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A critical review of the criminalisation of sex work in South Africa : a comparative legal study
Get PDFThe objective of this research is to critically examine the causes and consequences of the criminalisation of sex work between consenting adults in South Africa by means of a comparative approach. In order to achieve this objective, the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, foreign- and international law were consulted. Sex work is criminalised in South Africa in terms of the Sexual Offences Act, 1957 and the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007. It is argued in this study that the criminalisation of sex work and sex workers unfairly discriminates against the sex work profession as other transactional sexual acts are deemed acceptable. It seems that the law is applied selectively and discretionary to the detriment of sex workers. The criminalisation of sex work infringes on the sex worker’s right to equality; dignity; freedom and security of a person; privacy; freedom to receive and pass information or ideas; freedom of trade, occupation, and trade; and fair labour practises. The issue of prostitution should not be dealt with on a moral basis, but on a human-rights basis. In order to test the impact of the criminalisation of sex work in South Africa, it was necessary to investigate comparable countries’ legislative approaches to the purchasing of sex, and their various models of prostitution. The laws and policies pertaining to prostitution in three common-law countries of similar legal background to South Africa, i.e. Canada, India and Great Britain (UK), were compared to the approach followed in South Africa. International instruments that impact on sex work were also examined, and a conceptual and historical analysis of sex work and the law undertaken. After researching the adequacy and implications of the criminalisation of sex work in South Africa and comparing sex work legislation and policies in comparable foreign jurisdictions, the research recommends that sex work be decriminalised, amongst other substantive suggestions.LL. D.Criminal and Procedural La
Public libraries and early literacy development programmes for preschoolers at the Kenya National Library Services
Get PDFThe study aimed to investigate the state of early literacy development programmes and services for preschoolers at the Kenya National Library Services. Using a mixed method design, a sample of 244 library staff, including, heads of branch libraries and children librarians/library assistants were selected from different county libraries. Given the small target sample of 244, the study used the census approach to involve all the subjects; 61 heads of branch libraries were interviewed and 183 children’s librarians/library assistants were asked to complete self-administered questionnaires. Additionally, a document analysis guide was used to extract data from the staff training manuals. Data were transcribed and responses grouped thematically. The participants’ responses to each question were studied by gauging the views of the majority. Quantitative data were analysed by descriptive statistics. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 was utilised to facilitate all computations and the output for interpretation of the quantitative data. Qualitative data employed the factor analysis method. The study found that to a relatively large extent, the Kenya National Library Services embraced the early literacy development programmes. The study reported a number of programmes and practices held by the Kenya National Library Services in pursuit of enhancing early literacy development programmes among the preschoolers, including storytime events, storytelling and in-house sensitisation. The librarians had a significant role in enabling literacy development programmes by providing relevant resources to the preschoolers while parents played different roles like accompanying the preschoolers to the library. Among the staff training initiatives for enhancing early literacy development programmes were in-house sensitisation and inductions through partnerships. The study found that strategies for enhancing early literacy skills development among preschoolers in the Kenya National Library Services include self-evaluation and fun days and incentives for the preschoolers.
The major contribution of this study is that the findings may lead to the improvement of early literacy programmes at Kenya National Library Services in Kenya. They will also help the researchers in gaining knowledge on early literacy programmes and skills for preschoolers as applied in public libraries. The study may also contribute to the growing body of knowledge on early literacy research, more specifically in Kenya where little or nothing has been written on the subject, particularly in relation to early literacy programmes for preschoolers in public libraries.D. Phil.(Information Science)Information Scienc
Primary school teachers’ perceptions on the abolishment of corporal punishment : a case study in Zimbabwe
