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The dynamics of gender inclusion and exclusion in Multiple Use Water Services (MUS) in Vungu Rural District Council, Zimbabwe
No full textText in English with abstracts in Northern Sotho, Tsonga, Zulu and ShonaExisting literature indicates that gender inequality persists in the water space. In response to
this inequality, several plans and interventions have been put into action to promote women’s
participation and empowerment in water governance. Progress made towards the fulfilment of
gender equality (SDG 5) in the Multiple Use Water Services (MUS) in Zimbabwe warrants
continual evaluation. This study examined and explored the dynamics of the inclusion and
exclusion of rural women in the MUS upscaling process in Zimbabwe, with a particular focus
on the Vungu Rural District Council. A case study approach was adopted as the research design
for the study. The Zimbabwe rural district councils were targeted as the study population. Using
purposive sampling, the Vungu Rural District Council was then selected as the study sample.
Multi-stage stratified systematic sampling was used to identify household heads from 17
villages as participants. The perspectives of the study participants regarding the multiple uses
of water and gender were captured by means of a mixed method approach. Key informant
interviews, participatory observations and a questionnaire tool were used to gather data. The
collected data were analysed quantitatively using Statistical Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS) version 27 and qualitatively using a thematic approach. It was established that
improved nutrition, improved health, increased family incomes, increased family assets and
the overall development of the area were associated with women’s inclusion in MUS. The
results also indicated that although women actively participated in water institutions in large
numbers, their numerical advantage did not help them assume the top and influential positions
such as the positions of chairpersons in those institutions. Limited synergies between the
government and local communities resulted in the collapse of MUS. The findings of the study
suggest that there is a need for the government to craft policies that empower women to own
greater household assets and to have those assets registered in their names. There is also a need
for a paradigm shift in societal mindsets to accommodate women leaders in water institutions.Dingwalwa tša bjale di laetša gore tlhokego ya tekatekano ya tša bong e tšwela pele ka
lefapheng la meetse. Go fetola seemo se sa tlhokego ya tekatekano, maano a mmalwa le
ditsenogare di tsentšwe tirišong ka nepo ya go tšwetša pele go kgatha tema ga basadi le go ba
maatlafatša ka pušong ya tša meetse. Kgatelopele ye e dirilwego go phethagatša ya tekatekano
ya bong (SDG 5) Ditirelo tše Ntši tša Tšhomišo ya Meetse (MUS) ka Zimbabwe e nyaka gore
go be le tshekatsheko ye e tšwelago pele. Dinyakišišo tše di sekasekile le go lekola maemo ka
go akaretšeng le go se akaretše ga basadi ba dinagamagaeng ka tshepedišong ya tlhatlošo ya
MUS ka Zimbabwe, go lebeletšwe kudu Khansele ya Selete sa Magaeng sa Vungu. Mokgwa
wa dinyakišišo ka ga seemo o dirišitšwe bjalo ka tlhamo ya dinyakišišo ka mo dinyakišišong
tše. Dikhansele tša dilete tša magaeng tša ka Zimbabwe di ile tša nepišwa bjalo ka setšhaba seo
se dirwago dinyakišišo. Ka go šomiša go dira disampole ka maikemišetšo, Khansele ya Selete
sa Magaeng sa Vungu e ile ya kgethwa bjalo ka sampole ya dinyakišišo. Go dira sampole ka
magoro ga magato a mantši go šomišitšwe go tseba dihlogo tša malapa go bakgathatemna ba
go tšwa metseng ye 17. Maikutlo a bakgathatema ba dinyakišišo mabapi le mešomo ye mentši
ya meetse le bong a ile a gatišwa ka ditsela tša mekgwa ye mentši. Dipoledišano le basedimoši
ba bantši, ditekolo tša go kgatha tema le setlabelo sa dipotšišo tša dinyakišišo di ile tša šomišwa
go kgoboketša tshedimošo. Tshedimošo ye e kgobokeditšwego e ile ya sekasekwa ka go šomiša
mokgwa wa merero. Go hweditšwe gore phepo ye e kaonafetšego, maphelo ao a kaonafetšego,
matseno a ka malapeng ao a oketšegilego, dithoto tša ka malapeng tšeo di oketšegilego le
tlhabollo ya naga yeo ka kakaretšo di amantšhitšwe le go akaretša basadi ka go MUS. Dipoelo
di laeditše gape gore le ge e le gore basadi ba kgathile tema ka mafolofolo ka go dihlongwa tša
meetse ka bontši, menyetla ya bona go dipalopalo ga se ya thuša gore ba be maemong a taolo
le a khuetšo go swana le go maemo a baduladitulo ka fao dihlongweng tšeo. Kamano ye nnyane
magareng ga mmušo le ditšhaba tša tikologo e ile ya feletša ka go phuhlama ga MUS. Dikutollo
tša dinyakišišo di šišinya gore go na le tlhokego ya gore mmušo o hlame melawana yeo e
maatlafatšago basadi gore ba be le thoto ye ntši ya ka malapeng le go dira gore dithoto tšeo di
ngwadišwe ka maina a bona. Go na gape le tlhokego ya phetogo ya seemo ka menaganong ya
setšhaba gore ba amogele baetapele ba basadi ka dihlongweng tša meetse.Matsalwa lawa nga kona ya kombisa rimbewu nkala ndingano yay isa emahlweni eka ndhawu
ya mati. Hi ku hlamula ka nkala ndzingano lowu, maqhingha yo tala na minghenelelo yi ve ka
gingiriko ku tlakusa vukona bya vavasati no nyikiwa matimba ka mafambiselo ya mati. Swa
kahle leswi endliweke ka hetisiso wa ku ringana ka rimbewu (SDG 5) eka Vukorhokeri byo
tala byo Tirhisa Mati (VTM) tiwaranti ta le Zimbabwe nkambisiso wo ya emahlweni. Dyondzo
yi kumisisa no valanga hambanano wo katsa na wo ka wu nga katsi vavasati va le Zimbabwe,
hi ku kongomisa ka Khansele ya Muganga wa Matiko Xikaya wa Vungu. Endlelo ra
dyondzonkongomo ri tirhisiwile tanihi hi dizayini ya ndzavisiso wa dyondzo. Tikhansele ta
muganga wa xikaya wa Zimbabwe ti kongomisiwile tanihi dyondzo ya vanhu hinkwavo. Hi ku
tirhisa sampula yo kongoma, Khansele ya Muganga Xikaya wa Vungu wu hlawuriwile tanihi
dyondzo ya sampula. Samula ya switeji-Nyingi ya sisiteme yi tirhisiwile ku hambanyisa
mitirho ya le kaya yo sukela ka 17 wa miti tanihi vangheneri. Mavonelo ya vangheneri va
dyondzo mayelano nak u tirhisiwa ku nyingi ka matin a rimbewu ku tirhiseriwile methodo.
