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Go lekola khuetšo ya maitemogelo a go hwetša ga maikutlo a bašomi ka ga tumelelano mabapi le tša menagano
No full textText in English with abstract and keywords in English, Afrikaans and SepediDie algemene doelwit van die navorsing was om die verband tussen werknemers se ervarings
van 'n (maatskappy-)aanskaffing en hul persepsies van die sielkundige kontrak te ondersoek.
Die deursnit kwantitatiewe navorsingstudie het 'n geriefsteekproef (n = 78) van die
werknemers van 'n aangeskafte maatskappy in die sagtewareontwikkelingsektor van die Suid Afrikaanse betaalrolbedryf behels. Ondersoekende faktorontleding het die faktorstruktuur en
interne konsekwentheidsbetroubaarheid van die selfontwikkelde aanskaffingservaringskaal
bepaal. Meervoudige regressieontleding het getoon dat die werkservaring/ondervinding ná
aanskaffing die persepsies van werkgewerverpligtinge, tevredenheid met die sielkundige
kontrak, en gesteldheid van die sielkundige kontrak beduidend en positief voorspel. Die
werkservaring vóór aanskaffing het tevredenheid met die sielkundige kontrak beduidend en
positief voorspel. Toetse vir beduidende gemiddelde verskille het verskille tussen
ouderdomsgroepe in ná-aanskaffingservarings en persepsies van die gesteldheid van die
sielkundige kontrak getoon. Die bevindinge van die studie het nuwe kennis tot die weinig
navorsing oor aanskaffingservarings en uitgebreide veranderingsbestuursteorie bygedra.Die algemene doelwit van die navorsing was om die verband tussen werknemers se ervarings
van 'n (maatskappy-)aanskaffing en hul persepsies van die sielkundige kontrak te ondersoek.
Die deursnit kwantitatiewe navorsingstudie het 'n geriefsteekproef (n = 78) van die
werknemers van 'n aangeskafte maatskappy in die sagtewareontwikkelingsektor van die Suid Afrikaanse betaalrolbedryf behels. Ondersoekende faktorontleding het die faktorstruktuur en
interne konsekwentheidsbetroubaarheid van die selfontwikkelde aanskaffingservaringskaal
bepaal. Meervoudige regressieontleding het getoon dat die werkservaring/ondervinding ná
aanskaffing die persepsies van werkgewerverpligtinge, tevredenheid met die sielkundige
kontrak, en gesteldheid van die sielkundige kontrak beduidend en positief voorspel. Die
werkservaring vóór aanskaffing het tevredenheid met die sielkundige kontrak beduidend en
positief voorspel. Toetse vir beduidende gemiddelde verskille het verskille tussen
ouderdomsgroepe in ná-aanskaffingservarings en persepsies van die gesteldheid van die
sielkundige kontrak getoon. Die bevindinge van die studie het nuwe kennis tot die weinig
navorsing oor aanskaffingservarings en uitgebreide veranderingsbestuursteorie bygedra.Maikemišetšokakaretšo a dinyakišišo tše e bile go lekola kamano magareng ga maitemogelo
a bašomi ka ga go hwetša le maikutlo a bona ka ga tumelelano mabapi le tša menagano.
Dinyakišišo ka ga bontši tša mahlakore a mantši di akareditše sampole ye e lekanego ya
bašomi (n = 78) ka ga khamphani ye e hweditšwego ka lekaleng la tšweletšo ya disoftewere
ka go Intasteri ya mananeo a meputso ya Afrika Borwa. Tshekatsheko ya kutollo e hlamile
sebopego sa dintlha le go tshepa ga maemo a maitemogelo a khwetšo ya boikutollelo ka go
swantšha ga ka gare. Tshekatsheko ya go boela morago kgafetšakgafetša e laeditše gore
maitemogelo a mošomo ka morago ga go thwalwa go akantše gabohlokwa le gakanone
maikutlo a ditlamego tša mongmošomo, go kgotsofala mabapi le tumelelano ya tša
menagano, le seemo sa tumelelano yeo ya tša menagano. Maitemogelo a ka mošomong pele
ga khwetšo a akantše gabohlokwa le gakaone go kgotsofala ka tumelelano ya tša menagano.
Diteko tša diphapano tše bohlokwa tše nnyane di laeditše gore go na le diphapano magareng
ga dihlopha tša mengwaga ka morago ga maitemogelo a khwetšo le maikutlo ka ga seemo
sa tumelelano ya tša menagano. Dikutollo tša dinyakišišo di tsentše letsogo go tsebo ye
mpsha go dinyakišišo tšeo di sego tša dirwa kudu mabapi le maitemogelo a khwetšo le teori
ya taolo ye e fetogilego.M. Com. (Industrial and Organisational Psychology)Centre for Industrial and Organisational Psycholog
Exploring the errors committed by grade 11 learners in Euclidean geometry problem-solving
Get PDFThe aim of this study was to explore the types and the causes of errors committed by learners while
solving Euclidean geometry problems. Learners experience challenges in geometric problemsolving
due to errors based on the misinterpretation of various geometric aspects and insufficient
conceptual development. The current study enquired how do teachers’ geometric instructional
practices influence errors committed by learners in geometry problem-solving? What types of
errors are evident in diverse levels of geometric knowledge and understanding? What are general
error types and indicators that are outstanding on learners’ problem-solving process ? What are the
causes of errors in geometry problem-solving? The Van Hiele theory of geometric knowledge,
together with Newman’s Error Analysis (NEA), were used to profile learners’ errors as they
engaged in circle geometry evaluation. An exploratory single case qualitative case study was
employed with 15 Grade 11 learners and one teacher in Amathole East district in the Eastern Cape
Province of South Africa. The data were collected using a geometry test, non-participatory
observation and one-on-one interviews. The findings indicated that the teacher taught geometry at
a higher level of geometric knowledge which promoted memorisation and deductive learning that
hindered concept and rule application during problem-solving leading to errors in geometry
problem-solving. Further, the errors were analysed at each level of Van Hiele’s theory and the
findings were that, on the visualisation level, limited errors were displayed with a lower number
of learners committing reading and comprehension errors. The analysis level evidenced
comprehension and transformation errors; the informal deduction level produced comprehension,
transformation, encoding and conceptual errors; while the formal deduction level was
characterised by comprehension, transformation, encoding and conceptual errors. It became
evident that the comprehension error was most prevalent. In addition, findings revealed that the
causes of errors in geometry problem-solving include faulty schemas, instructional practices that do not align to level of learner thinking, inappropriate geometric language and learners’ lack of
knowledge from lower levels of understanding. This study revealed the prevalent error types and
causes, including how teaching practices contribute to typical errors committed by learners in
geometry problem-solving. Therefore, the recommendation is that teachers should be exposed to
the Van Hiele theory of geometric thinking in order to classify the learners’ geometric
contributions during classroom activity in accordance with the theory. This will also help the teachers to align their teaching with the level of learner comprehension. When the teacher knows
the level of Van Hiele at which the learner is functioning, he/she is able to give questions that cater
to learners’ levels of geometric knowledge and understanding because errors committed by
