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Exploring the significance of parental involvement during COVID-19 pandemic in selected primary schools in Mamelodi East, Gauteng province
No full textThis study explored the significance of parental involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic in selected primary schools in Mamelodi East, Gauteng Province. The educational development of children was adversely affected by the hard lockdowns and stringent restrictions that were associated with the outbreak of the pandemic. The role that parents had to play in the education of their children needed to evolve to meet especially the demands brought by rotational learning and virtual learning. It is for this reason that this educational research study aimed to explore the significance of parental involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic. To realise this aim, the study was rooted on three established theories that have been at the forefront of advocacy for the involvement of parents in the education of their children. These were namely, the ecological systems theory (Harkonen 2007:3), Coleman’s socio capital theory (Bhandari & Yasunobu 2009:488), as well as Epstein’s theory of overlapping spheres (Epstein 1995: 702).
This study followed a qualitative approach. The researcher explored the attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of the participants concerning the significance of parental involvement during the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns without limiting the scope of the research and the nature of participants’ responses. The findings of this entire research have shown that parental involvement is crucial not only during times of crises like the COVID-19 pandemic but also during periods of normal schooling.
Findings of this study showed that participants’ understanding and belief about what parental involvement entails during a pandemic such as the COVID-19 had a bearing on the level of support that especially the parents provided to their children during the period of rotational attendance. The findings ascertained that all the participants spoke in unison of the significance of parental involvement during COVID-19 which disrupted normal schooling. Views of this study’s participants agreed with that revealed in past scholarly studies in that, proper involvement leads to better learner achievement. The study found that absenteeism was rampant during the period of staggered attendance because often, changes in the timetable where not communicated timeously with the parents leading to confusion and frustration. Moreover, the participants of this study felt strongly about the adoption of modern technological approaches to improve the relationship between the school and the home.
Following these findings, the researcher recommend that schools should make their expectations of what they require from parents in supporting their children clear, and ensure that prior to enrolling learners in their institutions, parents agree and commit that they will meet
v
those expectations. In addition to that, schools’ ought to develop a policy that is specifically meant to cater for parental involvement during normal schooling and have a section that speaks to the strategies that schools can employ to ensure involvement during future disruptive pandemics. There is a need for continuous development of teachers who are already in the system with regards to what they can do to improve teacher-parent relations which could result in improved parental engagement and better learner achievement. The researcher further suggests that there be an urgent development of a common technological communication system that public schools in South Africa use to reach out to parents and that the government avails funding to ensure that even parents and schools from previously disadvantaged backgrounds have access to it. Lastly, Schools need to re-evaluate the effectiveness of large-scale parents’ meetings in discussing learners’ progress as opposed to regular personalised one on one sessions in which individual learners’ needs are discussed to improve teacher-parent relations which will be vital during future disruptive pandemics.M. Ed. (Educational Management)Educational Leadership and Managemen
Search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson decaying to tau leptons at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector
No full textAbstract
A search for dark matter produced in association with a Higgs boson in final states with two hadronically decaying τ-leptons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis uses 139 fb−1 of proton-proton collision data at
s
= 13 TeV collected by the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018. No evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model is found. The results are interpreted in terms of a 2HDM+a model featuring two scalar Higgs doublets and a pseudoscalar singlet field. Exclusion limits on the parameters of the model in selected benchmark scenarios are derived at 95% confidence level. Model-independent limits are also set on the visible cross-section for processes beyond the Standard Model producing missing transverse momentum in association with a Higgs boson decaying into τ-leptons
The relationship between integrated reporting assurance and investment decision-making
Get PDFIntegrated reporting has received much recognition in the last decade, with many
companies, mandated or not, having adopted it and made it the current frontier in
corporate reporting. Integrated reporting has become of value for investment decision making. Consequently, the need for integrated reports (IRs) to be deemed credible and
reliable has also increased which has intensified the importance placed on the assurance
of IRs. The study aimed to investigate the relationship between integrated reporting
assurance and investment decision-making. Thus, the relationship between the
independent variable and dependent variable was investigated. The study used a sample
of 100 companies that have a public listing on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)
over a three-year period (2018, 2019 and 2020) to collect the secondary data used to
measure the variables. The reason for choosing JSE listed companies and this period
was motivated by the fact that JSE-listed companies had been publishing integrated
reports since 2010 as well as the expectation that the companies are likely to have
adopted the practice of assuring their IRs because they have the resources. A purposive
non-probability sampling technique was applied in this study to choose a manageable
sample intended to achieve a fair distribution of companies in the various industries.