Get PDFAbstracts in English, Zulu and ShonaThis study explored the primary school teachers’ perceptions on the abolishment of corporal punishment in Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. The System Justification Theory informed the study as the theoretical framework. A single case study design guided by the qualitative research approach was used on the four selected primary schools with a sum of 24 purposively sampled teachers. Data were generated through individual semi-structured interviews, Focus-group interviews supported by field notes taking cognisance of ethical standards. Tesch’s 1990 thematic interactive model was used to present and analyse data. The major finding of the study revealed that most teachers were against the abolishment of corporal punishment in contrast with the current trends informed by the human rights and psychological perspectives that support the ban. The findings established that teachers continue to rely on corporal punishment influenced by parental requests, declining pass rates, high levels of absenteeism, an increase in misconduct and lack of respect for teachers. The findings guided in the recommendation on using child-friendly disciplinary methods such as role modelling, code of conduct, guidance and counselling. Policy issues and areas of further research were recommended in this study.Lolu cwaningo lucubungule imibono yabafundisi bezikolo zamabanga aphansi mayelana nokususwa kwesijeziso somzimba eMashonaland West, eZimbabwe. I-System Justification Theory iqondise lolu cwaningo futhi yasebenza njengesisekelo salolu cwaningo. Kusetshenziswe uhlaka olulodwa lwesibonelo socwaningo oluqondiswa indlela yocwaningo lwekhwalithi ezikoleni ezine zamabanga aphansi ezikhethiwe ezinothisha abangama-24 okuhloswe ukuba kwenziwe amasampula. Idatha yaqoqwa ngezingxoxiswano zabantu ngabanye, kanye nezingxoxo ze-Focus-group ezazisekelwa ngamanothi enkundla njalo kunakwa izindinganiso zokuziphatha. Imodeli ka-Tesch (1990) okuthiwa yi-thematic interactive model yasetshenziswa ukwethula nokuhlaziya idatha. Okutholwe okukhulu ocwaningweni kuveze ukuthi iningi lothisha belimelene nokuqedwa kwesijeziso sokushaywa uma kuqhathaniswa nezimo zamanje ezihambisana namalungelo abantu kanye nemibono engokwengqondo esekela ukuvinjelwa. Imiphumela yaveza ukuthi othisha basaqhubeka nokuthembela ekujezisweni okuthonywa yizicelo zabazali okuholela ekwehleni kwamazinga okuphasa kanjalo nezinga eliphezulu lokulova kuphinde kubenokwanda kokungaziphathi kahle kanye nokuntula inhlonipho kothisha. Ucwaningo luncoma ukuthi kusetshenziswe izindlela zokuqondisa izigwegwe ezilungele izingane njengokulingisa indima ethile kanye nemithetho yokuziphatha kanjalo neziqondiso nokwelulekwa. Ucwaningo kalwengeziwe kunqubomgomo nokuziphatha.Tsvakiridzo iyi yaitarisa pfungwa dzevarairidzi vevana vepuraimari maererano nekurambidzwa kwekurova vana muzvikoro zvemuMashonaland West, Zimbabwe. Pfungwa yekunatsurudza kwemaitiro (System Justification Theory) ndidzo dzaishanda kutungamira tsvakiridzo iyi. Pakashanda kurongwa kweongororo dzenyaya idzi kumwe chete, uko kwaitungamirwa nenzira yetsvakiridzo yemamiriro enyaya (qualitative research). Ndikozve kwakashandiswa pazvikoro zvina mutsvakiridzo iyi pachitariswawo varairidzi vanokwana makumi maviri nevana vakasharwa nemazvo. Ruzivo rwakaburitswa kuburikidza nebvunzurudzo dzedungamunhu dzakarongwa zvishoma, uye nedzemapoka akasharwa zvichitsigirwa nezvinyorwa zvepanzvimbo, zvichicherechedzawo zvisungo zvetsika dzakanaka. Nzira yaTesch yemuna1990 yeongororo yakashandiswa kuratidza uye kuongorora ruzivo urwu. Chiwanikwa chikuru muongororo iyi kupokana kwevarairidzi vazhinji nekubviswa kwechirango chekurova vana, zvakasiyana nezviri kuitika zvino zvinocherechedzakodzero dzevanhu uye maonero ekushanda kwepfungwa, izvo zvinotsigira kurambidzwa uku. Zvakawanikwa zvakaratidza kuti vadzidzisi vanoramba vachishandisa kurova vana zvichipesvedzerwa nezvido dzevabereki, kuderera kwenhambo dzekupasa, kurovha kwakanyanya, kuwedzera kwekusazvibata uye kushaikwa kwekuremekedza vadzidzisi. Zviwanikwa zvakatungamira hurudziro yekushandisa nzira dzekuranga dzakapfava kuvana dzakadai sekuita zvavangayemura, bumbiro rekuita tsika uye nekupanga mazano kwavari. Nyaya dzemitemo nedzimwe nhano dzeongororo zvakakurudzirwa mutsvakiridzo iyi.D. Phil. (Psychology of Education)Psychology of Educatio
Gender stereotyping and girl child performance in primary schools in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe
Get PDFZimbabwe is assisted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to achieve sustainable economic growth and human development. This study sought to interrogate how gender stereotypes contribute to the development and perpetuation of gender stereotyping as well as how the academic performance of the girl child is affected in primary schools in Zimbabwe. The study is informed by feminist theory, mainly from a radical feminist perspective, Bourdieu’s theory of social capital and Bandura's social learning theory. Embedded in the qualitative research approach, a single descriptive case study explored how gender stereotypes contributed and perpetuated girl child performance in primary schools in Zaka District in Masvingo Province. Fourteen participants were purposefully sampled from two schools in Zaka District in Masvingo Province. Semi-structured, focus group interviews and non-participant observation were used to collect data. The results show that gender stereotyping of girl children is still rampant in schools despite efforts to integrate girls into the education system. The study made a number of recommendations to various stakeholders in the Ministry of Education, teachers and parents.M. Ed. (Socio Education)Educational Foundation
