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An exploration of the policing of drug trafficking in Ethekwini Municipality District, KwaZulu-Natal
No full textText in English with Zulu, Tswana and Sepedi AbstractsOrganised crime groups are increasingly exploiting the land, sea, and air infrastructure of the eThekwini municipality district to facilitate their trafficking of drugs into and out of South Africa. This surge in drug trafficking and its associated abuse continues to pose a severe problem that adversely affects the quality of life, health, and educational opportunities for individuals and communities within the City of Durban and beyond. The lack of comprehensive investigation and understanding of the criminal underground, current drug trends, trafficking routes, and the traffickers' modus operandi are among some of the factors contributing to the detrimental impact of drug trafficking and substance misuse on law enforcement initiatives. The situation has deteriorated to a nearly unmanageable level due to poor decision-making by governmental agencies and law enforcement authorities.
This study was conducted with the aim of critically analysing the policing of drug trafficking in South Africa in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the policing of drug trafficking in the eThekwini region of KwaZulu-Natal Province. The researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature both nationally and internationally in order to understand the problem of drug trafficking more insightfully. The constructivist paradigm guided the research, allowing the researcher to use a qualitative research approach with a case study design. The case study design allowed the researcher to examine and evaluate the drug trafficking phenomenon within its own participant-focused context.
An interview schedule with predetermined questions was developed, pre-tested and used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with police investigators working at SANEB and the SAPS Organised Crime units who investigated cases of drug trafficking in the KwaZulu-Natal area; as well as police officials working within the border environments of Kosi-Bay land border, Durban Harbour and King Shaka International Airport.
During the preliminary literature review, it was discovered that drug trafficking in South Africa is expanding at an alarming rate as the country transitioned from being a producer to a consumer. Several factors have been recognised as contributing to the drug trafficking problem, including porous borders, corruption, as well as lack of crime intelligence and law enforcement capacity. Despite having the fundamental structures in place to police drug trafficking, South African law enforcement encounters a number of challenges in this area, including under-resourced drug policing units, inefficient policing techniques, as well as lack of trained members.
The information gathered from the participants and the literature was analysed, evaluated and thematically categorised based for comparing and contrasting the data in relation to the dominant literature-based perspectives. The information was used to develop a conceptual framework for drug trafficking threat classification according to predetermined criteria to identify an appropriate strategy for addressing drug trafficking in the most efficient and effective manner.
The findings of the study reveal, inter alia, that the participants had a clear understanding of the phenomenon of drug trafficking, the activities, and initiatives involved in drug trafficking, as well as the characteristics and structure of drug trafficking syndicates. There was also a clear understanding of the factors that contribute to the drug trafficking problem in South Africa, as well as the adverse effects of drug trafficking on individuals, society, the economy, and law enforcement capacity. Furthermore, the study found that current practices in the investigation and prosecution of drug trafficking in the SAPS should keep abreast of information and communication technologies in order to thwart the scourge of corruption, while also enhancing proactive strategies and approaches in this regard.
Based on the findings, the study recommends, inter alia, that there should be strengthening of international collaboration in order to address the global aspects of drug trafficking. Enhanced cooperation and information sharing among countries are crucial for the effective monitoring and disruption of trafficking networks. It is further recommended that intelligence-led policing strategies should also be strengthened and implemented in order to infiltrate and dismantle organised crime syndicates and the distribution networks involved in drug trafficking.Amaqela olwaphulomthetho olucwangcisiweyo aye asebenzisa ngobuganga umhlaba, ulwandle nezisekongqangi zasemoyeni kuMasipala wesithili saseThekwini ukukhuthaza ukuthubelezisa kwawo iziyobisi ngaphakathi nangaphandle koMzantsi Afrika. Oku kwanda ngamandla kothubeleziso lweziyobisi okukwanxulumene noxhaphazo yingxaki enkulu echaphazela kakubi umgangatho wobom, impilo namathuba emfundo kubantu nakuluntu lwesiXeko saseDurban nangaphaya kwaso. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kukunqongophala kophando olubanzi nokuqonda ukusebenza okufihlakeleyo kolwaphulomthetho, inkqubo ezikhoyo zeziyobisi, iindlela zokuthubulezisa iziyobisi nendlela yokusebenza (modus operandi) yabathubelezisi beziyobisi inegalelo kwimpembelelo eziyingozi ekuthubuleziseni iziyobisi nasekusebenziseni gwenxa utywala kumalinge okunyanzelisa umthetho. Imeko iye yamandundu de yafuna ukufikelela kwiqondo lokuphantse ingalawuleki ngenxa yokukuthathwa kwezigqibo eziphantsi ziiarhente zikarhulumente namagunya okunyanzelisa umthetho.
Olu phando lwenziwa ngenjongo yokuhlalutya ngokugxekayo ukupoliswa kothutyeleziso lweziyobisi eMzantsi Afrika ukwenzela ukuqulunqa izikhokelo ezisebenzayo ezinokusetyenziswa ekupoliseni ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi kwingingqi yaseThekwini yePhondo laKwaZulu-Natala. Umphandi wenza uphengululo loncwadi olubalulekileyo kuzwelonke nakumazwe ngamazwe ukuze aqonde ngcono ingxaki yokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi. Isikhokelo sophando sokuzakhela ingqiqo yobunyani salukhokela uphando, savumela umphandi ukuba asebenzise indlela yophando ejolise kwinkcazo nobunjani ngoqulunqo lophando lomba othile. Uqulunqo lophando ngomba othile lwavumela umphandi ukuba aphonononge aze avavanye isenzeko sokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi ngaphakathi kwimeko ejolise kwababandakanyekayo.
Isicwangciso sodliwanondlebe esinemibuzo emiselwe ngenx’engaphambili saqulunqwa, savavanywa ngaphambili kwaye sasetyenziswa kudliwanondlebe olucwangciswe ngokungaphelelanga lomntu ngamnye kubacuphi abasebenza kwiSouth African Narcotics Enforcement Bureau (SANEB) nakumacandelo oLwaphulomthetho oluCwangcisiweyo nabathi baphanda amatyala okuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi kummandla waKwaZulu-Natala; kwanamagosa amapolisa asebenza kwiindawo zemida yaseKosi Bay, Durban Harbour nakwiSikhululo soMoya saMazwe ngamazwe iKing Shaka.
Ngexesha lophengululo loncwadi olusisiseko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi kwanda ngezinga elixhalabisayo nanjengoko ilizwe lisuka ekubeni ngumvelisi laba ngumthengi. Kwaqatshelwa imiba eyahlukeneyo njengenegalelo kwingxaki yokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, kubandakanya imida evuzayo, urhwaphilizo kwanokunqongophala kobuntlola kulwaphulomthetho namamdla onyanzeliso lomthetho. Nangona kukho izakhelo ezingundoqo ukujonga ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, unyanzeliso lomthetho lwaseMzantsi Afrika luhlangabezana nemicelimingeni emininzi kulo mmandla, kubandakanya amacandelo okugcina ucwangco kwiziyobisi angenazixhobo zaneleyo, ubuchule bokugcina ucwangco obungasebenziyo, kwanokunqongophala kwamalungu aqeqeshiweyo.
