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Dual Band Antenna Covering Millimeter Wave and Sub-6 GHz Bands for 5G Mobile Applications
Get PDFThe proposed dual-band antenna covering millimeter wave and sub-6 GHz bands is a necktie round shape patch design connected with a meandered radiating patch element at the top front with an H slot shape and a fractional or truncated ground plane at the back to enhance the antenna’s functionality and performance. The antenna is designed using CST microwave studio on a substrate Rogers 3003 with a dimension of 27.8 mm, 14mm, and thickness of 1.52 mm with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and a loss tangent of 0.0009 respectively. The proposed antenna has an ultra-wide bandwidth of 19.65 GHz covering almost all the milli meter wave bands of 23 GHz, 28 GHz, and 38 GHz (from 22.65 – 42.30 GHz) while the sub-6 GHz band has a bandwidth of 962 MHz (3.02 – 3.99 GHz) respectively. The return loss of the antenna is -31.33 dB and -49.72 dB at 3.5 GHz and 28 GHz respectively. However, this antenna is compact and combines two different frequency bands, the large frequency ratio between the millimeter wave band to the sub-6 GHz band is 8
Food for Thought: Young People and Youth Workers’ Perceptions of Food Insecurity and the Youth Work Response
No full textWhile there is significant research on the impact of food insecurity, there is less so through the lens of young people and the youth work response. Therefore, this research presents findings from a small-scale United Kingdom-based study asking what are young people’s and youth workers perceptions of food insecurity and the youth work response. Focus group research methodology was adopted. The research recognised that food insecurity is part of a wider issue of poverty and inequality, and we explored how this is perceived by young people and youth workers at the Personal, Cultural, and Structural levels whilst also situating issues of food insecurity in the global context. Themes of togetherness, relationship, otherness, disempowerment, and learning were identified as key components in the youth work response to food insecurity. A number of recommendations are made, including the importance of highlighting the power of youth work in responding to young people experiencing food insecurity. The youth work approach has application to all professions working to challenge issues of food insecurity and social injustice
Managing Critical Systems is Often a Challenging Risk
No full textCritical ventilations systems (i.e., those serving areas that cannot function safely without said ventilation systems; for a full list see HTM 03-01a, para 4.31 ) in healthcare premises, when designed, installed, and maintained correctly, help control the spread of airborne pathogens through the dilution and removal of contaminated air. Not all systems comply with current standards, and even some of those may not meet their design specifications – going unnoticed until their annual verification. For Estates teams, managing risks associated with legacy equipment is a significant, and complex challenge. Assessing the condition of Air Handling Units (AHU) regularly is important from a maintenance perspective, but it’s also crucial for effective lifecycle management because early warnings can help avoid costly and sometimes catastrophic failure of the equipment, which in turn poses risk service interruption, infection control issues and other safety considerations.
NHS Estates’ teams are often competing with other capital requests and often clinical needs trump infrastructure, but is this because of a lack of understanding at a strategic level? And what happens when infection rates in operating theatres soar and Infection, Prevention and Control (IPC) teams investigate the root cause? From an Estates’ perspective, ensuring that AHUs have been maintained to the correct standard is vital, then. The plant should be performing to criteria laid out in HTM 03-01, but this is might not always be the case – particularly with respect to plant installed prior to the most recent guidance. There should be an annual verification and performance testing conducted which is compared to the validation figures obtained at the time of installation and commissioning. The values measured must achieve a minimum of 80% of the original air-change rate (HTM 03-01b, para 4.16). The HTM makes the point that systems nearing end of life may reduce in performance: “it is to be expected that over the lifetime (typically 20 years) of a ventilation system its performance will gradually reduce...” (pg. 24, part B). However, HTM is clear that equipment that is not performing to the required criteria should not be used. In this instance, what options must Estates’ teams consider?
In this article, we will discuss the pitfalls facing Estates teams, focusing on critical ventilation air plant, and suggest strategies for managing capital budget expectations, IPC risks and operational and compliance considerations
Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Millimeter Wave and Sub-6 GHz Bands with High Frequency Ratio for 5G Application
No full textConsidering the ever-increasing and high demands in wireless communication applications for 4G, L TE, and 5G, a proposed antenna design has been put forth that incorporates dual-band millimeter wave technology with the sub-6 GHz band. This design has been expertly created to cater to the growing needs of the telecommunications industry and aims to effectively meet the requirements of modern-day 5G applications. The integration of dual-band millimeter wave technology with the sub-6 GHz band offers a seamless user experience and improved network reliability. The round-shaped antenna boasts four inverted-cone slots located at the center of the circle and is connected to a radiating patch element at the top front. This element features a square slot shape and is complemented by a partial ground plane to optimize its functionality and performance. The antenna is designed on a Rogers 3003 substrate, 2.2 dielectric constant with dimensions of35 mm x 25 mm x 1.52 mm, and a loss tangent of 0.0009 using a CST microwave Studio. This antenna boasts an impressively wider bandwidth of 8.293 GHz, spanning from 27.009 to 35.302 GHz. Additionally, a bandwidth of 1.54 MHz (between 2.23 GHz and 3.77 GHz) was observed at the sub-6GHz band. Notably, the antenna also exhibits impressive return loss values of -36.46 dB and -30.44 dB at the sub 6GHz band (3.5 GHz) and millimeter wave band (28 GHz), respectively. This antenna, despite its small and compact size, can combine two discrete frequency bands, namely the millimeter wave band and the sub-6 GHz band. Notably, the frequency ratio between the two aforementioned bands stands at 8, which is a remarkably large ratio
Software-defined networking in cyber-physical systems: Benefits, challenges, and opportunities
