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The significance of bloodstain pattern analysis in reconstructing a murder scene
Get PDFMurder is one of the most prevalent criminal acts in South Africa, and it has become a key focal point to the criminal justice system. It is, therefore, the responsibility of investigators that there is recourse for victims of murder by bringing suspects to justice. This can be achieved through exploring various forensic techniques in order to ensure that criminals are successfully identified.
In an event where the crime scene involves the shedding of blood, it generally contains an abundance of information in the shape of bloodstain patterns, the scene and its cause. It is not mandatory for investigating officers to possess specialized skills in bloodstain pattern analysis, but it is essential for investigators to have analytical skills to enable them to identify whether there is a need to request the work of experts at the scene.
The purpose of this research study is to explore the significance of bloodstain pattern analysis in reconstructing a murder scene at the Tembisa cluster. In order to ensure that an investigation is successful, it is important that the investigator bears the objectives of criminal investigation in mind.
In the investigation of crime, the method that is applied by investigators to collect and document evidence, and to gather and package physical evidence plays an important role in crime investigation. It is essential that the investigator approach the crime scene with impartiality in order to link the evidence to the suspect. It is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of bloodstain pattern analysis. The aim of this research study is to provide practical recommendations on the best practice for the use of bloodstain pattern analysis at a murder scene.M. Tech. (Forensic Investigations)Police Practic
Assuming Data Integrity and Empirical Evidence to The Contrary
No full textBackground: Not all respondents to surveys apply their minds or understand
the posed questions, and as such provide answers which lack coherence, and
this threatens the integrity of the research. Casual inspection and limited
research of the 10-item Big Five Inventory (BFI-10), included in the dataset of
the World Values Survey (WVS), suggested that random responses may be
common.
Objective: To specify the percentage of cases in the BRI-10 which include
incoherent or contradictory responses and to test the extent to which the
removal of these cases will improve the quality of the dataset.
Method: The WVS data on the BFI-10, measuring the Big Five Personality (B5P), in South Africa (N=3 531), was used. Incoherent or contradictory responses were removed. Then the cases from the cleaned-up dataset were analysed for their theoretical validity.
Results: Only 1 612 (45.7%) cases were identified as not including incoherent
or contradictory responses. The cleaned-up data did not mirror the B5P- structure, as was envisaged. The test for common method bias was negative. Conclusion: In most cases the responses were incoherent. Cleaning up the data did not improve the psychometric properties of the BFI-10. This raises concerns about the quality of the WVS data, the BFI-10, and the universality of B5P-theory. Given these results, it would be unwise to use the BFI-10 in South Africa. Researchers are alerted to do a proper assessment of the
psychometric properties of instruments before they use it, particularly in a
cross-cultural setting
Ethical dilemmas in projectivised multisite research
No full textProjectivised multisite research is gaining popularity, but is not without its pitfalls. Presented are eight possible challenges that could be encountered, and strategies to manage them. This article presents valuable information to scholars planning projectivised multisite research endeavours
Poverty alleviation and empowerment of rural women through self-help groups in Zimbabwe: a study of Shurugwi district in Midlands Province
No full textIncludes summary in Tswana and VendaWomen in different parts of the world, particularly rural women in developing countries
continue to face several socio-economic challenges. This qualitative study documents how self help groups are converted as tools to alleviate growing rate of poverty and for promoting
sustainable empowerment amongst rural women. Against the backdrop of various global,
regional and national efforts to alleviate poverty and to empower women, the study examines
