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uMuthimkhulu We Mpilo
No full textPublic sculptureThe Phylogenetic Tree of Life sculpture titled uMthimkhulu We Mpilo is a dynamic public art that explores the evolution of life and the interconnectedness of life organisms. This artwork is a visual representation of the evolving relationship among species and offers an artistic interpretation of a phylogenetic version. The sculpture offers an interpretation of the tree of life, designed to entice viewers to consider the relationship between biodiversity and sustainability reflecting on models of the natural world.
The sculptural project was a response to the call to create works that critically engage with sustainability: reduce, reuse and recycle. It is part of a larger UNISA Art Walk project located at the University of South Africa (UNISA) Florida Campus. The sculpture contributes to the project's objectives of incorporating artistry among iconic institutional buildings to create a lively place with sustainable public art pieces. The UNISA Florida Campus's Calabash Building, NB Pityana Building, and GJ Gerwel Building form the main sculpture precinct designated for the Art Walk. Many departments, mostly allocated to science, engineering, technology, agriculture, and environmental sciences, are housed in these buildings. The inclusion of the uMthimkhulu We Mpilo to this campus advances research and strengthens science and art related research initiatives. The sculpture stands prominently and can be viewed by people who frequent the Art Walk area. It promotes social cohesion and collaboration among students, staff, and artists beyond adorning the campus.
The problem of the current ecological crises in the world forms a foundation of the artwork. Planning and development of the project responded to how materials can be reshaped and repurposed to provide 3-dimensional forms to explore the interrelationships of all life. As artists, we challenged the viewer's understanding of evolution and merged the relationships between different species in stylised depictions of biological forms. Invertebrates, vertebrates, sponges, and fungus are some examples of them. Each of these grouping points to interdependence of life by adding to the imagined ecological fabric of our world. Among the simplest multicellular animals are sponges, which belong to the phylum Porifera. By allowing water to pass through their porous bodies and collect nutrients, these species operate as filter feeders. The absence of specialised tissues and organs sets sponges apart from more intricate species making their ecological value to be immense as they are essential for the cycling of nutrients and water filtration, which keeps the ecosystem healthy, and they offer a home and refuge for a variety of marine animals. This selection and focus on the simple life form in this sculpture becomes metaphoric for the larger project, adding conceptual depth to the idea of recycling.
The top section of the sculpture references vertebrates, which include fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals, all animals that have back bones.
The creative research methodology is grounded in the conceptual and scholarly framework of sustainable development goals and biodiversity (SDGs). Institutions of higher learning play a pivotal role in this relationship by providing education and research that foster an understanding of biodiversity's importance in achieving these goals. By promoting interdisciplinary research, this artwork prompts students to reflect on global challenges related to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation. As higher education institutions can act as catalysts for community engagement and policy advocacy, the artwork adds to initiatives that align with the SDGs. Our sculptural contribution alludes to the several sculptors whose creations highlight the fragility and beauty of ecosystems. For example, artists such as Andy Goldsworthy’s site-specific pieces that honour the environment.
In contrast to Goldsworthy, we used creative techniques including metalwork cutting, welding, wood carving, engraving and stacking to bring the sculpture to life. These techniques speak to the various patterns of building in relation to industry.