learners might be a sign that the learners are not on the required level of thought. Teachers should
therefore take the types of errors committed and the causes of errors into consideration during
geometric problem-solving to refine their teaching practices to alleviate errors and to enable
cognitive development in learning and problem-solving in Euclidean geometry.M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)Mathematics Educatio
Exploring the challenges encountered by English as second language (ESL) undergraduate students in the development of communicative competence skills : a case of three tertiary institutions in Lesotho
Get PDFThis study explored the challenges that undergraduate tertiary students encounter in the development of communicative competence skills in three selected tertiary institutions in Lesotho. Adopting the qualitative approach, the study employed a case study design for data collection strategies which included face-to-face interviews with lecturers (n=11), focus group discussions with students (n=100) as well as classroom observations (n=18). The findings from the face-to-face interviews revealed that traditional teaching methodologies which are mostly employed in the language classrooms because of large classrooms do not enhance students’ communicative competence. Furthermore, the findings from the focus group discussions showed lack of motivation to learn English language and the anxiety caused by the fear to speak the target language. Further noted from the observations is that lack of language exposure due to scarcity of interactive activities in the classrooms may further render students communicatively incompetent. On these premises, the study recommends that students should be exposed to language through activities that encourage interaction. Also recommended is that lecturers should balance fluency and accuracy activities so as to improve students’ discourse, linguistic, interactional as well as strategic competencies. Finally, lecturers should create a relaxed atmosphere in their classrooms for all students, including the shy ones to freely express themselves, fearing no negative evaluation or communication apprehension.Ph. D. (Language, Linguistics, Literature)Linguistics and Modern Language
Composer avec la relation famille-travail durant la pandémie de Covid-19 : domestiques familiales en région rurale au Limpopo, Afrique du Sud
Get PDFDomestic work — one of the largest sources of employment
in South Africa — is rooted in the colonial and apartheid era,
during which black women worked as domestic servants for white
families. In contemporary South Africa, however, domestic work is
prevalent in black families, and there is a growing trend towards
family domestic work: family members or close friends working as
domestic workers for kin. Typical challenges in the domestic work
sector include the navigation of employer–employee relationships,
which shape the negotiation of other working conditions. In family
domestic work, the setting is worsened by the Covid-19 pandemic
and implementation of working from home. This paper draws
from 15 semi-structured interviews conducted with black women
working as family domestic workers. The findings suggest that
family domestic work is centred in reciprocal caring — sister-maids
are financially enabled to support families and sister-madams are
assisted with domestic duties. Covid-19 has had an impact on family
domestic work and family–work relationships, whereby sister-maids
had difficulties working in the presence of sister-madams and their
children. Hence, silence is adopted by sister-maids challenged by
working during Covid-19. However, the pandemic also enabled
some sister-maids and sister-madams to grow closer to each other,
which strengthened family–work relationships.SociologyN/
The certainty of punishment with regards to juvenile offenders and juvenile delinquents between the ages of 14 – 18 in South Africa : a penological study
No full textDie Suid-Afrikaanse kindergeregtigheidsmilieu is ʼn sensitiewe terrein waarbinne aansienlike gebreke manifesteer.
Suid-Afrikaanse kindergeregtigheidswetgewing bied teoretiesgewys genoegsame beskerming vir kinderregte, maar die praktiese implementering van hierdie teoretiesgebaseerde beleidsraamwerke is in ʼn hoё mate gebrekkig as gevolg van te veel infrastrukturele gebreke en hulpbrontekorte.
Ook binne die onderwysmilieu as invloedryke opvoedings- en onderrigruimte word ernstige leemtes ervaar, en as gevolg hiervan word internaliseringsmoontlikhede van positiewe, maatskaplik-gebaseerde norme en waardes geїnhibeer. Gevolglik word daar min ruimte gelaat vir rasionaliseringsprosesse.
Binne die Suid-Afrikaanse kindergeregtigheidsmilieu word rasionaliseringsprosesse, waarbinne potensieel positiewe strafbelewings by kinderoortreders die moontlikheid van suksesvolle strafuitkomste vergroot, onderbeklemtoon.
Rondom kwessies wat verband hou met inherente strafwaardes en strafsekerheid blyk dit dat veral die aard (gehalte en betekenis) van die strafwaarborg kontroversieel is.
ʼn Balans tussen die rasionaliteit van strafregtelikheid en die kwalitatiewe insette van kinderregte-organisasies staan neweskikkend tot die idealiteitsverband tussen doelmatige straftoepassing en positiewe strafuitkomste.
Dit is noodsaaklik dat alle belanghebbendes betrokke by kindergeregtigheid in Suid-Afrika inkoop by die daarstelling en veral die implementering van effektiewe regstoepassingsmeganismes en straftoepassingspraktyke.
Kwesbare kinders en kinderoortreders in Suid-Afrika is na 27 jaar van demokrasie geregtig op die implementering van billike beregtings- en verbandhoudende infrastrukturele praktyke.The South African child-justice milieu is a sensitive field inside which considerable shortcomings manifest themselves.
Theoretically speaking, South African child-justice legislation provides sufficient protection of children’s rights, but the practical implementation of these theory-based policy frameworks are by and large insufficient as a result of too many infrastructural flaws and a shortage of resources.
Serious vacuums also exist within the teaching milieu as influential educational and tuition space and as a result, the internalisation possibilities of positive, socially based norms and values are inhibited. Consequently, little room is left for rationalisation processes.
Rationalisation processes, in which potentially positive penal experiences of child-offenders increase the possibility of successful penal outcomes, are under-emphasized within the South African child-justice milieu.
In terms of the issues related to the inherent values and surety/certainty of punishment, it would appear that the nature (value and meaning) of the guarantee of punishment is controversial.
A balance between the rationality of criminal law and the qualitative inputs of children’s rights organisations are coordinative to the ideal relational context between effective punishment and positive penal outcomes.
It is vital that all role-players involved with child-justice in South Africa buy into the establishment and the implementation especially of effective mechanisms and practices to administer justice.