Grade 10 learners’ academic experiences of learning parabolic functions in schools of Vhembe district of Limpopo Province
Get PDFThe objective of this study was to determine Grade 10 learners' academic performance
in learning parabola functions. Furthermore, the study sought to unearth errors that
learners make when learning parabola functions and the possible causes of those
errors. The study also examined how teachers support learners in addressing errors
they experience when learning parabola functions. The zone of proximal development
and scaffolding by Vygotsky and Newman's errors analysis theory of learning was
used to frame the study. The study adopted the mixed-methods approach, and during
the quantitative phase, a ten-item of achievement test was given to 90 learners to
discover learners' academic performance. Three teachers were observed while
teaching parabola functions to find out how to support learners when they are learning
to solve parabola functions. During the qualitative phase which involved lesson
observations and selected learners’ semi-structured interviews learners’ errors when
learning parabola functions were further explored. Analysis of the learners'
performance in the achievement test, learners' responses in the semi-structured
interviews and lesson observations produced the study's findings. The findings of this
study revealed that learners experienced challenges when they were learning
parabola functions this is evidenced by their academic performance in parabola
functions. The researcher recommends that further study be conducted on learners’
performance and difficulties in understanding linear functions which form prior
knowledge of understanding parabola functions.M. Ed. (Mathematics Education)Mathematics Educatio
An Assessment of Geosites and Geomorphosites in the Lut Desert of Shahdad Region for Potential Geotourism Development.
Get PDFIn the fields of geology, economics, history, cultural studies, and ecology, tourism can be the basis for proper planning, for sustainable tourism management, and for economic development. The Dasht-e Lut is one of the most significant desert areas in Iran due to its exemplary desert patterns and world-famous landscapes, such as the kaluts and nebkhas landforms. Furthermore, it is the hottest spot in the world and can attract adventurous tourists, amongst others, from around the globe. The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the most suitable geomorphosites for better sustainable tourism planning using three methods of evaluating geotourism as proposed by Pereira et al., Pralong, and Reynard et al. The results show that the geomorphosites of kaluts, nebkhas, and Gandom Beryan had the greatest potential for different reasons. In addition to geosites and geomorphosites, the night sky was also demonstrated to have a high potential to attract tourists. Using the economic criteria of the Reynard method, all geomorphosites had similar scores. The familiarity of officials and tourism planners with the tourist capabilities of this region can lead to economic and cultural capacity building for the Indigenous people and the tourism industry
Voegwoorde
No full textHierdie hulpbron verduidelik kortliks die woordsoort "voegwoorde"Afrikaans and Theory of Literatur
A Community Engagement Model for an Inclusive Just Energy Transition in the South
No full textWithin a dynamic global political arena, the economic ramifications of the
COVID-19 pandemic, energy impoverishment, ever-increasing global
awareness of climate change, energy justice and just energy transition have
emerged as important aspects that require critical reflexive deliberation to
ensure that those on the margins of the energy divide do not pay the price for
such a transition. Existing models to ensure energy justice were described as
failing to consider stakeholder perspectives and needs. It was therefore proposed
that such models be inclusive and reflective of diverse stakeholders, including
local households, communities, utilities and governments. To this end, the
University of South Africa’s Institute for Social and Health Sciences has
developed a Transformational Model of community engagement in
collaboration with communities which can be applied to articulate and guide the
community engagement processes in an inclusive just energy transition. In this
article, I present the model which offers opportunities to integrate multiple
perspectives, prioritise the needs of diverse community stakeholders,
interrogate power imbalances, and enhance working collaborations and
partnerships, while also facilitating ongoing oversight and sustainable
programme implementation. This model is a viable framework to achieve
energy justice through an inclusive equitable transition to renewable energy
technologies and by extension to reduce energy poverty. It has been applied in
diverse community contexts across two provinces (Gauteng and the Western
Cape) to engage with and build lasting community–institutional relationships.