Ulwazi olwaqokelelwayo kwababandakanyekayo nakuncwadi lwahlalutywa, lwavavanywa lwaze lwahlelwa ngokwemixholo ngokuthelekisa nokuchasanisa ngokunxulumene nemibono esekelwe kuncwadi olubalaseleyo. Ulwazi lwasetyenziswa ukuqulunqa isakhelo sengcingane sokuhlelwa kwezoyikiso zokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi ngokweendlela ezimiselwe ngenx’engaphambili ukuze kuchongwe isicwangcisoqhinga esifanelekileyo sokuqubisana nokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi ngendlela enobuchule nesebenzayo.
Iziphumo zophando ziveze, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba ababandakanyekayo babe nengqiqo ecacileyo yemeko yokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi, izinto, namanyathelo abandakanya ukuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi kwaneempawu nezakhelo zemibutho ethubelezisa iziyobisi. Kwakukwakho ingqiqo ecacileyo yemiba enegalelo kwingxaki yokuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi eMzantsi Afrika, kwaneempembelelo ezingalunganga kubantu, eluntwini, kuqoqosho nakumandla okunyanzelisa umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, uphando lwafumanisa ukuba iindlela zokusebenza ezikhoyo kuphando nakutshutshiso lothubeleziso lweziyobisi kwiSAPS ukufuneka zibe ntanganye nolwazi lobuchwepheshe bezonxulumano ukuze kuliwe isibetho sorhwaphilizo, ngelixa kukwandiswa izicwangcisoqhinga ezikhawulezayo neendlela kulo mba.
Ngokusekelwe kwezi ziphumo, uphando lucebisa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuba intsebenziswano namazwe ngamazwe iqiniswe ukuze kuqutyiswane nemiba yelizwe jikelele yokuthutyelelziswa kweziyobisi. Intsebenziswano eyandileyo nokwabelana ngolwazi phakathi kwamazwe kubalulekile ekujongeni nasekuphazamiseni amakhonkco okuthutyeleziswa kweziyobisi. Kukwacetyeiswa ukuba izicwangcisoqhinga zogcinocwangco olukhokelwa bubuntlola nazo ziqiniswe kwaye ziphunyezwe ukuze zingenelele zize zichithachithe imibutho yolwaphulomthetho olucwangcisiweyo namakhonkco olwabiwo abandakanyeka ekuthubeleziseni iziyobisi.Dihlopha tsa botlokotsebe tse hlophisitsweng di ntse di tswela pele ho sebedisa thepa ya motheo ya mobu, leawtle le moya ya setereke sa mmasepala wa eThekwini ho thusa ho rekisa dithethefatsi ho kena le ho tswa Afrika Borwa. Keketseho ena ya kgwebo ya dithethefatsi le tlhekefetso e amanang le yona ke bothata bo boholo bo amang boleng ba bophelo, bophelo bo botle le menyetla ya thuto bakeng sa batho le setjhaba se kahara Toropo ya Durban le mathoko a yona. Hara tse ding, kgaello ya dipatlisiso tse felletseng le kutlwisiso ya botlokotsebe bo patuweng, mekgwa ya hajwale ya dithethefatsi, ditsela tsa ho rekisa, le mokgwa wa ho rekisa wa barekisi ke dintho tse kenyang letsoho ditlamoraong tse mpe tsa kgwebo ya dithethefatsi le tshebediso e mpe ya dithethefatsi boikitlaetsong ba molao. Maemo a senyehile hoo a batlang a sa laolehe ka lebaka la diqeto tse fosahetseng tse entsweng ke mekgatlo ya mmuso le balaodi ba qobello ya molao.
Phuputso ena e entswe ka sepheo sa ho hlahlobisisa ho beha leihlo ha kgwebisano ya dithethefatsi Afrika Borwa e le ho hlahisa ditataiso tse sebetsang tse tla sebediswa nakong ya ho beha leihlo kgwebisano ya dithethefatsi lebatoweng la eThekwini la KwaZulu-Natal. Mofuputsi o ile a etsa tlhahlobo ya dingodilweng tse amehang naheng ka bophara le matjhabeng e le hore a utlwisise hantle bothata ba ho rekisa dithethefatsi. Mokgwa wa ho haha o ne o tataisa dipatlisiso, o dumella mofuputsi hore a sebedise mokgwa wa ho etsa dipatlisiso tsa boleng ka moralo wa phuputso. Moralo wa phuputso o ile wa dumella mofuputsi ho hlahloba le ho lekola tshebetso ya ho rekisa dithethefatsi ka hara moelelo wa yona o tsepamisitseng maikutlo ho bankakarolo.
Kemiso ya dipuisano le dipotso tse rerilweng esale pele e ile ya hlahiswa, ya lekwa pele e sebediswa dipuisanong tsa motho ka mong le bafuputsi ba sepolesa ba sebetsang Setsing sa Tshebetso ya Dithethefatsi sa Afrika Borwa (SANEB) le makala a Botlokotsebe bo Hlophisitsweng a SAPS a neng a fuputsa dinyewe tsa ho rekisa dithethefatsi sebakeng sa KwaZulu-Natal; hammoho le diofisiri tsa sepolesa tse sebetsang ka hara tikoloho ya moedi wa Kosi Bay, Boema-kepe ba Durban le Boema-fofane ba Matjhaba ba King Shaka.
Nakong ya tlhahlobo ya pele ya dingodilweng, ho ile ha fumaneha hore kgwebo ya dithethefatsi Afrika Borwa e ntse e eketseha ka sekgahla se tshosang ha naha e ntse e fetoha ho tloha ho ba mohlahisi ho ya ho bareki. Ho ile ha hlokomelwa dintlha tse mmalwa e le tse tlatsetsang bothateng ba ho rekisa dithethefatsi, ho kenyelletsa le meedi e se nang ditshepe, bobodu, hammoho le kgaello ya bohlale ba botlokotsebe le matla a ho phethahatsa molao. Leha ho na le mekgatlo ya motheo bakeng sa kgwebo ya ho behwa leihlo ha dithethefatsi, molao wa Afrika Borwa o tobana le diphephetso tse ngata sebakeng sena, ho kenyeletswa diyuniti tsa sepolesa sa dithethefatsi tse hlokang disebediswa tse fokolang, mekgwa e sa sebetseng hantle ya sepolesa, hammoho le kgaello ya ditho tse kwetlisitsweng.
Tlhahisoleseding e bokelletsweng ho tswa ho bankakarolo le dingodilweng di ile tsa manollwa, tsa hlahlojwa le ho arolwa ka mokhoa o hlophisitsweng ka ho bapisa le ho fapanya dintlha tse amanang le maikutlo a ka sehloohong a thehilweng ho dingodilweng. Tlhahisoleseding e ne e sebediswa ho hlahisa moralo wa maikutlo bakeng sa dihlopha tsa ditshokelo tsa ho rekisa dithethefatsi ho latela mekgwa e rerilweng esale pele ho kgetholla leano le loketseng la ho sebetsana le ho rekiswa ha dithethefatsi ka mokgwa o atlehileng ka ho fetisisa le o sebetsang.
