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The implications of experimental philosophy and moral psychology for the problem of free will
No full textThe problem of free will has a long and intricate history. The millennia of development
of the problem have seen the evolution of numerous free will viewpoints. A cursory
look at the evolution of the concepts of free will and determinism, the various
arguments, counterarguments, complex adjustments to arguments, the variety of
sources of empirical research, and empirical insights illustrate the complexity of the
debate. This elaborate reality opens itself to a pluralist account of free will and moral
responsibility capable of accommodating this complexity and apparent contradiction.
In this dissertation, I present such a pluralist account. I argue that a pluralistic approach
to free will and moral responsibility makes room for discontinuities, accounts for
conflicting free will values and regret, and acknowledges dissimilar responses to moral
responsibility situations. I lay out the framework for this approach by engaging with
free will research from moral psychology, investigating the findings of the sciences,
such as neuroscience and physics, and considering our common-sense
understanding of free will.M.A. (Philosophy)Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theolog
Exploring the value of identification parades to identify violent crime suspects in Namibia
Get PDFViolent crime is a serious concern in the Ohangwena Region and has a negative impact on many lives. The fear of violent crime, the loss of life and the socioeconomic impact of such crimes may create the impression that the battle against violent crime has been lost. This study explores the utilisation of identification parades as an effective technique to identify violent crime suspects in Namibia. The researcher intends to empower investigators with the necessary knowledge of the importance of identification parades or line-ups during violent crime investigations.
The target population was 18 detectives with an insight into violent crime investigations and a qualitative approach was adopted. This research revealed that the limited knowledge that police investigators have contributes to reducing violent crime more difficult to achieve. Therefore, this study recommends new ideas on how identification parades should be conducted with the view of enhancing the performance of crime investigators.M.A. (Criminal Justice)Police Practic
Factors influencing the purchase intention of smartphones : a study of low-income consumers in Gauteng, South Africa
Get PDFThe research study aims at determining the factors influencing the purchase intention of smartphones among low-income consumers in Gauteng, South Africa. The low-income consumer group within South Africa is said to have high purchasing power (Statista, 2021). It is estimated that there is 10.9 % of low-income consumers who spent their income on a smartphone which is important for the economy (Independent Communications Authority of SA, 2020). Thus, there is value to be obtained from understanding the purchase behaviour of low-income consumers to better serve their needs in the smartphone industry. This study will provide greater insights into the low-income consumer segment which can significantly contribute value to marketers, retailers, manufacturers, and network providers.
The study analyzes the external and internal factors that influence smartphone purchase intention. A quantitative research approach was adapted to conduct this study. The approach enabled the researcher to use numerical and quantitative data through the use of a web-based questionnaire survey to obtain responses from the sample group. The target population for the survey was low-income consumers comprising of both males and females between the ages of 18 and 65. The South African based data consultancy agency Osmoz Consulting assisted with the data collection. A total of 308 responses were received from low-income consumers who were in the database of Osmoz Consulting. Descriptive statistics as well as structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was employed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) AMOS version 27 to analyse the data. SEM represented a flexible and comprehensive methodology for estimating and testing a theoretical model with the objective of explaining as much of their variance as possible and evaluate the structural relationships of the variables specified on the conceptual model. The reliability and validity of the scales were assessed. From the measurement model, using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach, it was found that all the constructs are reliable and valid. The result of the adjusted R square is 0.70, which validates that 70 % of purchase intention variation can be explained by the independent variables. Based on the statistical analysis, hypotheses testing revealed that two variables, namely; family and friends (external factor), and perception (internal factor) are positively significant. However, results further indicate that 8 variables, namely: price, social, culture, brand name, product features, reference group (external factors), motivation, and attitude (internal factors) do not have an impact on purchase intention of smartphones among low-income consumers.Ucwaningo luhlose ukunquma izici eziba nomthelela ekuthengweni kwama-smartphone phakathi kwabathengi abahola imali encane eGoli, eNingizimu Afrika. Iqembu labathengi abahola kancane eNingizimu Afrika kuthiwa linamandla amakhulu ekuthengeni (Statista, 2021). Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kunamaphesenti ayi - 10,9 abathengi abahola imali encane abachitha imali yabo kuma-smartphone okuyinto ebalulekile emnothweni (Independent Communications Authority of SA, 2020). Ngakho-ke, kunenzuzo okumelwe itholakale ngokuqonda ukuziphatha kokuthenga kwabathengi abahola imali encane ukuze baziqonde kangcono izidingo zabo embonini yama - smartphone. Lolu cwaningo luzonikeza ukuqonda okwengeziwe njengexenye ehola kancane enganikela ngokuphawulekayo kubathengisi, abadayisi, abakhiqizi, nabanikezeli benethiweki.