Vativisi va inthavhiyivu va nkoka, swixiyaxiyi swa vangheneli na xitirhisi xa swivutiso swi
tirhisiwile ku hlrngrlrta data.
Data leyi hlengeletiweke yi xopaxopiwile hi Xinomboro ku tirhisiwa Xiphutseriwa xa
Nhlayonhlayo ka Tisayense ta Vanhu (XXNTV) xiphemu xa 27 na nkoka ku tirhisiwa endlelo
ra xithematiki. Swi tumbuluxiwile leswaku antswiso wa swakudya, antswiso wa rihanyu,
antswiso wa malinghena ya tiasete ta ndyangu na na nhluvukiso hinkwawo wa ndhawu wu
fananisiwaka na nkatso wa vavasati eka MUS. Mimbuyelo yi kombisa leswaku hambileswi
vavasati va nga nghenela mavandla hi nomboro ya le henhla, nkoteko wa xinomboro wu nga
pfunetangiki ku kuma swiyimo swa le henhla ku fan ana swiyimo swa vatshamaswitulu eka
mavandla lawa. Matimba leti pimiweke exikarhi ka mfumo na miganga ya le Makaya swi wile
ka MUS. Swikumiwa swa dyondzo swi bumabumela leswaku ku na xilaveko xa mfumo ku
mpfapfarhuta tipholisi leti nyikaka matimba vavasati ku va na tiasete ta le ndyangwini no
titsarisela tiasete leti hi mavito ya vona. Ku na xilaveko xo ya tlhelo pharadayimi ka miehleketo
ya vanhu ku amukela varhangeri va vavasati eka mavandla ya mati.Izincwadi ezikhona ziveza ukuthi kusamfimfa ukungalingani kobulili emkhakheni wezamanzi.
Ukuze kubhekwane nokungalingani, sekuqaliswe izinhlelo ezahlukene kanye nezindlela
zokungenelela ukuze kugqugquzelwe ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane kanye nokuba
bacobeleleke ngolwazi kwezokulawulwa kwamanzi. Kudingeka ukuba kuqhubeke ukuhlolwa
kwenqubekelaphambili eyenziwe ekufezekiseni ukulingana ngokobulili (SDG 5) ngaphansi
kohlelo lweMultiple Use Water Services (MUS) eZimbabwe. Lolu cwaningo luhlolisise futhi
lwaveza izindlela zokufakwa nokushiywa ngaphandle kwabesifazane basezindaweni
zasemakhaya ngaphansi kohlelo lokukhuphula izinga leMUS eZimbabwe, ngokugxila kakhulu
kuMkhandlu Wesifunda Sasemakhaya eVungu. Lapha kusetshenziswe ucwaningo
kuxoxiswana nabantu ngokuhlukahlukana kwabo ukuze kwenziwe lolu cwaningo. Lolu
cwaningo beluqondiswa kubantu baleyo mkhandlu yezifunda zasemakhaya. Kuye
kwasetshenziswa uhlelo lokuthathwa kwesampula, kwase kukhethwa ukuba kuthathwe
amasampula oMkhandlu Wesifunda Sasemakhaya eVungu. Ziningi izigaba zamasampula
ahlelekile eziye zasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlonzwe ababambiqhaza abayizinhloko zemindeni
ezigodini eziyi-17. Imibono yababambiqhaza kulolu cwaningo mayelana nokusetshenziswa
ngokwahlukene kwamanzi kanjalo nobulili kwathathwa ngokohlelo oluxubile. Imininingo
iqoqwe ngokuthi kusetshenziswa izinhlolovo zabanolwazi olubalulekile, ukubheka isimo
ngokuhlanganyela kanye nohlu lwemibuzo ebuziwe. Imininingo eqoqiwe ihlaziywe
ngokwezilinganiso kusetshenziswa iStatistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27
kanye nangokweqophelo kusetshenziswa indlela yetimu. Lapha kuhlonzwe ukuthi
ukuthuthuka kokudla okunomsoco, impilo engcono, ukunyuswa kweholo lomndeni, ukwanda
kwempahla yomndeni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwendawo kuhlobene nokufakwa
kwabesifazane kuMUS. Imiphumela iphinde yaveza ukuthi nakuba abesifazane abaningi
bebambe iqhaza elikhulu emkhakheni wezamanzi, kodwa ubuningi babo ngokwenani
akubasiza ekutheni bafakwe ezikhundleni eziphezulu njengezikhundla zosihlalo
ezikhungweni. Umkhawulo wokusebenzelana phakathi kukahulumeni nemiphakathi yendawo
udale ukuba ishabalale iMUS. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo ikhomba ukuthi kunesidingo
sokuthi uhulumeni aqhamuke nezinqubomgomo ezizohlomulisa abesifazane ukuze babe
nezinto zabo emakhaya kanye nokuthi lezo zinto zibhaliswe ngamagama abo. Kuvelile futhi
ukuthi kunesidingo sokuthi kube noguquko emiqondweni yomphakathi ukuze kufakwe abaholi
besifazane emkhakheni wezamanziPh.D. (Geography)Geograph
Assessing accessibility of passenger rail infrastructure for commuting in the Gauteng North Region, South Africa
No full textThe study aimed to investigate the influence of implementing accessible rail infrastructure on the socioeconomic status of public transport users in the northern region of Gauteng. The study assessed the implementation status of accessible rail infrastructure in the north region of Gauteng, determined the effects of implementing accessible rail infrastructure, identified the challenges faced by vulnerable users due to inaccessible rail infrastructure, explored how the design of efficient public transport infrastructure helps bridge socio-economic barriers and examined the policy framework for public transport accessibility in South Africa. The researcher used case studies which included officials from Passenger rail agency of South Africa , Railway safety regulator and rail commuters in Mabopane, Mamelodi and Saulsville lines. Data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews with the study participants, and all ethical guidelines were followed. The interviews were guided by the interview schedule developed by the researcher, which contained questions specified in accordance with the study objectives. Data from the study was descriptively analysed by developing themes and sub-themes The study found that accessibility