The process entailed detailed research, multiple maquettes, creating stencils, and developing final forms as independent units that could be assembled on site. The sculpture was created with the idea that continued rusting will ultimately integrate materials and colours. This way the work will constantly evolve and not remain static.Art and MusicUnis
Critical Factors Contributing to Budget Overruns in Ghana's Telecommunication Industry Construction Projects
No full textThis study sought to examine the occurrence of, and the most critical factors that cause, budget overruns in Ghana’s telecommunications industry construction projects by applying an exploratory sequential mixed method approach. A multiple case study approach was initially adopted to ensure a greater understanding of the differences and similarities between four cases drawn from companies engaged in the construction of network expansion projects. This was followed by a survey of 230 practitioners responsible for managing construction projects within the industry. The software programs, Atlas ti, SPSS, and AMOS version 25.0, were used in the data analysis. An exploratory factor analysis and a structural equation modelling were performed to test and validate the hypothetical model developed to illustrate the most critical factors that cause budget overruns. The findings resulted in the final model dubbed ‘Budget Overrun Flowerpot’, provides practitioners with better understanding of the most critical causal factors that need to be managed appropriately to improve project efficiency and budget performance.Colleges of Economic and Management Science
The contribution of Peri-Urban livestock production on food security of farmers in the township of Botleng, Delmas, South Africa
No full textThis study aimed to explore the food security status of peri-urban livestock farmers in
the township of Botleng, Delmas, South Africa, and determine whether livestock
production has contributed to food security of the households of the farmers in the
area through assessing the food access of the households. The specific objectives
were to determine: (i) the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of farmers
in the township of Botleng, Delmas, South Africa, (ii) the food security status of farmers
in the area, (iii) the contribution of peri-urban livestock farming on food accessibility of
farmers in the area, and (iv) other contributions acquired through livestock production
in the study area. The primary data was collected from households in the area; 108
farmers were randomly selected and interviewed. A cross sectional questionnaire was
administered to the farmers. Demographic and socio-economic information was
collected to understand livestock farmers in the area. The standard HFIAS
questionnaire was used to determine their food security status. Thereafter, questions
was administered to determine the contribution of livestock farming to their food
security status. The last questions were used to determine how livestock production
helps in other ways than food security. Descriptive and simple data analysis was
performed and the results showed that the area only had black farmers, majority of
which were elderly males. It was found that 86.1% was food secure and that 99.1%
showed that livestock production contributed financially to the household.
Furthermore, 99.07% indicated that the money they receive from sales was used to
buy food, amongst other things. This showed that livestock production contributed to
food security in the households of the farmers. The study recommends that livestock
production be encouraged in more households, that farmers receive more training to
capitalise on its potential, and that livestock production be encouraged more amongst
women and youth, as the majority of practicing livestock owners were found to be
retired, elderly males.M. Sc. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
Female unemployment, mobile money innovations and doing business by females
No full textAbstract
The purpose of this study is to complement extant literature by examining how mobile money innovations can moderate the unfavorable incidence of female unemployment on female doing of business in 44 countries from sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2004 to 2018. The empirical evidence is based on interactive quantile regressions. The employed doing business constraints are the procedures a woman has to go through to start a business and the time for women to set up a business, while the engaged mobile money innovations are: (i) registered mobile money agents (registered mobile money agents per 1000 km2 and registered mobile money agents per 100,000 adults) and (ii) active mobile money agents (active mobile money agents per 1000 km2 and active mobile money agents per 100,000 adults). The hypothesis that mobile money innovation moderates the unfavorable incidence of female unemployment on business constraints is overwhelmingly invalid. The invalidity of the tested hypothesis is clarified, and the policy implications are discussed
The Bartimaeus Pericope: a paradigm for Christian spirituality
No full textThis thesis examines the Bartimaeus pericope through its transitional status in Mark’s narrative. Mark provides a triptych structure for his gospel, namely 1:1-8:21; 8:22-10:52; 11:1-16:8. His first section concentrates on establishing Jesus for who he is as the Father’s emissary, anointed (1:10-11; 9:7) to inaugurate the arriving of the kingdom of God (1:14-15). The prime focus appears to be on Jesus’ healing miracles, exorcisms and teachings in a personal rhetoric towards freeing his followers to participate in that arriving. Bartimaeus encapsulates the first section’s emerging theology and titular Christology in his personal Jesus-encounter. Mark achieves this through a linguistic competence, which includes visualized details (facilitating a reader’s participation in the text), verbs in the historic present tense (providing an immediacy for Mark’s rhetoric), and a matrix of deliberately linked (“καί”, “and”) lived experiences, so that Bartimaeus pivotally transcends theology and Christology into a spirituality for rescue.