Lolu cwaningo luhlaziya izici zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ezinomthelela kuyinhloso yokuthenga i-smartphone. Indlela yokucwaninga eningi yavunyelaniswa nokuqhuba lesi sifundo. Le ndlela yenza umcwaningi ukuba akwazi ukusebenzisa nokwaziswa okunezinombolo nokulinganisa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlola kwemibuzo esekelwe kuyi – intthanethi ukuze athole izimpendulo eqenjini lamasampula. Inani labantu abayizisulu zalokhu kuhlola lalingabathengi abahola imali encane abakhiwa kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane abaneminyaka ephakathi kwengu - 18 nengu - 65. Inhlangano yezokwaziswa yaseNingizimu Afrika i - Osmoz Consulting yasiza ekuqoqweni kwemininingwane. Kwatholwa ingqikithi yezimpendulo ezingu - 308 ezivela kubathengi abahola imali encane ababesesisekeloni semininingwane se - Osmoz Consulting. Kwasetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo kanye nokuhlaziya imodeli yokulinganayo nokuhlaziya okucatshangelwayo kwasetshenziswa i-IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) AMOS isibuyekezo sama-27 ukuze kuhlaziywe imininingwane. Ukuhlaziya imodeli yokulinganayo kwamelela inqubo evumelana nezimo nebanzi yokulinganisa nokuhlola isibonelo esicatshangelwayo ngenjongo yokuchaza ukuhlukahluka kwazo ngangokunokwenzeka nokuhlaziya ubuhlobo besakhiwo sezinhlobonhlobo ezishiwo ohlotsheni lwemodeli olucatshwangayo. Ukuthembeka nokufaneleka kwamazinga kuye kwahlaziywa. Kusuka ohlotsheni lokulinganisa, kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziya isici esiqinisekisayo, kwatholakala ukuthi zonke izakhiwo zinokwethenjelwa futhi ziyaqinisekiswa. Umphumela olungisiwe wesikwele - R 0.70, okuqinisekisa ukuthi amaphesenti angama - 70 enhloso yokuthenga angachazwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezizimele. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo, imibono ehlolwayo iveza ukuthi izinto ezimbili ezihlukahlukene, okungukuthi; umndeni nabangane (isici sangaphandle), nokuqonda (isici sangaphakathi) kubaluleke kakhulu. Nokho, imiphumela ibuye ibonise ngokwengeziwe ukuthi izinto eziyi - 8
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ezihlukahlukayo, okungukuthi: intengo, ezenhlalo, isiko, igama lebrendi, izici zomkhiqizo, iqembu lezinkomba (izici zangaphandle), ukukhuthaza, nesimo sengqondo (izici zangaphakathi) azinalo ithonya ekuthengeni ama- smartphone phakathi kwabathengi abahola imali encane.
Lolu cwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi abenzi be-smartphone, abadayisi, abaxhumanisi bomphambo, nabadayisi kufanele benze ukuhlola ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze basize ekutholeni izici ezintsha ukuze banezele emkhiqizweni wayo futhi balwele ukwakha umbono omuhle phakathi kwabathengi abahola imali encane. Abenzi bezinqumo embonini ye - smartphone kudingeka banake ukwakha nokusebenzisa amasu okuthengisa aphathelene nokuthuthukisa imikhankaso yokukhushulwa esikhundleni se - smartphone. Ngokwesibonelo, imiyalezo yezokukhangisa kufanele iklanywe ngendlela ecacile nebanzi ukuze yandise inhloso yokuthenga komthengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkampani kufanele zakhe umlayezo omuhle ngomkhiqizo phakathi kwabathengi abasebenzisa amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana ukuze basungule umbono omuhle ngemikhiqizo ye-smartphone.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen
An Evaluation of the Kinetic Properties Controlling the Combined Chemical and Biological Treatment of Toxic Recalcitrant Organic Compounds from Aqueous Solution
No full textDue to their high toxicity, propensity for cancer, teratogenicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity, hazardous water-soluble phenolic compounds must be controlled immediately. In this study, a model was created to simulate the degradation of harmful recalcitrant organic compounds in a combined chemical and biological treatment system. The parameter estimations with inhibition coefficient (Haldane model) and without inhibition coefficient (Michaelis-Menten model) were assessed over a wide range of initial concentrations using the Monod-like model. The kinetic parameters were optimized using AQUASIM 2.0 software. At a 50 mg L1 feed concentration of 4-chlorophenol,
removal efficiencies of more than 98% were attained under these circumstances. The primary kinetic parameters were identified and their values models were validated using the fitted parameter values that reached a good degree of agreement (R2 = 0.998). We may better comprehend and make use of the complex phenolic compounds’ biodegradation processes, such as progress optimization and scale-up, by understanding the mechanisms of substrate interaction and the new kinetic models that have been provided in this work
Mothering Behind Bars: Lived Experiences of Female Offenders at Johannesburg Correctional Facility, Gauteng Province
No full textThe percentage of female offenders who are single mothers of minor children is a growing concern among the total female incarceration population in South Africa and globally. This study aimed to explore how expectations about mothering bear out for incarcerated mothers who are physically separated from their children. The experience of motherhood was captured using face-to-face interviews with a guide of semi-structured questions with eight (8) incarcerated mothers at Johannesburg correctional facility, Gauteng province, South Africa. The data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) couched with Social Identity Theory (SIT) and revealed that circumstances that led to maternal pathways differed from the literature. The findings of this study provided a foundation of how the social context, together with maternal obligation, influences behaviours that women internalise, and which lead to offending behaviours. This warrants