is not being fully implemented in the Gauteng north Region, and many facilities have still not been modified to accommodate vulnerable users. The delay in the implementation of accessible rail infrastructure presents negatively challenges for community mobility in the study area. Safety and security, operational inefficiencies, travel costs, and the physical accessibility of stations and trains were identified as the most critical challenges facing the vulnerable users of public transport. The difficulties that vulnerable users experience in accessing rail transport in the Gauteng north Metrorail region are exacerbated by a unique combination of socio-economic and infrastructural issues in the area. A more comprehensive and integrated approach is required for the commuter rail transportation systems to be fully accessible. This would involve aligning regulations, standards, and urban planning with universal design (UD) principles and engaging with diverse stakeholders, including persons with disabilities, to ensure their needs are addressed. The study proposed an enhanced capabilities-based framework that combines the concepts of UD and considers policy and implementation dynamics.Thutopatlisiso e ikaelela go batlisisa tlhotlheletso ya go tsenya tirisong mafaratlhatlha a a kgonang go fitlhelelwa bonolo a diterena mo seemong sa loago le ikonomi sa badirisi ba dipalangwa tsa botlhe mo kgaolong e e mo bokone jwa Gauteng. Thutopatlisiso e sekasekile seemo sa tsenyotirisong ya mafaratlhatlha a a kgonang go fitlhelelwa bonolo a diterena mo kgaolong ya bokone ya Gauteng, e lemogile ditlamorago tsa go tsenya tirisong mafaratlhatlha a a kgonang go fitlhelelwa bonolo a diterena, e lemogile dikgwetlho tse badirisi ba ba tlhokang tshegetso e e kgethegileng ba lebaneng le tsone ka ntlha ya mafaratlhatlha a a sa kgoneng go fitlhelelwa bonolo a diterena, e sekasekile tsela e thulaganyo ya mafaratlhatlha a a nonofileng a dipalangwa tsa botlhe e thusang go fokotsa dikgoreletsi tsa loago le ikonomi mme e sekasekile letlhomeso la pholisi ya go fitlhelelwa bonolo ga dipalangwa tsa botlhe mo Aforika Borwa. Motlhotlhomisi o dirisitse ditlhotlhomiso tse di direlwang mo maemong a mmatota tse di neng di akaretsa batlhankedi ba Setlamo sa diterena tse di pegang bapalami sa Aforika Borwa, molaodi wa pabalesego ya diporo le bapalami ba ba dirisang diterena gangwe le gape, tse di tsamayang mo diporong tsa Mabopane, Mamelodi le Saulsville. Go kgobokantswe deitha ka go dirisa dipotsolotso tse di kopanyang dipotso tse di bodiwang ka thulaganyo le kwa ntle ga thulaganyo e e rileng, tse di dirwang batho ba lebane matlhong, le batsayakarolo ba thutopatlisiso, mme go latetswe dikaedi tsotlhe tse di ka ga melawana ya maitsholo a a siameng. Dipotsolotso di ne di kaelwa ke sejule ya potsolotso e e tlhamilweng ke motlhotlhomisi, e e neng e na le dipotso tse go kailweng fa di tsamaisana le maikaelelo a thutopatlisiso. Deitha e e tswang mo thutopatlisisong e sekasekilwe ka tsela e e neelang tlhaloso ka botlalo ka go tlhama ditlhogo le ditlhogwana. Thutopatlisiso e lemogile gore go fitlhelelwa bonolo ga go tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo mo Kgaolong ya bokone ya Gauteng, le gore mafelo a mantsi a sa ntse a ise a baakanngwe gore a tshwanele badirisi ba ba tlhokang tshegetso e e kgethegileng. Tiego mo tsenyotirisong ya mafaratlhatlha a a kgonang go fitlhelelwa bonolo a diterena e tlhagisa dikgwetlho tse di sa siamang mo bokgoning jwa baagi ba mo lefelong le thutopatlisiso e direlwang mo go lone go dirisa dipalangwa tse di farologaneng. Pabalesego le tshireletsego, go sa dire sentle ga setlamo, ditshenyegelo tsa mesepele, le go kgona go fitlhelelwa ga diteišene le diterena di lemogilwe jaaka dikgwetlho tse di tseneletseng thata tse badirisi ba ba tlhokang tshegetso e e kgethegileng ba dipalangwa tsa botlhe ba lebaneng le tsone. Mathata a badirisi ba ba tlhokang tshegetso e e tseneletseng ba a itemogelang mo go
fitlheleleng diterena mo kgaolong ya Metrorail ya bokone jwa Gauteng a etegeditswe ke go kopanngwa go go kgethegileng ga mathata a loago le ikonomi le mathata a mafaratlhatlha mo lefelong le le amegang. Go tlhokega molebo o o akaretsang go le gontsi le o o kopaneng wa gore mekgwatsamaiso ya diterena tse di dirisiwang gangwe le gape ke bapalami ba tsone e fitlhelesege ka botlalo. Seno se ka akaretsa go nyalanya melawana, melao, le kago le ntšhafatso ya mafelo go a dira a toropo le melawanatheo ya thulaganyo ya maemo a a kgonang go dirisiwa ke batho botlhe (UD) le go buisana le bannaleseabe ba ba farologaneng, go akaretsa batho ba ba nang le bogole, go netefatsa gore go samaganwa le dilo tse ba di tlhokang. Thutopatlisiso e tshitsintse letlhomeso le le tokafaditsweng le le tsepamisang mo bokgoning jwa setlamo, le le kopanyang dikgopolo tsa UD mme le akanyetsa pholisi le dikgwetlho tsa tsenyotirisong ya yone.Ndzavisiso a wu kongomisiwe eka ku lavisisa nkucetelo wa ku simeka switirhisiwa swa switimela leswi fikelelekaka eka xiyimo xa matshamisekelo ya ikhonomi xa vatirhisi va swifambo swa mani na mani eka rhijini ya le n’walungwini wa Gauteng. Ndzavisiso