the role of self-help groups in poverty alleviation and women empowerment amongst rural
women. Utilising a case study design, data were collected through focus group discussions and
in-depth interviews. Augmented by observations and extensive literature and policy reviews,
the findings of the research revealed that the majority of rural women utilise self-help groups
as sustainable drivers of socio-economic change particularly in promoting self-empowerment,
food security, employment opportunities, innovation and social cohesion. Thus, several rural
women restore their personal dignity through collective participation in self-help groups. The
results of the study confirm the theoretical concepts of the Sustainable livelihood framework
on how, the attainment of poverty alleviation and women empowerment relies on the number
of livelihood assets that poor rural women can acquire and possess. Thus, a combination of the
five assets by poor rural women organised in self-help groups enhance their efforts in achieving
desired livelihood outcomes. The study further notes that, the majority of rural women
mobilised in self-help groups attain the desired livelihood outcomes despite some missed key
opportunities and challenges they face. Notwithstanding the strides made in investing in
policies, particularly the National Gender Policy to promote poverty alleviation and
empowerment amongst women, particularly rural women, the socio-economic challenges of
mainly rural women remain unabated. Transformation in this regard calls for government to
regain political will, institutional capacity and build a professionalised, and adequately
capacitated human resource to implement and monitor all pro-women policies and
programmes. Various strategies for ensuring the longevity and sustainability of women’s self help groups are suggested.Basadi dikarolong tse fapaneng tsa lefatshe, haholoholo basadi ba mahaeng dinaheng tse
tswelang pele ba ntse ba tobana le mathata a mangata a moruo wa setjhaba. Thuto ena ya boleng
e fana ka ho hlahisa kamoo dihlopha tsa ho ithusa di fetolwang e le disebediswa tsa ho fokotsa
sekgahla se ntseng se hola sa bofuma le ho kgothaletsa matlafatso ya moshwelella hara basadi
ba mahaeng. Kgahlanong le ho latela maemo a fapaneng a lefatshe, a dibaka, le a naha a ho
fedisa bofuma le ho matlafatsa basadi, thuto e hlahloba seabo sa dihlopha tsa ho ithusa
phokotsong ya bofuma le matlafatsong ya basadi hara basadi ba mahaeng. Ho sebediswa
moralo wa thuto ya mohlala, dintlha di ile tsa bokellwa ka dipuisano tsa dihlopha le dipuisano
tse tebileng. E matlafaditswe ka ditebello le ditlhahlobo tse ngata tsa dingodilweng le tlhahlobo
botjha ya maano, diphumano tsa phuputso di senotse hore basadi ba bangata ba mahaeng ba
sebedisa dihlopha tsa ho ithusa e le bokganni bo tsitsitseng ba phetoho ya moruo wa setjhaba,
haholoholo molemong wa ho kgothaletsa ho ipha matla,polokeho ya dijo, menyetla ya
mesebetsi, boqapi le bonngwe ba setjhaba. Kahoo, basadi ba bangata ba mahaeng ba kgutlisetsa
seriti sa bona ka ho kopanela ho nka karolo dihlopheng tsa ho ithusa. Diphetho tsa thuto di tiisa
menahano ya theori ya moralo wa mokgwa wa boiphediso wa moshwelella wa hore na
phihlello ya phokotso ya bofuma le matlafatso ya basadi e itshetlehile ka palo ya matlotlo a
boiphediso ao basadi ba futsanehileng ba mahaeng ba ka a fumanang le ho ba le ona. Ka hona,
motswako wa matlotlo a mahlano a basadi ba futsanehileng ba mahaeng ba hlophisitsweng ka
dihlopha tsa ho ithusa ba ntlafatsa boiteko ba bona ba ho fihlela diphello tse lakatsehang tsa
boiphediso. Thuto ena e boetse e bontsha hore basadi ba bangata ba mahaeng ba bokelletsweng
ka dihlopha tsa ho ithusa ba fumana diphello ditakatso tse lakatsehang tsa ho iphedisa le hoja
ba ile ba lahlehelwa ke menyetla ya bohlokwa hammoho le mathata ao ba tobaneng le ona. Ho
sa tsotellehe dikgatelopele tse entsweng mabapi le ho tsetela ka maano, haholoholo Leano la
Naha la Tekano ka Bong ho kgothaletsa phediso ya bofuma le matlafatso hara basadi,
haholoholo basadi ba mahaeng, diqholotso tsa moruo wa kahisano tsa basadi ba mahaeng di
ntse di tswela pele. Phetoho mabapi le sena e etsa boipiletso ba hore mmuso o boele o fumane
boikemisetso ba dipolotiki le bokgoni ba ditheo ho aha basebetsi ba porofeshenale, le ba nang
le bokgoni ba ho kenya tshebetsong le ho beha leihlo maano le mananeo ohle a tshehetsang
basadi. Ho kgothalletswa mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho netefatsa bophelo bo bolelele le bo