Using a multiple regression approach to analyse the data, the findings of this study
displayed an increase in companies assuring their integrated reports and confirm a
positive relationship between integrated reporting assurance and investment decision-making.M. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)College of Accounting Science
The complex transformation of the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA)
Get PDF1994 saw the fall of the apartheid regime in South Africa, which was replaced by a
‘new’ democratic society. With the fall of the apartheid regime came the need to transform
and (re)construct a South African identity and the psychology profession in the country.
However, the Africanisation of psychology is fought for on political grounds of injustice and
irrelevance rather than grounds of conceptual and practical transformation. Often arguments
for Africanisation seek to distance and exclude psychology from indigenous theory and
practice, and vice versa, creating theories and methodologies that are immune to each other.
The Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA) was established in January 1994,
preceding democracy by four months. PsySSA is the amalgamation of several disparate
psychological societies that existed up to that point. The mandate of PsySSA was to replace
the previously racially split societies with an equal and democratic society. As part of this
mandate, internal transformation was required while encouraging external transformation.
Simultaneously, PsySSA has to represent South African psychology and psychologists,
nationally, continentally and internationally. 27 years since the establishment of PsySSA, 18
past presidents of the society were interviewed to gain a deeper understanding of their
construction of PsySSA’s identity and transformation. Foucauldian discourse analysis was
used to analyse the data. PsySSA’s transformation and identity were constructed in
metaphorical terms and as becoming and as endorsed. The findings of this study indicate that
PsySSA is an organisation transforming while being an agent of transformation for
psychology in South Africa. Despite PsySSA having contributed productively to psychology
in the country and having gained international recognition, PsySSA has no clear end-goal of
transformation, making it challenging to assess its progress in this regard. A primary fault
line in PsySSA is the continuity of the organisation in the face of discontinuity and vice
versa. This fault line, often constructed utilising racialised and historical discourses, threatens
the very existence of PsySSA, but is also the articulation point that fuels and directs its
transformation. It is recommended that future studies consider the views of PsySSA’s members regarding transformation in relation to the society.Ph. D. (Consulting Psychology)Psycholog
Strategies to implement mobile health interventions for diabetes management in Ethiopia
Get PDFRapid mobile device penetration allows developing countries like Ethiopia to integrate Mobile Health (mHealth) technologies to improve healthcare delivery and diabetes management effectiveness. The high diabetes prevalence and the required quality of management necessitate enhanced interventions like mHealth. This study intended to investigate opportunities for the development of mHealth for diabetes management and design strategies for its implementation in Ethiopia.
The research was conducted in selected health centres in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A sequential exploratory mixed design was used to investigate mHealth opportunities and acceptance by healthcare professionals. An integrative literature review was conducted following the PRISMA-P protocol, and the findings were used to develop a second-phase quantitative data collection instrument. Multi-stage and purposive sampling techniques were used to select healthcare professionals and senior experts. Data were collected from articles, healthcare professionals, and experts using a data extraction form, questionnaire, and modified Delphi technique. A thematic analysis was used for qualitative data, and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and AMOS software were used for quantitative data analysis. mHealth strategies were developed, revised, and validated using modified Delphi techniques.
The mHealth interventions domains were patient education, patient communication, and support for Diabetes Self-management (DSM), maintaining personal health records, screening, and using a clinical decision support system treatment/therapy plan. Most healthcare professionals (HCPs) accepted the identified mHealth domains and opportunities as practical, easy to use or less complex. The structural equation model analysis demonstrated that the perceived usefulness and ease of use or complexity of mHealth were predictors for the intention to use mHealth by HCPs for diabetes management. On the other hand, the attitude towards mHealth opportunities and capacity building in mHealth affected the intention to use by HCPs for diabetes management. Strategies were developed to highlight the opportunities for using mHealth for diabetes management and to address possible challenges that may hinder effective implementation.