wu hlerile xiyimo xa ntirhiso wa switirhisiwa swa switimela leswi fikelelekaka eka rhijini ya le n’walungwini wa Gauteng, wu kumile nkucetelo wo simeka switirhisiwa swa switimela leswi fikelelekaka, wu kumile mintlhontlho leyi vatirhisi lava hluphekaka va langutanaka na yona hikokwalaho ka switirhisiwa swa switimela leswi nga fikelelekiki, wu valangile hilaha dizayini ya switirhisiwa swa swifambo swa mani na mani yi tirhaka kahle hakona ku ololoxa swirhalanganyi swa matshamisekelo ya ikhonomi na ku hlela rimba ra pholisi ya mfikeleleko wa swifambo swa mani na mani eAfrika-Dzonga. Mulavisisi u tirhisile dyondzo ndzavisiso leyi katsaka vatirhi va le ka ejensi ya Afrika-Dzonga ya switimela swo tleketla vanhu. Valawuri va vuhlayiseki bya Switimela na vanhu lava va fambaka hi switimela swa tilayini ta Mabopane, Mamelodi na Saulsville. Data yi hlengeletiwile hi ku tirhisa tiinthavhiyu to ka ti nga ri ta nandzelelano to vutisela mi karhi mi vonana na vatekaxiave/vagheneri va ndzavisiso, naswona swiletelo swa matikhomelo lamanene hinkwaswo swi landzeleriwile. Tiinthavhiyu a ti leteriwa hi xedulu ya inthavhiyu leyi a yi endliwile hi muinthavhiyuwi, leyi a yi ri na swivutiso leswi a swi lulamisiwile ku ya hi swikongomelo swa ndzavisiso. Dara yo huma eka ndzavisiso yi xopaxopiwile hi vuenti hi ku endla mikongomelo na mokongomelotsongo. Ndzavisiso wu kume leswaku mfikelelo a wu le ku veni hilaha a wu fanele ku va hakona eka Rhijini ya le Nwalungwini wa Gauteng, naswona tindhawu to tala a ti se antswisiwa leswaku ti kota ku katsa vatirhisi lava hluphekaka. Ku hlwela ku simeka switirhisiwa swa switimela leswi fikelelekaka swi tisa mintlhontlho eka mafambelo ya vaaki eka ndhawu ya ndzavisiso. Vuhlayiseki na nsirhelelo, matirhelo yo ka ya nga pfuni, tihakelo ta swifambo, na mfikeleleko wa switichi na switimela swi kumekile swi ri mintlhontlho swinene leyi langutanaka na vatirhisi va swifambo swa mani na mani lava hluphekaka. Ku tikeriwa loku vatirhisi lava va hluphekaka va ku tokotaka eka ku fikelela switimela eka rhijini ya Vutleketli bya Switimela bya le N’walungwini wa Gauteng ku nyanyisiwa hi nhlanganelo wun’we wa timhaka ta matshamisekelo ya ikhonomi na swimakiwa eka ndhawu liya. Ku laveka endlelo ro anama no katsakanyiwa leswaku sisiteme ya switimela swo fambisa vanhu yi fekeleleka kahle. Leswi swi nga katsa swinawana leswi fambelanaka, mipimo, na ku kunguhata madoroba na swinawana swa dizayini yo angarhela (UD) na kuvulavurisana na vakhumbeki vo hambanahambana, ku katsa na vanhu lava hanyaka na vutsoniwa, ku tiyisisa leswaku swilaveko swa vona swa langutisiwa/tekeriwa enhlokweni. Ndzavisiso wu bumabumele rimba ra ntlakuso wa vuswikoti leri katsaka tikhonsepe ta UD na ku tekela enhlokweni pholisi na masimekelo ya maendlelo.PhD. (Public Administration and Management)Colleges of Economic and Management Science
Job crafting and job satisfaction within the Eswatini energy sector : does work engagement and organisational commitment matter?
No full textAbstracts in English, Venda and Xhosa.The Eswatini energy sector faces challenges stemming from rapid technological advancements and evolving job demands associated with Industry 4.0 and global shifts. In this dynamic environment, proactive behaviours such as job crafting have been shown to enhance employee satisfaction, engagement and organisational commitment. Despite the advantages of job crafting in fostering employee satisfaction and engagement, limited research has been conducted on its application to blue- and white-collar workers in Eswatini. This study explored the relationship between job crafting and job satisfaction, as mediated by work engagement and organisational commitment, among a sample of blue- and white-collar workers in the Eswatini energy sector. A quantitative research approach involving the use of a cross-sectional survey design was adopted to achieve the objective of the study. Non-probability convenience sampling was used to obtain data from 726 (n = 235) permanently employed blue- and white-collar employees.
The findings of this study were threefold. First, correlation analysis showed a nonsignificant positive relationship between job crafting and job satisfaction (r = 0.09, p = 0.16; n = 235), whereas all other variables showed significant positive correlations. Second, mediation analysis indicated that job crafting enhanced job satisfaction directly through work engagement, a significant mediator (a1b1 = 0.66(0.22) = 0.15 [0.08 to 0.22], p < 0.001). However, organisational commitment did not mediate this relationship (a2b2 = 0.08(0.23) = 0.02 [-0.03 to 0.07], p = .482), possibly due to organisational constraints such as limited social job resources and dissatisfaction with pay and rewards. The results of the serial multiple mediator model indicated that 21.1% of the effect of the independent variable (job crafting) on the dependent variable (job satisfaction) was explained by the mediating variables. Third, individual differences were observed in job crafting behaviours, job satisfaction, work engagement and organisational commitment across various demographic groups.
