ba mmaraka
wa setoko ha ho tswa ha tjhelete naheng ho na le tshusumetso e mpe ho ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko, boholo ba mmaraka le ho rekiswa ha maraka wa setoko.Thuto
ena e boetse bo sibollotse bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho se setle sa puso ya sekgahla sa
phapanyetsano ho ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko le ho tsetela mmarakeng wa
setoko, ha e ntse e bontsha hore mebuso e kgasang le e laolwang e na le tshusumetso
e ntle ho boholo ba mmaraka wa setoko. Ho fapana le hoo, puso e phaphametseng e na
le bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho se sebe ho ntshetsopele ya mmaraka wa setoko le ho
tsetela mmarakeng. Diphumano di boetse di bontsha hore lekala la dibanka ka hara
SADC, leha le tsitsitse, le ntse le fokola mme le tsebahala ka katoloso e tlase ya mekitlane
le ho se sebetse hantle ho hoholo. Dimmaraka tsa disetoko le tsona di ile tsa fumanwa di
sa ntlafatswe tse kgethollwang ka boholo bo fokolang, thekiso ya thepa le maemo a tlaase
a tshebetso.Diphumano tsena di fana ka maikutlo a hore ho phahama ha indasteri ya
dibanka le mmaraka wa setoko di a tlatselletsana ka ho fana ka tjhelete bakeng sa
katoloso ya moruo, le hore kopanyo ya dibaka e matlafatsa kamano ena e tlatselletsang.
Molao, leha ho le jwalo, o fokotsa bokgoni ba ho tlisa sephetho sena se tlatsetsang. Ho
ntlafatsa tlatsetso dipakeng tsa kgolo ya lekala la dibanka le kgolo ya mmaraka wa setoko
molemong wa ho fana ka ditjhelete bakeng sa kgolo ya moruo, baetsi ba melawana ba
lokela ho tsepamisa maikutlo ho kgothaletseng kopanyo ya dibaka le ho matlafatsa
molao.Katoloso ya lekala la dibanka e fumanwe e na le kgahlamelo e hodimo e ntle
ntshetsopeleng ya mmaraka wa setoko ho feta ka tsela e fapaneng. Ka hona, ba lokela
ho tsepamisa boiteko ba bona ho ntlafatsa katoloso ya mokoloto le katleho sebakeng
sena.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Finance, Risk Management and Bankin
Ghouls, witches, and hauntings and traumata in "His House" (Weekes, 2020)
No full textCommunication Scienc
Face recognition using improved deep learning neural network
No full textIn recent years the importance and need for computer vision systems increased due to security demands, self-driving cars, cell phone logins, forensic identification, banks, etc. In security, the idea is to distinguish individuals correctly by utilizing facial recognition, iris recognition, or other means suitable for identification. Cell phones use face recognition to unlock the screen and authorization. Face recognition systems perform tremendously well, however, they still face challenges of classification. Their major challenge is the ability to identify or recognize individuals in an image or images. The causes of this challenge could be lighting (illumination) conditions, the place or environment where the image is taken and this can be associated with the background environment of the image, posing, and facial gestures or expressions. This study investigates a possible method to bring a solution. The method proposes a combination of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), K-Means clustering, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for a face recognition system. Firstly, apply PCA to reduce dataset dimensions, enable smaller network usage and training, remove redundancy, maintain quality, and produce Eigenfaces. Secondly, apply PCA output to K-Means clustering to select centres with better characteristics, and produce initial input data for CNN. Lastly, take K-Means clustering output as the input of the CNN and train the network. It is trained and evaluated using the ORL dataset. This dataset comprises 400 different faces with 40 classes of 10 face images per class. The performance of this technique was tested against (PCA), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN). This method’s accuracy after 90 epochs achieved 99% F1-Score, 99% precision, and 99% recall in 463.934 seconds. It outperformed the PCA that obtained 97% F1-Score and KNN with 84% F1-Score during the experiments. Therefore, this method proved to be efficient in identifying faces in the images.MTech (Electrical Engineering)School of Engineerin
The drug-crime relationship : an exploration of the influence of substance abuse on crime committed by female offenders incarcerated at the Johannesburg and Kgosi Mampuru correctional centres in South Africa
Get PDFThis study explored the relationship between criminality and substance use. The aim was to discover the influence of two variables, gender and drug type, in the drug-crime nexus. Although research on the drug-crime relationship has been conducted, there is still no explicit clarity on the factors that are associated with the relationship. The current simplistic and salient understanding of the drug-crime relationship, as evident in the literature, is that drug use causes crime but that does not factor in the nuances present in the relationship. This study focused on gender as a possible idiosyncratic factor contributing to the relationship. The exploration sought to explain how gender influences the drug-crime relationship by explicitly contextualising it in the experiences of women. This study argues that the introduction of influencing factors to the drug-crime relationship illuminates the complexities embedded in the relationship. The study further suggests that when women are factored into the drug-crime relationship, the relationship in itself seems to lose its connection. The study argues that both drug use and criminality are potentially influenced by a third mediating factor, rather than criminality and drug use directly affecting each other. Ultimately, what was discovered was that female substance use is usually a form of coping with certain negative life events that the women experienced.