. Diphumano tsa phuputso di senola, hara tse ding, hore bankakarolo ba ne ba e na le kutlwisiso e hlakileng ya tshebetso ya ho rekisa dithethefatsi, mesebetsi, le matsapa a amehang kgwebong ya dithethefatsi, hammoho le ditswaneleho le sebopeho sa mekgatlo ya ho rekisa dithethefatsi. Hape ho ne ho e na le kutlwisiso
e hlakileng ya dintlha tse tlatsetsang bothateng ba ho rekisa dithethefatsi Afrika Borwa, hammoho le diphello tse mpe tsa ho rekiswa ha dithethefatsi ho batho ka bomong, setjhabeng, moruong le matla a ho phethahatsa molao. Ho feta moo, phuputso e fumane hore ditlwaelo tsa hajwale diphuputsong le qosong ya ho hweba ka dithethefatsi ho SAPS di lokela ho dula di tseba ka ditheknoloji tsa tlhahisoleseding le dikgokahano bakeng sa ho thibela sewa sa bobodu, ha e ntse e matlafatsa maano le mekgwa ya tshebetso mabapi le sena.
Ho ipapisitswe le diphumano, phuputso e kgothalletsa, hara tse ding, hore tshebedisano-mmoho ya matjhaba e matlafatswe ho sebetsana le dikarolo tsa lefatshe tsa ho rekisa dithethefatsi. Tshebedisano e ntlafetseng le kabo ya tlhahisoleseding hara dinaha di bohlokwa bakeng sa ho beha leihlo le ho sitisa marang-rang a kgwebo. Ho boetse ho kgothaletswa hore maano a sepolesa a etelletsweng pele ke bohlwela le ona a matlafatswe le ho kenngwa tshebetsong molemong wa ho kenella le ho qhaqha dihlopha tsa botlokotsebe tse hlophisitsweng le marang-rang a kabo a amehang kgwebong ya dithethefatsi.Dihlopha tša bosenyi tše di rulagantšwego di tšwela pele go šomiša bošaedi mananeokgoparara a dinamelwa tša fase, tša lewatle, le tša moyeng tša selete sa masepala wa eThekwini go thuša ka tshepedišong ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši go tsena le go tšwa ka Afrika Borwa. Tlhatlogo ye ya tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši le tšhomišobošaedi ye e amanago le yona ke bothata bjo bogolo bjo bo amago gampe boleng bja Bophelo, maphelo, le dibaka tša thuto go batho le go ditšhaba ka gare ga Toropokgolo ya Durban le tikologo. Gareng ga tše dingwe, tlhokego ya dinyakišišo tša kakaretšo le go kwešiša ditiragalo tša bosenyi tše di iphihlilego, ditiragalo tša bjale tša thekišo ya diokobatši, ya ditsela tša tshepedišo ya diokobatši, le mokgwa wa tshepedišo wa barekiši ba diokobatši e tsenya letsogo go seabe sa go se kgahliše sa tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši le tšhomišobošaedi ya diokobatši go Masilo a phethagatšo ya molao. Seemo se se phuhlamile go fihla kgauswi le go se sa kgona go laolega ka lebaka la diphetho tša go fokola tše di tšewago ke ditheo tša mmušo le bolaodi bja phethagatšo ya molao.
Dinyakišišo tše di dirilwe ka maikemišetšo a go sekaseka ka tsinkelo go hlapetša ditiragalo tša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka Afrika Borwa ka nepo ya go tšweletša ditlhahli tša phethagatšo tšeo di ka šomišwago ka nakong ya tlhapetšo ya tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka seleteng sa eThekwini sa Phrobentshe ya KwaZulu-Natal. Monyakišiši o dirile tekodišišo ya dingwalwa tša maleba bobedi ka tša mo nageng le tša boditšhabatšhaba ka nepo ya go kwešiša bokaone bothata bja tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya dikobatši. Mokgwa wa dinyakišišo wa go diriša maikutlo a batho o hlahlile dinyakišišo, wa dumelela monyakišiši go šomiša mokgwa wa dinyakišišo tša boleng wo o nago le mokgwa wa dinyakišišo ka ga seemo. Mokgwa wa dinyakišišo ka ga seemo o dumeletše monyakišiši go lekola le go sekaseka ditiragalo tša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka gare ga seemo sa yona seo se nepišitšego bakgathatema.
Thulaganyo ya dipotsološo ye e nago le dipotšišo tšeo di hlamilwego pelenge hlamilwe, ya lekwa peleng le go šomišwa go dipoledišano tša dipotšišo tša go nyaka mabaka a banyakišišwa ka go botšiša banyakišiši ba maphodisa ka sebele ao a šomago ka go Biro ya Phethagatšo ya Molao go Dinakhothiki ya Afrika Borwa (SANEB) le go diyuniti tša Bosenyi bjo bo Rulagantšwego tša Tirelo ya Maphodisa ya Afrika Borwa (SAPS) bao ba nyakišišitšego melato ya tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka lefelong la ka KwaZulu-Natal; gammogo le bahlankedi ba maphodisa bao ba šomago ka gare ga mellwane ya Kosi Bay, Boemakepe bja Durban le ka Boemafofaneng bja Boditšhabatšhaba bja King Shaka.
Ka tekodišišong ya mathomong ya dingwalwa, go utollotšwe gore tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka Afrika Borwa e oketšega ka lebelo leo le šiišago ge naga e fetogela go tloga go go ba motšweletši wa diokobatši go ba modiriši wa tšona. Mabaka a mmalwa a lemogilwe bjalo ka ao a nago le seabe go bothata bja tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši, go akaretšwa mellwane ye e šwahlelwago ka ntle le molao, bomenetša, gammogo le tlhokego ya bohlodi bja bosenyi le bokgoni bja phethagatšo ya molao. Ka ntle le go ba le makala a motheo ao a šomago a go hlapetša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši, lekala la phethagatšo ya molao la ka Afrika Borwa le kopana le ditlhohlo tše mmalwa ka mo lefelong le, go akaretšwa diyuniti tša go hloka ditlabelo tše di hlapetšago tshepedišo ya diokobatši, mekgwa ye e sa šomego gabotse ya bohlapetši bja maphodisa, gammogo le tlhokego ya maloko a maphodisa ao a hlahlilwego.
Tshedimošo ye e kgobokeditšwego go bakgathatema le go dingwalwa e sekasekilwe, ya lekolwa le go hlaolwa ka merero ka go bapetša le go amanya tshedimošo ya mabapi le maikutlo a dingwalwa tšeo di lekotšwego kudu. Tshedimošo ye e šomišitšwe go tšweletša motheo wa dikgopolo wa mabapi le tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ya mabapi le go hlopha bothata bjo go ya ka dinyakwa tšeo di beilwego go hwetša mokgwa wa maleba wa go rarolla go sepetša diokobatši ka fao go sego molaong ka mokgwa o mokaone le wo o šomago gabotse.