The study provides valuable insights into how job crafting interventions can enhance organisational outcomes and bridge a critical gap in understanding proactive behaviours among diverse employee groups in Eswatini’s energy sector. The findings may assist organisations’ human resource management departments in tailoring interventions that promote job crafting, enhance job satisfaction and foster a more supportive and inclusive work environment, ultimately contributing to improved organisational performance and employee satisfaction.Sekithara ya zwa fulufulu ya Eswatini i khou ṱangana na khaedu dzine dza bva kha tshanduko ya thekhinoḽodzhi ine ya khou bvelela nga u ṱavhanya na tshanduko ya ṱhoḓea dza mishumo dzi re na vhushaka na Nḓowetshumo 4.0 khathihi na tshanduko kha ḽifhasi. Kha nyimele iyi i dzulelaho u shanduka, maitele a u dzudzanyela phanḓa u fana na tshandukiso ya mishumo u fusha ṱhoḓea dza vhashumi o sumbedziswa u vha one a khwaṱhisaho u fushea ha vhashumi, u dzhenelela na vhuḓikumedzeli kha mushumo. Naho hu na mbuelo kha vhutsila ha u tshandukiso ya mushumo u fusha ṱhoḓea kha u ṱuṱuwedza u fushea na vhuḓikumedzeli ha vhashumi, hu tou vha na ṱhoḓisiso ṱhukhuṱhukhu yo no itwaho nga ha kushumele kwa vhashumi vha shumaho kha nḓowetshumo na kha mishumo ya phurofeshinaḽa ‘blue- and white-collar workers’ kha ḽa Eswatini. Ngudo iyi yo tandula vhushaka vhukati ha tshandukiso ya mishumo u fusha ṱhoḓea na u fushea nga mushumo, sa zwine zwa sumbedza nyanḓano nga kha u dzhenelela kha mushumo na vhuḓikumedzeli kha mushumo, kha sambula ya vhashumi vho tiwaho vhane vha shuma mishumo ya kha ṋdowetshumo na vhashumi vha phurofeshinaḽa. Ho shumiswa nḓila ya ṱhoḓisiso ya khwaḽithethivi i katelaho u shumisa tshivhumbeo tsha tsedzuluso kha zwigwada nga tshifhinga tshithihi u itela u swikelela ndivho ya ṱhoḓisiso. Sambula yo itwaho nga u tou Topola zwigwada zwi swikeleleaho ‘non-probability convenience sampling’ yo shumiswa u kuvhanganya data u bva kha 726 (n = 235) ya vhashumi vha kha nḓowetshumo na vha phurofeshinaḽa vho tholwaho lwa tshoṱhe.
Mawanwa a ngudo iyi a nga masia mararu. Tsha u thoma, tsenguluso ya zwiṱalusi zwi re na vhushaka yo sumbedza vhushaka vhu songo khwaṱhaho vhukati ha tshandukiso ya mishumo u fusha ṱhoḓea na u fushea nga mushumo (r = 0.09, p = 0.16; n = 235), ngeno zwiṅwe zwiṱalusi zwoṱhe zwo sumbedza vhushaka ho khwaṱhaho. Tsha vhuvhili, tsenguluso nga nyanḓano ya zwiṱalusi zwo ḓiimisaho ‘mediation analysis’ yo sumbedza uri tshandukiso ya mishumo u fusha ṱhoḓea zwo engedzedza u fushea nga mushumo thwii nga kha u dzhenelela kha mushumo, tshine tsha vha tshone tshiṱalusi tsha nyanḓano tsha ndeme tsha (a1b1 = 0.66(0.22) = 0.15 [0.08 u swika kha 0.22], p < 0.001). Fhedziha, vhuḓikumedzeli kha mushumo a zwo ngo ḓisa nyanḓano kha vhushaka uvhu sa izwi zwo sumbedza u vha (a2b2 = 0.08(0.23) = 0.02 [-0.03 u swika kha 0.07], p = .482), tshivhangi hu tshi nga vha zwithithisi kha tshiimiswa u fana na tshomedzo dzi tikedzaho matshilisano mishumoni dzi sa fushi na u sa fushea nga mbadelo na mbuelo. Mvelelo dza tshivhumbeo tsha mutevhe wa zwiṱalusi zwa nyanḓano zwo fhambanaho ‘serial multiple mediator model’ dzo sumbedza uri 21.1% yo kwamea nga tshiṱalusi tsho ḓisendekaho nga tshiṅwe tshine tsha vha (tshandukiso ya mushumo u fusha ṱhoḓea) kha tshiṱalusi tsho ḓiimisaho tshine tsha vha (u fushea nga mushumo) dzo ṱalutshedzwa nga zwiṱalusi zwa nyanḓano. Tshavhuratu, ho vhonala phambano nga nthithi nga nthihi kha maitele a tshandukiso ya mushumo u fusha ṱhoḓea dza vhashumi, u fushea nga mushumo, u shuma mushumo na vhuḓikumedzeli kha mushumo u mona na zwigwada zwa khethekanyo dzo fhambanaho.
Ngudo yo ṋetshedza kupfesesele kwavhuḓi nga ha uri maga a tshandukiso ya mushumo u fusha ṱhoḓea dza vhashumi a ṱuṱuwedza hani mvelelo dza tshiimiswa na u ṱumekanya zwikhala zwa ndeme kha u pfesesa maitele a u nzudzanyo dzo dzulaho dzo itwa vhukati ha zwigwada zwo fhambanaho zwa vhashumi kha sekithara ya zwa fulufulu ya Eswatini. Mawanwa a nga thusa mihasho ya ndaulo ya zwa vhashumi ya zwiimiswa kha u ita nzudzanyo dza maga a u dzhenelela o teaho ane a ṱuṱuwedza tshandukiso ya mushumo u fusha ṱhoḓea dza vhashumi, u khwaṱhisa u fushea nga mushumo na u ṱuṱuwedza uri tshiimo tsha mushumoni tshi katele zwithu zwo fhambanaho, zwine zwa fhedza zwi tshi khou thusa kha u khwinisa kushumele kwa tshiimiswa na u fushea ha vhashumISektor yamandla yaseSwatini ijongene nemingeni ephuma kwiinkqubela zobugcisa ezikhawulezayo kunye notshintsho kwimfuno zomsebenzi ezinxulumene neShishini 4.0 kunye notshintsho lwehlabathi. Kule meko iguqukayo, ukuziphatha okuzivelelayo njengokuzilungiselela umsebenzi kuye kwaboniswa ukuba kuphucula ukwaneliseka kwabasebenzi, ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini, kunye nokuzibophelela kwi nkampani. Nangona iingenelo zokuzilungiselela umsebenzi zibonakala ngokuphucula ukwaneliseka nokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, kuphantse kungabikho uphando olunzulu olwenziwe ngokubhekiselele kubasebenzi abenza imisebenzi yezandla (blue-collar) nabasebenza kwi-ofisi (white-collar) eSwatini. Olu phando luphonononge ubudlelwane phakathi kokuzilungiselela umsebenzi nokwaneliseka ngumsebenzi, njengoko kuthotywa kukuzibandakanya emsebenzini kunye nokuzibophelela kumbutho, phakathi kwesampulu yabasebenzi abenza imisebenzi yezandla nabasebenza kwi-ofisi kwi-sektor yamandla yaseSwatini. Kwasetyenziswa indlela yophando esisisiseko-manani (quantitative) ngokusebenzisa uyilo-lophando olwenziwa kanye (cross-sectional survey) ukufezekisa iinjongo zophando. Kwafunyanwa idatha kwi-235 (n = 235) yabathathi-nxaxheba abasebenza ngokuqinisekileyo.