tsitsitseng ba dihlopha tsa basadi tsa ho ithusa.Vamanana eka swiyenge swo hlaya swa misava, ngopfu ngopfu etindhawini ta le makaya eka
matiko lama ya ha hluvukaka, va ya emahlweni no langutana na mitlhontlho hi swa xiyimo xa
vanhu na ikhonomi. Ndzavisiso wa qualitative wu kombisa hilaha mitlawa ya vanhu vo
tipfuneta yi hundzuluxiwaka tanihi mathulusi ya ku hunguta xiyenge lexikulaku xa vusweti na
ku yisa emahlweni ku timbahata vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya. Hi ku landza leswi
endlekaka eka misava, tirhijini na matshalatshala ya tiko ku hunguta vusweti na ku timbahata
vamanana, ndzavisiso wu kambela ndzima ya mitlawa ya ku tipfuneta eka ku hunguta vusweti
na ku timbahata vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya. Hi ku tirhisa dizayini ya case study, ku
hlengeletiwe vutivi hi ku tirhisa mikanelo ya mitlawa na ti-interview to enta. Swi pfunetiwe hi
ku languta kunene leswi endlekaku na matsalwa yo enta, na ku languta pholisi, leswi kumiweke
swa rhiseche, swi kombise leswo vunyingi bya vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya va tirhisa
mitlawa ya ku tipfuneta tanihi swisusumeto swa ku cinca xiyimo xa vanhu na swa ikhonomi,
ngopfu ngopfu ku yisa emahlweni ku titimbahata, nhlayiseko hi swakudya, tiophochuniti ta
mitirho, vutumbuluxi na ntwanano wa vanhu. Hikokwalaho, vamanana vanyingi ta tindhawu
ta le makaya va vuyisa xindzhuti xa vumunhu bya vona hi ku khoma xiavo hi ku hlangana eka
mitlawa ya ku tipfuneta. Vuyelo bya ndzavisiso byi tiyisa tikhonsepe ta thiyori ya rimba ra ku
tihanyisa hi ndlela yo ya emahlweni hi leswo xana ku nga fikelerisiwa ku yini ku hunguta
vusweti na ku timbahata vamanana, leswi swi titshege hi nhlayo ya tinhundzu ta ku tihanyisa
leti vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya va nga ti kumaku na ku va na tona. Hikokwalaho,
nhlanganiso wa tinhundzu ta ntlhanu hi vamanana va vusweti va tindhawu ta le makaya va
kondletela mitlawa ya ku tipfuneta ku yisa emahlweni matshalatshala ya vona yo fikelela
vuyelo bya ku tihanyisa leyi va yi navelaku. Ndzavisiso wu tlhela wu lemuka leswo vamanana
va tindhawu ta le makaya va kondletela mitlawa yo tipfuneta ku fikelela vuyelo bya ku
tihanyisa hambi loko ku ri na tiophochuniti ta nkoka leti va tihupaka xikan'we na mitlhontlho
leyi va langutanaku na yona. Hambiswiritano, ku endliwe matshalatshala yo vekisa eka
tipholisi, ngopfu ngopfu tipholisi ta tiko ta rimbewu ku nga National Gender Policy ku yisa
emahlweni matshalatshala yo hunguta vusweti na ku timbahata vamanana, ngopfu ngopfu
vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya, mitlhontlho hi xiyimo xa vanhu na swa ikhonomi swa ha
ya emahlweni ku karhata vamanana va tindhawu ta le makaya. Ku cinca eka xiyimo lexi swi
lava leswo mfumo wu tiyimisela na ku va na vuswikoti ku aka hi ndlela ya xiprofexinara, na
ku timbahata vanhu ku tirha hi ku landza no monithara tipholisi naa minongonoko yo vonelela
vamanana. Ku na maqhinga yo hlaya yo tiyisa ku ya emahlweni no tiya ka mitlawa yo tipfuneta
ya vamanana lama ya pimanyetiwaka laha.D. Phil. (Development Studies)Development Studie
Monetary policy in the SADC region : the nexus between price stability and financial stability
No full textAbstracts in English, isiZulu and SesothoHistorically, most central banks have tended to prioritise price stability over financial stability.
The study focused on members of the Southern African Development Community (SADC)
from 2009 to 2018. These members were Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South
Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This study investigated the relationship
between price stability and financial stability. Global economic developments, namely global
financial crises, have demonstrated that financial instability can occur during periods of price
stability. Consequently, it was necessary to quantitatively investigate the nature of the above
relationship. There have been instances of global financial crises occurring during periods of
low inflation. This study sought to analyse the relationship between these two important central
bank objectives, with a focus on the banking sectors of 15 SADC nations.
The study was premised on the following research questions:
a) How do changes in financial stability indicators affect the inflation rate in the SADC
region?
b) What is the nature of the causal relationship between price stability and financial
stability?