After twenty-seven years of democratic rule, vulnerable children and child offenders in South Africa are entitled to the implementation of reasonable judicial and relatable infrastructural practices.D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminal Justice)Criminology and Security Scienc
An investigation on the completeness of maternal records: record keeping practices of midwifery nursing care rendered to women in a district hospital in Namibia
No full textThe importance of recording information in women’s records is to support the delivery
of good care, clinical decision-making, communication between healthcare workers
and continuity of care. It is assumed that good record keeping practices display the
quality care rendered; hence the recording of actions by midwives provides evidence
of the care they have rendered. A quantitative descriptive retrospective research was
conducted to explore and describe the completeness of record keeping practices of
the nursing care rendered by midwives during all stages of labour in a maternity ward
of a district hospital in Namibia. Seventy-seven maternity records of women who
delivered through normal vertex delivery from the 1st of January 2018 to the 31st of
December 2018 were reviewed. Data collection was done using a structured checklist
to determine adherence to record keeping legislation on completeness of maternity
records. However, many areas of incompleteness of completeness in record keeping
practices kept by midwives were identified.M.A. (Nursing Science)Health Studie
Sanitation services in the northern fringe of City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality: the case of Ga-Rankuwa, Mabopane, Temba and Winterveld Townships
No full textText in English with abstracts in English, Sepedi, isiXhosa and isiZulu with kewords only in EnglishAccess to decent sanitation is a basic human right in South Africa which
should be universally enjoyed by all citizens. The sanitation crisis is a
growing “pandemic” in the country and in most developing countries as well
as globally. South Africa’s water shortage and drought challenges cannot be
isolated from sanitation services, as it is linked with wastewater management
systems. Poor sanitation reduces human wellbeing and economic and social
development, and is linked to the transmission of diseases such as
diarrhoea, cholera, hepatitis A, dysentery, typhoid and polio, and aggravates
stunting.
The sanitation crisis is exacerbated by the lack of political will to prioritise
sanitation, limited financial resources, poverty, mushrooming shack
settlements, urbanisation and a poor institutional response to the increasing
demands in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. Looking at the
sanitation backlogs in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in terms
of the number of households without a hygienic toilet, the statistics show that,
in 2006, the number was 158 000 and, since then, the sanitation backlog has
increased annually at a rate of 0.62% to 168 000 in 2016. During 2009 and
2013 the city made advances in addressing the sanitation backlogs;
however, the on-going increase in households, particularly in informal
settlements, due to the high migration into the region, as well as population
growth, has put additional strain on household infrastructure (Cogta 2020: Online). This study examined the provision of sanitation services in the
country as well as in the northern fringe of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan
Municipality. It investigated the approach used by the Municipality to provide
sanitation services.
The emergence of a new democratic system in South Africa and the political
changes in 1994 brought an opportunity in all sectors of government for a
comprehensive review of policy, including the water services sector. The
grounded theory is an analytical lens that is used in this study to discuss issues relating to the provision of sanitation services. According to Bulawa
(2014:147), the grounded theory was developed by Glaser and Strauss in the
1960s when they were working together on a staff’s handling of dying
patients in hospitals (Glaser & Strauss 1967). This study also focuses on
sanitation frameworks, legislations and regulations. The Department
formulates policies and the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality
implements sanitation services on behalf of the national department, while
Tshwane residents are the beneficiaries of sanitation programmes.
South Africa requires innovation that is deployable on a large scale to solve
its sanitation challenges, especially in densely populated areas such as the
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality where there is a tendency to store
waste. Moreover, there is an absence of a sustainable approach to manage
the waste at household level once the latrine pit or septic tank is filled. By
improving the management of human waste, greater privacy, dignity,
improved child health and personal safety, especially for women and
children, can be ensured.
In 2017, the Department of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation
mentioned that the capital replacement value of the extant water and
sanitation infrastructure was estimated at R1 362 billion. However, the extant
assets are depreciating. Consequently, the Department of Human
Settlements, Water and Sanitation posits that the current book value of the
infrastructure stands at approximately R584 billion, or 43% of the capital replacement cost. Furthermore, the operational reality is that the existing
infrastructure was “stretched” because of significant underinvestment in its
maintenance, including delays in the renewal of aged infrastructure. The
Department of Human Settlements, Water and Sanitation has an
accumulated backlog of R59 billion in refurbishment (DWS 2018:49). The
City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality posits that the 2021/22 budget will
be geared towards stabilising the finances of the municipality and driving
quality service delivery, while at the same time ensuring that the rates and
tariff increases are as low as possible despite the steep increases from Rand Water and Eskom. The tariff increases for the 2021/22 financial year are as
follows: sanitation is 10% and water is 8% (CTMM 2021: Online). Moreover,
the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality Council has approved the
City’s budget for the 2021/22 financial year with a total budget of R43 billion –
comprising of an operating budget of R39 billion and a capital budget of
almost R4 billion.
The City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality has a dedicated division,
named the Water and Sanitation Infrastructure Planning and Implementation
Division, for the promotion of sanitation and hygiene services as well as the
allocation of adequate funding, on an annual basis. The Water and Sanitation
Infrastructure Planning and Implementation division is responsible for the
provision of sanitation services, bulk water supply, and water and sanitation
planning and implementation for the city and for capital projects, i.e. new
developments.Phihlelelo ya tlhwekišo ya digweregwe ke motheo wa ditokelo tša botho mo
Afrika Borwa yeo e swanetšego go itumelelwa ke badudi ka kakaretšo.
Bothata bja digweregwere ke ‟leuba” leo le golago mo nageng kudu go
dinaga tše dintši tšeo di sa golago le lefase ka bophara. Tlhokego ya meetse
Afrika Borwa gotee le mathata a komelelo di ka se ke tša hlokolelwa ka thoko
go ditirelo tša digwergwere, ka ge di kgokagane le taolo ya meetse a go
senywa. Digweregwere tša go se nweše meetse a mokgoko di fokotša
boleng bja botho gotee le ikonomi le kgodišo ya leago, gape di kgokagane le
phetetšo ya malwetši a bjalo ka letšhollogo, cholera, hepitatis ya A, dysenteri,
typhoite le pholio, gape di godiša thibelo.