Iziphumo zophando zibonise izinto ezintathu eziphambili. Okokuqala, uhlalutyo lwekhorale lutyhile ubudlelwane obunga balulekanga kodwa obulungileyo phakathi kokuzilungiselela umsebenzi nokwaneliseka ngumsebenzi (r = 0.09, p = 0.16; n = 235), kanti zonke ezinye iivareyibhile zibonise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo. Okwesibini, uhlalutyo lwamathuba oludlulayo (mediation analysis) lubonise ukuba ukuzilungiselela umsebenzi kuphucula ukwaneliseka ngumsebenzi ngokuthe ngqo ngenkxaso yokuzibandakanya emsebenzini, eyona vareyibhile ethe yaba ngumlamli obalulekileyo (a1b1 = 0.66(0.22) = 0.15 [0.08 ukuya ku-0.22], p < 0.001). Noko ke, ukuzibophelela kwi nkampani akuzange kudlale indima ephakathi kweli nxibelelwano (a2b2 = 0.08(0.23) = 0.02 [-0.03 ukuya ku-0.07], p = .482), mhlawumbi kungenxa yemida ekhoyo kwinkampani efana nokunqongophala kwezixhobo zomsebenzi ezinxulumene noluntu kunye nokunganeliseki yimivuzo neembasa. Iziphumo zomzekelo womlamli ophindaphindiweyo (serial multiple mediator model) zityhile ukuba iipesenti ezingama-21.1 zempembelelo ye-vareyibhile ezimeleyo (ukuzilungiselela umsebenzi) kwi-vareyibhile exhomekeke kuyo (ukwaneliseka ngumsebenzi) zichazwe ziivareyibhile eziphakathi. Okwesithathu, kwabakho umahluko kwiziphumo ngokweendlela zokuzilungiselela umsebenzi, ukwaneliseka ngumsebenzi, ukuzibandakanya emsebenzini, kunye nokuzibophelela kwi nkampani phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo abantu ngokobuhlanga, nemfundo kunye neminyaka (demographics).
Olu phando lubonelela ngolwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nendlela iinzame zokuphuhlisa ukuzilungiselela umsebenzi ezinokuphucula ngayo iziphumo zenkampani kwaye zivale umsantsa okhoyo kolu lwazi malunga nokuziphatha okuzenzekelayo kwasebenzi abohlukeneyo kwi-sektor yamandla yaseSwatini. Iziphumo zinganceda amasebe olawulo lwabasebenzi kwinkampani ekuqulunqeni amanyathelo okukhuthaza ukuzilungiselela umsebenzi, ukuphucula ukwaneliseka nokudala indawo yokusebenza ekhuthazayo, enenkxaso, nebandakanya wonke umntu – nto leyo ekugqibeleni enokuphucula ukusebenza kwe nkampani kunye nokwaneliseka kwabasebenzi.M. Com. (Business Management with specialisation in Human Resources Management)Business Managemen
Pricing European call option on a discretely traded asset
No full textIn this dissertation we price the European call option written on a discretely traded
asset by means of mean-variance hedging. We consider a financial market that consists
of three assets – two correlated risky assets and one riskless asset. Of the two risky
assets, one is continuously traded whereas the other can only trade discretely at initial
time zero and some intermediary time before the expiry date of the option. A meanvariance
optimal hedging strategy consisting of two fixed quantities in the discretely
traded asset at initial and intermediary times, dynamic self-financing strategy in the
continuously traded asset and a riskless asset that minimizes the quadratic hedging
error is found. In the first case where the continuously traded asset is considered to
be a local martingale under the real-world probability measure, we price and hedge the
European call option by finding the mean-variance optimal hedging strategy through
the Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe projection onto a space of attainable claims. In the
second case we consider the continuously traded asset to be a continuous semimartingale
under real-world probability measure. Similarly to find the mean-variance optimal
hedging strategy is equivalent to the call option admitting Galtchouk-Kunita-Watanabe
decomposition with respect to continuously traded asset under the variance optimal
martingale measure. In a numerical example, we considered the case where the sources
of uncertainties for the discretely traded and continuously traded assets driven by two
correlated Brownian motions. The results demonstrate that semi-static mean variance
hedging has an absolute minimum point using MATLAB bult-in integration. Also the
effect of hedging where discrete hedging demonstrate lower hedging error than no hedging.
The semi-static hedging in the discretely traded asset reduces the hedging error
by almost ninety percent compared to strategies that does no use the discrete hedging.