further research in an effort to curb and prevent maternal incarceration.Diphesente tša bagolegwa ba basadi ba go hloka balekani ba e lego bommagobana ba bannyane ke tlhobaboroko go palomoka ya basadi bao ba golegilwego ka Afrika Borwa le lefaseng ka bophara. Maikemišetšo a nyakišišo ye e be e le go nyakišiša maitemogelo a bagolegwa ba basadi bao ba godišago bana ba le kgolegong, le go kwešiša maitemogelo a bona a gore ba bopa bjang ditšhupo tša godiša bana le kwešišo ye ba e amantšhago le go godiša bana. Nyakišišo ye e laeditše maitemogelo a bagolegwa ba basadi bao ba arogantšwego le bana ba bona. Boitemogelo bja go ba mma bo dirilwe ka go šomiša mokgwa wa dipoledišano ka tlhahlo ya bommagobana bao ba golegilwego ba seswai (8) ka dipotšišo tše di beakantšwego pele go kgoboketša datha ka maitemogelo a bona a go ba batswadi bao ba lego ka kgolegong ka Johannesburg, Profense ya Gauteng, Afrika Borwa. Datha e sekasekilwe ka go šomiša mokgwa wa go sekaseka maitemogelo ka Teori ya Boitšhupo bja Setšhaba gomme e laeditše gore mabaka a go dira gore ba godiše bana a fapana le ao a lego ka gare ga dingwalwa. E laeditše gore mabaka a go swana le Tlaišo ka Balekane, mathata a ditšhelete le go nyaka go hlokomela bana ke mabaka a magolo ao a ilego a gapeletša batswadi ba bagolegwa go dira bosenyi. Dikutollo tša nyakišišo ye di laeditše ka moo maemo setšhabeng, le maikarabelo a botswadi, a amago maitshwaro a basadi gomme ba fetše ba dira bosenyi. Se ke lebaka la gore go dirwe dinyakišišo tše di tseneletšego gore go fedišwe le go thibela go golegwa ga batswadi.Isifinyezo esiqukethe umongo wocwaningo
Amaphesente enani labenza amacala abangomama ababodwa abanezingane ezincane aya ngokukhula ngendlela ekhathazayo eNingizimu Afrika. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo bekuwukuphenyisisa ngezipiliyoni zabesimame abenza amacala abongomama ababoshiwe ukuqondisisa ngezipiliyoni zempilo yabo nokuthi bakubona kanjani ukuba ngomama kanye nencazelo yabo abayibeka kwindima yokuba ngomama. Lolu cwaningo belunenhloso yokuhlaziya ngokuthi kulindeleke kanjani ukuba ngomama kubantu abangomama ababoshiwe abahlukaniswa nezingane zabo. Izipiliyoni zokuba ngomama zabhekwa ngokwenza ama-interview ubuso nobuso ngokuholwa yimibuzo ebhaliwe yama-semi-structured eyabuzwa komama abasyisishagalombili (8) ababoshwe kwifasilithi yokuqondisa izimilo eJohannesburg, kwiprovinsi yaseGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika. Ulwazi lwahlaziwa ngokusebenzisa uhlaziyo lwe-Interpretative phenomenological analysis olalusekelwa yi-Social Identity Theory olwaveza ukuthi izimo ezenza ukuphambuka kwabesimame zehlukile kunemibhalo. Lwakhombisa izinto ezifana nodlame olwenzeka kubalingani olwaziwa njenge-Intimate Partner Violence, kanye nezihibe ngokwezimali, kanye nezidingo zokufezekisa indima yokuba ngomama, kwaba yizinto ezinkulu ezinomthelela kwababoshiwe abangomama kwindlela yokuziphatha yobugebengu. Okutholwe wucwaningo kuhlinzeke ngesisekelo sokuthi isimo sezenhlalisano, kanye nezibopho zokuba ngomama, kunomthelela kanjani kwindlela yokuziphatha komama, nokuziphatha okuholela ekwenzeni amacala. Lokhu kudinga ukuthi kwenziwe futhi olunye ucwaningo, ngemizamo yokuvimbela ukuboshwa kwabesimame.M.A. (Psychology)Psycholog
Reimaging eLearning technologies to support students: On reducing transactional distance at an open and distance eLearning institution
No full textTransactional distance continues to be a major issue in Distance Education (DE) as resolutions to guarantee and support it are not wholly contingent on technological affordances but depend on interactions, communication, and motivational channels embedded in pedagogical practices. While education during the Covid-19 pandemic is supported by DE, discussions around academic achievement during the pandemic have also begun. This paper argues that without reducing the transactional distance between the lecturers and students in DE institutions, effective teaching and learning cannot occur. This is a qualitative, participatory action research study that uses the experiences
of first-year students, interviews from lecturers, and observations of the online activity of
the students in one academic writing module. This paper draws on one DE University as an example, the University of South Africa. The purpose of the paper is to identify and suggest alternative pedagogical practices to reduce the transactional distance between students and lecturers.English Studie
Sustainability of rural household food security in Kurfa Chele Woreda, East Hararghe zone, Ethiopia
No full textThis study examined the status and sustainability of food security. It investigated the socio-economic, demographic, institutional and environmental determinants of the un/sustainability of rural household food security in Kurfa Chele woreda of East Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia. The study employed descriptive and extensive survey research designs. Furthermore, a combination of quantitative and qualitative research approaches and a cross-sectional study was applied, and data were collected from 255 rural farm households using multistage sampling techniques. The collected data were analysed using descriptive (frequency, mean, percentage, SD) and inferential (t-test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square, correlation, logistic regression) statistics. Moreover, the food security status was analysed using three harmonised food security indicators (HFBM, MAHFP and HDDS). The findings suggest that about 76.5% of the sample households are regarded as food insecure, based on HFBM (Kcal), while about 80.4% and 83.1% of respondents seem to be food insecure, based on MAHFP and HDDS thresholds, respectively. The overall incidence of food insecurity was 76.47% while the depth of food insecurity (using HFBM and FGT and expressed as the average percentage