Bothata bja digweregwere bo godišwa ke tlhokego ya tshepedišo ya maleba
ya dipolitiki yeo e ka beago bothata bja digweregwere sehloreng, tlhokego ya
ditšweletšo tša mašeleng, bodiidi, go gologa ga bodulo bja mekhukhu,
phalalelo go ya metseditoropong le bofokodi bja tšhetšo ya peakanyo ya
kgolo yeo e oketšegago mo go Bodulo bja Maselapeleng wa Metroplitene wa
Tshwane mabapi le dipalo tša madulo ao a se nago le ditshwaamare tša go
hlweka, dipalopalo di laetša gore, ka 2006, palo e be e le 158 000 gape, go
tloga moo, bothata bja digweregwere bo ile bja gola ngwaga ka ngwaga ka
selekanyo sa 0.62% go ya go 168 000 ka ngwaga wa 2016. Ka ngwaga wa
2009 le 2013 naga e tšere matsapa a go bega bothata bja digweregwere; le
ge go le bjalo, koketšego yeo e golago ya bodulo, kudu ya bommakaipeya, ka lebaka la khudugelo ya go tla ka mono tikologong, gotee le kgolo ya
setšhaba, e ile ya oketša ngangego mo go mafarahlahla a tša bodulo (Cogta
2020: Onlaene). Diphatišišo tše di lekotše go tšweletšwa ga ditirelo tša
digwegwere go tee le magomo a lebowa a Bodulo bja Masepala wa
Meteropolitene wa Tshwane. E lekotše ka fao mokgwa woo o dirišitšwego ke Masepala go tšweletša ditirelo tša digweregwere.
Go tšwelela ga mokgwa o moswa wa tokologo mo Afrika Borwa gotee le
diphetogo tša dipolitiki ka 1994 di tlišitše monyetla mo go dikarolo ka moka
go lekola leswa molao wa go kwešišega, gotee le karolo ya ditirelo tša
meetse. Teori yeo e bego e dirišwa ya lense ya analytical yeo e bego e
dirišwa diphatišišong tše go sekaseka dilo tšeo di amanago le tšweletšo ya
ditirišo tša digweregwere. Go ya ka Bulawa (2014:147), teori ya boikemo e
tšweleditšwe ke Glaser gotee le Strauss mengwageng ya bo 1960 ge ba be
šoma mmogo go ya fao bašomi ba swarwago ka gona sa balwetši bao ba
hlokofalago ka gona maokelong (Glaser le Strauss 1967). Diphatišišo tše
gape di lebile dikgokagano tša digweregwere, melao gotee le ditshepidišo.
Lefapa le dira melao gotee le Bodulo bja Masepala wa Metropolitene bja
Tshwane bo tšweletša ditirelo tša digweregwere legatong la lefapa la naga,
mola badudi ba Tshwane e lego majabohwa bja lenaneo la digweregwere.
Afrika Borwa e nyaka phetogo yeo e ka dirišetšwago lenaneo kgoparareng
go rarolla mathata a yona a digweregwe, kudu mo go lefelo la badudi bao ba
kgobakanego ka bontši bjalo ka Masepala wa Metroplitene wa Tshwane moo
go nago le kgonego ya go boloka dilahlwa. Godimo ga moo, go na le
tlhokego ya mokgwa wa go ya go ile go laola dilahwa maemong a metse ge
ditshwamare goba ditanka tša dilahlwa di tletše. Ka go kaonafatša taolo ya
dilahlwa tša batho, boitoto bja bogolo, seriti, kaonafatšo ya bophelo bja
ngwana gotee le polokego ya botho, kudu basadi le bana, e ka kgonthišišwa.
Ka 2017, lefapa la Bodulo bja Batho, Meetse le Digweregwere e begile gore
go thiba gape boleng bja mašeleng go oketša meetse le mafarahlahla a
digweregwe bo be bo lekanyetšwa go di bilione tše R1 362. Le ge go le bjalo,
bogolo bja dithoto bo a buhlama. Go latela seo, Lefapa la Bodula batho,
Meetse le Digweregwere bo tšweletša gore boleng bja puku ga bjale ya
mafarahlahla bo eme go fihla go dibilione tše R584, goba 43% ya mašeleng
a go thiba ditheko. Godimo ga fao, bonnete bja ditiragalo ke gore
mafarahlahla ao a lego gona a ‟ngangilwe” ka lebaka la bohlokwa bja go boloka moo go sa lekanago mo go ditokišo tša wona, go akaretša ditiego mo
go go ntshwafatša ga mafarahlahla a kgale. Lefapa la Bodulo bja Batho,
Meetse le Digweregwere bo kokotleditše bothata bjo bo ka fihlelago dipilione
tše R59 bja ditokišo (DWS 2018:49). Masepala wa Metropolitene wa
Tshwane o tšweletša gore patšete ya 2021/22 e tla išwa go go lekanyetša
mašeleng a masepala gotee le go tliša ditirelo tša boleng bja godimo, mola
gape go kgonthišišwa gore ditekanyetšo le dikotlo tebelelo ge di oketšega e
be ka boleng bja fase ka moo go ka kgonegago go theoga go oketšege go
tloga go Rand Water go fihla go Eskom. Dikotlo tebalelo di oketšega
ngwageng wa 2021/22 wa mašeleng di ka tsela ye: digweregwere ke 10% le
meetse ke 8% (CTMM 2021: Online). Godimo ga fao, Khansele ya Masepala
ya Metrpolitene wa Tshwane e ile ya amogela patšete ya Motse ya ditšhelete
ya 2021/22 ka patšete ka moka ya dibilione tše R43 – ye e nago le patšete
ya ditiro ya dibilione tše R39 le mašeleng a patšete yeo e ka le bilione tše
R4.
Masepala wa Metropolitene wa Tshwane o beetše karolo, yeo e bitšwago
Meetse le Digweregwere Peakanyo ya Mafarahlahla gotee le Karolo ya
Ditiragalo, go kaonafatša digwergwere le go ditiragalo tša tlhwekišo gotee le
go abela tekanyetšo ya mašeleng, ngwaga ka ngwaga. Meetse le
Digweregwere Peakanyo ya Mafarahlahla gotee le Karolo ya Ditiragalo
mošomo wa yona ke go tšweletša ditirelo, tšweletšo ya meetse a mantši, le meetse le peakanyo ya digweregwere go motse le diprotšeke tša mašeleng,
seo se ra ditšweletšo tše diswa.Ukufikelela kwezococeko olufanelekileyo lilungelo elisisiseko eMzantsi Afrika
nelifanele ukufunyanwa ngothakazelelo ngabo bonke abemi. Ingxaki
yezococeko "sisifo" esandayo kwilizwe kunye nakumazwe amaninzi
asaphuhlayo nakwihlabathi jikelele. Ukunqongophala kwamanzi eMzantsi
Afrika kunye nemingeni yembalela ayinakubekelwa bucala kwiinkonzo
zogutyulo, njengoko inxulunyaniswa neenkqubo zolawulo lwamanzi amdaka.
Ucoceko olukumgangatho osezantsi lunciphisa impilo yabantu kunye
nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho nezentlalo, kwaye kunxulunyaniswa nokusasazwa
kwezifo ezifana norhudo, ikholera, ihepatitis A, isifo segazi, ityphoid nepoliyo.