The research followed a positivist hypothetico-deductive methodology. Due to the quantitative
nature of the variables and the methodology adopted by most empirical studies, it was
determined that a quantitative approach was appropriate. The modelling software EViews was
utilised. The period covered by the data analysis for the banking sectors of the 15 SADC
countries was from 2009 to 2018. The inflation rate was used as a measure of price stability
in this study. Capital adequacy ratio, deposits to loans ratio, non-performing loans to total
loans ratio, liquidity ratio, return on assets and return on equity are all measures of financial
stability. A fixed effects regression model was employed to assess the impact of changes in financial stability indicators on price stability in the SADC region from 2009 to 2018 for SADC
member states. The Granger causality test was used to examine the relationship between
price stability and financial stability variables. Even though the financial system comprises
both banking and non-bank financial institutions, this study was limited to banking institutions.
The focus was, therefore, on entities that fall under the financial sector oversight mechanisms
of central banks.
The study reveals a significant negative relationship between the liquidity ratio and inflation,
but a significant positive relationship between return on equity and inflation. An R-squared
value of 0.5234 indicates that 52.34 per cent of changes in price stability as measured by
inflation can be explained by changes in the selected indicators of financial stability. Other
indicators of financial stability were deemed insignificant, as evidenced by probability values
greater than 0.05 in the model. Non-performing loans to total loans ratio, return on assets and
return on equity had a unidirectional causal association with price stability. It was observed
that past inflation had a high probability of causing future non-performing loans, while past
return on assets and return on equity had a high probability of causing inflation. According to
the study's findings, the relationship between price stability and financial stability has
significant policy implications, including ensuring that the macro-economic convergence
agenda adopts a harmonised approach to financial stability with the same clarity given to price
stability, whose convergence criteria are based on an inflation target range of 3-7 per cent.
Regional harmonisation of policies aimed at financial stability and a subsequent regard to the
same in the macro-economic convergence agenda will ensure, among other things, that
monetary policy in the SADC region not only pursues price stability through inflation targeting,
but also deliberately and intentionally addresses financial stability issues, which would be
assessed at national and regional levels using unified criteria and clearly specified indicators
of financial stability.Ngokomlando, amabhange amakhulu amaningi abejwayele ukubeka phambili ukusimama
kwentengo kunokusimama kwezezimali. Lolu cwaningo belugxile kumalungu Omphakathi
Wentuthuko YaseNingizimu Afrika (SADC) kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2018, okuyi-Angola,
Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, iNingizimu Afrika, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia kanye ne
Zimbabwe. Lolu cwaningo luphenye ubudlelwano phakathi kokusimama kwentengo
nokusimama kwezezimali. Intuthuko yezomnotho emhlabeni wonke, okuyizingqinamba
zezimali zomhlaba wonke, ibonise ukuthi ukuntengantenga kwezezimali kungenzeka
ngezikhathi zokusimama kwentengo. Ngakho-ke, bekudingeka ukuthi kuphenywe
ngokwesilinganiso uhlobo lobudlelwano obungenhla. Kube nezimo zezinkinga zezimali
zomhlaba ezenzeka ngezikhathi zokwehla kwamandla emali. Lolu cwaningo belufuna
ukuhlaziya ubudlelwano phakathi kwalezi zinhloso ezimbili ezibalulekile zamabhange
amakhulu, kugxilwe emikhakheni yamabhange yamazwe ayi-15 e-SADC.
Ucwaningo belusekelwe emibuzweni yocwaningo elandelayo:
c) Ushintsho lwezinkomba zokusimama kwezezimali lulithinta kanjani izinga lokwehla
kwamandla emali esifundeni se-SADC?
d) Luyini uhlobo lobudlelwano oluyimbangela phakathi kokusimama kwentengo
nokusimama kwezezimali?
Ucwaningo lulandele indlela yencazelo ehlongozwayo yendlela yesayensi. Ngenxa yesimo
sobuningi bezinto eziguquguqukayo kanye nendlela eyamukelwa ucwaningo oluningi
olunobufakazi, kwanqunywa ukuthi indlela yokulinganisa yayifanelekile. Isofthiwe
yesifanekiso se-E-Views sasetshenziswa. Isikhathi esihlanganiswa nokuhlaziywa
kwemininingwane yemikhakha yamabhange yamazwe ayi-15 e-SADC sasuka ngo-2009 kuya
ku-2018. Izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali lisetshenziswe njengesilinganiso sokusimama kwentengo kulolu cwaningo. Isilinganiso sokulingana kwemali mboleko, isilinganiso
sediphozithi emalini ebolekiwe, imali ebolekiwe engasebenzi esilinganisweni sesamba semali
mboleko, isilinganiso semali mboleko, imbuyiselo yezimpahla kanye nembuyiselo
ekulinganeni konke kuyizinyathelo zokusimama kwezezimali. Kusetshenziswe isifanekiso
sokwehla kwemiphumela engaguquki ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wezinguquko zezinkomba
zokusimama kwezezimali ekusimameni kwamanani esifundeni se-SADC kusukela ngo-2009
kuya ku-2018 emazweni angamalungu e-SADC. Ukuhlolwa komqondo wezibalo ka-Granger
kwasetshenziswa ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kokusimama kwentengo nokuhlukahluka
kokusimama kwezimali. Nakuba uhlelo lwezezimali luhlanganisa izikhungo zezimali
zamabhange nezingezona ezamabhange, lolu cwaningo belukhawulelwe ezikhungweni
zamabhange kuphela. Ngakho-ke kwakugxilwe ezinhlanganweni eziwela ngaphansi
kwezindlela zokwengamela umkhakha wezezimali wamabhange amakhulu.