Dikutollo tša dinyakišišo di utolla, ka go le lengwe, gore bakgathatema ba bile le kwešišo ye kaone ya bothata bja tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya dikobatši, ya ditiro, le masolo ao a dirišwago ge go sepedišwa dikobatši ka fao go sego molaong, gammogo le dimelo le dibopego tša digongwana tša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši. Go bile gape le kwešišo ye e kwagalago gabotse ya mabaka ao a nago le seabe go bothata bja tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka Afrika Borwa, gammogo le diabe tše di sa kgahlišego tša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši go batho, go setšhaba, go ekonomi, le go bokgoni bja phethagatšo ya molao. Godimo ga fao, dinyakišišo di utollotše gore ditiro tša bjale ka dinyakišišong le ka go sekišeng ga batho bao ba amegago ka tshepedišong ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši ka go SAPS di swanetše go sepelelana le tshedimošo le ditheknolotši tša kgokagano ka nepo ya go šitiša bothata bja bomenetša, mola gape di oketša mekgwa le maano a boitlhamelo mabapi le se.
Go ya ka dikutollo, dinyakišišo di šišinya, ka go le lengwe, gore tirišano ya boditšhabatšhaba e maatlafatšwe go rarolla ditiragalo tša lefase ka bophara tša tshepedišo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši. Tirišano ye e maatlafaditšwego le go abelana tshedimošo gareng ga dinaga ke dilo tše bohlokwa gore go be le tlhokomedišišo ye e šomago gabotse le tšhitišo ya dinetweke tša tsgheoediušo ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši. Go šišinywa go tšwela pele gore mekgwa ya maphodisa ye e etilwego pele ke bohlodi le yona e maatlafatšwe le go phethagatšwa ka nepo ya go tsena le go pšhatlaganya digongwana tša bosenyi bjo bo rulagantšwego le dinetweke tša phatlalatšo tše di kgathago tema ka tshepedišong ye e sego molaong ya diokobatši.Ph.D. (Criminal Justice (Police Science, Forensic & Technology))Police Practic
Examining the impacts of extreme climatic events on water supply in a changing climate and the socio-economic response, Polokwane, Limpopo Province
No full textThis study investigated the impact of climate change and climate extremes on water supply and socio-economic activities in Polokwane, South Africa. It assessed seasonal variations in rainfall and temperature over time, while exploring contributing external factors, together with socio-economic responses and adaptation strategies. The purpose was to determine how the Municipality can deal with the characterised climate change impacts and to propose effective coping and adaptation measures.
The seasonal rainfall and temperature data for Polokwane from 1991 to 2020 were analysed using data from seven weather stations. Data quality was verified using the Pearson correlation coefficient and double mass curve. Maps based on simulated data from the South African Weather Services (SAWS) revealed a decline in seasonal rainfall and a rise in temperature across the Municipality. The greatest decrease in rainfall occurred from east to west, with the northwest areas (e.g., Ga Pitsi, Ga Semenya, and Polokwane CBD) receiving the least annual rainfall (130–260 mm), while the northeast (e.g., Moria, Mankweng, Ga Mothapo) received the most (515–600 mm). The southwest averaged 280–370 mm annually with a standardised anomaly index (SAI) of −0.94, and the southeast had higher rainfall than the NW and SW (SAI: −1). Rainfall variability was greater on north-facing slopes. Historically, the northwest saw the largest rainfall decline, followed by the northeast, southwest, southeast, and central areas, consistently across all seasons i.e. (December, January, February (DJF); March, April, May (MAM); June, July, August (JJA) and September, October, November (SON).
In addition, the projected rainfall showed a decrease in distribution as compared to the historic in both the projected near future and far future. Summer seasons are projected to receive higher rainfall than other seasons. Maximum annual temperature between the year 1991 to 2020 ranged between 29 and 31 degrees (0C) with seasonal change between DJF, MAM, JJA and SON, where temperature variation in the north and the east were lower than the one in the west and the south were the maximum temperature of 310C were recorded in areas such as Ga-Mamadila, Ga-Mapangula, and Setumong. Historical trend analysis indicated that the Municipality experienced homogenous temperatures in most areas within the study site. The most substantial decrease in maximum temperature was observed in the east, north and central; with the west experiencing the highest respectively in terms of the temperature rise followed by some parts of the south. Between the years 1991 to 2020, the minimum annual temperature ranged between 110C and 180C, with the average minimum temperature ranging between 110C and 130C. An annual minimum temperature was the same within the whole Municipality. During the DJF season, lower temperatures were observed in the north, central, and eastern parts of Polokwane compared to the west and parts of the south. Maximum DJF temperatures reached 30°C in areas like Mankweng and Sebayeng. Although most areas experienced uniform temperatures ranging from 29°C to 32°C, Chloe-Sisal Project station recorded the most significant increase, affecting areas such as Setotolwane, Hwibi, Dibeng, and Ga-Pitsi, while Syferkuil recorded the lowest summer maximums. MAM and JJA showed a different pattern, with the north, central, south, and east recording cooler temperatures (23°C–24°C in MAM and 17°C–18°C in JJA), while the west and parts of the south recorded higher temperatures (25°C–26°C in MAM and 19°C–20°C in JJA). Minimum temperatures were consistent across the municipality during JJA and MAM, but significant variation occurred during SON and DJF, especially in the west (e.g., Ga-Thaba, Mashashane) with higher minimums (16°C SON, 18°C DJF), compared to lower values (14°C SON, 16°C DJF) in the northeast and southeast. Similar patterns were found in annual minimum temperatures from 1991–2020, with maximums ranging from 30°C to 31°C. Projections indicate future warming in central, north, and east areas, while the west and parts of the south are expected to have relatively lower temperatures.
The projected temperature from 2036 to 2100 shows a slight change at the eastern and northern border of the Municipality which is projected to experience extreme temperature ranging between 340C and 360C. The increase in temperature at these points will affect areas such as Mankweng and Sebayeng in the northeast and Setumong and Ga-Mamadila. Such behaviour and trends, which varies across space and time is a cause for concern in the period of study. This period was characterised by increase in anthropogenic activities, such as rural-urban migration of people moving to Polokwane in search of jobs and better living standards. It was observed that there is significant change on the projected maximum and minimum temperatures from 2036 to 2100 as compared to the already experienced temperatures. Moreover, the seasonal variations are also projected to increase as compared to those reported between 1991 and 2020 specifically on maximum temperatures.