Ingxaki yezococeko yenziwa kukunqongophala kwemfuneko yezopolitiko
yokubeka phambili ucoceko, ukunqongophala kwemali, intlupheko,
ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kumatyotyombe, ukufudukela kwabantu ezidolophini
kunye nokusabela okungathathi ntweni kwiziko kwiimfuno ezandayo
kuMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko saseTshwane. Xa sijonga ukusilela
kwezococeko kwiSixeko saseTshwane kuMasipala oMbaxa ngokwenani
lamakhaya angenazo izindlu zangasese ezicocekileyo, amanani abonisa
ukuba ngonyaka wama-2006, inani lalingama-158 000 kwaye, ukusukela
ngoko, ukusilela kwezococeko kuye kwanda minyaka le ngezinga le-0.62%
ukuya kuma-168 000 ngonyaka wama-2016. Ngonyaka wama-2009
nangonyaka wama-2013 isixeko senze inkqubela phambili ekulungiseni
ukusilela kwezococeko; nangona kunjalo, ukwanda okuqhubekayo
kwamakhaya, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezinamatyotyombe, ngenxa
yokufudukela kwabantu phezulu kulo mmandla, kunye nokukhula kwabemi, kubeke uxinzelelo olongezelelekileyo kwiziseko zophuhliso zamakhaya
(Cogta 2020: Online). Olu phando luvavanye/luphengulule ukubonelelwa
kweenkonzo zogutyulo elizweni nakwinqanaba elingasentla loMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko saseTshwane. Luphande indlela esetyenziswa
nguMasipala ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zogutyulo.
Ukuvela kwenkqubo entsha yedemokhrasi eMzantsi Afrika kunye notshintsho
kwezopolitiko ngonyaka we-1994 kwazisa ithuba kuwo onke amacandelo
karhulumente lokuphononongwa ngokupheleleyo komgaqo-nkqubo, kuquka
necandelo leenkonzo zamanzi. Inkcazo-bungcali yohlalutyo yemiselweyo
(grounded theory) ethe yasetyenzisiwa kolu phando ukuxoxa ngemiba
enxulumene nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo zogutyulo. NgokukaBulawa (2014:
147), inkcazo-bungcali emiselweyo (grounded theory) yaphuhliswa
nguGlaser noStrauss ngeminyaka yoo-1960 xa babesebenza kunye
ekusingatheni abasebenzi malunga nezigulana ezazisweleka kwizibhedlele
(Glaser & Strauss 1967). Olu phando lukwajolise kubume bezikhokelo
zococeko, imithetho nemigaqo. ISebe lenza imigaqo-nkqubo kwaye
uMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko saseTshwane uphumeza iinkonzo zogutyulo
egameni lesebe lesizwe, ngelixa abahlali baseTshwane bengabaxhamli
beenkqubo zococeko.
UMzantsi Afrika udinga ukwenziwa kwezinto ezintsha ezinokusetyenziswa,
ubukhulu becala, ukusombulula imiceli mingeni yezococeko, ingakumbi
kwiindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ezifana noMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko
saseTshwane apho kukho umkhwa wokugcina inkunkuma. Ngapha koko,
kukho ukungabikho kwendlela ezinzileyo yokulawula inkunkuma kwinqanaba lekhaya kumngxunya wendlu yangasese okanye itanki yokubolisa.
Ngokuphucula ukulawulwa kwenkunkuma yabantu, ubumfihlo obukhulu,
isidima, ukuphuculwa kwempilo yabantwana kunye nokhuseleko lomntu,
ngakumbi kwabasetyhini nasebantwaneni, kunokuqinisekiswa.
Ngonyaka wama-2017, iSebe lokuHlaliswa kwaBantu, aManzi noGutyulo
lakhankanya ukuba ixabiso eliyinkunzi endaweni yeziseko zophuhliso
lwamanzi nogutyulo lwelindle liqikelelwa kuma-R1, 362 yezigidigidi. Nangona
kunjalo, ii-asethi ezikhoyo ziyahla. Ngenxa yoko, iSebe lokuHlaliswa
kwaBantu, aManzi noGutyulo licacisa ukuba ixabiso langoku lencwadi
kwiziseko zophuhliso limi malunga nama-R584 ezigidi zezigidi, okanye ama-43% yeendleko zokutshintshwa kwemali eyinkunzi. Ngapha koko, inyani
yokusebenza kukuba iziseko zophuhliso ezikhoyo “zoluliwe” ngenxa yotyalo mali oluncinci kulondolozo lwayo, kubandakanya nokulibaziseka kohlaziyo
lwezixhobo ezidala. ISebe lokuHlaliswa kwaBantu, aManzi noGutyulo
liqokelele umsebenzi ongekenziwa we-R59 yezigidigidi kuhlaziyo (DWS
2018: 49). UMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko saseTshwane umisela ukuba
uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lowama-2021/22 luza kujolisa ekuzinziseni ezemali
kumasipala nokuqhuba ukuziswa kweenkonzo ezisemgangathweni,
kwangaxeshanye kuqinisekiswe ukuba iirhafu kunye nonyuso lwamaxabiso
luphantsi kangangoko ngaphandle kokunyuka okuthe chatha, isuka eRand
Water nakwa-Eskom. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunyaka-mali wama-2021/22
koku kulandelayo: ugutyulo li-10% kwaye amanzi asi-8% (CTMM 2021: Kwi Intanethi). Ngapha koko, iBhunga loMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko
saseTshwane livume uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweSixeko kunyaka-mali wama 2021/22 ngohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olupheleleyo lwama-R43 ezigidigidi -
oluquka uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lokusebenza lwama-R39 ezigidigidi kunye
nohlahlo-lwabiwo mali lwezigidi eziphantse zafikelela kwi-R4 yezigidigidi.
UMasipala oMbaxa weSixeko saseTshwane unecandelo elizinikeleyo,
elibizwa ngokuba liCandelo lezaManzi nokuCocwa kweziSeko zoCoceko
kunye nokuPhumeza, ukukhuthaza iinkonzo zogutyulo nococeko kunye
nokwabiwa kwemali eyoneleyo rhoqo ngonyaka. ICandelo lezaManzi noCoceko lokuCwangciswa nokuPhumeza linoxanduva lokubonelela
ngeenkonzo zogutyulo, ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ngobuninzi, kunye
nocwangciso lwamanzi nococeko, nokuphunyezwa kwesixeko kunye
neeprojekthi ezinkulu, oko kukuthi, uphuhliso olutsha.Ukutholakala noma ukuba nendawo enezithunzi yendle kuyilungelo lomuntu
eliyisisekelo ENingizimu Afrika okufanele lithokozelwe yizo zonke
izakhamuzi. Inselelo noma inkinga youkuthuthwa kwendle “iyisifo” esandayo
ezweni kanye nasemazweni amaningi asathuthuka kanye nasemhlabeni
jikelele. Izinselelo zokushoda noma zokusweleka kwamanzi kanye nesomiso
eNingizimu Afrika azikwazi ukwahlukaniswa nezinsinzakalo zokuthuthwa
kwendle, njengoba kuxhunyaniswa nezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwamanzi
angcolile. Ukuthuthwa kwendle okungekho ezingeni elifanele kunciphisa
impilo yabantu yabantu nokuthuthuka komnotho nakwezenhlalo futhi
kuxhumene nokudluliswa kwezifo ezifana nohudo, ikholera, i-hepatitis A, isifo
sohudo,i- typhoid kanye novendle, kubhebhethekisa ukuqina.