Ucwaningo luveza ubudlelwano obubi obubalulekile phakathi kwesilinganiso semalimboleko
kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali, kodwa ubudlelwano obuhle obubalulekile phakathi
kwembuyiselo kukulingana nokwehla kwamandla emali. Inani eliyisikwele esingu-R lika-
0.5234 libonisa ukuthi u-52.34% wezinguquko ekusimameni kwentengo njengoba
kulinganiswa nokwehla kwamandla emali kungachazwa ngezinguquko zezinkomba
ezikhethiwe zokusimama kwezezimali. Ezinye izinkomba zokusimama kwezezimali zithathwe
njengezingabalulekile, njengoba kufakazelwa amanani okungenzeka angaphezu kuka-0.05
esifanekisweni. Izimali mboleko ezingasebenzi esilinganisweni sesamba semali mboleko,
imbuyiselo ezimpahleni kanye nembuyiselo ekulinganeni kube nokuhlotshaniswa kwesizathu
esingaqondile nokusimama kwentengo. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali
esikhathini esidlule kwakunethuba elikhulu lokubangela imali ebolekiwe engasebenzi
esikhathini esizayo, kuyilapho imbuyiselo yesikhathi esidlule yezimpahla nembuyiselo
kukulingana kwakunethuba elikhulu lokubangela ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ngokwalokho
okutholwe ocwaningweni, ubudlelwano phakathi kokusimama kwentengo nokusimama
kwezezimali bunemithelela ebalulekile yenqubomgomo, okuhlanganisa nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lokufana komnotho wamazwe ahlukene lusebenzisa indlela evumelanayo yokusimama
kwezezimali nokucaciswa okufanayo okunikezwa ukusimama kwentengo, okusekelwe
ekuguquguqukeni kwentengo, uhla okuhlosiwe ngalo kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-7%.
Ukuvunyelaniswa kwezinqubomgomo zesifunda okuhloswe ngazo ukusimama kwezezimali
kanye nokubhekwa okulandelayo ohlelweni lokufana komnotho wamazwe ahlukene
kuzoqinisekisa, phakathi kokunye, ukuthi inqubomgomo yezimali esifundeni se-SADC ayigcini
nje ngokuphishekela ukusimama kwamanani ngokuqondisa ukwehla kwamandla emali,
kodwa futhi ngamabomu nangenhloso ibhekana nezindaba zokusimama kwezezimali,
ezizohlolwa emazingeni kazwelonke nawesifunda kusetshenziswa indlela yokunquma
ebumbene kanye nezinkomba ezicaciswe ngokucacile zokusimama kwezezimali.Ho latela nalane, boholo ba dibanka tse bohareng di na le tshekamelo ya ho etelletsa pele
botsitso ba theko ho feta botsitso ba ditjhelete. Thuto ena e ne e tsepamisitse maikutlo ho
Setjhaba sa Dinaha tse ka Borwa ho Afrika (SADC) ho tloha ka 2009 ho isa 2018, e leng
Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, Afrika Borwa, Swaziland, Tanzania,Zambia le
Zimbabwe.
Thuto ena e ile ya batlisisa kamano pakeng tsa botsitso ba theko le botsitso ba ditjhelete.
Dintshetsopele tsa moruo wa lefatshe, e leng mathata a ditjhelete a lefatshe, di bontshitse
hore ho se tsitse ha ditjhelete ho ka etsahala nakong ya botsitso ba ditheko. Ka lebaka leo,
ho ne ho hlokahala ho batlisisa ka mokgwa wa mofuta wa kamano e ka hodimo.