To arrive at these conclusions, the study followed a qualitative research approach with a leaning towards exploration. Explorative qualitative data were collected from 29 female offenders in two female correctional centres in Gauteng, South Africa, namely, Johannesburg and Kgoši Mampuru II Correctional Centres. The data were collected via one-on-one interviews guided by the philosophy of phenomenology. The female offenders had to fit the primary criteria of having a history of substance use in order to participate in the study. Additionally, five (5) Department of Correctional Services (DCS) officials that offer psychosocial services (i.e., psychologists and social workers) to the female offenders were also interviewed individually for their perspectives on the drug-crime relationship. The data collected from the DCS officials served as supplementary data to the collected data from the female offenders. All the data were then analysed utilising inductive thematic analysis. From the analysed data, discussions were formed grounded in the literature and the theoretical framework of the study.
The major contribution of this study is that it fills a gap in the research area of substance use in relation to criminality by focusing on gender. Furthermore, it elucidates the complexities of the drug-crime relationship, thus opening a further debate on the soundness of the established drug-crime nexus. The major recommendation from this study is that drug treatment facilities and the DCS ought to consider gender when applying their drug rehabilitation programmes. Furthermore, drug policies ought to be reassessed from an evidence-based perspective, instead of the anecdotal. However, as evident in this study referenced against the literature, more research is required before establishing the drug-crime relationship conclusively.Dinyakisiso di hlahlobile kamano magareng ga bosenyi le tshomiso ya ditagi. Maikemisetso e be e le go hwetsa khuetso ya dikarolo tse pedi tse di fapanego, bong le mohuta wa seokobatsi, go kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi. Le ge dinyakisiso tsa kamano ya seokobatsi le bosenyi di setse di dirilwe, go sa na le go se kwesise gabotse mabapi le dintlha tse di amanago le kamano ye. Kwesiso ye bonolo le ye bohlokwa ya gabjale ya kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi, ye e bonagalago ka gare go dipadi, ke gore tshomiso ya seokobatsi e hlola bosenyi, fela seo ga se seabe sa diphapano tse di lego gona go kamano ye. Dinyakisiso tse di seditse bong bjalo ka ntlha ye e ikgethilego yeo e tlaleletsago go kamano ye. Tlhahlobo e be e nyaka go hlalosa gore bong bo huetsa kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi bjang ka go bea diteng phatlalatsa tsa maitemogelo a basadi. Dinyakisiso tse di dira ngangisano ya gore tsebiso ya dintlha tse di huetsago kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi e bontsha mathata ao a lego ka gare go kamano. Dinyakisiso di tswela pele go sisinya gore ge basadi ba akaretswa ka go kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi, kamano e bonala e lahlegelwa ke kgokagano ya yona. Dinyakisiso di ngangisana gore bobedi bja tshomiso ya seokobatsi le bosenyi di ka ba di huetswa ke ntlha ya boraro, ntle le gore bosenyi le tshomiso ya seokobatsi di huetsane thwii. Mafelelong, seo se utolotswego, ke gore tshomiso ya seokobatsi ke basadi gantsi ke tsela ya go kgotlelela maemo ao a itsego a mabe a bophelo ao mosadi a kilego a itemogela wona.