Inkinga youkuthuthwa kwendle ibhebhethekiswa ukungabibikho noma
ukusweleka kwentando yezepolitiki youkubeka phambili inhlanzeko,
ukungabi namandla kwezimali, ubuphofu, ukuhlaliswa kwabantu emijondolo,
ukufudukwelwa emadolobheni kanye nokuphendula ngendlela okungeyona
ezikhungweni zezimfuno ezandayo kuMasipala weDolobha lase-Tshwane.
Uma sibheka ukusilela emuva kokukhucululwa kwendle EMkhandlwini
weDolobha lase-Tshwane ngenani lemindeni engenayo indlu yangasese
ehlanzekile, izibalo zikhomba ukuthi, ngonyaka ka-2006, isibalo sasingu 15800 futhi, kusukela lapho, ukusilela kwenzanzeko kuye kwanda minyaka
yonke izinga lika-0.62% kuya ku-168 000 ngo-2016. Ngonyaka ka- 2009 no 2013 idolobha lenze intuthuko ekubhekaneni nokusilela emuva kokuthuthwa kwendle; kodwa-ke, ukwanda okuqhubekayo komndeni, ikakhulukazi
emijondolo, ngenxa yokufudukela kwabantu abaningi esifundenidue, kanye
nokwanda kwenani labantu, kubeke ubunzima obungeziwe kwingqalasizinda yezindluh (I-Cogta 2020: ku-inthanethi). Lolu cwaningo noma lesisifundo
luhlolisise ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokuthuthwa kwendle ezweni kanye
nasengxenyeni esenyakatho yoMkhandludoloba wase-Tshwane. Kuphenywe
indlela esetshenziswa ngu-Masipala ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo
zokuthuthwa kwendle.
Ukuvela kohlelo olusha lwentando yeningi eNingizimu Afrika kanye
nezinguquko kwezepolitiki ngonyaka ka-1994 kwaletha ithuba kuyo yonke
imikhakha kahulumeni lokubuyekezwa ngokuphelele kwenqubomgomo,
kubandakanya nomkhakha wezinsizakalo zamanzi. Ithiyori ebizwa kokuthi
pheqelezi i- (The grounded theory) iyilensi yokuhlaziya esetshenziswe kulolu
cwaningo noma kulesifundo ukuxoxa ngezinkinga eziphathelene
nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo zokuthuthwa kwendle. Ngokusho kuka Bulawa (2014:147), lethiyori ebiza ngokuthi i-(grounded theory) yasungulwa
ngu-Glaser no Strauss ngonyaka wo-1960 ngenkathi besebenza bonke
ndawonye ekuphatheni kwabasebenzi ngokuphathwa kweziguli ezishonayo
esibhedlela(u-Glaser no Strauss 1967). Lolu cwaningo lubuye lubheke
ezinhlakeni zokuthuthwa kwendle, imithetho kanye nemithethonqubo.
UMnyango wenza iminqubomgomo futhi uMasipala waseDolobheni lase Tshwane wenza izinsizakalo zokuthuthwa kwendle egameni lomnyango
kazwelonke, kanti izakhamuzi zase-Tshwane yizo ezihlomula ngezinhlelo
zokuthuthwa kwendle.
INginizimu Afrika idinga ukuqanjwa okusha okusetshenziswayo ngezinga
eliphezulu ukuxazulula izinselelo zayo zokuthuthwa kwendle, ikakhulukazi
ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi ezifana noMkhandludolobha wase-Tshwane
lapho kunomkhuba wokugcina khona imfucuza. Ngaphezulu kwalokho,
ayikho indlela eqhubekayo yokulawula imfucuzo ezingeni lasekhaya uma
umgodi wendlu yangasese noma ithangi lokubhuqa seligcwalisiwe.
Ngokwenza ngcono ukuphathwa kwendle yabantu, ubumfihlo okukhulu,
isithunzi, impilo yezingane ephephile nokuphepha komuntu siqu, ikakhulukazi
kwabesifazane nezingane, kungaqinisekiswa.
Ngo-2017, uMnyango wezokuhlaliswa kwabantu, Amanzi nenhlanzeko wabalula ukuthi inani elizobuyiselwa imali kwingqalasizinda ekhona yamanzi
nokuthuthwa kwendle lalinganiselwa ku-R1 362 wamabhiliyoni. Kodwa-ke,
izimpahla ezikhona zehla ngamanani. Ngenxa yalokho, uMnyango
wezokuhlaliswa kwabantu, Amanzi nenhlanzeko uthi inani lamanje
lezincwadi lengqalasizinda limi cishe ku-R584 wamabhiliyoni, noma ku- 43%
wezindleko zokufaka imali enkulu. Ngaphezulu kwalokho, iqiniso okuyilona
elisebenzayo ukuthi ingqalasizinda esivele ikhona”yeluliwe”ngenxa
yokungabikhona kwemali eningi ekuyigcineni kwayo, kufaka phakathi
ukubambezeleka kokuvuselelwa kwengqalasizinda endala. uMnyango
wezokuhlaliswa kwabantu, Amanzi nenhlanzeko usilele emuva ngo R59 wamabhiliyoni ekusetshenzisweni kabusha (DWS 2018:49). UMasipala
weDolobha lase-Tshwane uthi isabelozimali sango-2021/22 sizobhekela
izinsiza zimali zikamasipala nokuqhuba ukulethwa kwezidingo ezisezingeni
eliphakeme, kanti ngesikhathi esifanayo siqinisekisa ukuthi amanani kanye
nokunyuka kwamanani entengo aphansi ngangokunokwenzeka yize
kukhuphuke kakhulu kusuka e-Rand Water nakwa Eskom. Ukunyuswa
kwemali ekhokhwayo yonyaka wezimali ka-2021/22 imi kanje: ukuthuthwa
kwendlle ngu-10% kuthi amanzi kube ngu-8% (CTMM 2021: inthanethi).