increase in calories required to meet the minimum recommended daily requirement) was 22.7%. Besides, the findings implied that food security is not sustainable in the study area as each of the three parametric methods revealed that more than three-quarters of the sampled households have been food insecure. The result of the logistic regression model showed that household size (OR = .318), age of the household heads (OR = 1.122), educational status (OR = 5.959), livestock (OR = 1.558), access to irrigation water (OR = 7.937), drought (OR = .160), per capita off-farm income (OR = 1.000), dietary diversity (OR = 2.207), production diversity (OR = 1.653) and farmland size (OR = 9.441) are identified as the determining factors significantly influencing the un/sustainability of rural farm household food security status. Furthermore, the findings indicated that drought (unreliable rainfall), poor soil fertility, inability to produce sufficient grains, shortage of farmland, poor farming technology, large household size, poor access to infrastructure, lack of access to credit, and lack of training and skills are among the environmental, economic, socio-demographic, and institutional factors perceived to cause food shortages and to influence the un/sustainability of food security in the rural farm households. Limiting the size of meals, reducing the frequency of meals eaten per day, eating less preferred and less expensive food, and selling more livestock to buy food were among the most common coping strategies, while the adaptation strategies identified by rural farm households to cope with food shortages included income and livelihood diversification, crop diversification, cultivation of marginal land, and fattening of livestock, among others. Therefore, the study calls for coordinated efforts among stakeholders and effective fast-tracking of established policies, focusing on rural households’ asset building, diversifying livelihoods, and increasing food supply aimed at achieving sustainable food security among rural farm households.Lolu cwaningo luhlola isimo kanye nenqubekela phambili yokuvikeleka kokutholakala kokudla. Ikakhulukazi luphenyisise ngesimo sabantu kwezenhlalo nomnotho, izinto ezinomthelela kwizikhungo kanye nesimo sendalo ngokusweleka nenqubekela phambili yokuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla emizini eKurfa Chele woreda kwiZoni yeMpumalanga Hararghe, e-Itopiya. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise i-descriptive ne-extensive survey designs. Nangaphezu kwalokho, inhlanganisela ye-quantitative ne-qualitative research approach kanye ne-cross-sectional study yasetshenziswa, kanti ulwazi luqokelelwe ukusukela emizini yamapulazi yasemakhaya ngokusebenzisa ithekniki ye-multistage sampling. Ulwazi oluqokekelwe luhlaziywe ngokusebenzisa i-descriptive (frequency, mean, percentage, SD) kanye ne-inferential (t-test, one-way ANOVA, chi-square, correlation, logistic regression statistics. Kanti futhi okunye, isimo sokuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla kuhlaziywe ngokusebenzisa i-three harmonised food security indicators (HFBM, MAHFP and HDDS). Okutholwe wucwaningo kuphakamisa ukuthi cishe u 76-6% wemizi ibonwa ingenakuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla, ngokulandela i-HFBM (Kcal), kanti u 80.4% no 83.1% wabaphendula kucwaningo babonakala bengenakuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla ngokulandela i-MAHFP ne-HDDS thresholds, ngokulandelelana. Ukwenaba kokwenzeka kokungavileleki ngokutholakala kokudla kube ngu 76.47% kanti ukujula kokungavikeleki ngokutholakala kokudla (ngokusebenzisa i-HFBM okukhonjiswa nge-average yamaphesente kunyukile ngama-calorie edingekayo ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zansuku zonke kube ngu 22.7%. Nangaphandle kwalokho, okutholakele ngocwaningo kukhombisa ukuthi ukuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla akuqhubekeli phambili kumkhakha ebekwenziwa kuwo ucwaningo ngoba ama-parametric method amathathu akhombisa ukuthi isibalo esingaphezulu kwamakota amathathu sesampuli yemizi ayinakho ukuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla. Imiphumela ye-logistic regression model ikhombise usayizi wemizi (OR = .318), unyaka wezinhloko zemizi (OR = 1.122), isimo ngokwemfundo (OR = 5.959), imfuyo (OR = 1.558), ukufinyelela amanzi okunisela (OR = 7.937), isomiso (OR = .160), i-per capita off-farm income (OR = 1.000), ukwehluka kwedayethi (OR = 2.207), ukwehluka kokukhiqiza (OR = 1.653) usayizi womhlaba wepulazi (OR = 9.441) kubonwa njengezinto ezinomthelela kwisimo sokusweleka nokuba khona kwenqubekelaphambili yokuvikeleka kokutholakala kokudla ezindaweni zemisi yamapulazi zasemakhaya. Kanti futhi okunye, okutholakele ngocwaningo kukhombise ukuthi isomiso (izimvula ezingani kahle), umhlabathi onganonile, ukungakwazi ukutshala kahle ukolo, ukuswelakala komhlaba wamapulazi, itheknoloji engenhle yokulima, imizi enabantu abaningi, ukungafinyeleli kahle kwizingqalazizinda, ukuswelakala kwezimalimboleko, kanye nokuswela uqeqesho namakhono ngezinye zezinto kwezesimo sendalo, esomnotho kanye nenhlalisano yabantu, kanye nezinto eziphathelene nezikhungo kubonakala kuyimbangela yokuswelakala kokudla kanye nokuba nomthelela ekuswelakaleni nobukhona benqubekela phambili yokuvikeleka ngokutholakala kokudla emizini yezindawo zamapulazi zasemakhaya. Ukuphungula usayizi wokudla, ukuphungula izikhathi zokuhlinzeka ngokudla ngosuku, ukuya ngokudla kancane kancane, nokudla ukudla okungabizi, kanye nokuthengisa imfuyo ukwenzela ukuthenga ukudla ngezinye zamasu avamile okubhekana nesimo, kanti amasu okuhambisana nesimo abonwe yimizi yamapulazi asemakhaya ukubhekana nokuswelakala kokudla kubandakanye ukwehlukanisa ingeniso kanye nezindlela zokuziphilisa, ukutshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene, ukulima emihlabeni esemaceleni, kanye nokunonisa imfuyo, ngeznye zamasu. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo lumemezela ukuhlanganisa imizamo phakathi kwababambiqhaza kanye nokusheshisisa imigomo ekhona, ukugxila kakhulu kwimizi yezindawo zasemakhaya, ukwakha impahla, ukuhlukanisa izindlela zokuziphilisa kanye nokwandisa ukusaplaywa kokudla ekufinyeleleni inqubekelaphambili yokuvikeleka kokutholakala kokudla emizini yezindawo zamapulazi zasemakhaya.Lesifundvolucwaningo sicwaninga simo kanye nekusimama kwekubakhona kwekudla. Ikakhulu, sicubungule tenhlalomnotfo, tilawuli tebunyenti bebantfu, tetetikhungo netesimondzawo (tekunga/teku) simama kwekubakhona kwekudla emakhaya lasetindzaweni tasemaphandleni eKurfa Chele woreda eMphumalanga neSigozi saseHararghe, e-Ethiopia. Lesifundvolucwaningo sisebentise emadizayini elucwaningo lweluhlayo lolubanti naloluchazako. Sachubeka, sasebentisa tichamukelo telucwaningo lwelinani nelizingasimo Kanye nesifundvolucwaningo lesigabence, kantsi idatha igcogcwe emakhaya lasetindzaweni tasemaphandleni emapulazini lange-255 ngekusebentisa emasu emasamphuli etigaba letinyenti. Ledatha leyagcogcwa yahlatiywa ngekusebentisa kuchaza (i-frequency, i-mean, emaphesenti, i-SD) kanye lubalobalo lwekusho ngaphambili ngekubuka idatha (t-test, i-one-way ANOVA, i-chi-square, kuhambisana, luhlatiyo lwekusho ngaphambili). Ngetulu kaloko, kwahlatiywa simo sekubakhona kwekudla ngekusebentisa tinkhomba leihlanganisiwe tekubakhona kwekudla (i-HFBM, i-MAHFP ne-HDDS). Lokutfoliwe kukhomba kutsi alinganiselwa ku-76.5% emasamphuli emakhaya atsatseka njengemakhaya lete kudla, ngekubuka i-HFBM (Kcal), bese kutsi lalinganiselwa ku-80.4% na-83.1% yalabo labaphendvulile bakhombisa kubete kudla, ngekubuka emazinga e-MAHFP ne-HDDS, ngekulandzelana. Sehlakalo sekungabi nekudla sesisonkhe besinge-76.47% kantsi kujula kwekungabikhona kwekudla (ngekusebentisa i-HFBM lokuchazwe ngemaphesenti laku-avareji ekkwenyuka kwemakhalori ladzingekile kute ahlangabetane nesidzingo selinaniphasi lelinconywako malanga onkhe) belinge-22.7%. Ngaphandle kwaloko, lolokutfoliwe kukhombe kubakhona kwekudla akusimami kulendzawo lokwentiwe kuyo lesifundvolucwaningo njengaloku leyo naleyo ndlela yepharamethriki kutotintsatfu tivetile kutsi angetulu kwemakota lamatsatfu emakhaya lokwentiwe ngawo emasamphuli ete kudla. Umphumela wemodeli ye-logistic regression ukhombise kutsi isayizi yelikhaya (OR = .318), budzala betinhloko temakhaya (OR = 1.122), simo setemfundvo (OR = 5.959), imfuyo (OR = 1.558), kufinyelela kutfola emanti ekunisela (OR = 7.937), somiso (OR = .160), ngekwemalingena lengaveli epulazini (OR = 1.000), kwehluka kwekudla (OR = 2.207), kwehluka kwekukhicita (OR = 1.653) kanye nesayizi yemhlaba wekulima (OR = 9.441) abonakale njengemaphuzu ladlala indzima ekubeni nemtselela lomkhulu (ekunga/eku)simameni kwesimo sekubakhona kwekudla emakhaya lasetindzaweni tasemaphandleni emapulazini. Kwengeta kuloko, lolokutfoliwe kukhombise kutsi somiso (imvula lengakatsembeki), kunganotsi kwemhlaba, kungakhoni kukhicita lokusanhlavu lokwanele, kweswelakala kwemhlaba wekulima, buchwepheshe bekulima lobungekho ezingeni, emakhaya lanemalunga emndeni lamanyenti, kungafinyeleli kahle kusakhiwonchanti, kungakhoni kufunyelela kutfola sikweleti, Kanye nekungabikhona kwekuceceshwa kanye nemakhono asemkhatsini wemaphzu etesimondzawo, etemnotfo, tenhlalo yebantfu, kanye newetikhungo labonakala ayimbangela yekweswelakala kwekudla kanye nekuba nemtselela (ekunga/eku)simameni kwesimo sekubakhona kwekudla emakhaya lasetindzaweni tasemaphandleni emapulazini. Kunciphisa bungako bekudla, kunciphisa kudla emahlandla ekudla kudla ngelilanga, kudla kudla longakutsandzi nalokungabiti kakhulu kanye nekutsengisa imfuyo kakhulu kute kutsengwe kudla ngulamanye emasubuciko latayelekile ekubukana nesimo, bese kutsi emasubuciko ekutetayeta lentiwa ngemakhaya lasetidzaweni tasemaphandleni emapulazini ekubukana nesimo sekweswelakala kwekudla afaka ekhatsi imalingena kanye nekwehlukahlukana kwendlela yekutiphilisa, kwehlukahlukana kwesilimo, kulinywa kwemhlaba longalimeki, kanye nekunoniswa kwemfuyo, emkhatsini walokunye. Ngako-ke, lesifundvolucwaningo siphakamisa kutsi kube nemitamo lehlanganisiwe emkhatsini walabo labatsintsekako kanye nekuchubekisela embili ngekushesha nangemphumelelo kusungulwa kwetinchubomgomo, kugcilwe ekwakheni imphahla yemakhaya lasetindzaweni letisemaphandleni, kwehlukaniswe tindlela tekutiphilisa kanye nekwandzisa kuphakelwa kwekudla lokuhloswe ngako kutsi kufesekiswe kubakhona kwekudla lokusimememe emakhaya lasetindzaweni tasemaphandleni emapulazini.Ph. D. (Geography)Geograph
The interactions between sectoral credit allocation decisions and economic growth : an empirical study of Zimbabwe
No full textAbstracts in English, Zulu and Southern SothoDespite policy measures aimed at improving the performance of commercial banks
and their contribution to economic growth, little progress has been made in reviving
the Zimbabwean economy. The effective function of banking as an essential sector in
Zimbabwe is crucial to the promotion of the economic growth of the country. To
achieve this objective, the study used agriculture, manufacturing, mining, individuals,
finance and other sectors as independent variables using monthly data. The previous
empirical examination of the connection of the relationship is anchored on aggregate
economic growth (proxied GDP), on the assumption that each economic sector
responds similarly to GDP. However, the degree of credit utilisation and productivity
of credit may not homogeneously remain the same across sectors. Therefore, this
study seeks to contribute to the literature by examining the interaction between bank
lending through sectoral credit allocation (SCA) and economic growth. The study
employed the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) to test for stationarity in the time series.