Mark allocates his second section, 8:22-10:52, to Jesus’ teaching on discipleship. It opens with the miracle of the gradual healing of a blind man from Bethsaida (not a follower of Jesus). His slow healing could have been the paradigm of all of Jesus’ followers, including the Twelve, and Mark’s readers. Mark’s evidence, however, projects these pre-taught disciples never to arrive at full sight. In fact, their progression culminates in total failure. Only Bartimaeus is the paradigm. Blind, and without being taught (pre-10:46), he sees. Mark thus concludes this central section in a pivotal rescue of discipleship, through (i) Bartimaeus’ exemplary faith, personalized into a lived experience of pursuing the divine in Jesus. (“God’s mercy” constitutes the “divine” in Jesus for Bartimaeus), and (ii) Bartimaeus inaugurating Mark’s new discipleship for his readers3.
Bartimaeus as paradigm resonates in Mark’s third section, the Jerusalem experience. This is explained in terms of Mark providing Bartimaeus as the pivotal transition, not only for Mark’s narrative (in terms of a hinge passage), but also within Mark’s narrative (in terms of a spirituality for rescue). Components of that spirituality pivot through Bartimaeus’ Jesus-encounter and are based on the seven semantic networks in the discourse analysis for the pericope’s inner texture. These are ideated into seven metaphorical bridges for a rhetoric towards transition from failure to rescue.
Robbins’ five “textures” in his socio-historical analysis, are applied to 10:46-52. These provide evidence for the pivotal role of Bartimaeus in Mark’s embedded discipleship rescue-package. The application of Iser (1978), Waaijman (2002) and Van Der Merwe (2000-2022), (et al), further validate the metaphorical bridges as components for a Christian spirituality of rescue. The “bridges” as “components” thereby constitute the “paradigm” for this thesis.D. Th. (Christian Spirituality in the New Testament)Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiolog
The three pillars regulating international sales contracts on the African continent
No full textJurisprudenc
A critical analysis of the patents Act 57 of 1978 and the reflection on the right of access to medicines : when the right is ‘right’
No full textSouth Africa has a membership of the United Nations, World Trade Organisation, African Union and South African Development Community.
Both United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognise the protection and promotion of the right to health. The Declaration requires member states to formulate intellectual property laws and policies to protect public health. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations contains plan of action to be implemented by countries such as South Africa. Goal 3 provides for the enjoyment of good health by all. It reinforces the importance of access to medicines. South Africa being one of the developing countries is faced with an unending challenge of access to cheap and affordable medicines. This is exacerbated by pharmaceutical companies using strategic patenting such as filing patents being drugs with minor alterations with intention to block potential competitors from being granted patents of the same drugs. On the same breath the pharmaceutical companies prolong their monopoly for years.
Patents Act 57 of 1978, referred to hereafter as “Patents Act”, regulates patents locally. The point of departure is the exorbitant cost of cancer medicines for the majority of patients in the public and private sectors. This led to the formation of the Fix the Patent Laws, a coalition of non-governmental and non-profit organisations advocating for the reform of the Patents Act. The proposed reform is based on the following identified gaps:
a) Examination of patents applications to ensure patentability criteria,
b) Allow for patent oppositions,
c) Prevent evergreening and
d) Adopt a procedure for granting compulsory licences.
To address these challenges South Africa must tighten the Patents Act to comply with the World Trade Organisation Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement. If the Patents Act is amended, it will offer remedy for anti-competitive behaviour to the Competition Commission of South Africa and the Companies and Intellectual Property Registration Office.LLM (Intellectual Property Law)Mercantile La
Effect of net shading and season on plant growth, productivity and quality of bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.)
No full textBush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) is a South African native plant that grows naturally in different parts of South Africa that are characterized by different climatic conditions. The effects of agricultural practices on plant growth, yield and chemical composition of bush tea have been studied on pots experiment under controlled environment. However, the effect of shade net and season on field grown bush tea and its quality have not yet investigated. Hence, its quality is determined by the accumulation, partitioning and distribution of secondary metabolites which are affected by major abiotic and biotic factors which include environmental conditions, UV light, temperature, water availability, type and composition of soil. Currently, there is no recommended best production method and season for bush tea crop in Southern Africa that maximizes plant growth, yield, accumulation, partitioning and distribution of secondary metabolites. Therefore, this thesis evaluated the effect of the application of shade nets and season on plant growth, development and quality of bush tea. Net shade application reduced bush tea plant growth and yield when compared to plants exposed to direct sunlight during the summer season. Hydroxycinnamic acid recorded higher in 80% white shade net plots than the plants exposed to direct sunlight.