Ngaphezulu kwalokho, uMkhandlu kaMasipala weDolobha lase-Tshwane
usamukele isabelomali seDolobha sonyaka wezimali ka-2021/22
ngesabelomali esiphelele sika- R43 wamabhiliyoni – esifaka ph
A strategic reset : micro-credentials for higher education leaders
Get PDFThis article provides university leaders an introduction to the emerging micro-credentials feld, including a snapshot of the global landscape. Despite the accelerated
interest in micro-credentials, this article also raises a fundamental strategic question for
leaders at the outset: Are micro-credentials right for our university? Part I discusses the
basic elements of mcro-credentials, defnitions, types of micro-credentials, and afordances and barriers and various providers of micro-credentials. Part II presents a snapshot of what is happening on the global playing feld and the challenges inherent in
trying to standardise micro-credentials globally. The fnal section of the article provides
some general observations by the authors, lessons from practice, and brief example of
how institutions may implement a strategic reset using micro-credentials. The authors
close by emphasising micro-credentials are not a panacea for resolving institutional
challenges and they are unlikely to become a major revenue enhancement. They may
provide strategic value in their integration with other major institutional initiatives.Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecolog
Communal Property Associations (CPAs) as facilitators of South Africa's land reform poverty reduction strategies: the case study of Gauteng Province, South Africa
No full textAbstracts and keywords in English, Zulu and SesothoThis study investigated whether Communal Property Associations (CPAs) are effective structures for poverty reduction among beneficiaries of land reform in South Africa. The study adopted a qualitative research design, employing semi-structured in-depth telephonic interviews to collect data from 97 participants out of a population of 708 from the Tswelopele, Rama and Koppieskraal CPAs in the Gauteng province, South Africa. Ten percent of the participants were selected randomly from each CPA, using the purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that beneficiaries gained very little material benefit from their nominal land ownership in terms of cash income or other livelihood activities. In the event where land was transferred with some business operating on it, once the CPA took over, the productivity deteriorated. However, this study concludes that CPAs as a legal entity are not the problem, and that the challenge lies in the obsessive focus on administrative compliance with the CPA Act, which relegates other CPA objectives of the communities (such as economic development) to ill-prepared CPA management structures. Additionally, the study found fault with the CPAs’ implementation process, which is poorly planned and shoddily executed, as many beneficiaries are simply given land after being instructed to establish a CPA, without the necessary support – resulting in dysfunctional CPAs with no expansion of livelihoods. This study concludes that South Africa’s government policies on land reform are fragmented. To mitigate against these challenges, the study recommends that government should revamp CPA policy and project management to fully realise the CPAs’ potential to achieve poverty alleviation. This should include an overarching comprehensive and inclusive policy on the legal entities of land reform, which should address coordination, or reconceptualise the CPA resettlement processes. It should stipulate individual, household and group rights on CPA farms, and the rules of distributing benefits and employment opportunities. Such a policy must also outline the integrated development planning processes of the CPAs and clarify the role of traditional authorities. In a CPA’s management structure, a CPA Project Manager with various fiduciary responsibilities should be appointed and they must account to the CPA’s management committee, which should act as a board or steering committee. This way, CPAs could sustainably address various development issues, including poverty reduction.Lolu cwaningo luphenye ukuthi ingabe Izinhlangano Zezakhiwo Zomphakathi (CPAs) ziyizinhlaka ezisebenzayo zokunciphisa ububha kwabahlomula ngokubuyiswa komhlaba eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo lwamukele indlela yocwaningo eqoqa nehlaziya imininingwane engeyona izinombolo, lusebenzisa izingxoxo zocingo ezijulile ukuze kuqoqwe imininingwane kubahlanganyeli abangama-97 kubantu abangama-708 abavela kuma-CPA aseTswelopele, eRama naseKoppieskraal esifundazweni saseGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika. Amaphesenti ayishumi ababambiqhaza akhethwe ngokungahleliwe ku-CPA ngayinye, kusetshenziswa indlela yesampula lapho umcwaningi ethembela ekwahluleleni kwakhe, Okutholakele kuveze ukuthi abahlomuli bathola inzuzo encane kakhulu ebunikazini babo bomhlaba ngokwemali engenayo noma eminye imisebenzi yokuziphilisa. Esimeni lapho umhlaba udluliswa kunebhizinisi elithile elisebenza kuwo, uma i-CPA ithatha izintambo, ukukhiqiza kwahohloka. Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo luphetha ngokuthi ama-CPA njengenhlangano esemthethweni awayona inkinga, nokuthi inselelo isekugxilweni okugxilile ekuthotshelweni koMthetho we-CPA, owehlisa ezinye izinjongo ze-CPA zemiphakathi (njengokuthuthukiswa komnotho) ukungalungiselelwa kahle kwezakhiwo zokuphatha ze-CPA. Ukwengeza, ucwaningo lwathola iphutha ngenqubo yokuqaliswa kwe-CPAs, engahlelwanga kahle futhi eyenziwe budedengu, njengoba abahlomuli abaningi bavele banikezwe umhlaba ngemuva kokuyalelwa ukuthi basungule i-CPA, ngaphandle kokusekelwa okudingekayo - okuholela ekungasebenzini kahle kwama-CPA ngaphandle kokunwetshwa kwezindlela zokuziphilisa. Lolu cwaningo luphetha ngokuthi izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika mayelana nokubuyiselwa komhlaba zihlukene phakathi. Ukuze kuncishiswe ukulwa nalezi zinselele, ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele avuselele inqubomgomo ye-CPA kanye nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi ukuze afeze ngokugcwele amandla ama-CPA okufeza ukuqeda ubumpofu. Lokhu kufanele kubandakanye inqubomgomo ebanzi nebandakanyayo yezinhlangano ezingokomthetho zokubuyiselwa komhlaba, okufanele ibhekane nokudidiyela, noma icabange kabusha izinqubo zokuhlaliswa kabusha kwe-CPA. Kufanele icacise amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, asekhaya kanye namaqembu emapulazini e-CPA, kanye nemithetho yokusabalalisa izinzuzo namathuba omsebenzi. Inqubomgomo enjalo kufanele futhi iveze izinqubo zokuhlela zentuthuko ezididiyelwe zama-CPA futhi icacise iqhaza leziphathimandla