A questionnaire, interviews, and focus group discussions were conducted with sampled respondents in Polokwane Local Municipality. Participants reported noticeable seasonal rainfall variations, with summer being the wettest season, and confirmed that historical rainfall patterns varied by area. Historical data also showed that the Municipality experienced both floods and droughts. The South African Weather Services (SAWS) recorded additional extreme events between 1991 and 2020, including heavy winds, severe thunderstorms, veld fires, and hailstorms, which significantly damaged infrastructure and disrupted water supply. These events, along with a rising cost of living, led to serious socio-economic impacts. Respondents noted that increased migration to urban areas in search of better living conditions and jobs added pressure on the Municipality’s budget and strained service delivery, especially water provision. Based on the integration of climatological and socio-economic findings, the study proposes an adaptation framework aimed at enhancing resilience and addressing the projected impacts of climate change on water availability in Polokwane. It recommends raising public awareness and understanding of climate change, while promoting sustainable adaptation and mitigation strategies. These include using soft engineering solutions to adapt to frequent heatwaves, avoiding over-reliance on air conditioning, and rethinking urban development. Suggested interventions involve establishing heat warning systems, public cooling centres, telephone helplines, and designing heat-resilient buildings such as incorporating grass roofs and expanding green spaces. However, large-scale tree planting should consider the impact of specific species on air quality, especially ozone levels in summer. Additionally, regular evaluation of communication infrastructure is necessary to ensure effective emergency response. The framework also highlights that human needs, goods and services, and the means of satisfying them are key drivers of both anthropogenic and natural climatic forces, which in turn influence climate-related events. The framework also provided both natural and anthropogenic forces that put pressure on the required resources such as water for domestic purposes and their consequences thereofPhD. (Environmental Management)Environmental Science
An enquiry into the nexus between transformation and financial sustainability of sporting organisations in South Africa
No full textText in EnglishBeyond its entertainment value, sport plays a vital economic role in South Africa, contributing significantly to GDP. For example, in 2018, sport tourism alone accounted for 6% of national GDP. In this context, transformation has emerged as a critical factor influencing financial sustainability, as sponsorships and other incentives are increasingly linked to transformation goals.
While scholars acknowledge the relationship between transformation and financial performance, their views differ, some see transformation as an outcome of financial sustainability, others as a driver. This paradox shapes the study's core research questions: (1) How has the sport revenue structure evolved over time? (2) What are the key drivers of financial sustainability in the sport industry? and (3) How is transformation associated with financial sustainability?
The study aims to unpack the complex relationship between transformation and financial sustainability in South African sport organisations. A descriptive design within a critical realism paradigm was used. Case studies of the South African Rugby Union and Cricket South Africa were examined in two phases: qualitative data (phase 1) and secondary quantitative data (phase 2). Thematic analysis and ordinary least squares regression were applied respectively.
Three key findings emerged: (1) Revenue structures have shifted from traditional streams, like broadcasting rights, to more diversified sources such as digital media and transformation-driven sponsorships. (2) Financial sustainability is driven by diversified income, good governance, and alignment with transformation goals. (3) The relationship between transformation and financial sustainability is complex but largely positive, organisations that embraced transformation attracted more sponsorship and improved their financial outlook.
The thesis contributes to new knowledge by offering a nuanced understanding of the transformation–sustainability nexus. It presents a strategic framework for aligning transformation objectives with financial goals and introduces two grounded definitions: transformation as a dynamic process of reconfiguring organisational frameworks, and financial sustainability as an adaptive capability to align strategies with internal and external demands. Future research could explore comparative international contexts to identify best practices in implementing transformation policy in sport.D.B.L.Graduate School of Business Leadershi
A career agency intervention model for enhancing employability in industry 4.0
No full textAbstracts and keywords in English, Afrikaans and SothoThe digital era has significantly transformed the nature of work necessitating the need for sustained individual employability. This can be achieved by uncovering the self-regulatory capabilities that will allow employees to meet employer expectations, while understanding the role of that psychological mindsets and sociodemographic characteristics play in meeting such expectations. This research focused on the construction of a career agency intervention model that could be applied in career development practices for purposes of enhancing individuals’ employability prospects in Industry 4.0 and, more particularly, in the South African context. The constructs of relevance to the research are the antecedents – psychosocial career self-regulatory capabilities (operationalised as employability attributes and career adaptability); the mediators – psychological mindsets (operationalised as grit and growth mindset); the moderators – socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, race, employment status, tenure and job level); and the outcomes – employer employability competency expectations.
The target population of this study was South African adults in the employment market. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted on a random sample of (n = 308) South African individuals which yielded participants of a predominant Indian (62.7%) racial origin (Africans = 15.9%; Coloureds = 3.9%; Whites = 16.2%) with a mean age of 39 years (SD = 11.92), reflecting a mid-career transitional life stage. Correlation statistics revealed significant positive associations between the construct variables. The results of the mediation and structural equation modelling analyses revealed that psychological mindsets acted partially as an important mechanism in strengthening the association between psychosocial career self-regulatory capabilities (particularly career agility, cultural ingenuity, and proactive career resilience) and employer employability competency expectations (particularly autonomy/leadership skills and personal employability qualities). The stepwise regression analysis revealed that psychosocial career self-regulatory capabilities (particularly career adaptability, proactive career resilience, career agility and cultural ingenuity), and psychological mindsets (consistency of interest, perseverance of effort and fixed mindset) positively predict employer employability competency expectations. The results further revealed that, of the socio-demographic characteristics, age and job level acted as positive predictors and gender and race acted as negative predictors of employer employability competency expectations. The tests for significant mean differences revealed that individuals who vary in relation to gender, race, employment status and job level differ significantly in respect of their psychosocial career self-regulatory capabilities and employer employability competency expectations.
At a theoretical level, the study extended the understanding of the relationship dynamics among constructs of career agentic employability. At an empirical level, the study delivered an empirically tested career agency intervention model that yielded important new insights for practice. At a practical level, the findings inform interventions on the individual, organisational and national levels for career agentic employability development and support.4IRHierdie navorsing se fokus was op die samestelling van ’n loopbaanselfagentskap-intervensiemodel wat in loopbaanontwikkelingspraktyke toegepas kan word met die doel om individue se indiensneembaarheid-vooruitsigte te bevorder in die Vierde Industriële Revolusie (4IR) en, meer spesifiek, in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Die relevante konstrukte vir die navorsing is die antesedente – psigososiale loopbaan-selfregulerende vermoëns (geoperasionaliseer as indiensneembaarheidskenmerke en loopbaan-aanpasbaarheid); die bemiddelaars – sielkundige ingesteldhede (geoperasionaliseer as ingesteldhede van durf en groei); die moderators – sosiodemografiese eienskappe (ouderdom, geslag, ras, indiensnemingstatus, ampstermyn- en werkvlak); en die uitkomste – werkgewer-indiensneembaarheidbevoegdheidsverwagtings.
’n Kwantitatiewe kruisseksionele peiling is uitgevoer op ’n ewekansige steekproef van (n = 308) Suid-Afrikaanse individue van ’n oorheersende Indiese (62.7%) rasse-oorsprong (swart afrikaners = 15.9%; kleurlinge = 3.9%; witmense = 16.2%) met ’n gemiddelde ouderdom van 39 jaar (SD = 11.92). Korrelasie-statistieke het beduidende positiewe assosiasie tussen die konstruksie-veranderlikes getoon. Die resultate van die bemiddelings- en strukturele vergelykingsmodelleringsontledings het getoon dat sielkundige ingesteldhede gedeeltelik as ’n belangrike meganisme opgetree het om die assosiasie tussen psigososiale loopbaan-selfregulerende vermoëns (veral loopbaan-behendigheid, kulturele vernuf en proaktiewe loopbaan-veerkragtigheid) en werkgewer-indiensneembaarheidbevoegdheidsverwagtings (spesifiek outonome of leierskapsvermoëns en persoonlike indiensneembaarheidskwaliteite). Die stapsgewyse regressieanalise het getoon dat psigososiale loopbaan-selfregulerende vermoëns (spesifiek loopbaan-aanpasbaarheid, proaktiewe loopbaan-veerkragtigheid, loopbaan-behendigheid en kulturele vernuf) en sielkundige ingesteldhede (konsekwentheid van belangstelling, volharding van inspanning en vaste ingesteldheid) werkgewer-indiensneembaarheidbevoegdheidsverwagtings positief voorspel. Die resultate het verder getoon dat, van die sosiodemografiese eienskappe, ouderdom en posvlak opgetree het as positiewe voorspellers en geslag en ras as negatiewe voorspellers van werkgewer-indiensneembaarheidbevoegdheidsverwagtings. Die toetse vir beduidende gemiddelde verskille het getoon dat individue wat verskil wat betref geslag, ras, indiensnemingstatus en posvlak beduidend verskil rakende hulle psigososiale loopbaan-selfregulerende vermoëns en werkgewer-indiensneembaarheidbevoegdheidsverwagtings.