The study also evaluated the effect of UV-induced geometrical isomerization of hydroxyl-cinnamic acid-containing molecules of bush tea using ultra high-performance liquid chromatogram quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS). The study highlighted that light impacted the chemistry of plants which results in the formation of newly formed metabolites which are not naturally part of the plant. Secondary metabolites which have been responded to photo isomerization were discovered to be structurally related by the formation of a very tight molecular family using when molecular networking algorithm. This study also investigated the metabolite diversification of bush tea through glucaric acid conjugation by cinnamic acid derivatives using UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The findings revealed that hydroxyl-cinnamic acids (HCAs) derivatives undergo photo-isomerization during post ultra-violet (UV) light exposure, evidenced by the emergence of photo-isomers. The study indicated the ability of conducive environment to promote plant growth, development, yield as well as enhancing quality of bush tea.
Future prospects will include investigation of the effect of different colours of ultraviolet light on bush tea extracts and response of molecular network of bush tea exposed to different types of shade nets using UHPLC-QTOF-MS.D. Phil. (Agriculture)Agriculture and Animal Healt
Exploring investigative challenges of fraud cases by the general detectives in the Eastern Cape province
Get PDFThis study reports on the exploration of investigative challenges of fraud cases by the General Detectives in the Eastern Cape Province. The researcher used a qualitative descriptive phenomenological research design to address the research objective of the study, as the qualitative method enables the researcher to explore and describe the study phenomenon.
Data were collected from eight SAPS General Detectives who are dealing with fraud cases in Commercial Crime Unit, East London in the Eastern Cape Province. Data were analysed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method of data analysis.
The following five superordinate themes emerged from data analysis: a) Fraud detection methods, b) Leading sources of fraud, c) Impact of fraud, d) Consequences of fraud and e) Investigative challenges of fraud detection). These themes were discussed in relation to existing literature. Recommendations were made based on the findings to provide strategies that could be utilized to detect fraud and for future research.M.A. (Criminal Justice, Police Practice)Police Practic
Assessing the impact of regional trade agreements on export flows : a study of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) RTAs
Get PDFAbstracts and keywords in English, Sotho and ZuluStudies explaining international the impacts of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on trade flows in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are sparse. The available research indicates that inter-regional trade in SSA is limited because the countries in the region appear to have similar patterns of trade. The available literature is based largely on data that is at least 5 years old and although the impact of overlapping membership has recently been incorporated in the literature, there is need for more attention on the impact of overlapping membership of RTAs on trade amongst these countries, especially considering the ambiguity in the findings. This study adopts the gravity model to investigate the impact of RTAs in SSA on the exports of the RTA member countries. Using trade data of 42 SSA countries, this study applies panel data-estimation techniques, to explain the impact of RTAs on exports within the major RTAs in SSA. The study finds that membership to COMESA, EAC and ECOWAS blocs enhances the RTA exports. However, although membership to SADC enhances intra-regional exports, the relative contribution is less than that of the ECOWAS, COMESA and the EAC. This might be due to the dominance of South