Johansen cointegration, the vector autoregressive model and the vector error
correction model were used to identify the long-run and short-run dynamics among
variables. The Granger causality test was used to determine the causal direction. In
the context of this study, monthly time series data were used to examine the interaction
between sectors of the economy and economic growth in Zimbabwe during the period
2010–2021. The study used secondary data from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
(RBZ). As a result, ADF has been enhanced.
The Johansen cointegration test, on the other hand, demonstrated a long-run link
between the variables. Credit allocation to the agriculture, industrial, and mining
sectors grew the economy, but credit allocation to individuals, the banking industry, and other sectors did not. The findings imply that policymakers, government, and
financial regulators must promote financial allocation to agriculture, mining and
manufacturing as critical for economic transformation. The banks must ensure that
more credits flow to the mining, manufacturing, and agricultural sectors to promote
growth for all economic sectors. Understanding the relationship between SCA and
economic growth is critical, as it informs authorities to properly allocate resources and
obtain proportionate returns.Naphezu kwezinyathelo zengqubomgomo ezihlose ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza
kwamabhange ebhizinisi kanye negalelo lawo ekukhuleni komnotho, incane
inqubekelaphambili eseyenziwe ekuvuseleleni umnotho weZimbabwe. Ukusebenza
kahle kwamabhange njengomkhakha obalulekile eZimbabwe kubalulekile
ekukhuthazeni ukukhula komnotho wezwe. Ukufeza le nhloso, ucwaningo lusebenzise
ezolimo, ezokukhiqiza, ezezimayini, abantu ngabanye, ezezimali kanye neminye
imikhakha njengokuguquguquka okuzimele kusetshenziswa imininingwane yanyanga
zonke. Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kobuhlakani bokuxhunywa kobudlelwano
kusekelwe ekukhuleni komnotho okuhlanganisiwe (igunya le-GDP lokusebenzela
omunye), kucatshangwa ukuthi umkhakha wezomnotho ngamunye uphendula
ngendlela efanayo kwi-GDP. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokusetshenziswa kwamanani
akweletwayo kanye nokukhiqiza kwesikweletu kungenzeka kungahlali ngokufanayo
kuzo zonke izigaba. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo luhlose ukufaka isandla emibhalweni
ngokuhlola ukusebenzisana phakathi kokubolekwa kwebhange ngokusebenzisa
ukwabiwa kwezezimali ngokwemikhakha (SCA) kanye nokukhula komnotho.
Ucwaningo lusebenzise ukuhlola ukuthi impande yeyunithi ikhona kusampula
yochungechunge lwesikhathi (ADF) ukuze ihlole ukuma ochungechungeni
lwesikhathi. Indlela yokunquma ukuthi uchungechunge lwesikhathi oluthathu noma
ngaphezulu luhlanganisiwe, isilinganiso esisetshenziselwa uchungechunge
lwesikhathi esibandakanya amanani aguquguqukayo amabili noma ngaphezulu,
kanye nesilinganiso esiguquguqukayo esimile ekwehlukeni kwaso kusetshenziswe
ukuhlonza amandla esikhathi eside kanye nesikhathi esifushane phakathi
kokuguquguqukayo.
Ukuhlolwa komqondo wezibalo wembangela osuselwe ekubikezelweni
kwasetshenziswa ukuze kutholwe isiqondiso sembangela. Kulolu cwaningo,
imininingwane yochungechunge lwesikhathi lwanyanga zonke yasetshenziswa
ukuhlola ukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhakha yomnotho nokukhula komnotho
eZimbabwe phakathi nesikhathi sika-2010-2021. Lolu cwaningo belusebenzisa
imininingwane yesibili evela ebhanga elikhulu lezwekazi laseZimbabwe (RBZ).
Ngenxa yalokho, i-ADF iye yathuthukiswa.
Ukuhlolwa kokunquma ukuthi uchungechunge lwesikhathi oluthathu noma
ngaphezulu luhlanganisiwe, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonise ukuxhumana okuhlala
isikhathi eside phakathi kokuguquguqukayo. Ukwabiwa kwezikweletu emkhakheni
wezolimo, izimboni, kanye nezimayini kwawukhulisa umnotho, kodwa ukwabiwa
kwezikweletu kubantu ngabanye, imboni yamabhange, neminye imikhakha akuzange
kube njalo. Imiphumela isho ukuthi abenzi bezinqubomgomo, uhulumeni, nabalawuli
bezezimali kumele bakhuthaze ukwabiwa kwezimali kwezolimo, ezezimayini
nezokukhiqiza njengento ebalulekile ekuguquleni umnotho.