Ho bile le diketsahalo tsa mathata a ditjhelete a lefatshe a hlahang nakong ya theko e tlase.
Thuto ena e ne e batla ho sekaseka dikamano dipakeng tsa dipheo tsena tse pedi tsa
bohlokwa tsa banka e bohareng, ho tsepamisitswe maikutlo ho makala a dibanka a dinaha
tse 15 tsa SADC.
Thuto e ne e itshetlehile ka dipotso tse latelang tsa dipatlisiso:
e) Ho fetoha ha matshwao a botsitso ba ditjhelete ho ama sekgahla sa infleishene jwang
lebatoweng la SADC?
f) Ke mofuta ofe wa kamano ya sesosa pakeng tsa botsitso ba theko le botsitso ba
ditjhelete?
Dipatlisiso di ile tsa latela mokgwa wa ho bokella dintlha tse ngata ka ho sebedisa mekgwa
ya ho etsa dipatlisiso e fapaneng. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa palo ya mefutafuta le mokgwa o
amohetsweng ke dithuto tse ngata tse nang le matla, ho ile ha etswa qeto ya hore mokgwa wa dipalopalo o nepahetse. Ho ile ha sebediswa sete ya ditaelo tse sebediswang ho tsamaisa
khomphutha ya mohlala wa E-Views.
Nako e akareditsweng ke tlhahlobo ya dintlha bakeng sa mafapha a dibanka a dinaha tse 15
tsa SADC e ne e le ho tloha 2009 ho isa 2018. Sekgahla sa infleishene se sebedisitswe e le
tekanyo ya botsitso ba theko thutong ena.
Karolelano ya tjhelete ya banka mabapi le thepa e lekantsweng ya kotsi le mekoloto ya hona
jwale,depositi ho dikadimo karolelano, mekoloto e sa sebetseng ho kakaretso ya dikadimo,
karolelano ya mokoloto, phaello ya thepa le ho kgutla ha tekano kaofela ke mehato ya botsitso
ba ditjhelete. Ho ile ha sebediswa mohlala o tsitsitseng wa phokotso ya maemo ho lekola
tshusumetso ya diphetoho tsa matshwao a botsitso ba ditjhelete mabapi le botsitso ba ditheko
sebakeng sa SADC ho tloha 2009 ho isa 2018 bakeng sa dinaha tseo e leng ditho tsa SADC.
Teko ya Granger ya sesosa e ile ya sebediswa ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa botsitso ba
theko le maemo a tsitsitseng a ditjhelete. Leha tsamaiso ya ditjhelete e kenyelletsa ditsi tsa
ditjhelete tsa banka le tseo e seng tsa banka, thuto ena e ne e lekanyeditswe ho ditsi tsa
banka feela. Ka hona, ho ne ho tsepamisitswe maikutlo hodima mekgatlo e welang tlasa
mekgwa ya tlhokomelo ya lefapha la ditjhelete tsa dibanka tse bohareng. Thuto ena e senola
kamano e mpe dipakeng tsa karolelano ya ditjhelete le infleishene, empa kamano e ntle e
teng dipakeng tsa phaello ya tekano le infleishene. Palo ya R-squared ya 0.5234 e bontsha
hore 52.34% ya diphetoho tsa botsitso ba theko e lekantsweng ke infleishene e ka hlaloswa
ka diphetoho ho matshwao a kgethilweng a botsitso ba ditjhelete.Dipontsho tse ding tsa
botsitso ba ditjhelete di ne di nkuwa di se na thuso, jwaloka di bontshitsweng ke ditekanyetso
tse kgolo ho feta 0.05 moetsong. Dikadimo tse sa sebetseng ho palo ya dikadimo kaofela, ho
kgutlisa thepa le ho kgutlisa tekano ho bile le kamano e sa lebellwang ya mabaka le botsitso
ba theko. Ho ile ha hlokomelwa hore ho infleishene ya nako e fetileng e bile le monyetla o
moholo wa ho baka dikadimo tse sa sebetseng nakong e tlang, athe puseletso ya nakong e
fetileng ya thepa le phaello ya tekano e ne e e na le monyetla o moholo wa ho baka
infleishene.Ho ya ka diphumano tsa thuto kamano pakeng tsa botsitso ba theko le botsitso ba ditjhelete di na le ditlamorao tse kgolo tsa leano, ho kenyelletsa le ho netefatsa hore lenane
la kgokahanyo ya moruo la thuto ya moruo ohle le amohela mokgwa o lumellanang wa botsitso
ba ditjhelete ka ho hlaka ho tshwanang ho fanwang ka botsitso ba theko, ba mekgwa ya ona
ya ho kopanya e itshetlehileng ka lebelo la infleishene la sepheo sa 3 ho isa ho 7%.Ho
dumellana ha lebatowa ha maano a reretsweng botsitso ba ditjhelete le ho ela hloko lenane
la kgokahanyo ya moruo ho tla netefatsa, hara tse ding, hore leano la ditjhelete lebatoweng
la SADC ha le latele botsitso ba ditheko feela ho lebisitswe ho infleishene, empa le ho
sebetsana le ditaba tsa ditjhelete ka boomo le ka moreo. ditaba tsa botsitso, tse tla hlahlojwa
maemong a naha le a lebatowa ho sebediswa mekgwa e kopaneng le matshwao a hlakileng
a botsitso ba ditjhelete.D. Phil. (Management Studies)Finance, Risk Management and Bankin