Go fihlelela dikakaretso tse, thuto e somisitse tebelelo ya nyakisiso ya boleng ye e ithekgilego ka go leka go utolla. Datha ya tlhahlobo ya boleng e kgobokeditswe gotswa go basadi bao ba obilego melato ba 29 go disenthara tsa tshokollo tse pedi kua Gauteng, Afrika Borwa, tseo ka maina e lego, Johannesburg le Disenthara tsa Tshokollo tsa Kgosi Mampuru ll (Kgosi Mampuru ll Correctional Centres). Datha e kgobokeditswe ka dipotsiso tsa go dirwa le batho ka o tee ka o tee tseo di hlahlilwego ke filosofi ya maitemogelo a thwii a motho. Basadi bao ba obilego melato ba be ba swanetse go ba bao ba loketsego dipotsiso go ya ka selekanyo sa thwii sa gore ba be le histori ya tshomiso ya seokobatsi go kgatha tema go dinyakisiso tse. Go tlaleletsa se, bahlankedi ba ba hlano (5) ba Kgoro ya Ditirelo tsa Tshokollo (DCS) bao ba abago ditirelo tsa dikarolo tsa monagano le tsa setshaba (k.g.r., basomi ba monagano le badirelaleago) ba basadi bao ba obilego melato le bona ba botsisitswe ka o tee ka o tee mabapi le bobono bja bona ka kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi. Datha yeo e kgobokeditswego go tswa go bahlankedi ba DCS e somisitswe bjalo ka tlaleletso ya datha yeo e kgobokeditswego go tswa go basadi bao ba obilego melato. Datha ka moka e sekasekilwe ka go somisa tshekatsheko ya dihlogotaba tsa diteng. Go tswa go datha ye e sekasekilwego, dipoledisano di hlamilwe tseo di tswago go dipadi le tlhako ya teori ya dinyakisiso tse.
Tlaleletso ye kgolo ya dinyakisiso tse ke gore e tlatsa sekgoba sa nyakisiso ya tshomiso ya seokobatsi malebana le bosenyi ka go isa sedi go bong. Go tlaleletsa se, e hlalosa mathata a kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi, ka gona e bula poledisano ya go tswela pele ya go kwagala ya kamano ye e hlamilwego ya seokobatsi-bosenyi. Keletso ye kgolo go tswa go dinyakisiso tse ke gore mafelo a kalafo ya bothata bja diokobatsi le DCS ba swanetse go setsa bong ge ba somisa mananeo a tsosoloso ya bophelo go tswa go diokobatsi. Go tlaleletsa se, dipholisi tsa diokobatsi di swanetse go lekolwa gape go tswa go tebelelo ye e ikemego ka bohlatse, go na le bjalo ka dilo tse di sego tsa ikema ka nnete. Le ge go le bjalo, ka ge bohlatse ka go dinyakisiso tse bo supeditse bo le kgahlanong le dipadi, dinyakisiso tsa tlaleletso di a nyakega pele ga ge go hlangwa kamano ya seokobatsi-bosenyi ka mo go feleletsego.Lolu cwaningo lubheke ubudlelwane phakathi kobugebengu nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwuthola umthelela wezinhlobo ezimbili, okuwubulili nohlobo lwezidakamizwa, ekukwakheni ubugebengu bezidakamizwa. Nakuba selwenziwe ucwaningo olumayelana nobugebengu nezidakamizwa, namanje akukacaci ngezimo ezihlobene nalobu budlelwane. Njengamanje ukuqonda okwenza kungabi nzima kunokulindelikile futhi okusobala mayelana nobudlelwane bobugebengu bezidakamizwa, njengoba kuvelile embhalweni wocwaningo, ukuthi ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa kudala ubugebengu, kodwa lokho akusona isimo esingaba wumehlukwana okhona kulobu budlelwane. Lolu cwaningo lugxile ebulilini njengesimo esingahle senzeke esehlukile kwezinye izimo ezinesandla kulobu budlelwano. Lokhu kubheka kufuna ukuchaza ukuthi ubulili bunomthelela kanjani ebudlelwaneni bobugebengu bezidakamizwa ngokuthi kuvezwe ngokusobala umqondongqangi omayelana nalokho abesifazane ababhekana nakho. Lolu cwaningo lufakazela ukuthi isiqalo sezimo ezinomthelela ebudlelwaneni bobugebengu bezidakamizwa siqinisa ubunzima obuxhantele kulobu budlelwane. Lolu cwaningo luqhubeka luzwakalise ukuthi nxa abesifazane beba mdibi ebudlelwaneni bobugebengu bezidakamizwa, lobu budlelwane buthanda ukulahlekelwa wukuxhumana kwabo. Lolu cwaningo lufakazela ukuthi kokubili ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa nobugebengu kungaba namandla okuba nomthelela wesimo sesithathu, ngale kobugebengu kanye nomthelela oqondene ngqo nokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa. Ekugcineni, kwabe sekutholakala ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ngabesifazane ngokuvamile basuke bezama ukumelana nezimo ezithile ezingezinhle abasuke bebhekene nazo. Ukuze kufikwe kulezi ziphetho, ucwaningo lusebenzise indlela yokwenza ucwaningo