The study concluded that there are opportunities for using mHealth in managing chronic conditions such as diabetes in Ethiopia. Successful implementation of mobile technologies requires a positive attitude and acceptance by HCPs to enhance the quality of diabetes management in primary health care settings.Ph. D. (Health Studies)Health Studie
Evaluation of the implementation of Life Skills curriculum in selected Windhoek high schools
No full textStakeholders in the education sector are aware of how important it is to provide learners with high-quality education. Life Skills Education (LSE) has gained popularity as a method for getting learners ready for successful adulthood. Schools around the world are dealing with issues that are hurting learners, particularly those in high school. High rates of school crimes, including bullying, substance misuse, teen pregnancy, and in some cases gun abuse, pose a threat to both industrialised and developing nations. However, it has been recognised that a better method to address these issues is to raise educational standards by introducing LSE as a preventative strategy. Namibia has also joined the global trend and has been implementing Life Skills (LS) as a standalone subject since the attainment of independence.
The evaluation of the implementation of the LS curriculum in Windhoek state high schools was the purpose of this qualitative study. The study evaluated the implementation of Life Skills curriculum exploring the reasons why learners continue to exhibit anti-social behaviour. The focus was establishing the effectiveness of Life Skills curriculum implementation. The major aim was to establish why there is a dearth of successful results from LS implementation. The factors that affect implementation were included in the evaluation. The study also addressed the issues of persistent learner deviance behaviour after being exposed to Life Skills Education. Furthermore, the study had objectives to achieve which included evaluating the implementation strategies and assessment of intervention methods. The interactive approach model to Life Skills implementation was developed. The study was guided by Bandura’s Social Learning Theory which asserts that learning happens in a social setting. The principles of the theory were infused in the model developed.
The study employed a qualitative case study. The schools from which participants were drawn were chosen using a stratified sampling technique. Initially, the schools were divided into two homogenous strata which were affluent suburbs and high-density locations. Three schools were chosen by simple random, picking from each stratum. Since they are the ones that apply the curriculum under investigation, LS teachers were chosen in order to answer the research questions. As heads of schools, principals were included in the sample. Learners in grade 11 were specifically chosen due to their background in the subject. Purposive sampling was used to choose every participant. Six principals, six LS teachers and forty-eighty learners in grade 11 made up the study's sample. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were the main data collection methods used. Using the thematic analysis approach, transcribed data were thematically categorised. The established themes were tabulated followed by discussions and interpretations.
The research findings indicated that the LS curriculum was being implemented reluctantly. It was found that the LS curriculum implementation was given little attention in the selected schools. The six schools had only one female LS teacher each. Evaluated against the Social Learning Theory, the study concluded that the environment both at home and school has an impact on the implementation of the LS curriculum. The schools are not being provided with enough LS teachers. All schools visited had only one female LS teacher. No male teachers were present in the LS department. The boy child has no male figure in the LS curriculum in the schools studied. All these factors were found to be compromising the implementation of the LS curriculum. However, the research concluded that the inclusion of the society as a support structure providing indigenous knowledge in the implementation increases the chances of achieving positive results.
The study recommends that the status of the subject be elevated. One way of doing this is making LS a promotional subject. There is a need to secure resources and improve infrastructure for the subject. The study further recommends that the relationship between training colleges and schools be improved. It is recommended that male teachers be encouraged to join LS training. Future studies may also evaluate the involvement of responsible authorities in curriculum implementation.D. Phil. (Education (Curriculum Studies))Curriculum and Instructional Studie
Body morphotype and 3-d scanned e-tape anthropometric measures for men in Gauteng
No full textAdvances in the clothing sector began from the 1980s when a three dimensional (3-D) full-body scanner was developed to obtain anthropometric body measurement data accurately, quickly and non-intrusively. However, sizing systems currently in use in South Africa are outdated and still based on traditionally extracted anthropometric measurements of the ‘ideal’ body type. In this study the aim is to classify the dominant male body morphotype and develop anthropometric size charts for men residing in Gauteng, South Africa, based on 3-D anthropometric body scan measurements.