Amabhange kumele aqinisekise ukuthi izikweletu eziningi ziyangena emkhakheni
wezimayini, wezokukhiqiza kanye nowezolimo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhula kwayo
yonke imikhakha yezomnotho. Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-SCA nokukhula
komnotho kubalulekile, njengoba kuzisa iziphathimandla ukuthi zabele izinsiza
ngendlela efanele futhi zithole izinzuzo ezilinganayo.Leha hona le mehato ya dipholisi e reretsweng ho ntlafatsa tshebetso ya dibanka tsa
kgwebo le tlatsetso ya tsona kgolong ya moruo, ho bile le kgatelopele e nyane haholo
tsosolosong ya moruo wa Zimbabwe. Tshebetso e ntle ya ho banka jwalo ka lekala la
bohlokwa Zimbabwe e bohlokwahadi ntlafatsong ya kgolo ya moruo wa naha. Ho
fihlella maikemisetso ana, phuputso e sebedisitse temo, tlhahiso, dimmaene, batho ka
bo mong, ditjhelete le makala a mang jwalo ka ditshupo tse ikemetseng tsa ho fapana
ka tshebediso ya datha ya kgwedi le kgwedi. Tlhahlobo e fetileng e itshetlehileng
hodima bopaki ya kgokahano ya kamano e thehilwe hodima kgolo ya moruo ya
palohare (GDP e emetsweng), ka tumelo ya hore lekala ka leng la moruo le arabela
ka tsela e tshwanang ho GDP. Leha ho le jwalo, botebo ba tshebediso ya mokitlane
le tlhahiso ya mokitlane di kanna tsa se dule di tshwana ho pharalla le makala. Kahoo,
phuputso ena e batla ho tlatselletsa ho dingolwa ka ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa
kadimo tsa dibanka ho ya kabo ya mokitlane ka makala (SCA) le kgolo ya moruo.
Phuputso e sebedisitse Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) ho etsa teko ya ho se fetohe
letotong la nako. Johansen cointegration, e leng mmotlolo wa vector autoregressive
le mmotlolo wa tokiso ya phoso ya vector di sebedisitswe ho hlwaya dintlha tsa nako
e telele le tsa nako e kgutshwane hara diphaphano. Teko ya Granger causality e
sebedisitwe ho fumana tsela ya lebaka. Sebakeng sa phuputso ena, ho sebedisitswe
data ya nako ya letoto la kgwedi le kgwedi ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa makala a
moruo le kgolo ya moruo Zimbabwe pakeng tsa 2010–2021. Phuputso e sebedisitse
datha ya bobedi ho tswa ho Banka Resefe ya Zimbabwe (RBZ). Ka tsela eo, ADF e
ntlafaditswe.
Teko ya Johansen cointegration, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e bontshitse kgokahano ya
nako e telele pakeng tsa diphaphano. Kabo ya mokitlane ho makala a temo, tlhahiso,
le dimmaene e hodisitse moruo, empa kabo ya mokitlane ho batho ka bo mong,
indasteri ya dibanka, le makala a mang ha e ya hodisa moruo. Diphetho di supa hore
baetsi ba melawana, mmuso le balaodi ba ditjhelete ba tlameha ho ntlafatsa kabo ya
ditjhelete ho tsa temo, dimmaene le tlhahiso hobane di bohlokwa bakeng sa phetoho
ya moruo. Dibanka di lokela ho netefatsa hore mokitlane o eketsehileng o leba ho
makala a dimmaene, tlhahiso, le temo e le ho ntlafatsa kgolo bakeng sa makala ohle
a moruo. Ho utlwisisa kamano pakeng tsa SCA le kgolo ya moruo ho bohlokwa,
hobane e lebisa ho kabo e nepahetseng ya dihlahiswa le disebediswa ke ba
ikarabellang le ho phumano ya dipoello tse loketseng.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Finance, Risk Management and Bankin
Ukuziphatha kwabathengi Kanye nokuqaphela imvelo kwabahamba ngamabhanoyi phakakathi nezwe Laseningizimu Afrika
No full textAbstracts in English, Afrikaans and ZuluIn the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, airlines are aggressively attempting to regain their positions in the skies in a highly volatile and competitive industry. However, the industry’s damaging impact on the environment and its ‘business-as-usual’ status quo are incompatible with the forecast of increased air travel and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s 2050 goal of zero emissions. Consumer behaviour is argued to be a driver in mitigating the environmental impacts of air travel. A lack of research on the consumer behaviour and environmental consciousness of air travellers and the interrelationships between these factors has left important aspects regarding understanding the modern air traveller underexplored. This research study investigated the consumer behaviour and environmental consciousness of domestic air travellers within a South African context. Primary data was collected using a quantitative survey, employing non-probability sampling methods amongst domestic air travellers. The study analysed 394 responses using descriptive, multivariate and inferential statistics. The nine factors relating to consumer behaviour and five factors relating to environmental consciousness that were identified by the analyses, revealed significant relationships. Green attributes were identified as a factor for airline differentiation, and an enabler for consumers to drive the mitigation of the aviation industry’s environmental impacts. The study will contribute to an improved understanding of air traveller consumer behaviour from an environmental perspective. This understanding will enable airline marketers to innovate towards sustainability in their post-Covid-19 recoveries, to establish a sustainable competitive advantage and to foster a licence to grow. A replica of the study is recommended for future research, to gain comparative insights of the post-Covid-19 air travellerIn die lig van die Covid-19-pandemie poog lugrederye aggressief om hul posisie in die lug, in ʼn hoogs onbestendige en mededingende bedryf, te herwin. Die industrie se skadelike invloed op die omgewing en sy 'sake-soos-gewoonlik'-status is egter nie onverenigbaar met die voorspelling van toenemende lugreis en die interregeringspaneel oor klimaatverandering se doel van geen uitlaatgasse teen 2050 nie. Verbruikersgedrag word beskou as die aandrywer om die omgewingsimpak van lugvervoer te verminder. ʼn Gebrek aan navorsing