Op ’n teoretiese vlak het die studie die begrip van die verhoudingsdinamiek onder konstrukte van loopbaan-agentindiensneembaarheid uitgebrei. Op ’n empiriese vlak het die studie ’n empiries getoetste loopbaanselfagentskap-intervensiemodel gelewer wat belangrike nuwe insigte vir die praktyk opgelewer het. Op ’n praktiese vlak het die bevindings berus op intervensies op die individuele, organisatoriese en nasionale vlakke vir loopbaan-selfagentsindiensneembaarheidsontwikkeling en -ondersteuning.Patlisiso ena e ne e shebane le mmotlolo wa ho kenella ha kaho ya lefapha la mosebetsi e ka sebediswang mekgweng ya ntshetsopele ya mesebetsi molemong wa ho ntlafatsa menyetla ya batho ya ho fumana mosebetsi ho Indasteri ya 4.0 mme, haholoholo, maemong a Afrika Borwa. Ditsela tsa bohlokwa tsa ho etsa dipatlisiso ka tse fetileng – bokgoni ba ho itlhophisa ka mosebetsi wa kelello le wa setjhaba (bo sebediswa e le ditshobotsi tsa ho kgona ho fumana mosebetsi le ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing); bakena-dipakeng – maikutlo a kelello (ho sebetsa o le sebete le kelello ya kgolo); bakena-dipakeng – ditshobotsi tsa setjhaba (dilemo, bong, morabe, boemo ba mosebetsi, nako ya tshebetso le boemo ba mosebetsi); le diphetho – ditebello tsa mohiri tsa ho kgona ho fumana mosebetsi.
Ho ile ha etswa phuputso e akaretsang ya bongata ho latela mohlala o sa rerwang wa (n = 308) batho ba Afrika Borwa bao boholo ba bona e neng e le Maindia (62.7%) (MaAfrika = 15.9%; Batho ba Mebala = 3.9%; Makgowa = 16.2%) ka karolelano ya dilemo tse 39 (SD = 11.92). Dipalo-palo tsa kgokahanyo di ile tsa bontsha dikamano tse ntle pakeng tsa dintho tse fetohang. Diphetho tsa ditlhahlobo tsa ho kopanya le ho etsa mohlala wa dikgakanyo tsa sebopeho di bontshitse hore maikutlo a kelello a ne a sebetsa ka mokgwa o itseng e le mokgwa wa bohlokwa wa ho matlafatsa kamano dipakeng tsa bokgoni ba ho itlhophisa mosebetsing wa kelello (haholo-holo matjato mosebetsing, bohlale ba setso le mosebetsi o tswileng matsoho) le ditebello tsa mohiri tsa bokgoni ba ho fumana mosebetsi (haholo-holo boitshwaro / boetapele le makgabane a motho a ho fumana mosebetsi). Tlhahlobo ya ho kgutlela morao ka mekgahlelo e bontshitse ha bokgoni ba ho itlhophisa ka mosebetsi wa kelello le wa setjhaba (haholo-holo ho ikamahanya le maemo mosebetsing, ho itshireletsa mosebetsing, ho ba le botsitso mosebetsing le ho ba le bohlale ba setso), maikutlo a kelello (tsamaiso ya dithahasello, ho phehella ha boiteko le maikutlo a tsitsitseng) di bolela esale pele ka katleho ya ditebello tsa mohiri tsa ho kgona ho fumana mosebetsi. Diphetho di ile tsa boela tsa bontsha hore, ka ditshobotsi tsa setjhaba, dilemo le boemo ba mosebetsi di sebetsa e le ponelo-pele e nepahetseng mme bong le morabe di sebetsa e le ditebello tse mpe tsa ditebello tsa mohiri tsa ho kgona ho fumana mosebetsi. Diteko tsa diphapano tse kgolo di bontshitse hore batho ba fapaneng ho ya ka bong, morabe, boemo ba kgiro le boemo ba mosebetsi ba fapana haholo mabapi le bokgoni ba bona ba ho itlhophisa ka mosebetsi wa kelello le wa setjhaba le ditebello tsa mohiri tsa ho kgona ho fumana mosebetsi.
Boemong ba kgopolo-taba, phuputso e ile ya atolosa kutlwisiso ya matla a kamano pakeng tsa kgaho ya ho ba le baemedi tabeng tsa ho fumana mosebetsi. Boemong ba diteko, phuputso e ile ya fana ka mohlala wa ho kenella ha mekgatlo ya mesebetsi e lekilweng ka diteko tse ileng tsa fana ka lesedi le letjha la bohlokwa bakeng sa tshebetso. Boemong bo sebetsang, diphuputso di fana ka lesedi la ho kenella maemong a motho ka mong, a mokgatlo le a naha bakeng sa ntshetsopele le tshehetso ya bokgoni ba ho ba le baemedi tabeng tsa ho fumana mosebetsi le tshehetso.PhD. (Management Studies)Management Studie
The integration of technology in teaching further education and training phase English home language in the post Covid-19 era
No full textAbstract in English, Afrikaans and IsiZuluFollowing the government-mandated COVID-19 lockdowns, educational institutions
world-wide rapidly integrated technology into their pedagogical practices resulting in
fundamental transformations in the educational landscape. This study investigates
how English Home Language educators in grades 10, 11, and 12 integrated
technology into their teaching practices in the post-COVID-19 period. A qualitative
case study methodology framed by the Technology Acceptance Model was
employed to gain in-depth insight into technology integration. The ten educator
participants were selected using purposive sampling. The sample size was kept
small in line with the boundaries of a mini-dissertation. Data was gathered through
qualitative semi-structured interviews and reveals details about the educators’
personal experiences with digital education. The recorded interview data was
transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The study revealed that teachers
view technology integration as a valuable tool for fostering innovative and creative
teaching methods. Technology integration provided access to educational resources,
facilitated immediate feedback and identification of areas needing improvement, and
promoted digital literacy for both teachers and learners. While teachers held a
positive view of digital education, challenges such as a lack of pedagogical
knowledge for effective technology integration, power outages, and limited internet
access were noted. The study recommends the continued use of blended learning
strategies to assess their effects on teaching and learning outcomes in the post-
COVID-19 educational landscape. The research also highlights internet-based
teaching tools to support teachers in effectively integrating technology into their
practices.Na die regering se COVID-19 afsluitings het opvoedkundige instellings wêreldwyd
vinnig tegnologie in hul pedagogiese praktyke geïntegreer, wat gelei het tot
fundamentele transformasies in die onderwyslandskap. Hierdie studie ondersoek
hoe Engels Huistaal opvoeders in graad 10, 11 en 12 tegnologie in hul
onderrigpraktyke geïntegreer het in die post-COVID-19 tydperk. 'n Kwalitatiewe
gevallestudie-metodologie, gegrond op die Tegnologie-aanvaardingmodel, is gebruik
om diepgaande insigte in tegnologie-integrasie te verkry. Die tien opvoeder
deelnemers is deur doelgerigte steekproefneming gekies. Die steekproefgrootte is
klein gehou in ooreenstemming met die grense van 'n mini-dissipline. Data is
versamel deur middel van kwalitatiewe semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude, wat
besonderhede oor die opvoeders se persoonlike ervarings met digitale onderwys
onthul. Die opgeneemde onderhoude is getranskribeer en daarna tematiese analise
toegepas. Die studie het getoon dat onderwysers tegnologie-integrasie as 'n
waardevolle hulpmiddel beskou om innoverende en kreatiewe onderrigmetodes te
bevorder. Tegnologie-integrasie het toegang tot opvoedkundige hulpbronne gebied,
onmiddellike terugvoer en identifikasie van areas wat verbetering benodig,
gefasiliteer, en digitale geletterdheid vir beide onderwysers en leerders bevorder.