zendabuko. Ohlakeni lokuphatha lwe-CPA, Umphathi wephrojekthi we-CPA onezibopho ezehlukene kufanele aqokwe futhi kufanele aziphendulele ekomitini labaphathi be-CPA, okufanele lisebenze njengebhodi noma ikomidi eliqondisayo. Ngale ndlela, ama-CPA angabhekana ngokuzinzile nezindaba ezihlukene zentuthuko, okuhlanganisa ukuncishiswa kobumpofu.Thuto ena e ile ya fuputsa hore na Mekgatlo ya Thepa ya Setjhaba (Communal Property Associations) (CPAs) ke mekgatlo e sebetsang hantle bakeng sa phokotso ya bofuma hara bajalefa ba ntjhafatso ya mobu Afrika Borwa. Thuto ena e amohetse moralo wa dipatlisiso tsa boleng, bo sebedisa dipuisano tse tebileng tsa mohala ho bokella dintlha ho tswa ho bankakarolo ba 97 hara baahi ba 708 ba Tswelopele. Rama le Koppieskraal CPAs profinseng ya Gauteng, Afrika Borwa. Diphesente tse leshome tsa bankakarolo ba kgethilwe ka mokgwa o sa rerwang ho tswa ho CPA ka nngwe, ho sebediswa mokgwa wa ho etsa disampole. Diphumano di senotse hore bajalefa ba fumane melemo e fokolang haholo ho tloha ho beng ba bona ba mobu ho latela lekeno la tjhelete kapa mesebetsi e meng ya boiphediso. Ketsahalong eo mobu o neng o fetisetswa kgwebong e itseng hang ha CPA e nka taolo, tlhahiso e ile ya senyeha ho ya pele. Leha ho le jwalo, thuto ena e phethela ka hore di-CPAs jwalo ka setheo sa molao ha se bothata, le hore phephetso e hodima ho tsepamisa maikutlo hodima taolo ya tsamaiso le Molao wa CPA, o behang dipheo tse ding tsa CPA tsa setjhaba (jwalo ka ntshetsopele ya moruo) ho ho se sebetse hantle- ha meaho ya tsamaiso ya CPA. Ho feta moo, thuto e fumane phoso tshebetsong ya ketsahatso ya CPAs, e rerilweng hampe le ho sebetswa ka mokgwa o fokolang, kaha bajalefa ba bangata ba fuwa mobu ka mora ho laelwa ho theha CPA, ntle le tshehetso e hlokahalang – se bakang ho se sebetse hantle ha CPAs ho se na katoloso ya mekgwa ya boiphediso. Thuto ena e phethela ka hore maano a mmuso wa Afrika Borwa mabapi le ntlafatso ya mobu a arohane. Ho bebofatsa diqholotso tsena, thuto e kgothaletsa hore mmuso o lokise leano la CPA le tsamaiso ya projeke ho phethahatsa ka botlalo ho fumana bokgoni ba di-CPA ba ho fihlela phokotso ya bofuma. Sena se lokela ho kenyelletsa leano le akareditseng tsohle le kenyelletsang mabapi le mekgatlo ya molao ya tlhabollo ya mobu, le lokelang ho sebetsana le dikgokahano, kapa ho lemoha botjha ditshebetso tsa ho dula botjha tsa CPA.E tlameha ho hlakisa ditokelo tsa motho ka mong, tsa malapa le tsa sehlopha mapolasing a CPA, le melao ya ho aba melemo le menyetla ya mesebetsi. Leano le jwalo le tlameha hape ho hlalosa mekgwa e kopanetsweng ya moralo wa ntshetsopele ya di-CPA le ho hlakisa karolo ya babusi ba setso. Sebopehong sa tsamaiso ya CPA, ho lokela ho kgethwa Mookameli wa Projeke ya CPA ya nang le boikarabelo bo fapaneng ba botshepehi mme a ikarabelle ho komiti ya tsamaiso ya CPA, e lokelang ho sebetsa e le boto kapa komiti e tsamaisang. Ka tsela ena, di-CPA di ka rarolla mathata a fapaneng a ntshetsopele, ho kenyeletswa phokotso ya bofuma.M.A. (Developmenal Studies)Development Studie
A framework for traffic flow survivability in wireless networks prone to multiple failures and attacks
No full textTransmitting packets over a wireless network has always been challenging due to failures that have always occurred as a result of many types of wireless connectivity issues. These failures have caused significant outages, and the delayed discovery and diagnostic testing of these failures have exacerbated their impact on servicing, economic damage, and social elements such as technological trust. There has been research on wireless network failures, but little on multiple failures such as node-node, node-link, and link–link failures. The problem of capacity efficiency and fast recovery from multiple failures has also not received attention.
This research develops a capacity efficient evolutionary swarm survivability framework, which encompasses enhanced genetic algorithm (EGA) and ant colony system (ACS) survivability models to swiftly resolve node-node, node-link, and link-link failures for improved service quality. The capacity efficient models were tested on such failures at different locations on both small and large wireless networks. The proposed models were able to generate optimal alternative paths, the bandwidth required for fast rerouting, minimized transmission delay, and ensured the rerouting path fitness and good transmission time for rerouting voice, video and multimedia messages. Increasing multiple link failures reveal that as failure increases, the bandwidth used for rerouting and transmission time also increases. This implies that, failure increases bandwidth usage which leads to transmission delay, which in turn slows down message rerouting.
The suggested framework performs better than the popular Dijkstra algorithm, proactive, adaptive and reactive models, in terms of throughput, packet delivery ratio (PDR), speed of transmission, transmission delay and running time. According to the simulation results, the capacity efficient ACS has a PDR of 0.89, the Dijkstra model has a PDR of 0.86, the reactive model has a PDR of 0.83, the proactive model has a PDR of 0.83, and the adaptive model has a PDR of 0.81. Another performance evaluation was performed to compare the proposed model's running time to that of other evaluated routing models. The capacity efficient ACS model has a running time of 169.89ms on average, while the adaptive model has a running time of 1837ms and Dijkstra has a running time of 280.62ms. With these results, capacity efficient ACS outperforms other evaluated routing algorithms in terms of PDR and running time. According to the mean throughput determined to evaluate the performance of the following routing algorithms: capacity efficient EGA has a mean throughput of 621.6, Dijkstra has a mean throughput of 619.3, proactive (DSDV) has a mean throughput of 555.9, and reactive (AODV) has a mean throughput of 501.0. Since Dijkstra is more similar to proposed models in terms of performance, capacity efficient EGA was compared to Dijkstra as follows: Dijkstra has a running time of 3.8908ms and EGA has a running time of 3.6968ms. In terms of running time and mean throughput, the capacity efficient EGA also outperforms the other evaluated routing algorithms.
The generated alternative paths from these investigations demonstrate that the proposed framework works well in preventing the problem of data loss in transit and ameliorating congestion issue resulting from multiple failures and server overload which manifests when the process hangs. The optimal solution paths will in turn improve business activities through quality data communications for wireless service providers.Ph. D. (Computer Science)School of Computin