The research study used secondary data (Tabo, 2020) e-tape anthropometric dataset of 270 men residing in Pretoria and Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa, aged 18 to 56 years. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and K-Means Cluster Analysis were used to identify the key body dimensions and to classify the dominant men’s body morphotype emerging from prevalent cluster categories. Furthermore, a combination of PCA and Regression Analysis was used to identify the key control e-tape measurements for the development of an anthropometric size chart.
The PCA and K-Means Cluster Analysis identified the rectangle (n=123, 45.5%) as being the dominant body morphotype from a sample of 270 men. Thereafter, the inches (inch) and centimetres (cm) based anthropometric size chart for the upper and lower body, aligned with a South African commercial men’s tailoring mannequin manufacturer, was established as chest size of 37 inch to 41 inch for upper body, and waist size of 30 inch to waist size 36 inch for the lower body.
For the upper body, the men’s tailoring mannequin shoulder to shoulder width of 47 cm was 11 cm larger than the shoulder- to- shoulder width of 36 cm for the men of a Rectangle morphotype. For the lower body, the men’s tailoring mannequin thigh girth of 60 cm was 10 cm larger than the thigh girth of 50 cm for the men of a Rectangle morphotype, and the out-seam 110 cm was 13 cm longer than the out-seam 97 cm for men of a Rectangle morphotype.
The findings of the study, therefore, suggest that menswear clothing manufacturers in South Africa need to revise size charts to reflect the current body morphotype anthropometric measurements.M.A. (Consumer Science)Life and Consumer Science
Understanding support services provided to students throughout work-integrated learning placement process : case study of selected universities in South Africa
No full textHigher education institutions (HEIs) in South Africa are under pressure from the government, business, and communities to address the country's overall skills gap, while also expecting to ensure that their students are prepared to satisfy the standards and requirements of the business world. Furthermore, HEI are expected to offer student support, prepare students with theory and fuse it with Work-integrated Learning (WIL) placement experience, so that students joining the workplace organisations are prepared to tackle the essential skills.
The purpose of this research study was to investigate students’ lived experience of student support services provided at the HEIs throughout their WIL placement process. Furthermore, this study aimed at ascertaining and comprehending various aspects that led to the study's overall conclusion: what student support services are expected from HEI prior to, during, and post student WIL placement process. Student readiness without student support proved to be challenging. The researcher sought to establish from various participants, what support services are expected by the students, what support services are provided by the HEI, and what student support services are required to make the WIL placement process successful. This study explored the type of student support necessary, challenges and constraints experienced by students throughout WIL placement process.
Based on the nature of this study, a qualitative approach was guided by a case study research design. Thirty-six (36) participants were selected by means of convenience, purposive and snowballing sampling techniques. Multi-data collection techniques consisting of semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews and an open-ended questionnaire were used as the research instruments to collect qualitative data. A thematic analysis was used in the analysis processes of this study to give meaning to the data.
Various themes emerged from the data which ought to be reviewed by HEIs to streamline student support throughout WIL. The findings revealed that HEIs did not adequately support students with necessary skills required for WIL placement related to the workplace environment, causing student placement to disconnect. Other themes emerged whereby students were denied placement readiness, while others indicated that timeframe for WIL placement was restricted. Availability of current and valid resources was raised as a huge concern. Furthermore, Institutional relevance to industry needs, avoiding skill mismatch of what the employer value and what the HEI are willing to assess should be addressed.