Using climate change interventions adopted by indigenous maize farmers as a strategy for developing primary school agriculture teachers’ competences for disaster risk reduction preparedness in Eswatini
No full textThis study investigated the role of local indigenous agricultural practices prevalent among
Eswatini indigenous farmers in the Wet and Dry Middle-veld selected areas in disaster risk
reduction preparedness for maize production. The study also explored the implications of
integrating indigenous agricultural practices into the grade 6 and 7 primary school curriculum
in Eswatini
The study was qualitative in nature. Local farmers from four communities, two from Vusweni
and Zombodze and the other two from Nhlambeni and Ngculwini areas in chiefdoms located
in the Middle-veld participated in the study. In addition, individual qualified primary school’s
agriculture teachers for grade 6 and 7, four (4) teachers located in the Dry Middle-veld primary
schools and another four (4) in the Wet Middle-veld primary schools, participated in this study
to provide an educational perspective into the research. Data was collected through
administration of interviews, observations and artefacts (museum pictures). The participants
were permanent residents in the Wet Middle Veld and the Dry Middle Veld. The individual
face-to face interview sample consisted of four individual informants from each of the selected
communities. In addition, four focus group discussions were also conducted in the same
communities with five participants in each group for in-depth understanding of the studied
phenomena. Thirty-two (32) participants were involved in the study in total. The transcribed
individual interviews and focus group discussions were analysed through textual analysis
approach.
The findings of the study revealed that indigenous farmers used climate change adaptation
interventions for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) preparedness. The indigenous agricultural
practices adopted for DRR practices included household coping mechanisms such as soil
moisture conservation, improvement of the soil nutrient status for enhanced food security by adding animal manure, intercropping, crop rotation, water harvesting, early planting, planting
of legume crops, and fallowing. In addition, the observation and prediction of rain by
interpreting the behaviour of plants and animals facilitated the operation of the indigenous
farmers planting calendar.
The above applied indigenous agricultural practices were still visible in the Middle-veld
farming rural areas of Eswatini. The participating individual primary school’s agriculture
teachers pointed out that agriculture teachers used some aspects of the indigenous agricultural
practices to teach the primary school modern agriculture curriculum. Subsistence farming should remain a viable alternative to commercial farming for food security in Eswatini no
matter how small their contribution was to average national annual agricultural production as
it supported local indigenous farmers’ livelihoods.M. Ed. (Environmental Education)Science and Technology Educatio
Development of a strategic leadership framework for improving corporate governance
No full textThe purpose of this study was to develop a strategic leadership framework for improving corporate governance in the public sector in South Africa. The study adopts a case study approach by focusing on the department of Health in Limpopo Province. Considering the practical nature of the research problem, the systems theory provided the theoretical underpinning for the study. A qualitative research approach was used through the administration of interviews with purposefully selected officials in leadership positions in the Limpopo Department of Health.
The focus of the interviews was to explore the participants’ understanding and the entrenchment of corporate governance legislative practices with the department. A major finding of this study is the gaps identified within the realms of planning, oversight, monitoring and accountability in the implementation of various policy prescripts. Hence, the study proposes a model consisting of five lines of corporate governance assurance provision rather the current three lines structure.