We also demonstrate that the frequency histogram of the terminal hedging errors on a
discretely traded asset display a more compressed shape than histograms with one or
no discrete trading. Lastly the results shows that a delta for an in-the-money (ITM)
European call option get closer to one as the expiration date approachesM. Sc.School of Scienc
Space, justice, and power in the transformation of higher education: On academic identities and students` wellbeing
No full textEducational Foundation
Theoretical guidelines for dialogic engagement on social media during an environmental crisis
No full textAbstract in Afrikaans, English and Northern SothoKrisiskommunikasie het ’n noodsaaklike komponent van openbare betrekkinge geword, veral
in ’n era waar krisisse vinnig kan eskaleer as gevolg van die onmiddellike impak van sosiale
media. Sosiale media het as ’n kragtige instrument in krisiskommunikasie na vore getree, veral
in die konteks van omgewingskrisisse waar die vinnige verspreiding van inligting van kritieke
belang is. Hierdie platforms stel organisasies in staat om direk met belanghebbendes te
kommunikeer, reële-tydopdaterings te verskaf en dialoog te bevorder. Nietemin word die
belangrikheid van geloofwaardige inligting om ’n krisis op sosiale media te beperk, dikwels
onderskat. Hierdie studie ondersoek, deur middel van ’n deursnit-kwalitatiewe inhoudsanalise, hoe
inligting oor ’n omgewingskrisis met dialogiese inhoud gekommunikeer kan word. Die analise
is gegrond op dialogiese teorie en die beginsels van dialogiese kommunikasie. ’n
Omgewingskrisis wat tussen 2019 en 2020 in ’n munisipale distrik plaasgevind het, is
ondersoek soos dit op Facebook en Twitter (tans X) ontvou het. ’n Kodeboek is as datainsamelingsmetode
gebruik, en die bevindinge is deur middel van reflektiewe tematiese
analise ontleed. Op grond van die bevindinge word vier teoretiese riglyne voorgestel om negatiewe persepsies
van ’n omgewingskrisis te verander deur middel van dialogiese inhoud op sosiale media. Die
resultate dui daarop dat proaktiewe, relevante en deursigtige dialogiese inhoud wat
tweerigtingkommunikasie versterk, as ’n doeltreffende krisisreaksiestrategie kan dien. Hierdie
benadering het die potensiaal om openbare persepsies te verander en meer ingeligte en
samewerkende betrokkenheid tydens ’n omgewingskrisis te bevorder.Crisis communication has become an essential component of public relations, particularly in
an era where crises can escalate rapidly owing to social media’s immediate impact. Social
media has emerged as a powerful tool in social media crisis communication, particularly in
environmental crises where rapid dissemination of information is crucial. Social media
platforms allow organisations to communicate directly with stakeholders, offering real-time
updates and engaging in dialogue. However, the importance of using more credible
information to lessen a social media crisis is often overlooked.
To approach this, this study explores, through a cross-sectional qualitative content analysis,
how information about an environmental crisis can be communicated with dialogic content.
This content is grounded in dialogic theory and principles of dialogic communication. Dialogic
theory can serve as a critical foundation, particularly in dealing with environmental crises
through social media, and it guided the analysis of how these concepts are applied in social
media crisis communication. An environmental crisis between 2019 and 2020 in a Municipal
district was examined as it played out on Facebook and Twitter (currently known as X). A
codebook was used as a data collection method, and the findings were analysed using
reflexive thematic analysis.
Based on the findings, four theoretical guidelines are proposed to help change negative
perceptions about an environmental crisis using dialogic content on social media. The findings
indicate that proactive, relevant, transparent dialogic content that enhances two-way
communication can serve as an effective crisis response strategy, potentially shifting public
perception and fostering more informed and cooperative engagement during an environmental
crisis.Puisano ya bothata e fetogile karolo ya bohlokwa ya dikamano tša setšhaba, kudu mo
nakong yeo mathata a ka oketšegago kapejana ka baka la phello ya lebelo la mešate ya
setšhaba. Mešate ya setšhaba e fetogile sedirišwa se maatla mo puisanong ya mathata, kudu
mo mathateng a tikologo moo phatlalatšo ya tshedimosetso ya kapejana e lego ya bohlokwa.
Dipolatforme tša mešate ya setšhaba di dumelela mekgatlo go buisana ka kotloloho le ba
amegang, di fana ka tshedimosetso ya nakong ya nnete gomme di kgothaletša poledišano.
Le ge go le bjalo, bohlokwa bja go diriša tshedimosetso ye e tshepagalago go fokotša mathata
a mešate ya setšhaba gantši bo a hlokomologwa.
Nyakišišo ye, ka tshekatsheko ya boleng ya dikagare ya sefapano, e hlahloba kamoo
tshedimosetso ka ga bothata bja tikologo e ka kgonegago go fetiswa ka diteng tša poledišano.
Diteng tše di theilwe godimo ga khopolo ya poledišano le melao ya puisano ya poledišano.
Khopolo ye e ka šoma bjalo ka motheo wa bohlokwa mo go laoleng mathata a tikologo ka
mešate ya setšhaba, gomme e ile ya hlahla kamoo dikarolo tše di dirišitšwego ka gona mo
puisanong ya mathata. Bothata bja tikologo bja ngwaga wa 2019 go fihla ka 2020 mo
mmasepaleng o tee bo ile bja sekasekwa bjalo ka ge bo bontšhitše ka Facebook le Twitter
(yeo gona bjale e bitšwago X). Kôpobuku e dirišitšwe go kgoboketša tshedimosetso, gomme
diphetho di ile tša sekasekwa ka tshekatsheko ya dihlogo tša boikgopolelo.
Go ya ka diphetho, ditaelo tše nne tša khopolo di šišinywa go thuša go fetola dikakanyo tše
mpe ka ga mathata a tikologo ka go diriša diteng tša poledišano mo mešateng ya setšhaba.