This study proposed a Six-Phase Student Support Model for understanding the anticipated contribution and collaboration from various stakeholders to student support throughout the WIL placement process. The recommendations from this study could have a direct impact on a number of organisations, including the Sector Education and Training Authority (SETA), the Government, HEIs, world of work, and students as participants in the WIL process in South Africa. The recommended Six-Phase Student Support Model for the WIL placement process exemplifies collaborative processes and teamwork while clearly defining the respective roles and responsibilities at each stage. This study provided evidence of participants' expectations for student support throughout WIL placement, the services the HEIs provide for student support, and the types of student support required to ensure the success of the WIL placement process.D. Phil. (Education Management)Educational Leadership and Managemen
Effects of depriving low-income employees housing scheme grants at Alfred Nzo District Municipality
No full textThis study investigated the effets of depriving low-income employees of housing scheme grants at Alfred Nzo District Municipality, where low-income employees are excluded from housing scheme grants by current development policies. Since these employees are not eligible for housing scheme grants, they struggle to build or buy houses. Depriving such employees of the benefit of housing scheme grants has caused them to become indebted, which in turn has made owning a house an ongoing struggle. Consequently, this deprivation has resulted in such workers experiencing a financial gap in their lives. The gap is not easy to close – workers find it impossible to bridge the gap, even by the time they retire from their positions.
The study used a qualitative research method and data were collected through face-to-face interviews. All COVID-19 regulations were observed. The study revealed that low-income employees are affected by being denied housing scheme grant benefits. It showed that low-income employees at Alfred Nzo District Municipality are indebted and therefore struggle to buy or build their own houses. It was also revealed that the policies that are followed when issuing housing scheme grants prevent low-income employees from benefiting from government subsidy housing (GSH).
The findings suggest alternative ways that can be explored to accommodate the low-income employees by means of housing scheme grants and bridging the financial gap in their earnings, thus lessening the risk of exposing them to debt and poverty. Policymakers need to amend existing policies on housing scheme grants in order to assist low-income employees who work in rural and remote areas.Olu phando luphonononga ifuthe lokuvinjwa kwezibonelelo zezindlu zabasebenzi abarhola kancinci kumasipala wesithili saseAlfred Nzo. Abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi abaqukwa ekuxhamleni izibonelelo zenkqubo yezindlu ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo yophuhliso. Ngenxa yokuvinjwa isibonelelo sesibonelelo sezindlu, abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi bayasokola ukwakha okanye ukuthenga izindlu. Ukuhluthwa kwabasebenzi abanjalo kwisibonelelo senkxaso yezindlu kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni babesematyaleni. Ukuba netyala kwabo kwenza ukuba nendlu kube ngumzabalazo oqhubekayo. Ngenxa yoko, oku kuvinjwa kubangele ukuba abasebenzi abanjalo bafumane umsantsa wemali ebomini babo. Isikhewu akengelula ukusivala, kwaye ngenxa yoko, naxa sele besidla umhlala-phantsi, abasebenzi baye bakufumanisa kunzima ukusivala.
Uphando lusebenzise indlela yophando olusemgangathweni kwaye idatha yaqokelelwa ngodliwano-ndlebe lobuso ngobuso. Yonke imimiselo ye-COVID-19 yaqwalaselwa. Uphononongo ludize ukuba abasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi bayachatshazelwa kukuvinjwa izibonelelo zesibonelelo sezindlu. Olu phando lubonise ukuba abasebenzi abarhola kancinci kumasipala wesithili saseAlfred Nzo basematyaleni kungoko, besokola ukuthenga okanye ukuzakhela izindlu. Ngaphaya koko, kukwadizwe ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo elandelwayo xa kukhutshwa izibonelelo zenkqubo yezindlu ithintela abasebenzi abarhola imivuzo ephantsi ekubeni baxhamle kwizindlu zeNkqubo yoKwakha noPhuhliso (RDP) kunye nenkxaso yezindlu.