No full textSoftware-defined networking (SDN) is revolutionizing cyber-physical systems (CPSs) by merging the flexibility of software with physical network infrastructures. This advancement offers centralized control, dynamic adaptability, and enhanced security. SDN's separation of the control and data planes allows for real-time network management, adapting swiftly to the demands of CPS environments. The programmability of SDN also facilitates efficient resource use and network performance optimization, while also bolstering security through centralized threat management and access control. The integration of SDN into CPSs supports resilient and scalable systems that can adjust to changing conditions, ensuring continuous operation and efficiency. However, challenges arise in meeting the real-time communication needs of CPSs, which require low latency and high throughput. Overcoming these obstacles is crucial for the successful application of SDN in CPSs, focusing on network reliability and system compatibility. This chapter serves as a guide for network professionals and CPS designers, detailing the benefits, challenges, and opportunities of SDN within CPSs. It primarily underscores the importance of dynamic network management in enhancing system resilience and efficiency, while also addressing the imperative of maintaining high-performance communication in real-time CPS operations
The revival of evidential relevance: Overcoming myths and misconceptions
No full textThis article explores the definition and operation of "relevance", as a foundational concept within the law of criminal evidence. The review is particularly timely given the Law Commission’s latest consultation paper (No.259) which centres an "enhanced relevance" test in its proposal on sexual behaviour evidence. Given the centrality of relevance to criminal evidence and to the Law Commission proposals, it is increasingly important to know what we mean by, and how we apply, relevance currently. This article draws upon interviews with 20 criminal barristers with experience practising in Crown Courts across England and Wales. Interviews showed the existence of a relevance "myth": that evidential relevance is relatively well-settled and straightforward, posing few problems in practice. The interview data give cause to challenge this perceived simplicity, demonstrating inconsistencies in the understanding and application of relevance tests, and raising concerns about its future operation. These findings are, therefore, of importance to the Law Commission which is seeking to employ, and build upon, what is erroneously perceived as a settled concept
Lateral Thinking-Classified Perspectives for the Adoption of Artificial Intelligence: Guidance Notes for Engineering Managers
No full textIncorporating artificial intelligence (AI) into engi- neering practice is becoming increasingly prominent, driven by the demand for more efficient and reliable solutions to engineer- ing challenges. Despite numerous frameworks and methodologies that showcase how AI techniques can enhance engineering workflows, there is still a notable absence of simple and generic decision-making paradigms that comprehensively facilitate the adoption of AI in engineering settings. Lateral thinking, a widely used problem-solving approach rooted in reasoning, has been extensively employed in management spheres. This paper introduces a new approach by drawing inferences from generic perspectives on the pros and cons of AI adoption, broadly classified under the six lateral thinking hats to assist engineering managers in navigating AI adoption decisions. The recommended actions inferred from these perspectives are then posited as guidance notes for engineering managers to leverage the benefits and mitigate the risks of AI adoption
Youth Work Funding Review: Phase 2
No full textIntroduction/Background
1.1 In 2018 the Interim Youth Work Board was tasked with developing recommendations aimed at achieving a sustainable delivery model for youth work in Wales. These recommendations have provided the impetus for this research. The Interim Youth Work Board’s fourth (of fourteen) recommendation was to undertake an independent review into the sufficiency, transparency, accountability, and effectiveness of funding and expenditure of youth work services across Wales to assess the effective delivery of youth work activities and the impact on young people (Annex A). This report presents phase two of the Youth Work Funding Review in Wales commissioned by the Welsh Government in response to that recommendation. 1.2 The overall aim of this research is to review youth work funding across Wales within the voluntary and the maintained parts of the youth work sector to support the development of a sustainable funding model for youth work in Wales.
Research Aim
The overall aim of this research is to review youth work funding across Wales within the voluntary and the maintained parts of the youth work sector to support the development of a sustainable funding model for youth work in Wales
Impact of cod skin peptide-ι-carrageenan conjugates prepared via the Maillard reaction on the physical and oxidative stability of Antarctic krill oil emulsions
Get PDFThis research aimed to construct an emulsifier by the Maillard reaction at various times using cod fish skin collagen peptide (CSCP) and ι-carrageenan (ι-car) to stabilize an Antarctic krill oil (AKO) emulsion. This emulsion was then investigated for physicochemical stability, oxidative stability, and gastrointestinal digestibility. The emulsion stability index and emulsifying activity index of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) were increased by 36.32 % and 66.30 %, respectively, at the appropriate graft degree (25.58 %) compared with the mixture of ι-car and CSCP. In vitro digestibility suggested the higher release of free fatty acids (FFAs) of 10d-MRPs-AKO-emulsion, and the highest bioavailability of AST in 10d-MRPs-AKO was found to be 28.48 %. The findings of this study showed the potential of MRPs to improve peptide function, serve as delivery vehicles for bioactive chemicals, and possibly serve as a valuable emulsifier to be used in the food industry
A review of experimental and numerical methodologies for impact testing of composite materials
No full textThis review provides an overview of experimental impact testing and numerical impact simulations for composite materials in terms of a complementary combination of both techniques. It discusses the significance of impact testing, describes experimental methods, such as drop-weight testing, pendulum testing, and ballistic testing, and explains numerical alternatives including finite element analysis. Relevant standards for impact testing are outlined, and a comparison of experimental and numerical research findings is presented. It highlights that numerical simulations are cost-effective and efficient for initial composite material development and prototype stages of structures, but may be less accurate compared to experimental approaches. Experimental testing is recognised for providing more accurate results, although it can be time-consuming and costly. The importance of a combined approach is emphasised to demonstrate that numerical simulations complement experimental testing and vice versa to obtain a comprehensive understanding of composite material behaviour under impact. This integrated approach can ensure safer and more efficient use of composite materials in demanding applications, contributing to the prevention of failures and improvement of the reliability of composite structures