Diphetho di bontšha gore diteng tša poledišano tšeo di nago le mafolofolo, tše maleba, tše
pepeneneng, tšeo di thekgago puisano ya dikarolo tše pedi di ka šoma bjalo ka leano le le
atlegilego la phetolo ya mathata, gomme la kgonago go fetola kakanyo ya setšhaba le go
godiša tirišano yeo e nago le tshedimosetso le tshepetšo nakong ya bothata bja tikologo.M. A. (Communication Science)Communication Scienc
Review of landfill impacts on informal waste-pickers and surrounding communities in Africa (2015-2022)
No full textThe content nature and features of studies conducted in Africa relating to landfill impacts on informal waste pickers and surrounding communities are not known. Research trends and focus on studies conducted between 2015 and 2022 are also unknown. Currently there is no document which consolidated studies conducted in Africa relating to the impacts of landfill on informal waste pickers and surrounding communities published between 2015 and 2022, which in turn may guide future research direction. Epistemology which determined the researcher’s choice of the study method, how data was collected, analysed as well as how findings were interpreted was the philosophy which grounded this study. Epistemology shaped the researcher’s view of the world, the nature of knowledge, and determined how this knowledge was shared with others. The method used for this study was a systematic literature review. The identified and included studies were manually analysed using an inductive and iterative approach for qualitative data analysis. The findings from the reviewed studies indicate that informal waste pickers in landfills are faced with different occupational injuries including cuts, punctures, and animal bites. With regard to negative health outcomes, the studies reported that skin problems, respiratory ailments, and eye infections were associated with the trade of waste picking in landfills. Documented musculoskeletal problems faced by informal waste pickers included, back, chest and joint pains. Studies reported that surrounding communities were also negatively affected by landfills. The landfill location, air and water pollution were among documented concerns. The most prevalent health challenges reported within communities included cancer, malaria, asthma, and various skin and respiratory issues. This review identified research gaps which need to be further explored to ensure that the impacts of landfills on informal waste pickers and surrounding communities in Africa are wholistically investigated. It is recommended that more studies be conducted in other African countries since the reviewed studies focused more on South Africa and Nigeria.M. Sc. (Environmental Management)Environmental Science
High-temperature stable electrochemically exfoliated doped graphene for energy storage applications
No full textThe demand for energy storage technologies has increased over the years due to the growing population and the increasing development of electronic devices and gadgets. The popular type of electrochemical energy storage devices that exist to address the growing challenges of energy storage are batteries, supercapacitors, and hybrid supercapacitors. These storage devices power electronic devices, memory backup systems, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, energy grid storage and stabilisation. Graphene based materials have been reported before as electrode materials in various configurations for application in hybrid supercapacitors, since the carbon-based materials improve the specific capacitance and cycle life stabilities of the electrode materials. Meanwhile, transition metal complexes consisting of Co and Ni are utilized extensively due to their high theoretical capacitances, where transition metal complexes such as cobalt oxide and nickel oxide achieve theoretical capacitances of 4292 F g-1 and 2584 F g-1 respectively. However, their availability is limited due to the costs and adverse environmental impacts associated with their mining.
The doped graphene in this study was synthesised through the mixed acid intercalation in sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid over a period of time to expand the graphite sheet layers and further exfoliated in an electrolyte solution of ammonium sulphate to yield electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) doped with sulphur, phosphorus, and nitrogen. A hydrothermal technique was adopted in obtaining a hybrid composite containing cobalt-nickel oxalate (CoNi(C2O4)2·nH2O) and doped electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG). The as-synthesised materials were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, small angle X-ray spectroscopy (SAXS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques.
A sheet-like morphology was observed for the doped-EEG decorated with block-like CoNi(C2O4)2·nH2O nanoparticles. The EDS analysis confirmed the presence of Co, Ni, O and C as the dominant elements and S, P and N in doping amounts in the nanocomposite. The presence of heteroatoms (N, P, and S) in the EEG at low concentrations were confirmed by XPS, along with the elemental compositions of the elements in the CoNi(C2O4)2.nH2O/EEG. The high temperature stability of the electrochemically exfoliated graphene was analysed with TGA. XRD confirmed the combined Ni and Co oxalates crystal framework. The Raman vibration bands displayed the characteristic features of CoNi(C2O4)2·nH2O and EEG in the composite. The SAXS technique was used to elucidate the shape of the particles, the size distribution weighted by the intensity, number, and volume of the CoNi(C2O4)2·nH2O/EEG nanocomposites. The Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms were used to conduct the BET analysis and measure the specific surface area of the nanomaterials.
The electrochemical properties of the as-synthesised hybrid composite electrode materials were studied in a three-electrode configuration using a 3 M KOH aqueous electrolyte. The hybrid composite electrode material exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with a maximum specific capacitance of 955.7 F g-1 corresponding to specific capacity of 139 mAh g-1 at a current density of 1.0 A g-1, and good cycling stability of 86% over 4500 cycles at 10.0 A g-1. This was linked to the high electrically conductive (~8 000 S m-1) multi-atom doped EEG in the composite which significantly improved the overall electrode’s electrochemical capability when compared to the pristine CoNi(C2O4)2·nH2O alone. The results of this study demonstrate the suitability of electrochemically exfoliated doped graphene/cobalt nickel oxalates nanomaterials for hybrid supercapacitors applications.MSc (Chemistry)Chemistr
The 'other Blacks': an intersectional perspective on the lived experieces of Coloured women leaders within South African organisations
No full textThe underrepresentation of Coloured women in top and senior leadership positions in South African organisations, and the under-theorisation of their lived experiences, are ontologically and epistemologically violent and harm the overall and economic well-being of this population. Leadership research on gender transformation in South Africa, including intersectional studies, footnote the lived experiences of Coloured women leaders. The aim of this study was to explore how the intersection of race, gender, and class influenced the lived experiences of Coloured women leaders in South African organisations. Underpinned by interpretivism, this qualitative study employed constructivist grounded theory to interrogate Coloured women’s lived experiences within South African organisations. It used purposive and snowball sampling to identify 20 Coloured women leaders, and theoretical sampling to identify five Coloured male leaders in the Gauteng and Western Cape provinces. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, personal narratives, and a focus group. The overall findings of the study showed that the extent to which participants self-identified as Coloured or not, depended on whether they considered the identity a cultural identity or an imposed political construct. While race strongly intersected with gender to shape Coloured women’s experiences of leadership, the simultaneous influence of social class was less pronounced. Whereas personal factors and self-narratives mediated the perceptions of professional and personal success, organisational and societal factors informed workplace cultures of maleness, Africanness, whiteness, and Indianness. The dominance of African, Indian, and White voices in the transformation discourse reinforced the muting of the voices of Coloured women leaders, and their invisibility. Coloured women’s position of ‘middleness’ made them neither Black enough for transformation, nor White enough for certain privileges. Feeling compelled to prove themselves, their hard work often went unrecognised. The absence of Coloured men in top and senior leadership positions did not auger well for the advancement of Coloured women into leadership positions. Participants identified strategies for gender transformation at the personal, societal, organisational, governmental and policy levels. The main contribution of the study is a conceptual framework for gender transformation that is underpinned by Intersectionality and intended to inform a more inclusive approach to gender transformation theory and practice in the country.DBLBusiness Managemen