Iziphumo zicebisa ezinye iindlela ezinokuphononongwa ukuze kuhlaliswe abasebenzi abafumana imivuzo ephantsi ngezibonelelo zenkqubo yezindlu kunye nangaphezulu; Ukuvala umsantsa kwezemali kwimivuzo yabo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa umngcipheko wokubachanaba ematyaleni nakwintlupheko. Abaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka babekhona kweli nyathelo, ngokulungisa imigaqo-nkqubo ekhoyo malunga nezibonelelo zenkqubo yezindlu, ukuze kuncedwe abo basebenzi banemivuzo ephantsi abasebenza emaphandleni nakwiindawo ezikude.Ngudo iyi yo sengulusa mveledzwa dza u sa nea vhashumi vha holaho miholo ya fhasi mphomali dza dzinndu ngei kha Masipala wa Tshitiriki tsha Alfred Nzo, hune vhashumi vha holaho miholo ya fhasi vha si katelwe kha mphomali dza tshikimu tsha dzinndu nga mbekanyamaitele dza zwino dza mveledziso. Saizwi vhashumi avha vha songo tea u wana mphomali dza tshikimu tsha dzinndu, vha a kondelwa u fhata kana u renga nndu. U sa fha vhashumi mbuelo ya mphomali ya tshikimu tsha dzinndu zwi sia vhe na zwikolodo, zwine zwa fhedza zwo ita uri u koloda nndu zwi vhe vhukondi vhu sa gumi. Masiandaitwa a u sa fhiwa mphomali o bveledza uri vhashumi avho vha vhe na tshikhala tsha zwa masheleni kha matshilo avho. Tshikhala itshi u tshi vala a zwo ngo leluwa – saizwi vhashumi vha tshi wana zwi sa konadzei u tshi vala, na nga murahu ha u notha kha vhuimo havho.
Ngudo yo shumisa ngona ya thodisiso ya khwanthithethivi na data yo kuvhanganyiwa nga kha inthaviwu vhathu vho livhana zwifhatuwo. Ndaulo dzothe dza COVID-19 dzo tevhedzwa. Ngudo dzo bvisela khagala uri vhashumi vha miholo ya fhasi vha a kwamea nga u hanelwa mbuelo dza mphomali ya tshikimu tsha dzinndu. Zwi sumbedza uri vhashumi vha miholo ya fhasi ngei kha Masipala wa Tshitiriki tsha Alfred Nzo vha na zwikolodo nahone vha khou kondelwa u renga kana u fhata nndu dzavho vhone vhane. Zwo dovha zwa bviselwa khagala uri mbekanyamaitele yo tevhedzwaho kha u nekedza mphomaili dza tshikimu tsha dzinndu dzi thivhela vhashumi vha miholo ya fhasi u vhuelwa nga kha mutikedzelo wa nndu wa muvhuso (GSH).
Mawanwa a sumbedza dzinwe ndila dzine dza nga sedziwa u itela u katela vhashumi vha holaho miholo ya fhasi nga kha mphomali dza tshikimu tsha dzinndu na u fhungudza tshikhala tsha zwa masheleni kha mbuelo yavho, zwenezwo hu u fhungudza khohakhombo ya u nga didzhenisa kha zwikolodo na vhushai.
Vhaiti vha mbekanyamaitele vha tea u khwinisa mbekanyamaitele dzi re hone dza mphomali ya tshikimu tsha dzinndu u itela u thusa vhashumi vha miholo ya fhasi vha shumaho kha vhupo ha mahayani na ha kule.M.A. (Development Studies)Development Studie
Searches for exclusive Higgs and Z boson decays into a vector quarkonium state and a photon using 139 fb - 1 of ATLAS s = 13 TeV proton–proton collision data
No full textAbstract
Searches for the exclusive decays of Higgs and Z bosons into a vector quarkonium state and a photon are performed in the
μ
+
μ
-
γ
final state with a proton–proton collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb
-
1
collected at
s
=
13
TeV with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. The observed data are compatible with the expected backgrounds. The 95% confidence-level upper limits on the branching fractions of the Higgs boson decays into
J
/
ψ
γ
,
ψ
(
2
S
)
γ
, and
Υ
(
1
S
,
2
S
,
3
S
)
γ
are found to be
2.0
×
10
-
4
,
10.5
×
10
-
4
, and
(
2.5
,
4.2
,
3.4
)
×
10
-
4
, respectively, assuming Standard Model production of the Higgs boson. The corresponding 95% CL upper limits on the branching fractions of the Z boson decays are
1.2
×
10
-
6
,
2.4
×
10
-
6
, and
(
1.1
,
1.3
,
2.4
)
×
10
-
6
. An observed 95% CL interval of
(
-
133
,
175
)
is obtained for the
κ
c
/
κ
γ
ratio of Higgs boson coupling modifiers, and a 95% CL interval of
(
-
37
,
40
)
is obtained for
κ
b
/
κ
γ