oor die verbruikersgedrag en omgewingsbewustheid van lugreisigers en die verwantskap tussen hierdie faktore het belangrike aspekte oor die begrip van die moderne lugreisiger onverken gelaat. Hierdie studie ondersoek die verbruikersgedrag en omgewingsbewustheid van binnelandse lugreisigers in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Primêre data is deur ʼn kwantitatiewe opname versamel wat opnamemetodes van onwaarskynlikheid onder binnelandse lugreisigers gebruik het. Die studie het 394 response deur deskriptiewe, meerveranderlike en inferensiële statistiek ontleed. Die ontleding het nege faktore wat met verbruikersgedrag verband hou en die vyf faktore wat met omgewingsbewustheid verband hou geïdentifiseer en beduidende verhoudings is onthul. Groen eienskappe is geïdentifiseer as ʼn faktor vir lugrederydifferensiasie en ʼn instaatsteller vir verbruikers om die vermindering van die omgewingsimpakte van die lugdiensbedryf. Die studie dra tot ʼn beter begrip van lugreisiger-verbruikersgedrag uit ʼn omgewingsperspektief by. Die begrip kan lugrederybemarkers in staat stel om innoverings bekend te stel vir volhoubaarheid in hul post-Covid-19-herstel om ʼn volhoubare mededingingsvoorsprong te vestig en ʼn lisensie om te groei te kweek. ʼn Herhaling van die studie word aanbeveel vir toekomstige navorsing om vergelykende insig oor post-Covid-19-lugreisigers te bekomNgemuva komqedazwe we-Covid-19, izindiza zizama ngamandla ngakho konke okusemandleni ukubuyela esimweni sokuba semoyeni ezabe zikuso embonini eguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi enokuncintisana. Kodwa-ke, umthelela olimazayo wale mboni endaweni ezungezile kanye nesimo sayo ‘sokusebenza njengokujwayelekile’ akuhambisani nesibikezelo sokukhuphuka kohambo lwendiza kanye nomgomo weThimba Lohulumeni Bezizwe Ezihlangene Lokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu elingakhiqizi nhlobo ngonyaka wezi-2050. Ukuziphatha kwabathengi kuthiwa kuyimbangela yokunciphisa imithelela yezemvelo yokuhamba ngendiza. Ukuntuleka kocwaningo mayelana nokuziphatha kwabathengi kanye nokuqaphela imvelo yabahambi bezindiza kanye nokusebenzelana phakathi kwalezi zici kushiye izici ezibalulekile mayelana nokuqonda umsebenzisi wezindiza wesimanje ongahlolisiswanga kangako. Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukuziphatha kwabathengi kanye nokuqaphela imvelo kwabahambi bezindiza basekhaya ngaphakathi komongo waseNingizimu Afrika. Idatha eyisisekelo yaqoqwa kusetshenziswa inhlolovo yobuningi, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokusampula okwenzeka phakathi kwabahambi ngendiza basekhaya.
Ucwaningo luhlaziye izimpendulo ezingama-394 kusetshenziswa izibalo ezichazayo, ezihlukene nezingasho lutho. Izici eziyisishiyagalolunye eziphathelene nokuziphatha kwabathengi kanye nezici ezinhlanu ezihlobene nokuqaphela imvelo ezihlonzwe ukuhlaziya ivezwa ubudlelwano obubalulekile. Izimfanelo zokuluhlaza zihlonzwe njengesici sokuhlukaniswa kwezindiza kanye nensiza kubathengi ukushayela ukuncishiswa kwemithelela yemvelo yemboni yezokundiza. Ucwaningo lunomthelela ekuqondeni okuthuthukisiwe kokuziphatha kwabathengi abahamba ngendiza ngokombono wemvelo. Lokhu kuqonda kungase kuvumele abakhangisi bezindiza ukuthi bethule izinto ezintsha eziya ekusimameni nasekubuyeni kwabo ebhizinisini kwabo ngemuva kwe-Covid-19, ukuze bathole inzuzo esimeme yokuncintisana kanye nokugqugquzela ilayisense yokukhula. Okufanekisayo kocwaningo kunconyelwe ucwaningo lwangomuso ngenhloso yokuthola imininingwane eqhathanisekayo kubahambi bezindiza bangemuva kwe-Covid-19Business Managemen
Financial inclusion, regulation, and access to basic bank accounts in South Africa
Get PDFThis research analyses the current policy and regulatory framework in South Africa to establish whether or not it is effective and responsive in promoting financial inclusion and facilitating access to basic bank accounts for the poor and the low-income households. The research takes a “back to basics” approach and focuses on access to basic bank accounts as the simplist form of financial service provided by banks and a gateway to other financial services. The main objective of the study is to determine whether the regulatory framework in South Africa that applies to commercial banks as deposit-taking institutions imposes obligations on them to provide access to basic bank accounts for consumers. The study applies Ayres and Braithwaite’s theory of responsive regulation and the pyramid of regulatory strategies to determine the type of regulatory instruments that may be applied to promote financial inclusion and access to basic bank accounts, and whether the current regulatory framework in South Africa should be redeveloped and improved to make it more effective and responsive to achieving this objective. The study uses existing regulatory frameworks for financial inclusion and access to basic bank accounts adopted by global standard-setting bodies, continental bodies, national legislatures, and associations of banks to benchmark the forms of regulatory responses and to determine whether these responses are responsive and effective in promoting financial inclusion generally, and access to basic bank accounts in particular. It further discusses the role that various regulatory bodies play through mutual collaboration and coordination to enforce and promote compliance with measures that promote financial inclusion and access to basic bank accounts. This research makes a number of findings and identifies gaps in the current policy and regulatory framework in South Africa. It, therefore, makes specific recommendations for improving and developing policy and regulatory measures to promote financial inclusion with a specific focus on access to basic bank accounts.LL. D.Mercantile La