It has also been used to design, develop and evaluate contextually applicable
sustainable initiatives, including a community-wide campaign.Institute for Social and Health Studies (ISHS
Alternative dispute resolution for juveniles in crime : a case for Ghana’s legal system
Get PDFThis research sets out to explore the use of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Ghana's juvenile justice system, emphasizing traditional customs and practices to solve juvenile delinquency. The mixed-method approach was used for this study carried out in Kumasi, the capital of the Ashanti Region, Ghana. Purposive sampling was used to select respondents with some experience in the juvenile justice system. Interviews were conducted, and questionnaires were administered to gather data. The study discovered that Ghana's legislations address juveniles' needs; however, violations of the fundamental human rights of juveniles and of victims of juvenile crime continuously undermine the juvenile justice system.
It was found that magistrates and legal practitioners knew about restorative justice. Nevertheless, an absence of viable options to exercise restorative justice meant that only a minority of legal practitioners practiced it. All these factors have contributed to creating dissatisfaction with Ghana's legal system among members of the public. The need then arises for restorative justice approaches within Ghana's juvenile justice system that appropriately address the needs of the juvenile, victim, and community affected by the crime. The study discovered a legal framework for Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms in Ghana's juvenile justice system. Moreover, the results indicate that people prefer alternative legal pathways to the formal criminal justice system.
The research revealed that customary dispute resolution systems are viable alternatives to the conventional justice system. They offer restorative justice to parties who appear before them to settle their disputes and are equipped to deliver justice to the juvenile justice system. Moreover, integrating customary dispute resolution with the juvenile justice system would enhance achieving juvenile justice and positively address juvenile delinquency in Ghana.
As a contribution to the existing sources of knowledge, the study reveals the need for viable options for prosecution and detention of juveniles due to a shortage in options for diverting juveniles. It also reveals a lack of confidence in child justice panels by magistrates, legal practitioners, and members of the general public. The study recommends enacting legislation to increase diversions for juveniles from the formal justice system and co-opt traditional authorities into the juvenile justice system.Hierdie navorsing is daarop gemik om die gebruik van Alternatiewe Geskilbeslegtiging in Ghana se jeugregstelsel te ondersoek, met die klem op tradisionele gebruike en praktyke om jeugmisdaad op te los. Die gemengde-metode benadering is gebruik vir die navorsing wat gedoen is in Kumasi, die hoofstad van die Ashanti-streek van Ghana. Doelgerigte steekproefneming is gebruik om respondente met 'n mate van ervaring in die jeugregstelsel te selekteer. Onderhoude is gevoer en vraelyste is gebruik om data in te samel. Die studie het ontdek dat Ghana se wetgewing jeugdiges se behoeftes aanspreek maar skendings van die fundamentele menseregte van jeugdiges en slagoffers van jeugmisdaad ondermyn egter voortdurend die jeugregstelsel.
Dit is bevind dat landdroste en regspraktisyns bekend is met herstellende geregtigheid. Nietemin weens die afwesigheid van lewensvatbare opsies om herstellende geregtigheid uit te oefen, beteken dit dat slegs 'n minderheid van hulle dit beoefen. Al hierdie het daartoe bygedra om ontevredenheid met Ghana se regstelsel onder lede van die publiek te skep. Die behoefte ontstaan dan vir herstellende geregtigheidsbenaderings binne Ghana se jeugregstelsel, wat die behoeftes van die jeug, slagoffer en die gemeenskap wat deur die misdaad geraak word, gepas aanspreek. Die studie stel ‘n wetlike raamwerk voor vir alternatiewe geskilbeslegtingsmeganismes binne Ghana se jeugregstelsel. Boonop dui die resultate daarop dat mense alternatiewe regsweë bo die formele strafregstelsel verkies.
Bevindinge van die navorsing het aan die lig gebring dat tradisionele geskilbeslegtingstelsels lewensvatbare alternatiewe vir die konvensionele regstelsel is. Tradisionele geskilbeslegtingstelsels bied herstellende geregtigheid aan partye wat voor hulle verskyn om hul geskille te besleg en is toegerus om geregtigheid aan die jeugregstelsel te lewer. Boonop sal die integrasie van tradisionele geskilbeslegtingstelsels met die jeugregstelsel die lewering van jeuggeregtigheid verbeter en die oplossing van jeugmisdaad in Ghana bevorder.