Africa within SADC, not only in regional trade, but also in other economic aspects such as manufacturing, transport and warehousing. In terms of the impact of overlapping membership, the overlap between EAC and COMESA enhances exports of the countries in the overlap, such as Kenya, Rwanda and Uganda than the overlap between SADC and COMESA. Tanzania has dual membership of SADC and EAC and is the only country to benefit because of this dual membership. Furthermore, the findings reveal that China has a favorable and considerable impact on exports of all SSA countries in the three RTAs.Dithutopatlisiso tse di tlhalosang ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa ditumelano tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong (di-RTA) mo kelelong ya dithomeloteng le dithomelontle mo Dikgaolong tsa Aforika tse di mo Borwa jwa Sahara (SSA) di mmalwanyana fela. Tlhotlhomiso e e setseng e le teng e kaya gore kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong mo SSA e nnyane gonne dinaga tse di mo kgaolong di bonala di na le mekgwatiriso e e tshwanang ya kgwebisano. Dikwalo tse di leng teng di theilwe segolo thata mo deitheng ya sebaka sa bonnye dingwaga di le 5 mme le fa ditlamorago tsa gore naga e e rileng ke leloko la ditumelano di le mmalwa tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong di sa tswa go akarediwa mo dikwalweng, go na le tlhokego ya go tsepamisa thata mo ditlamoragong tsa gore naga e e rileng e nne leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa mo kgwebisanong ya fa gare ga dinaga tseno, segolo bogolo re akanyetsa bokaopedi jo bo tlhagelelang mo diphitlhelelong. Thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa sekao sa ponelopele ya seemo sa ikonomi ya dinaga tse di gwebisanang go ya ka selekano sa kgwebisano ya tsone go batlisisa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo SSA mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a RTA. Ka go dirisa deitha ya kgwebisano ya dinaga di le 34 tsa SSA, thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa mekgwatiriso ya go fopholetsa deitha e e kgobokantsweng ka go baya leitlho mo sampoleng e le nosi mo nakong e e rileng, go tlhalosa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo dithomelong-ntle tse di diregang mo di-RTA tse dikgolo mo SSA. Thutopatlisiso e fitlhelela gore dinaga tse di dirisanang mmogo tsa COMESA, EAC le ECOWAS di na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa kgaolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go nna leloko la SADC go oketsa dithomelontle tsa mo gare ga kgaolo, seabe sa papiso se ka fa tlase ga sa ECOWAS, COMESA le EAC. Seno e ka tswa e le ka ntlha ya maatla le tlhotlheletso ya Aforikaborwa mo SADC, e seng fela mo kgwebisanong ya mo kgaolong, mme gape mo dikarolwaneng tse dingwe tsa ikonomi tse di jaaka tlhagisokuno mo madirelong, dipalangwa le polokelo ya dikuno. Go nna leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga EAC le COMESA go na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa, tse di jaaka Kenya, Rwanda le Uganda go feta sa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga SADC le COMESA. Ke Tanzania fela e e nang le botokololo-pedi jwa SADC le EAC mme naga e ikungwela mosola ka ntlha ya botokololo-ithutopatlisiso tse di tlhalosang ditlamorago tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa ditumelano tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong (di-RTA) mo kelelong ya dithomeloteng le dithomelontle mo Dikgaolong tsa Aforika tse di mo Borwa jwa Sahara (SSA) di mmalwanyana fela. Tlhotlhomiso e e setseng e le teng e kaya gore kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong mo SSA e nnyane gonne dinaga tse di mo kgaolong di bonala di na le mekgwatiriso e e tshwanang ya kgwebisano. Dikwalo tse di leng teng di theilwe segolo thata mo deitheng ya sebaka sa bonnye dingwaga di le 5 mme le fa ditlamorago tsa gore naga e e rileng ke leloko la ditumelano di le mmalwa tsa kgwebisano ya mo kgaolong di sa tswa go akarediwa mo dikwalweng, go na le tlhokego ya go