Lastly and very profoundly, the study realised its key research objective of developing a strategic leadership framework for corporate governance. The framework is within the context of systems theory, with more emphasis on input, transformational process and output arrangements.D.B.L. (Business Leadership)Graduate School of Business Leadershi
The role of school governing bodies in the democratization of secondary school education in Zambia : a case study
No full textThe functioning of school governing bodies (SGBs) has been extensively studied worldwide. However, the literature has revealed few studies in Zambia. This study sought to explore SGBs with a view to establishing the democratic enablers/disenablers present in secondary schools in Zambia. The research was guided by the following questions: What are the enablers/disenablers of democratic school governance; to what extent do the SGBs contribute to democracy and how could they be used to promote it? The study was informed by the concepts of decentralization and democratic school governance and adopted a qualitative approach. An interpretive/constructivist research paradigm was applied in the study. School governors from two public secondary schools in the Southern province formed the study population. The sample comprised members of SGBs (14 parents, 14 educators and 8 learners). Data collected from interviews and focus group discussions were analysed thematically, while observations and document review data were analysed using content analysis. The study established the existence of both enabling and disabling elements in SGBs. The study concluded that the SGBs were, in the main, democratic and had implemented the principle of decentralisation with participation by all eligible stakeholders. Despite the presence of democratic features, certain undemocratic elements were identified in the SGBs Democratic structures include the SGB itself, parent–teacher associations and learner’s representative councils and these were recognised as legal entities for promoting democratic school governance. Despite that, SGBs’ lack of adequate preparation impacted negatively on effective delivery by members. Furthermore, the study revealed that stakeholders’ participation on boards enhanced their leadership skills. The SGBs had therefore succeeded in nurturing decision-making skills and stakeholder participation. Whether the acquired democratic values will be transferred to real-life situations remains a matter for further empirical investigation. Based on the evidence and the key findings, the study recommends the need to strengthen enabling democratic practices related to equity, collective decision-making, deliberation, freedom of expression and member participation at all levels of the school governance process. The study also advocates for the training of governors if they are to act more democratically.Ph. D. (Education)Educational Leadership and Managemen
Freedom of association for private sector employees in Zimbabwe : a comparative analysis
No full textThe right to freedom of association is very crucial in labour law since all the other employees’ rights rest on it. The thesis focusses on the right of private sector employees to freedom of association in Zimbabwe. It further takes a comparative analysis with South African law in order to identify the weaknesses and gaps in the Zimbabwean law with a view to proffering recommendations for the improvement of the right to freedom of association for private sector employees in Zimbabwe.
The thesis traces the development of the right to freedom of association from the pre-colonial to the post-colonial period. It highlights the fact that politics and socio-economic conditions of any given period have shaped labour law together with the right of employees to freedom of association. The introduction of the Zimbabwean Constitution in 2013 brought significant changes to the employees’ right to freedom of association as it elevated the rights to organise, to bargain collectively and to strike into the Declaration of Rights under section 65. The impact of the constitutionalisation of these components of the right to freedom of association is evaluated in the thesis. It also assesses the impact of international human rights law and labour law on the development of the right of private sector employees to freedom of association in Zimbabwe.
The provisions of the Labour Act on the right of employees to freedom of association in Zimbabwe are also discussed. The thesis takes a comparative analysis with the provisions of the Labour Relations Act in South Africa. It then concludes by making recommendations on how the gaps and weaknesses in the Zimbabwean law on the right of private sector employees to freedom of association can be addressed.
The thesis reflects the law as at 10 January 2022.LL. D. (Mercantile Law)Mercantile La
Psychosocial support for HIV serodiscordant couples
No full textIntroduction: South Africa has the largest HIV epidemic, with 8.2 million people living with the virus. It has a high HIV prevalence of 13.7% and 230,000 new infections in 2020. It is estimated that HIV serodiscordant couples contribute up to 60% of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa. However, there have been no specific programmes/activities to deliberately cater for couples in HIV serodiscordant relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the psychosocial support provided for HIV serodiscordant couples both in health care settings and in the community. Methods: An interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) design was utilised for this study. In-depth interviews were conducted with thirteen HIV serodiscordant couples. Data collection was guided by an interview guide. All audio-recorded interview data were transcribed verbatim into written text. Data analysis was conducted using an interpretative phenomenological
analysis framework. A third person-an expert in qualitative research, acted as an independent co-coder and conducted the open coding of each transcript. Findings: The findings indicated that HIV serodiscordant couples received psychosocial support from their partners, family, and health care workers. This support was emotional, or in the form
of counselling, reminders on taking medication, financial and household chores. The support provided by health care providers proved to be deficient and did not address the diverse needs of this group. Conclusion: Psychosocial support plays a critical role in enhancing the quality of life of HIV serodiscordant couples. Therefore, client centred, and tailor-made interventions should be made available to this special with diverse needs group.College of Human Science