Terwyl onderwysers 'n positiewe siening van digitale onderwys gehad het, is
uitdagings soos 'n gebrek aan pedagogiese kennis vir effektiewe tegnologieintegrasie,
kragonderbrekings en beperkte internettoegang opgemerk. Die studie
beveel die voortgesette gebruik van gemengde leerstrategieë aan om hul effek op
onderrig- en leeruitkomste in die post-COVID-19 onderwyslandskap te evalueer. Die
navorsing beklemtoon ook verskeie internet-gebaseerde onderrighulpmiddels om
onderwysers te ondersteun met die effektiewe integrasie van tegnologie in hul
praktyke.Ngemuva kokukhiywa kwe-COVID-19 okuqondiswe nguhulumende, izikhungo
zemfundo emhlabeni jikelele zasheshisa ukuhlanganiswa kwetheknoloji emikhubeni
yazo yokufundisa, okuholele ekuguqukeni okukhulu endaweni yezemfundo.
Lolucwaningo luhlola indlela othisha belimi lekhaya lesingisi emabangeni we10, 11,
kanye ne12 abahlanganise ngayo itheknoloji emikhubeni yabo yokufundisa
ngesikhathi sangemuva kwe-COVID-19. Kusetshenziswe indlela yocwaningo
lwecala eliyikhwalithi, ehlanganiswe yiTechnology Acceptance Model, ukuze
kutholakale ukuqonda okujulile kokuhlanganiswa kwetheknoloji. Abahlanganyeli
abayishumi bakhethwe ngokusebenzisa isampula enenhloso. Usayizi wesampula
ugcinwe umncane ukuze uhambisane nemingcele ye-mini-dissertation.
Imininingwane iqoqwe ngezingxoxo eziqondiswe kancane, futhi yembula
okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kwabafundisi ngemfundo yedijithali.
Imininingwane eqoshiwe ibhalwe phansi yabe isihlaziywa kusetshenziswa
ukuhlaziywa kwetimu. Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi othisha babheka ukuhlanganiswa
kwetheknoloji njengethuluzi elibalulekile lokukhuthaza izindlela zokufundisa ezintsha
nezokudala. Ukuhlanganiswa kwetheknoloji kunikeze ukufinyelela ezinsizeni
zemfundo, kwasiza impendulo esheshayo, futhi kwakhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala
ngedijithali kubo bobabili othisha nabafundi. Ngenkathi othisha benombono omuhle
ngemfundo yedijithali. Ucwaningo luncoma ukusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo
kwamasu okufunda ahlanganisiwe ukuze kuhlolwe imiphumela yokufundisa
neyokufunda endaweni yezemfundo yangemuva kwe-COVID-19. Ucwaningo
luphinde luqokomise amathuluzi okufundisa asekelwe ku-inthanethi ukuze
kusekelwe othisha ekuhlanganiseni ngempumelelo itheknoloji emikhubeni yabo.College of Educatio
Try the spirits whether they are of God : the judgement of unmediated experiences with God in the recent German-speaking Protestant theology
No full textText in German; abstracts in German and EnglishDiese Forschungsarbeit befasst sich mit der Frage, wie sich Phänomene wie Christusvisionen bzw. -auditionen oder mystische Einheitserfahrungen, die als unmittelbare Gotteserfahrungen gedeutet werden können, aus der Perspektive evangelischer Theologie angemessen beurteilen lassen. Während dieser Fragestellung in der römisch-katholischen Theologie unter der Be-zeichnung „Unterscheidung der Geister“ im Laufe der Kirchengeschichte immer wieder nach-gegangen wurde, haben grundlegende Weichenstellungen schon bei Martin Luther dazu ge-führt, das auf den Einzelnen bezogene Wirken Gottes ausschließlich an Wort und Sakrament gebunden zu sehen. Das hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten mit dem neu aufkeimenden Inte-resse an Fragen der Spiritualität teilweise verändert. Daher analysiert diese Forschungsarbeit ausgewählte Veröffentlichungen evangelischer Theologen aus den letzten 30 Jahren und un-tersucht, wie die Möglichkeit unmittelbarer Gotteserfahrungen darin eingeschätzt wird und welche Kriterien zur Beurteilung herangezogen werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse kön-nen Seelsorgerinnen und Seelsorgern helfen in der Begleitung von Menschen, die spirituelle Erfahrungen gemacht haben und diese zu verstehen und einzuordnen versuchen.This research deals with the question of how phenomena such as visions or auditions of Christ or mystical experiences of unity, which can be interpreted as unmediated experiences with God, can be appropriately assessed from the perspective of Protestant theology. While this question has been repeatedly explored in Roman Catholic theology under the term “discern-ment of spirits” in the course of church history, fundamental decisions as early as Martin Lu-ther led to the view that God's work in relation to the individual is exclusively bound to word and sacrament. This has changed to some extent in recent decades with the newly burgeoning interest in questions of spirituality. This research therefore analyzes selected publications by Protestant theologians from the last 30 years and examines how the possibility of direct expe-riences with God is assessed in them and which criteria are used for evaluation. The insights gained can help pastoral counselors in accompanying people who have had spiritual experi-ences and are trying to understand and classify them.M. Th. (Christian Spirituality)Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiolog
Retention strategy for a changing workforce at a public service department
No full textPublic organisations have acknowledged that retention management plays a critical role in driving strategic success. Matching and integrating people management strategies with organisational approaches is essential for achieving both strategic success and operational efficiency, making retention management crucial. Strategy for managing retention is created to implement organisational and HR strategies. The main objective of the research was to review the current retention management strategy for Department of Correctional Services (DCS) in order to retain or further develop scare skilled employees to enhance the organisations' effectiveness.