tsepamisa thata mo ditlamoragong tsa gore naga e e rileng e nne leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa mo kgwebisanong ya fa gare ga dinaga tseno, segolo bogolo re akanyetsa bokaopedi jo bo tlhagelelang mo diphitlhelelong. Thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa sekao sa ponelopele ya seemo sa ikonomi ya dinaga tse di gwebisanang go ya ka selekano sa kgwebisano ya tsone go batlisisa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo SSA mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a RTA. Ka go dirisa deitha ya kgwebisano ya dinaga di le 34 tsa SSA, thutopatlisiso eno e dirisa mekgwatiriso ya go fopholetsa deitha e e kgobokantsweng ka go baya leitlho mo sampoleng e le nosi mo nakong e e rileng, go tlhalosa ditlamorago tsa di-RTA mo dithomelong-ntle tse di diregang mo di-RTA tse dikgolo mo SSA. Thutopatlisiso e fitlhelela gore dinaga tse di dirisanang mmogo tsa COMESA, EAC le ECOWAS di na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa kgaolo. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go nna leloko la SADC go oketsa dithomelontle tsa mo gare ga kgaolo, seabe sa papiso se ka fa tlase ga sa ECOWAS, COMESA le EAC. Seno e ka tswa e le ka ntlha ya maatla le tlhotlheletso ya Aforikaborwa mo SADC, e seng fela mo kgwebisanong ya mo kgaolong, mme gape mo dikarolwaneng tse dingwe tsa ikonomi tse di jaaka tlhagisokuno mo madirelong, dipalangwa le polokelo ya dikuno. Go nna leloko la di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga EAC le COMESA go na le seabe se segolo mo dithomelong-ntle tsa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa, tse di jaaka Kenya, Rwanda le Uganda go feta sa dinaga tse e leng maloko a di-RTA di le mmalwa fa gare ga SADC le COMESA. Ke Tanzania fela e e nang le botokololo-pedi jwa SADC le EAC mme naga e ikungwela mosola ka ntlha ya botokololo-Ucwaningo oluchaza amazwe ngamazwe umthelela wezivumelwano zohwebo zesifunda (ama-RTA) ekuhwebeni kweningizimu Sahara ye-Africa (SSA) luncane. Ucwaningo olutholakalayo lubonisa ukuthi ukuhwebelana phakathi kwezifunda ku-SSA kunqunyelwe ngoba amazwe akulesi sifunda abonakala enamaphethini afanayo okuhweba. Izincwadi ezitholakalayo zisekelwe kakhulu emininingwaneni okungenani eneminyaka emi-5 ubudala futhi nakuba umthelela wobulungu wokusebenzisana usanda kufakwa ezincwadini, kunesidingo sokunakwa okwengeziwe emtheleleni wokubambisana kobulungu be-RTA kwezohwebo phakathi kwalawa mazwe, ikakhulukazi uma kubhekwa ukungaqondakali kokutholakele. Lolu cwaningo lwamukela isifanekiso sokubikezela ukuze kuphenywe umthelela wama-RTA ku-SSA ekuthengisweni ngaphandle kwamazwe angamalungu e-RTA. Kusetshenziswa imininingwane yokuhweba yamazwe angama-34 e-SSA, lolu cwaningo lusebenzisa amasu wesampula yabahlanganyeli wokulinganisa imininingwane, ukuchaza umthelela wama-RTA ekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwama-RTA amakhulu ku-SSA. Ucwaningo luthola ukuthi amaqembu anentshisekelo efanayo i-COMESA, EAC kanye ne-ECOWAS aneqhaza elikhulu ekuthunyelweni kwempahla kwamanye amazwe esifunda. Nokho, nakuba ubulungu be-SADC buthuthukisa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngaphakathi kwesifunda, umnikelo ohlobene ungaphansi kwalowo we-ECOWAS, COMESA kanye ne-EAC. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokubusa kweNingizimu Afrika ngaphakathi kwe-SADC, hhayi kuphela ekuhwebeni kwesifunda, kodwa nakwezinye izici zomnotho ezifana nokukhiqiza, ezokuthutha kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-EAC ne-COMESA kunomthelela omkhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe emazweni asebenzisanayo, afana ne-Kenya, i-Rwanda ne-Uganda kunokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-SADC ne-COMESA. ITanzania kuphela enobulungu obukabili be-SADC ne-EAC futhi izwe liyazuza ngenxa yalobu bulungu obukabili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okutholakele kuveza ukuthi i-China inomthelela omuhle futhi omkhulu ekuthengisweni kwamanye amazwe kwawo wonke amazwe e-SSA kuma-RTA amane.M. Com. (Economics)Economic