As 'n bydrae tot kennis, onthul die studie die behoefte aan lewensvatbare opsies vir vervolging en aanhouding van jeugdiges weens 'n tekort aan afleidingsopsies vir jeugdiges. Dit openbaar ook 'n gebrek aan vertroue in kinderregspanele deur landdroste, regspraktisyns en lede van die algemene publiek. Die studie beveel aan dat wetgewing ingestel word om afleidings vir jeugdiges van die formele regstelsel te verhoog en tradisionele owerhede in die jeugregstelsel te koöpteer.Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola ukusetshenziswa kOkunye Ukuxazululwa Kwengxa-bano ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwezingane lwaseGhana, kugcizelelwa indima yamasiko nezinqubo zendabuko ekuxazululeni ubuhlongandlebe bezingane. Kus-etshenziswe indlela exubile ocwaningweni. Ucwaningo lwenziwa eKumasi, inhloko-dolobha yeSifunda sase-Ashanti eGhana. Ukusampula okuhlosiwe kwasetshenziswa ukukhetha abaphenduli ababenolwazi oluthile ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwezin-gane. Kwenziwa inhlolokhono futhi kubhalwa imibuzo ukuze kuqoqwe imininingwane. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi umthetho waseGhana ubhekelela izidingo zezingane; nokho-ke, ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo ezingane kanye nezisulu zobugebengu bezingane kuhlale kubukela phansi wuhlelo lwezo-bulungiswa lwezingane. Kwatholakala ukuthi izimantshi kanye nabameli babenolwazi ngobulungiswa bokubuyisela esimeni. Kodwa-ke, ukungabikho kwezinketho ezisebenzayo zokusebenzisa ubulungiswa bokubuyisela esimeni kwakusho ukuthi idlanzana kuphela labo ebelikwenza lokho, okudala ukunganeliseki ngohlelo lwe-zomthetho lwaseGhana phakathi kwamalungu omphakathi.
Okutholwe kulolu cwaningo kuveze isidingo sezindlela zobulungisa bokubuyisela esi-meni ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezobulungiswa lwezingane zaseGhana ezizobhekana ngokufanele nezidingo zezingane, izisulu kanye nemiphakathi ethintekile ngenxa yobugebengu. Kwakhelwa uhlaka lomthetho Lwezinye Izindlela Zokuxazulula Izingxabano ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezobulungiswa lwezingane lwaseGhana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yocwaningo iphakamise ukuthi abantu bancamele ezinye izindlela zomthetho ohlelweni olusemthethweni lwezobulungiswa bobugebengu.
Okutholwe ocwaningweni kubonise ukuthi izinhlelo zendabuko zokuxazulula izingxa-bano ziyindlela esebenzayo esikhundleni sohlelo lwezobulungiswa oluvamile. Izi-nhlaka zendabuko zokuxazulula izingxabano zinikeza ubulungiswa bokubuyisela esi-meni esimisiwe ezinhlangothini ezivela phambi kwazo ukuze zixazulule izingxabano zazo futhi zihlonyiselwe ukuhlinzeka ngosekelo ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwezin-gane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganisa ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngokwesintu nohlelo lwezobulungiswa lwezingane kungathuthukisa ukulethwa kobulungiswa kwezingane futhi kusize ukuxazulula ubuhlongandlebe bezingane eGhana.
Njengomnikelo olwazini, ucwaningo lwembula isidingo sezinketho ezisebenzayo zo-kushushiswa nokuboshwa kwezingane ngenxa yokushoda kwezinketho zokupham-bukisa kwezingane. Iphinde yaveza ukuntula ukwethemba ithimba lezobulungiswa ezinganeni phakathi kwezimantshi, abameli kanye namalungu omphakathi jikelele. Kwenziwa iziphakamiso zokuthi umthetho ushaywe ukuze kunyuswe ukupham-bukiswa kwezingane ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa olusemthethweni nokwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthi iziphathimandla zendabuko zifakwe ohlelweni lwezobulungiswa lwezingane.Ph. D. (Law)Criminal and Procedural La
How do technologists do “ICT for development”? A contextualised perspective on ICT4D in South Africa
No full textWe take a layered approach to contextualise Information Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) to understand digital technologists’ motivations to implement technologies to address socio-economic issues based on their capabilities and kinship affiliations. We adopt an interpretive approach to conducting an inductive qualitative study of digital technologists based in South Africa. We propose three mechanisms (emotional connectedness, user centred technologies, and symbiotic relations) through which digital technologists undertake ICT4D to exercise their agency and enhance the socio-economic well-being of disadvantaged members of society. Taking the kinship perspective and capability approach as underlying motivations for undertaking ICT4D projects allows us to contribute to the ICT4D literature.Colleges of Economic and Management Science