Qualitative methods were used in conducting the research. Semi-structured interviews were used as the method of data collection, where ten individuals from one management area, in DCS, Gauteng region were chosen for interviews. Thematic analysis approach facilitated the analysis of data. The research investigated and demonstrated important aspects necessary for implementing retention management. Core dimensions of retention management comprise of compensation and benefits, strong leadership, work-life balance, opportunities for advancement, training and development, and working conditions.
The investigation detailed important factors DCS should keep in mind for successful deployment of organised retention management strategy. The suggested framework offers recommendations to enhance retention management strategies at DCS. The main objective of retention management strategy is to attract and retain scare skilled employees as revealed by the key findings. The study results show a connection between retention management strategy and organisational performance.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen
Standing stones of the southern Levant in context
No full textAbstracts in English and AfrikaansStanding stones occur all over the world during all time periods, including the present. This study investigates standing stones occurring in the southern Levantine within its milieu in the ancient Near East and in the world. The purpose is to understand these stones in terms of identification and meaning and to determine to what extent they accord with standing stones elsewhere, including within the context of the Hebrew Bible. A qualitative, multi-disciplinary research approach including archaeology, anthropology and ethnography is employed to study terminology, identification, interpretation and ongoing significance. The research encompasses the larger phenomenon, while focusing on the southern Levant. The similarities between southern Levantine standing stones, including those mentioned in the biblical text, and other standing stones provide meta-data about the phenomenon and the analogies in worldview between the southern Levant, the ancient Near East and regions vastly removed from these areas. Southern Levantine standing stones are thus a microcosm of the macrocosmic, archetypal phenomenon.Staande klippe kom oor die hele wêreld voor gedurende alle tydperke, insluitend die huidige era. Hierdie studie ondersoek staande klippe wat in die suidelike Levant binne sy milieu in die ou Nabye Ooste en in die wêreld voorkom. Die doel is om hierdie klippe te verstaan in terme van identifikasie en betekenis en om om vas te stel in welke mate hulle ooreenstem met staande klippe elders, insluitend binne die konteks van die Hebreeuse Bybel. 'n Kwalitatiewe, multidissiplinêre navorsingsbenadering, insluitend argeologie, antropologie en etnografie, word gevolg om terminologie, identifikasie, interpretasie en voortdurende belang te bestudeer. Die navorsing sluit die groter verskynsel in, terwyl dit op die suidelike Levant fokus. Die ooreenkomste tussen suidelike Levantynse staande klippe, insluitend dié wat in die Bybelteks genoem word, en ander staande klippe verskaf metadata oor die verskynsel en die ooreenstemming in wêreldbeskouing tussen die suidelike Levant, die antieke Nabye Ooste en streke wat grootliks van hierdie gebiede verwyder is. Suidelike Levantynse staande klippe is dus 'n mikrokosmos van die makrokosmiese, argetipiese verskynsel.M.A. (Biblical Archaeology)Biblical and Ancient Studie
Nexus between strategic alliance and performance in the airline industry : a case of African airlines
No full textThe creation of a strategic alliance helps airlines reach markets that were previously
outside the airline's marketing reach. Moreover, the strategic alliance enables airlines to
collaborate, reducing operational costs and increasing customer satisfaction. Although
there are many benefits attributed to the establishment of strategic alliances in the airline
industry, a debate still persists over the overall benefit of being a member of an alliance,
given the membership costs incurred by the member airlines. The empirical literature
shows opposing results regarding airline performance and strategic alliance membership.
This study builds on earlier research investigating the effect of global airline alliances on
the performance of African airlines.
This study helps African airlines make better decisions regarding the improvement of their
airline’s performance. Performance in this study encompasses financial performance,
efficiency measured in terms of load factor, and growth measured in terms of fleet size.
A quantitative research methodology was employed, utilising a fixed effects model of
panel data analysis. The researcher collected data (2002–2023) from four African airlines
that are members of strategic alliances. The fixed effects model employed a dummy
variable for airline membership, which assumed a value of one if the airline was a member
each year and zero if it was not.
The results show a strong and positive relationship between airline alliance membership
and performance. Therefore, if African airlines are to improve their performance, they
should consider joining a strategic alliance. This has a significant implication, especially
for airline managers in Africa. If they want to improve their airline, they need to become
members of a global airline alliance.M. Com. (Management Studies)Business Managemen
The Role of Financial Literacy on the Performance of Small, Medium and Micro Enterprises in Gauteng Province, South Africa
No full textInvestigating the impact of financial literacy on the operations of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) in Gauteng, South Africa, was the main goal of this study. The study was inspired by hypothetical results that financial literacy plays a critical role in the sustainability and growth of SMMEs. As primary drivers of economic growth and job creation, SMMEs face unique financial challenges that necessitate a sound understanding of financial principles. This abstract investigates the relationship between financial literacy and the performance of SMMEs, highlighting how financial knowledge can influence strategic decision-making, risk management and overall business resilience.
Studies have shown that financial literacy enables SMME owners and managers to better comprehend financial statements, manage cash flow, access funding and implement effective pricing strategies. Moreover, financially literate entrepreneurs are better equipped to evaluate investment opportunities, navigate tax obligations and comply with regulatory requirements. Consequently, financial literacy is linked to improved profitability, growth and competitiveness among SMMEs.
However, researchers indicate that many SMME owners lack essential financial knowledge, which can result in poor financial decisions, limited access to capital and ultimately, business failure. This abstract underscores the need for targeted financial literacy programs to address these gaps. By enhancing financial skills, SMMEs can better manage resources, reduce dependency on external financial advisors and improve their chances of long-term success. As a result, promoting financial literacy benefits not just specific companies but also the stability and expansion of the overall economy.
The study examined the effect of financial literacy on the performance of SMMEs in Gauteng using quantitative methods and a descriptive research methodology. Concentrating on Gauteng, where 786,027 SMMEs were registered at the time, the study focused on a sample of 200 SMMEs, with a pilot test involving 10 businesses. Sample size of 200 is chosen for this survey because is generally considered sufficient for many statistical analysis, like Pearson Correlation Analysis. Data was collected via a structured questionnaire; 210 questionnaires were distributed, with 194 completed and returned resulting in a 92% response rate. For data analysis, the study employed descriptive and inferential statistical methods using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS). Frequency analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson's correlation test and Tukey's studentised range test were among the analytical methods.
The study’s results show that financial literacy plays a vital role in the success of SMMEs, particularly by fostering job creation and reducing poverty. SMMEs in sectors like mining, agriculture, manufacturing, construction and farming are especially impactful. The research concludes that financial literacy is essential for Gauteng's SMMEs to support economic growth. It suggests that the government should boost development programs for these SMMEs, invest in comprehensive financial education and provide hands-on training. Further recommendations include increased funding and a stronger regulatory framework for the SMME sector. While the current study centres on locally-owned SMMEs in Gauteng, future research might investigate the role of financial literacy in the performance of SMMEs throughout South Africa.M. Com. (Business Management)Business Managemen