kulandelwa indlela yokwenza ucwaningo ephathelene nesimo (ikhwalithethivu), lunamathele kakhulu ekubhekeni. Ulwazi olungahlungiwe oluphathelene nesimo lwaqoqwa kwabesifazane abangu-29 ababoshiwe ezikhungweni ezimbili zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo zabesifazane e-Gauteng, eNingizimu Afrika, eGoli kanye nase-Kgoši Mampuru II Correctional Centres. Ulwazi olungahlungiwe lwaqoqwa ezinkulumweningxoxo umlomo nomlomo umcwaningi elawulwa yinzululwazi yesenzeko esithile. Abesifazane ababoshiwe kwakumele bahambisane nokwakudingeka okokuqala kwakungukuba nomlando wokusebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuze babambe iqhaza ocwaningweni. Ukwengeza nje, abasebenzi abahlanu boMnyango Wezokuhlunyeleliswa Kwezimilo (i-DCS) abanikezela ngezinsizakalo zezengqondo kubantu (okuyilaba: isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo yomuntu nabangosonhlalakahle) kuya kwabesifazane ababoshiwe kwenziwa inkulumongxoxo nomuntu ngamunye ukuba baveze izimvo zabo mayelana nobudlelwano bobungebengu bezezidakamizwa. Ulwazi olungahlungiwe lwabasebenzi bakahulumeni kwa-DCS lwathathwa njengolwazi olungahlungiwe olwesekela lolo lwazi olungahlungiwe oluvela kwabesifazane ababoshiwe. Lonke ulwazi olungahlungiwe lwabe selucutshungulwa kusetshenziswa uhlaziyo olusebenza ngokwezindikimba. Okuphosa kakhulu itshe esivivaneni kulolu cwaningo wukuthi luvala igebe emkhakheni wocwaningo lokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kuya ebugebengwini ngokuthi kugxilwe ebulilini. Ukwenaba nje, luhluba udlubu ekhasini ngobunzima bobudlelwano bobugebengu bezidakamizwa, kanjalo-ke luvula inkulumompikiswano eqhubekayo mayelana nokungezwakali kwalokhu kuxhumana kobubengu bezidakamizwa okwaziyo. Isincomo esikhulu esivela kulolu cwaningo wukuthi izindawo zokulashelwa inkinga yezidakamizwa kanye neDCS ivele ikhethe ukufaka phakathi ubulili nxa besebenzisa izinhlelo zokuhlunyeleliswa kwezimilo. Ukwenaba mbijana, izinqubomigomo zikhetha ukuba kuhlolwe kabusha kube kusetshenziswa uvo olugxile kubufakazi, kunalokho okwake kwehlela lowo muntu ozeka indaba. Noma kunjalo, njengoba kuvelile kulolu cwaningo lufakazisa ngokuthi luqhathanise nosekwabhalwa, kusadingeka ucwaningo olukhulu ngaphambi kokuba kuboshwe ngabhande linye ubudlelwano bobugebengu bezidakamizwa.Ph. D. (Criminal Justice, Criminology)Criminology and Security Scienc
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Get PDFA website is one of the tools that an organisation can use to communicate information to the outside world. Some of the records published on websites are often in paper format in record-keeping systems. Other records, on the other hand, are created in a digital environment and are not captured in record-keeping systems. While it is considered a record, many organisations, including municipalities, do not manage websites as such. This study used the web archiving life cycle theory to explore the development of a framework for the archiving of websites in the municipalities of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) in South Africa. This qualitative study triangulated data from interviews and document analysis with a purposively selected sample of 53 municipalities in KZN. The study discovered that municipalities did not regard websites as historical records, and there were no measures in place to ensure website preservation. It was also revealed that municipalities rely heavily on service providers to keep their websites operational. It was also discovered that, even though municipalities in KZN have ICT and records management policies in place, no provisions for web archiving were in place. To provide effective service delivery, the study recommends that government institutions in South Africa, particularly municipalities, have explicit rules for web archiving. Municipalities, it was also stated, must reinvest in skills training to better equip their staff. The study continues to recommend that municipalities in KZN implement a web archiving system to ensure that all information posted on websites is accessible. The study also proposes a framework for supporting municipalities with website archiving.D. Phil. (Information Science)Information Scienc